1239:... re-drawing of the map of Hindi-speaking areas, on the basis of the so-called dialects ... He believed that the language spoken in Meerut and Agra was the original mother of Khari boli; he called it Kauravi ... his presidential speech in the Bombay session of the Hindi Sahitya sammelan in 1948, with the strong plea to use Devanagari script for Urdu, provoked bitter controversy and many Urdu speaking Communists saw to it that Rahul was expelled from the Communist Party of India ...
1109:... Khari Boli is spoken as mother-tongue in the following areas: (1) East of the Ganges, in the districts of Rampur, Bijnor, and Moradabad, Bareilly, (2) between the Ganges and the Jamuna, in the districts of Meerut, Muzaffar Nagar, Azamgarh, Varanasi, May, Saharanpur and in the plain district of Dehradun, and (3) West of the Jamuna, in the urban areas of Delhi and Karnal and the eastern part of Ambala district ...
212:
646:
Although most linguists acknowledge that Modern
Standard Hindustani descended from Khariboli, the precise mechanism of dialectical changes from Khari to the prestige dialect (such as the loss of gemination which is so prevalent in Khari) lacks consensus. There are also variations within Khari itself
902:
by Daulat Ram (dated 1761). With government patronage and literary popularity, the
Khariboli flourished, even as the use of previously more literary tongues such as Awadhi, Braj, and Maithili declined in the literary vehicles. The literary works in Khariboli gained momentum from the second half of
838:
of Bihar). However, after the Bhakti movement became ritualistic, these languages came to be regarded as rural and unrefined. Khariboli, on the other hand, was spoken in the urban area surrounding the Mughal courts, where
Persian was the official language. The Persian-influenced Khariboli thus
1202:... on one account, Khari Boli was contrasted with the mellifluousness and soft fluency of Braj Bhasha: khari was understood to refer to the rustic and stiff uncouthness of Khari Boli. The protagonists of Khari Boli returned the compliment: Braj Bhasha was called pari boli – ie supine! ...
609:(standing) asserts that it refers to the "stiff and rustic uncouthness" of the dialect compared to the "mellifluousness and soft fluency" of Braj Bhasha. On the other hand, Khariboli supporters sometimes pejoratively referred to Braj Bhasha and other dialects as
911:
Urdu, the heavily
Persianised version of Khariboli, replaced Persian as the official language of local administration in North India in the early 19th century. However, the association of the Persian script with Muslims prompted Hindus to develop their own
784:, mixing the 'roughness' of Khari Boli with the relative 'softness' of Awadhi to form a new language which became called "Hindavi." This also became referred to as Hindustani, which was adopted as Hindi and Urdu by India and Pakistan after partition.
907:
was a promoter of the Hindi language, in particular the
Khariboli version. Gradually, in the subsequent years, Khariboli became the basis for standard Hindustani, which began to be taught in schools and used in government functions.
1089:
But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with
Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.
763:
dialect came to be regarded as urbane and of a higher standard than the other surrounding languages. This view gradually gained ground over the 19th century; before that period, other languages such as
3953:
858:, a president of that college, encouraged his professors to write in their native tongue; some of the works thus produced were in the literary form of the Khariboli dialect. These books included
683:
dialect was the parent of Old Delhi's specific Khari dialect. Sankrityayan had also advocated that all
Hindustani be standardized on the Devanagari script and Perso-Arabic entirely is abandoned.
1169:... The written script and spoken language of the urban folk differ from the rural dialect or khari boli. This is the unrefined and crude tongue of the rustic folks of the village ...
679:
as well, applying to the language spoken in the linguistic arc running from
Saharanpur to Agra (i.e. the close east and northeast of Old Delhi). Sankrityayan postulated that this
1061:
Braj and Awadhi in early and middle stages preserve old case endings -hi, etc, while Khari Boli (Old Hindi) and
Dakkhini seem to have lost these endings in the Apabhramsa period.
842:
The
European administrators in India and the Christian missionaries played an important role in the creation and promotion of the Khariboli-based modern Hindustani. In 1800, the
655:, proposed a redrawing of the linguistic map of the Hindustani zone. Drawing a distinction between the Khari of Old Delhi and the Khari of the extreme western parts of
2109:
916:
version of the dialect, leading to the formation of Hindi. After India became independent in 1947, the Khariboli-based dialect was officially recognised as the
2076:
839:
gradually came to be regarded as a prestige dialect, although hardly any literary works had been written in Khariboli before the British period in India.
1139:... Joshi creatively combined Khari Boli, a much-used, rustic, yet popular derivative of the Hindi language in North India, with conventional Hindi ...
1324:
Les Langues écrites Du Monde: Relevé Du Degré Et Des Modes D'utilisation (The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use)
723:. Standard Hindi (also High Hindi, Manak Hindi) is the language of the government and is one of the official languages of India, Standard Urdu is the
3948:
1477:
3933:
1859:
1437:
1369:
1332:
1265:
1232:
1195:
1132:
1082:
1054:
1716:
1711:
776:
were preferred by littérateurs. Standard Hindustani first developed with the migration of Persian Khari Boli speakers from Delhi to the
2102:
1706:
3943:
3638:
1162:
474:
882:. More developed forms of Khariboli can also be seen in some mediocre literature produced in the early 18th century. Examples are
2071:
1754:
1731:
1288:
2508:
1821:
993:
879:
3290:
2325:
2095:
3261:
3081:
2927:
2244:
1826:
491:
3824:
1392:
3938:
3792:
3648:
921:
692:
592:
341:
1726:
596:, India's first television soap opera, where the main family was depicted as having roots in Western Uttar Pradesh.
3358:
1983:
1816:
1470:
843:
579:
2795:
3797:
3498:
3472:
2911:
2056:
1852:
855:
3693:
2454:
1534:
196:
202:
1770:
787:
Although as a dialect, Khari Boli belongs to the Upper Doab, "Hindavi" developed in the cultural spheres of
599:
As the two main Hindustani dialects of Western Uttar Pradesh and the areas surrounding Delhi, Khariboli and
114:
3901:
3770:
3046:
2840:
2657:
2192:
2015:
1775:
1642:
454:
119:
3571:
3384:
2870:
2835:
2830:
2669:
2652:
2172:
1801:
1738:
1463:
656:
261:
590:
Khariboli is often seen as rustic by speakers of Standard Hindustani, and elements of it were used in
3859:
3834:
3703:
3673:
3530:
3310:
3300:
3110:
2689:
2118:
2061:
2031:
1904:
1899:
1845:
1669:
1637:
1549:
1519:
851:
485:
399:
389:
124:
3906:
3713:
3434:
3419:
3351:
3325:
3315:
3240:
2957:
2747:
2674:
2647:
2399:
2229:
1879:
1594:
1554:
1529:
1502:
696:
633:
449:
330:
279:
253:
139:
31:
3718:
3631:
3596:
3368:
2886:
2621:
2311:
2239:
2234:
2066:
1978:
1894:
1497:
652:
509:
410:
404:
299:
257:
3755:
3741:
1429:
3911:
3725:
3394:
3363:
3341:
3305:
3147:
3105:
3010:
2952:
2717:
2639:
2634:
2543:
2464:
2444:
2366:
2291:
2208:
2141:
2002:
1796:
1698:
1599:
1589:
1433:
1365:
1359:
1328:
1322:
1261:
1228:
1191:
1158:
1128:
1078:
1050:
831:
728:
573:
559:
554:
1255:
967:
3829:
3819:
3765:
3698:
3601:
3576:
3566:
3545:
3540:
3515:
3454:
3346:
3320:
3283:
3278:
3232:
3178:
3131:
3090:
3041:
2986:
2947:
2896:
2815:
2785:
2732:
2722:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2553:
2503:
2459:
2371:
2177:
2126:
2046:
2041:
1791:
1721:
1632:
1584:
1544:
1512:
1027:
519:
464:
424:
420:
291:
3874:
3708:
3663:
3550:
3520:
3477:
3429:
3389:
3295:
3245:
3216:
3194:
3126:
3036:
2996:
2906:
2901:
2860:
2845:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2790:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2679:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2548:
2469:
2394:
2350:
2306:
2301:
2286:
2281:
2224:
2187:
2182:
2036:
1952:
1884:
1661:
1627:
1619:
1571:
943:
904:
823:
811:
765:
529:
524:
514:
469:
459:
416:
394:
322:
303:
129:
106:
30:
This article is about rural dialect outside Delhi. For the Dehlavi dialect of Delhi, see
3884:
3626:
3535:
3467:
3462:
3444:
3424:
3211:
3204:
3173:
3067:
3015:
2855:
2850:
2805:
2780:
2772:
2727:
2697:
2664:
2515:
2424:
2389:
2381:
2345:
2296:
2162:
1806:
1507:
1422:
994:"Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001"
933:
756:
732:
724:
675:
continues to be applied as it traditionally was, some linguists have accepted the term
614:
479:
295:
227:
3927:
3869:
3525:
3439:
3414:
3199:
2538:
2439:
2010:
1947:
1937:
1889:
1679:
1539:
938:
648:
622:
431:
357:
275:
235:
134:
73:
968:"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011"
211:
3864:
2629:
1914:
1811:
1674:
668:
1222:
1185:
1152:
1122:
1102:
2942:
2757:
2260:
2051:
1579:
835:
815:
804:
781:
769:
600:
536:
369:
365:
318:
85:
3051:
3020:
2991:
1988:
1647:
1524:
1031:
1018:
Muzaffar, Alam (1998). "The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics".
773:
502:
314:
77:
3841:
3750:
3730:
2419:
2414:
2146:
1609:
863:
788:
740:
603:
are often compared. One hypothesis of how Khariboli came to be described as
326:
307:
287:
283:
183:
171:
81:
739:
the "mixed" Hindustani of medieval poetry. These registers, together with
17:
3879:
3621:
2972:
2434:
2429:
2409:
2167:
1909:
1684:
913:
847:
792:
704:
1047:
Old and New Perspectives on South Asian Languages: Grammar and Semantics
569:
area, it is partially spoken in the following districts of Uttarakhand:
3813:
3684:
3157:
2891:
2404:
2087:
1942:
1077:. Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies.
948:
819:
716:
382:
361:
249:
69:
803:
The earliest examples of Khariboli can be seen in the compositions of
3152:
3001:
2976:
2533:
2525:
2449:
2340:
2265:
1962:
1957:
1657:
736:
720:
647:
across the area in which it is spoken. In the mid-twentieth century,
566:
544:
540:
498:
439:
435:
1124:
Entertainment-education: a communication strategy for social change
2967:
2865:
1486:
974:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
917:
777:
752:
708:
700:
353:
334:
271:
265:
65:
55:
3668:
2981:
1868:
827:
712:
374:
338:
2091:
1841:
1459:
1393:"Lallu Lal (Lallu Lal, 1763–1825) | The Online Books Page"
731:
of Pakistan, Dakhini is the historical literary dialect of the
317:, which give it a distinctive sound and differentiates it from
3760:
1361:
Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia
1073:
Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985).
1224:
Rahul Sankrityayan (Hindi Writer)Makera of Indian Literature
810:
Before the rise of Khariboli, the languages adopted by the
1455:
1837:
903:
the 19th century onwards. A prominent Indian historian
3954:
Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census
3850:
3806:
3783:
3739:
3682:
3656:
3647:
3614:
3589:
3559:
3508:
3497:
3490:
3453:
3407:
3377:
3334:
3271:
3260:
3225:
3187:
3166:
3140:
3119:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3060:
3029:
2935:
2926:
2879:
2771:
2688:
2620:
2613:
2566:
2524:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2380:
2359:
2333:
2324:
2274:
2253:
2217:
2201:
2155:
2134:
2125:
2024:
2001:
1971:
1930:
1923:
1784:
1763:
1747:
1697:
1656:
1618:
1570:
1563:
216:
Khariboli Dialect Area in the northern subcontinent
195:
181:
169:
164:
103:
91:
61:
51:
41:
1421:
898:by Anonymous, a translation of Ravishenacharya's
604:
501:area, it is spoken in the following districts of
352:Khariboli is spoken in the rural surroundings of
99:Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.
1321:Kloss, Heinz; McConnell, Grant D., eds. (1978).
290:gained prestige when it was accepted along with
1364:. University of California Press. p. 984.
659:, he advocated that the former retain the name
313:Modern Kauravi contains some features, such as
1415:
1413:
1353:
1351:
1327:. Presses Université Laval. pp. 198–199.
1049:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 51.
385:, the following districts are Khari-speaking:
2103:
1853:
1471:
1249:
1247:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
846:established a college of higher education at
306:) spoke to their subjects in, and later as a
8:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1179:
1177:
1104:An Outline of the cultural history of India
920:language, which was declared as one of the
360:, as well as in some neighbouring areas of
3653:
3505:
3494:
3268:
3095:
3086:
2932:
2617:
2493:
2486:
2330:
2131:
2110:
2096:
2088:
1927:
1860:
1846:
1838:
1567:
1478:
1464:
1456:
1260:. Cambridge University Press. p. 28.
1121:Arvind Singhal; Everett M. Rogers (1999),
627:
298:. Before that, it was only a language the
240:
210:
38:
1154:Dhodia identity: anthropological approach
799:Rise as the basis for Standard Hindustani
959:
586:Khariboli in Hindustani popular culture
1428:. Stanford University Press. p.
755:has long been the center of power in
743:, form the Hindustani dialect group.
7:
1717:Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal
1254:Colin P. Masica (9 September 1993).
1151:Shibani Roy; S. H. M. Rizvi (1985),
924:for central government functioning.
671:of ancient India. Although the term
1712:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
642:Kauravi and Sankrityayan's proposal
638:'fallen/supine dialects').
626:
239:
1707:Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka
1358:Sheldon I. Pollock (19 May 2003).
25:
1289:"Rekhta:Poetry in Mixed Language"
539:, the following districts of the
434:, the following districts of the
3816:(unknown further classification)
699:, the lingua franca of northern
368:. The geography of this part of
3949:Languages written in Devanagari
1755:Department of Official Language
1732:Hindutva boycott of Hindi films
663:while the latter be renamed to
2077:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
550:are partially Khari-speaking:
372:is traditionally described as
278:are two standard registers of
27:Dialect of Hindustani language
1:
2072:Progressive Writers' Movement
1397:onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu
884:Chand Chhand Varnan Ki Mahima
874:by Sadasukh Lal of Delhi and
691:Khariboli is related to four
3934:Central Indo-Aryan languages
1420:John Joseph Gumperz (1971).
687:Other dialects of Hindustani
310:of the same ruling classes.
97:1,800,000 (2011 census)
605:
3970:
1190:, Orient Blackswan, 2001,
1127:, Psychology Press, 1999,
1020:Cambridge University Press
844:British East India Company
262:northwestern Uttar Pradesh
29:
3893:
1875:
1493:
1424:Language in Social Groups
1227:, Sahitya Akademi, 1998,
1221:Prabhakar Machwe (1998),
1157:, B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985,
1101:Syed Abdul Latif (1958),
1045:Masica, Colin P. (2007).
1032:10.1017/s0026749x98002947
890:by Ram Prasad Niranjani,
651:scholar and nationalist,
618:
576:only in the Terai region.
505:region in Uttar Pradesh:
348:Geographical distribution
260:that is mainly spoken in
231:
209:
46:
3944:Indian words and phrases
3694:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
1257:The Indo-Aryan Languages
1107:, Oriental Books, 1979,
856:John Borthwick Gilchrist
641:
1771:World Hindi Secretariat
286:. Dehlavi, also called
3902:Indo-Iranian languages
2016:Hindi-Urdu controversy
1776:World Hindi Conference
1748:National organizations
1727:Hindi–Urdu controversy
972:www.censusindia.gov.in
333:and then into today's
3572:Maharashtrian Konkani
1802:Sahitya Akademi Award
1739:Punjabi Suba movement
876:Rani Ketaki Ki Kahani
759:, and naturally, the
657:Western Uttar Pradesh
294:as a language of the
3860:Andaman Creole Hindi
3291:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3111:Caribbean Hindustani
2119:Indo-Aryan languages
1764:Global organizations
1670:Andaman Creole Hindi
1638:Caribbean Hindustani
852:Fort William College
780:region—most notably
445:are Khari-speaking:
3907:Nuristani languages
3639:Mitanni superstrate
2245:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
892:Gora Badal Ki Katha
492:Gautam Buddha Nagar
32:Hindustani language
3939:Standard languages
3793:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3674:Early Ardhamagadhi
998:censusindia.gov.in
922:official languages
896:Mandovar Ka Varnan
653:Rahul Sankrityayan
490:Northern parts of
484:Northern parts of
409:Northern parts of
282:, descending from
258:Shauraseni Prakrit
3921:
3920:
3912:Iranian languages
3779:
3778:
3699:Dramatic Prakrits
3610:
3609:
3585:
3584:
3486:
3485:
3403:
3402:
3359:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
3256:
3255:
3076:
3075:
2922:
2921:
2912:list of languages
2609:
2608:
2562:
2561:
2478:
2477:
2320:
2319:
2085:
2084:
1997:
1996:
1835:
1834:
1699:Language politics
1693:
1692:
1439:978-0-8047-0798-5
1371:978-0-520-22821-4
1334:978-2-7637-7186-1
1267:978-0-521-29944-2
1234:978-81-7201-845-0
1197:978-81-250-1979-4
1187:Hindi nationalism
1184:Alok Rai (2001),
1134:978-0-8058-3350-8
1084:978-0-907962-30-4
1056:978-81-208-3208-4
870:by Sadal Mishra;
729:national language
637:
580:Udham Singh Nagar
415:Eastern parts of
356:and northwestern
300:Persianate states
244:), also known as
221:
220:
16:(Redirected from
3961:
3798:Proto-Indo-Aryan
3654:
3577:Canarese Konkani
3506:
3495:
3269:
3096:
3087:
2933:
2618:
2494:
2487:
2331:
2132:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2089:
1928:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1722:Hindi imposition
1568:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1427:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1318:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1296:www.columbia.edu
1293:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
964:
886:by Ganga Bhatt,
826:(adopted by the
751:The area around
747:Early influences
632:
630:
629:
620:
608:
243:
242:
233:
214:
205:
174:
109:
39:
21:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3889:
3852:
3846:
3802:
3785:
3775:
3735:
3678:
3664:Ashokan Prakrit
3643:
3606:
3581:
3555:
3500:
3482:
3449:
3399:
3373:
3330:
3263:
3252:
3221:
3183:
3162:
3136:
3115:
3072:
3056:
3025:
2997:Hyderabadi Urdu
2918:
2875:
2767:
2684:
2605:
2558:
2549:Pahari-Pothwari
2520:
2474:
2455:Pahari Kinnauri
2376:
2355:
2316:
2282:Indus Kohistani
2275:Hazara Division
2270:
2249:
2213:
2197:
2151:
2121:
2116:
2086:
2081:
2020:
1993:
1979:Aurangabad Urdu
1967:
1919:
1871:
1866:
1836:
1831:
1780:
1759:
1743:
1689:
1652:
1614:
1559:
1489:
1484:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1075:Urdu literature
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
966:
965:
961:
957:
944:Awadhi language
930:
905:Raja Sivaprasad
900:Jain Padmapuran
868:Nasiketopakhyan
801:
749:
689:
644:
588:
350:
329:developed into
304:Delhi Sultanate
256:descended from
217:
201:
170:
160:
110:
107:Language family
105:
98:
94:
93:Native speakers
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3503:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3275:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:Lisan ud-Dawat
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Jnanpith Award
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1438:
1409:
1384:
1370:
1347:
1333:
1308:
1280:
1266:
1243:
1233:
1206:
1196:
1173:
1163:
1143:
1133:
1113:
1093:
1083:
1065:
1055:
1037:
1026:(2): 317–349.
1010:
985:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Standard Hindi
929:
926:
888:Yogavashishtha
880:Inshallah Khan
830:devotees) and
800:
797:
757:northern India
748:
745:
725:state language
688:
685:
643:
640:
587:
584:
583:
582:
577:
563:
562:
557:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
495:
494:
488:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
428:
427:
413:
407:
402:
397:
392:
349:
346:
219:
218:
215:
207:
206:
199:
193:
192:
187:
179:
178:
175:
167:
166:
165:Language codes
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
113:
111:
104:
101:
100:
95:
92:
89:
88:
63:
59:
58:
53:
52:Native to
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3966:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Haflong Hindi
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:Chinali–Lahul
3823:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3772:
3771:Khasa Prakrit
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Chhattisgarhi
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Rathwi Bareli
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Mahasu Pahari
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Urdu movement
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
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1680:Haflong Hindi
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1164:9780865907447
1160:
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1126:
1125:
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1033:
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989:
986:
973:
969:
963:
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954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
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939:Standard Urdu
937:
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849:
845:
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837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:Bhakti saints
808:
807:(1253–1325).
806:
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561:
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531:
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458:
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355:
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138:
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135:Western Hindi
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
115:Indo-European
112:
108:
102:
96:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:Uttar Pradesh
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3865:Bombay Hindi
3807:Unclassified
3704:Ardhamagadhi
3531:Berar Deccan
3385:Chittagonian
3378:Chittagonian
2962:
2871:Vaagri Booli
2836:Pauri Bareli
2831:Palya Bareli
2796:Dhodia–Kukna
2670:Parkari Koli
2483:Northwestern
2173:Kundal Shahi
1984:British Urdu
1812:Hindi cinema
1675:Bombay Hindi
1604:
1443:. Retrieved
1423:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1360:
1338:. Retrieved
1323:
1301:25 September
1299:. Retrieved
1295:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1256:
1238:
1223:
1201:
1186:
1168:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
988:
976:. Retrieved
971:
962:
914:Sanskritised
910:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
871:
867:
859:
841:
836:Vaishnavites
809:
802:
786:
760:
750:
735:region, and
690:
680:
676:
672:
669:Kuru Kingdom
667:, after the
664:
660:
645:
610:
598:
591:
589:
564:
547:
534:
496:
442:
429:
380:
373:
351:
312:
272:Modern Hindi
270:
245:
223:
222:
197:Linguasphere
189:
182:
145:
130:Central Zone
120:Indo-Iranian
36:
3853:and creoles
3835:Lahul Lohar
3714:Maharashtri
3311:Mal Paharia
3301:Kharia Thar
2943:Braj Bhasha
2042:Informatics
1402:22 December
894:by Jatmal,
822:devotees),
816:Braj Bhasha
805:Amir Khusro
782:Amir Khusro
770:Braj Bhasha
711:, Standard
707:: Standard
601:Braj Bhasha
537:Uttarakhand
486:Bulandshahr
400:Yamunanagar
390:Kurukshetra
370:North India
366:Uttarakhand
86:Uttarakhand
3928:Categories
3756:Apabhraṃśa
3742:Apabhraṃśa
3719:Shauraseni
3435:Bodo Parja
3420:Sambalpuri
3352:Goalpariya
3326:Tanchangya
3316:Noakhailla
3241:Bote-Darai
3052:Fiji Hindi
3021:Sadhukkadi
2992:Judeo-Urdu
2958:Hindustani
2748:Shekhawati
2690:Rajasthani
2675:Saurashtra
2400:Bhadarwahi
2230:Gawar-Bati
2037:Literature
1989:Roman Urdu
1953:Hyderabadi
1905:Vocabulary
1880:Hindustani
1792:Literature
1648:Fiji Hindi
1610:Sansi Boli
1595:Hindustani
1555:Hindustani
1525:Devanagari
1503:Declension
955:References
850:named the
774:Sadhukaddi
761:Khari Boli
697:Hindustani
503:Rohilkhand
450:Saharanpur
331:Hindustani
315:gemination
280:Hindustani
254:Hindustani
140:Hindustani
125:Indo-Aryan
78:Rohilkhand
18:Khari Boli
3842:Sheikhgal
3786:languages
3751:Abahattha
3731:Paishachi
3632:Classical
3597:Maldivian
3369:Surjapuri
3335:Kamarupic
3237:Kuswaric
3099:Bhojpuric
2887:Khandeshi
2420:Chambeali
2415:Bilaspuri
2312:Mankiyali
2240:Shumashti
2235:Nangalami
2147:Kishtwari
1924:Varieties
1900:Phonology
1564:Varieties
1550:Etymology
1520:Phonology
872:Sukhsagar
864:Lallu Lal
860:Premsagar
789:Allahabad
741:Sansiboli
693:registers
673:Khariboli
661:Khariboli
619:पड़ी बोली
510:Moradabad
475:Ghaziabad
411:Faridabad
405:Panchkula
342:registers
327:Old Hindi
308:sociolect
284:Old Hindi
246:Khaṛībolī
203:59-AAF-qd
184:Glottolog
172:ISO 639-3
82:Rajasthan
47:Khaṛībolī
3898:See also
3880:Nefamese
3875:Nagamese
3766:Kamarupi
3726:Gāndhārī
3683:Middle (
3622:Sanskrit
3560:Konkanic
3509:Marathic
3499:Marathi–
3491:Southern
3395:Rohingya
3364:Rangpuri
3342:Assamese
3306:Kurmukar
3284:dialects
3264:Kamarupa
3148:Maithili
3141:Maithili
3106:Bhojpuri
3011:Kannauji
2973:Hinglish
2953:Haryanvi
2718:Dhundari
2658:Wadiyara
2640:Jandavra
2635:Gujarati
2622:Gujarati
2544:Khetrani
2509:dialects
2465:Sirmauri
2445:Jaunsari
2435:Mandeali
2430:Pangwali
2410:Bhateali
2367:Garhwali
2326:Northern
2292:Chilisso
2168:Brokskat
2142:Kashmiri
2135:Kashmiri
2003:Politics
1948:Dhakaiya
1931:Dialects
1910:Nastaliq
1890:Alphabet
1685:Hinglish
1600:Kannauji
1590:Haryanvi
1530:Numerals
1508:Pronouns
928:See also
848:Calcutta
832:Maithili
793:Varanasi
705:Pakistan
628:پڑی بولی
611:Pariboli
574:Nainital
560:Dehradun
555:Haridwar
3851:Pidgins
3830:Chinali
3820:Bazigar
3814:Badeshi
3709:Magadhi
3685:Prakrit
3602:Sinhala
3590:Insular
3567:Konkani
3546:Katkari
3541:Phudagi
3521:Varhadi
3516:Marathi
3501:Konkani
3473:Bhunjia
3347:Kamrupi
3321:Sylheti
3279:Bengali
3272:Bengali
3233:Kumhali
3200:Kochila
3188:Tharuic
3179:Kurmali
3167:Sadanic
3158:Bajjika
3132:Khortha
3082:Eastern
3042:Bagheli
3030:Eastern
2987:Deccani
2963:Kauravi
2948:Bundeli
2936:Western
2928:Central
2897:Dawoodi
2892:Lambadi
2816:Bhilori
2786:Bhilali
2733:Marwari
2723:Harauti
2653:Parkari
2614:Western
2581:Kholosi
2576:Jadgali
2554:Saraiki
2504:Punjabi
2497:Eastern
2490:Punjabi
2460:Hinduri
2405:Churahi
2382:Western
2372:Kumaoni
2360:Central
2334:Eastern
2261:Kalasha
2254:Chitral
2209:Pashayi
2202:Pashayi
2178:Kalkoti
2062:Writers
1943:Dakhini
1915:Braille
1895:Grammar
1885:History
1822:Writers
1662:Creoles
1658:Pidgins
1633:Bagheli
1620:Eastern
1605:Kauravi
1585:Bundeli
1572:Western
1545:History
1540:Braille
1498:Grammar
1445:26 June
1377:26 June
1340:26 June
1273:26 June
1003:16 July
949:Dakhini
820:Krishna
717:Dakhini
677:Kauravi
665:Kauravi
636:
593:Hum Log
520:Sambhal
465:Baghpat
425:Panipat
421:Sonepat
383:Haryana
362:Haryana
292:Persian
288:Hindavi
250:dialect
248:, is a
224:Kauravi
146:Kauravi
70:Haryana
42:Kauravi
3784:Proto-
3740:Late (
3649:Middle
3551:Kadodi
3478:Nahari
3455:Halbic
3430:Bhatri
3390:Chakma
3296:Hajong
3262:Gauda–
3246:Danwar
3226:Others
3217:Musasa
3153:Angika
3127:Magahi
3120:Magahi
3091:Bihari
3061:Others
3037:Awadhi
3002:Rekhta
2977:Urdish
2907:Romani
2902:Domari
2880:Others
2861:Vasavi
2846:Pardhi
2826:Magari
2821:Mawchi
2811:Bauria
2801:Dhanki
2791:Chodri
2763:Nimadi
2753:Dhatki
2743:Mewari
2738:Mewati
2713:Gujari
2708:Loarki
2703:Goaria
2680:Vaghri
2601:Sindhi
2596:Memoni
2591:Luwati
2586:Kutchi
2568:Sindhi
2534:Hindko
2526:Lahnda
2470:Sarazi
2450:Kullui
2395:Kangri
2351:Nepali
2341:Doteli
2307:Tirahi
2302:Kalami
2287:Bateri
2266:Khowar
2225:Dameli
2188:Palula
2183:Ushoji
2127:Dardic
2052:Poetry
2047:Cinema
2032:Awards
1963:Urdish
1958:Rekhta
1797:Awards
1628:Awadhi
1436:
1368:
1331:
1264:
1231:
1194:
1161:
1131:
1081:
1053:
978:7 July
824:Awadhi
772:, and
766:Awadhi
737:Rekhta
733:Deccan
721:Rekhta
681:Kaurvi
649:Indian
567:Ganges
545:Ganges
541:Yamuna
530:Bijnor
525:Amroha
515:Rampur
499:Ganges
470:Meerut
460:Shamli
440:Ganges
436:Yamuna
417:Karnal
395:Ambala
323:Awadhi
302:(like
296:courts
241:کَوروی
62:Region
3885:Vedda
3657:Early
3627:Vedic
3536:Varli
3468:Kamar
3463:Halbi
3445:Kupia
3425:Desia
3212:Majhi
3205:Buksa
3195:Tharu
3174:Sadri
3068:Parya
3016:Sansi
2968:Hindi
2866:Wagdi
2856:Kalto
2851:Gamit
2806:Dubli
2781:Bhili
2728:Malvi
2698:Bagri
2648:Kachi
2644:Koli
2516:Sansi
2425:Gaddi
2390:Dogri
2346:Jumli
2297:Gowro
2218:Kunar
2163:Shina
2156:Shina
2067:Poets
2057:Music
1972:Forms
1827:Poets
1817:Music
1513:Verbs
1487:Hindi
1292:(PDF)
918:Hindi
778:Awadh
753:Delhi
709:Hindi
701:India
615:Hindi
606:khari
480:Hapur
375:doabs
354:Delhi
335:Hindi
266:Delhi
232:कौरवी
228:Hindi
66:Delhi
56:India
3669:Pāli
3526:Andh
3440:Reli
3415:Odia
3408:Odia
2982:Urdu
2773:Bhil
2539:Inku
2193:Sawi
2025:Arts
1869:Urdu
1785:Arts
1660:and
1580:Braj
1447:2012
1434:ISBN
1404:2019
1379:2012
1366:ISBN
1342:2012
1329:ISBN
1303:2020
1275:2012
1262:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1005:2015
980:2018
828:Rama
791:and
727:and
719:and
713:Urdu
703:and
634:lit.
623:Urdu
548:doab
443:doab
364:and
339:Urdu
337:and
321:and
319:Braj
276:Urdu
274:and
236:Urdu
190:None
3761:Elu
3615:Old
2630:Aer
1028:doi
878:by
862:by
695:of
535:In
430:In
381:In
252:of
142:(?)
80:),
3930::
2758:Od
1432:.
1430:53
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1200:,
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1024:32
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