686:, and expelled his deputy from the city. The deputy turned to the Banu Shayban for assistance, prompting them to enter the district in force. Harun, Hamdan, and a number of Mosuli volunteers banded together to fight the Shaybanis and expel them from the region. The two sides met in the vicinity of the city, and after engaging each other in battle the Mosulis won an initial victory. The Shaybanis, however, regrouped and returned to the battlefield; the Mosulis, who had taken to looting after the engagement, were caught by surprise. Many of them were killed and the Shaybanis won the battle.
521:, and then withdrew to al-Haditha. After this, the abbasid caliph named the Turkish Azkutigin as governor of Mosul. He sent his son Azkutigin in 874 as deputy, but he was expelled by the citizens of the city, Azkutigin sent two more deputies Hytham ibn Abd Allah and the Taghlibi Ishaq ibn Ayyub, but they were expelled too. Over the course of the next several years, Musawir remained active within a large portion of the district of Mosul, together with part of northern Iraq. Lieutenants were sent to administer the areas under his control; they established garrisons and collected
771:, who had peaceably submitted to the caliph during the latter's struggle against his father. Al-Mu'tadid himself advanced to Takrit, while he dispatched al-Husayn and Wasif Mushgir to pursue Harun. Al-Husayn met the rebel near the Tigris and routed his forces; Harun attempted to flee, but al-Husayn pursued him and eventually caught up to him, together with one hundred of his followers. Despite a plea by Harun to refrain from fighting, al-Husayn ordered his men to attack; the Kharijites were again defeated and Harun himself was captured.
739:. The new caliph immediately strove to reestablish the central government's control over the core provinces of the Abbasid Caliphate, which under his predecessors had slipped into the hands of autonomous governors and rebel groups. Included among his objectives was the resubjugation of al-Jazira, which was a major source of grain for the capital. Toward this end, he personally undertook several campaigns against the various factions in al-Jazira, in an effort to break their hold over the region and force them to recognize his authority.
26:
1005:
Mu'tamid's ascension. He also adds the detail that the campaigns against
Musawir in this year were prompted after Musawir's seizure of parts of Iraq had hindered the ability of the government to pay the troops' salaries, causing the army to clamor for action against the Kharijites. Al-Mas'udi, v. 8: p. 8, claims that the campaign took place after Musawir had approached Samarra with an army and caused a measure of disorder around the capital.
535:
780:
632:
support behind
Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Yahya al-Wariqi, but he ended up being killed by Ibn Khurzad as well. The Kharijites finally selected Harun ibn 'Abd Allah al-Bajali, who soon gained a large number of supporters. Ibn Khurzad decided not to fight against Harun, and the latter assumed Musawir's former position within the district of Mosul.
703:
were opened to Harun's men, and
Muhammad's son and several of his followers were beheaded. Harun then advanced against Qabratha, where Muhammad himself was stationed. In the ensuing battle Harun's forces were at first forced to fall back, but they subsequently rallied and defeated the dissidents, killing a large number of them. Muhammad fled to
679:, the city's governor, had killed a local Kharijite. He summoned his followers in al-Haditha and marched against the city, intending to attack its people in revenge. The city notables, however, managed to convince Harun to back down after they disassociated themselves from the governor's actions and apologized for the killing.
631:
Ibn
Khurzad subsequently regretted his decision and requested that he be reconsidered as leader, but the Kharijites refused to go back on their choice. In response, Ibn Khurazd gathered a number of men loyal to him and attacked Ayyub ibn Hayyan, killing him. Following this, the Kharijites threw their
430:
was paralyzed by a vicious struggle between the caliphs and the military establishment for control. Over the course of the 860s the government was repeatedly beset with financial difficulties, riots in the capital and rebel movements in multiple provinces. These problems were exacerbated in 865, when
508:
Inside the city of Mosul, various governors succeeded one after other: in the begin of the rebellion, the Khuza'i governor Aqaba ibn
Muhamed was deposed by the Taghlibi Arab leader Ayyub ibn Ahmad, who put his own son Hasan as governor. In early 868, in response to the growing power of the rebels,
787:
Al-Husayn brought Harun to al-Mu'tadid, who sent a dispatch announcing the victory to
Baghdad. He then marched back to the capital with Harun in custody, reaching it on May 9. To celebrate the capture of the Kharijite, the streets of Baghdad were decorated and the caliph's army was assembled before
586:
and Muflih proceeded to pursue
Musawir, eventually engaging the rebel on a mountain near al-Haditha. The battle proceeded poorly for Musawir, whose forces were weakened from a recent battle against a dissident Kharijite, and he eventually ordered a retreat. Muflih then advanced to various cities in
702:
and put his son in charge of it, leaving a large amount of his plunder there. In response, Harun marched toward the fortress with over a thousand men and laid siege to it. The Banu Zuhayr within the fortress eventually agreed to submit after they were granted a guarantee of safe-conduct; the gates
795:
As a reward for al-Husayn's capture of Harun, al-Mu'tadid agreed to pardon his father Hamdan and release him from custody. Al-Husayn and his brothers were subsequently appointed to various posts, including a number of governorships in al-Jazira. In the following century the
Hamdanids succeeded in
742:
Al-Mu'tadid's first campaign in al-Jazira, in 893, was directed against the Banu
Shayban in the region of the Zab Rivers. In January 895 he again advanced into the province; this time, his intended target was Hamdan ibn Hamdun, due to the latter's association with Harun and the Kharijites. After
635:
Despite Harun's apparent victory in the succession dispute, however, his relationship with Ibn
Khurzad remained poor. In ca. 881 Ibn Khurzad decided to make a move against Harun; he gathered his supporters and advanced against him. Harun assembled his own followers in response, and the two sides
610:
undertook two expeditions against Musawir; in the first, he installed a lieutenant in al-Haditha and captured a number of Kharijites, bringing them back to Samarra; in the second, he advanced to al-Bawazij and defeated Musawir in combat, capturing a number of his followers in the process, before
1004:
Al-Tabari, v. 36: pp. 87, 90-91. Halfway through al-Tabari's account of the fight between the caliphal army and Musawir, he switches the name of the commander from Muflih to Musa. Ibn al-Athir, p. 219, gives sole credit to Muflih as the commander during the battle, but dates the fight to after
504:
sent two commanders to protect the road, Musawir engaged one of them in battle, killing him and several hundred of his men, and forced the other one to retreat back to Baghdad. He then followed up on this victory by proceeding to Hulwan, where he fought and killed more than four hundred of its
599:(r. 870–892), Muflih resumed his offensive against the Kharijites. He initially succeeded in forcing Musawir to abandon al-Haditha, but he was unsuccessful in his attempts to defeat the rebel and eventually returned to Samarra in August, allowing Musawir to regain his authority in the region.
758:
Following Hamdan's surrender, the caliph turned his focus to Harun himself. Nasr al-Qushuri wrote a threatening latter to the Kharijite, in an attempt to convince him to submit; Harun, however, wrote back a defiant response, rejecting Nasr's demands. When al-Mu'tadid was shown the letter, he
763:
over Mosul and charged him with combatting the Kharijites. After crossing the Zab, al-Hasan encountered Harun and the two armies began a grueling engagement. The battle finally ended in defeat for the Kharijites; Harun fled to the desert and some of his followers surrendered to the caliph.
517:. This victory increased Musawir's authority in the region, and in the following year he undertook an expedition against Mosul itself. Due to the weakness of the defenders he was able to enter the city without opposition. He remained in Mosul for a short time, during which he conducted the
640:
Arabs and writing offers to Ibn Khurzad's followers, urging them to defect to his side. Most of them agreed to do so, and Ibn Khurzad's position quickly deteriorated as a result. He was eventually killed in Shahrazur, and Harun became the undisputed head of the Kharijite rebels.
525:
from local residents. Travel through the region became difficult for government agents, who risked being captured and killed by Musawir's partisans. He also received support from nearby Arab and Kurdish tribes, who sympathized with his cause and fought against the government.
590:
The caliphal forces remained at al-Sinn for some time, but in early June Musa and Muflih were made aware of a plot by al-Muhtadi to either have them assassinated or imprisoned; they immediately responded by abandoning al-Jazira and withdrawing toward the Khurasan Road. At
418:
tribe. Between 750 and 865 more than a dozen Kharijite revolts were launched in this region, although most of them were easily put down by the Abbasid government. The most recent uprising had occurred in 862, approximately four years before Musawir's revolt.
611:
departing for the capital around the end of October. Masrur undertook further campaigns in 874 and 875, both times in response to the killing of government officials by Musawir's followers; on the latter occasion he was assisted by al-Mu'tamid's brother
581:
to proceed against him; a political crisis in the capital, however, resulted in this expedition's postponement. After a delay of several months, Musa and Bayakbak reassembled their troops and departed for al-Jazira on April 6. The army set up a base at
513:. The two sides encountered each other in May 868, and engaged in battle in the middle of a valley. After heavy fighting the rebels emerged victorious; the loyalist army suffered heavy casualties and the deputy governor Allah ibn Sulayman fled to
355:
The uprising was initially led by a local Kharijite named Musawir ibn 'Abd al-Hamid al-Shari. Following Musawir's death in 877, he was eventually succeeded by Harun ibn 'Abdallah al-Bajali, who remained in command until the end of the rebellion.
1210:
Al-Tabari, v. 38: p. 29; Ibn al-Athir, p. 385; al-Mas'udi, v. 8: pp. 168-69; Weil, pp. 490-91. Ibn al-Athir claims that Harun was subsequently crucified. Rosenthal, p. 15, however, claims that he survived his capture, and died in prison in ca.
394:
alike, and over the course of the seventh through ninth centuries they were responsible for numerous rebellions against the established government. Few of these attempts proved to be successful, but the Kharijites' continual presence in many
947:
Al-Ya'qubi, p. 614, who states (in summary form) that al-Mu'tazz was prompted to action after Musawir expelled the governor of Mosul, marched in the direction of Surra Man Ra'a (Samarra) and occupied the town of al-Muhammadiyyah, "three
623:
Musawir died in ca. 877, shortly after he had set out from al-Bawazij to meet yet another government army. Following his death, the Kharijites sought to find someone to succeed him. They initially called upon Muhammad ibn Khurzad of
442:
in central Iraq, which left thousands dead and caused major economic damage to the region. Even after the end of the war in early 866, the instability continued unabated, with troop riots repeatedly occurring in both Samarra and
815:, and by the end of his reign in 902 most of the province was back under the central government's authority. Kharijite rebel activity in the province subsequently tapered off, with only one further revolt in 929 being recorded.
169:
747:. Hamdan decided to flee and the defenders quickly surrendered to the caliph. Al-Mu'tadid then returned to Mosul and sent an order to Hamdan to submit to him, but when Hamdan ignored the summons he sent his commanders
636:
encountered each other near Mosul. In the ensuing battle, Harun was defeated and two hundred of his men were killed. He soon regained control of the situation, however, by soliciting the support of the local
689:
In the following year, an internal dispute broke out among the Kharijites, and many of them decided to reject Harun's leadership. The leader of the dissidents was one Muhammad ibn 'Ubaydah, a member of the
672:; in response, Harun and Hamdan assembled their forces in an effort to stop them. The two leaders met and advanced against the Arabs, but the Shaybanis defeated them in battle and forced them to fall back.
348:, the rebellion lasted for approximately thirty years, despite numerous attempts by both the central government and provincial authorities to quell it. It was finally defeated in 896 after the caliph
595:
Musa encountered Musawir, who had a strong numerical advantage, but in spite of this the Kharijites were routed and suffered severe losses. After al-Muhtadi was killed on June 17 and replaced with
162:
546:(r. 866–869), whose forces however had little success against the rebels. He initially sent the officers Satikin and Khutarmish against Musawir; the latter was defeated in the district of
542:
Beginning in 867, the Abbasid government in Samarra undertook a series of military campaigns in an effort to suppress the Kharijite rebellion. These operations began under the caliph
155:
755:
against him. Hamdan's forces were quickly defeated by Wasif and he himself was compelled to flee; eventually, however, he surrendered to the caliph's forces and was put under guard.
2925:
628:
to assume the leadership, but he turned down their request, so they turned to another man named Ayyub ibn Hayyan al-Wariqi al-Bajali and gave the oath of allegiance to him instead.
792:, after which they rode in triumph through the city. Harun was put on display; mounted on an elephant, he was forced to sit in a woman's litter and wear humiliating clothing.
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1649:
2915:
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In March 896 al-Mu'tadid again departed for the district of Mosul, in order to campaign against Harun. On this occasion he was joined by Hamdan ibn Hamdun's son
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Under Harun's command, the Kharijites continued their activities in the area around Mosul. They subdued numerous villages and rural districts adjacent to the
1603:
Waines, David. "The Third Century Internal Crisis of the Abbasids." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 20.3 (1977), pp. 282–306.
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history, known for its members' fanaticism and staunch opposition to the Muslim ruling establishment. The Kharijites' views on the nature of the
1642:
1588:
1552:
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1400:
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the city gate. The caliph himself then entered the city and proceeded to his palace. Al-Husayn and other army commanders were rewarded with
1820:
682:
In ca. 892, Harun and Hamdan entered into an alliance with the inhabitants of Mosul, after the latter had rebelled against their governor,
727:. At the time of his ascension, al-Mu'tadid was already an experienced military commander, having previously campaigned against both the
501:
492:
of the region flocking to his side. Following an aborted advance on the district capital of Mosul, the rebels advanced south toward the
811:
Following the defeat of the Kharijites, al-Mu'tadid continued his efforts to regain control of al-Jazira. In 899 he captured Amid from
2873:
1842:
287:
653:, putting deputies over these territories and levying taxes and tithes from the inhabitants. Harun also established an alliance with
1635:
1578:
1358:
269:
1782:
661:, and over the course of the next several years the two leaders jointly conducted a number of campaigns within the Mosul district.
668:. News of this incident was reported to Baghdad. A short time later, the district began to suffer from raiding activities by the
698:, who gathered a number of supporters from the tribal Arabs and began collecting taxes for himself. He also built a fortress at
302:
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2038:
396:
783:
The Abbasid Caliphate in 900, after the defeat of the Kharijites. Provinces under the control of al-Mu'tadid are in dark green
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In ca. 885 Harun and Hamdan decided to march on Mosul; they entered the city and Harun led the people in the prayers in the
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683:
403:
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1767:
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the deputy governor of Mosul, the Azdi Allah ibn Sulayman, raised an army and headed for Musawir in the vicinity of the
473:. When he learned of his son's incarceration, he responded angrily to the news and gathered a number of supporters, who
439:
2858:
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1302:
259:
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first battling against some tribal Arabs and Kurds in the region, al-Mu'tadid proceeded toward Hamdan's fortress at
2629:
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1442:
1386:
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565:(r. 869–870) continued the campaigns. Upon receiving reports in January 870 that Musawir was attacking the town of
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service, managed to inflict a defeat on Musawir and killed a large number of his followers. In the following year,
510:
2043:
1525:
1474:
1429:
1377:
1306:
708:
1470:
2414:
2410:
2288:
1566:
1421:
1369:
1255:
1054:
Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 148; Ibn al-Athir, p. 238, who however presents a different order of events; Weil, p. 465
25:
1517:
1466:
570:
1349:
The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.)
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1600:"Le vicende del kharigismo in epoca abbaside." Rivista degli Studi Orientali, XXIV (1949), pp. 31–44.
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51:
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establishing a de facto independent state in al-Jazira and northern Syria, with al-Husayn's nephews
2053:
748:
459:, the immediate cause of the rebellion was the authorities' arrest and detention of a young man in
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1433:
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423:
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254:
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Kharijism had enjoyed a strong following since the late seventh century, particularly among the
2194:
2154:
2121:
1695:
1658:
1614:
1584:
1548:
1533:
1501:
1452:
1396:
1354:
1333:
1286:
768:
695:
654:
578:
333:
206:
133:
80:
1583:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1201:
Al-Tabari, v. 38: pp. 27-28; Ibn al-Athir, pp. 384-85; al-Mas'udi, v. 8: p. 168; Weil, p. 490
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and fought some Arab tribesmen that were reportedly sympathetic to Musawir. Later that year,
555:
470:
98:
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2384:
2303:
2252:
1956:
1513:
676:
675:
Harun undertook another advance against Mosul four years later, after he received word that
658:
607:
456:
264:
110:
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regions meant that they were a near-constant source of trouble for the caliphs' governors.
2878:
2174:
2164:
2159:
1951:
1897:
1884:
1810:
1755:
1573:
1417:
965:
669:
574:
551:
538:
The Kharijite rebellion spanned the reigns of four caliphs, from al-Mu'tazz to al-Mu'tadid
427:
387:
137:
126:
106:
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341:
280:
2768:
2732:
2615:
2538:
2518:
2451:
2184:
2068:
1987:
1977:
1941:
1924:
1892:
1847:
1521:
1486:
1482:
1437:
1425:
1381:
1373:
1347:
1318:
1314:
1271:
1267:
797:
728:
724:
596:
534:
489:
432:
349:
312:
237:
114:
102:
1627:
779:
352:(r. 892–902) undertook several campaigns to restore caliphal authority in the region.
2904:
2778:
2763:
2671:
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2585:
2528:
2508:
2476:
2298:
2247:
2210:
2169:
1929:
1909:
1478:
1310:
1298:
1259:
1251:
801:
736:
704:
543:
493:
436:
231:
147:
2773:
2523:
2347:
2308:
2283:
2242:
2149:
1832:
650:
274:
247:
201:
1837:
2821:
2189:
2028:
2008:
1982:
1919:
1700:
1606:
1024:
665:
612:
411:
242:
196:
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was sent against the rebel, but he was defeated and forced to flee to Samarra.
2783:
2756:
2545:
2352:
2342:
2278:
2257:
2237:
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2023:
1992:
1934:
1743:
1707:
562:
518:
365:
191:
1505:
1337:
1290:
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there was forced to go into hiding, and Musawir's son was freed from prison.
2751:
2533:
2513:
2503:
2456:
2293:
1904:
1815:
1762:
1750:
625:
379:
329:
211:
85:
1014:
Al-Tabari, v. 36: pp. 91-92, 95, 96; Ibn al-Athir, p. 220; Weil, pp. 418-19
723:
In October 892 the caliph al-Mu'tamid died and was succeeded by his nephew
474:
415:
2746:
2650:
2471:
2446:
2357:
2116:
2013:
1961:
1800:
949:
732:
592:
391:
1063:
Al-Tabari, v. 36: pp. 158, 164; Ibn al-Athir, pp. 248, 259; Weil, p. 466
2676:
2605:
2273:
2106:
2018:
1827:
1805:
1023:
Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 112; Ibn al-Athir, p. 227. Weil, p. 465, sourcing
712:
637:
485:
444:
2806:
2655:
2624:
2058:
805:
789:
744:
699:
603:
547:
522:
497:
478:
464:
460:
1174:
Al-Tabari, v. 38: pp. 15-17; Ibn al-Athir, pp. 377; Weil, pp. 489-90
463:. This individual was a son of Musawir ibn 'Abd al-Hamid, who was a
964:
Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 147. Satikin was an officer in the service of
602:
Muflih again went on campaign in around early 872; he proceeded to
550:
in December. In September 868 Nushara ibn Tajibak, a lieutenant in
2736:
2645:
2619:
2595:
2590:
2550:
2493:
2481:
2466:
2461:
2084:
1851:
911:
Ibn al-Athir, p. 205; Weil, p. 417; Honigmann and Bosworth, p. 900
778:
533:
514:
407:
383:
375:
337:
2741:
884:
Al-Tabari, v. 35: pp. 147-49; Ibn al-Athir, p. 190; Weil, p. 406
55:
2842:
2712:
2567:
2435:
1673:
1631:
1183:
Al-Tabari, v. 38: pp. 20-22; Ibn al-Athir, p. 379; Weil, p. 490
938:
Al-Tabari, v. 36: pp. 136, 158; Ibn al-Athir, pp. 238, 248, 272
561:
Following the overthrow and death of al-Mu'tazz, his successor
374:
The Kharijite movement was a prominent religious sect in early
151:
1165:
Al-Tabari, v. 38: pp. 7-8; Ibn al-Athir, p. 374; Weil, p. 489
30:
Eastern al-Jazira and northern Iraq in the late ninth century
1108:
Al-Tabari, v. 37: p. 150; Ibn al-Athir, p. 345; Weil, p. 467
1027:, claims that Musawir was actually the winner of this battle
977:
Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 151; Ibn al-Athir, p. 192; Weil, p. 406
477:
to him. The group marched on al-Haditha and entered it; the
929:
Vaglieri, p. 40; al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 24; Ibn al-Athir, 220
657:, a Taghlibite chieftain and the eponymous founder of the
1353:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
382:
caused them to reject the legitimacy of the rule of the
1036:
Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 116; Ibn al-Athir, pp. 219-20, 227
986:
Al-Tabari, v. 35: pp. 146, 155; Ibn al-Athir, p. 196
2799:
2723:
2664:
2638:
2578:
2399:
2335:
2321:
2266:
2225:
2207:
2137:
2099:
2081:
2001:
1970:
1883:
1866:
1793:
1731:
1716:
1684:
1346:
336:between 866 and 896. Centered in the districts of
1569:. 9 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1861-1917.
587:Diyar Rabi'a, in an effort to reestablish order.
18:
1624:Ed. M. Th. Houtsma. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1883.
1565:Ed. and Trans. Charles Barbier de Meynard and
1045:Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 136; Ibn al-Athir, p. 238
2926:Upper Mesopotamia under the Abbasid Caliphate
1643:
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1150:
618:
163:
8:
1368:Honigmann, E. & Bosworth, C.E. (1991).
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1539:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1492:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1443:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1387:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1324:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1277:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1081:Ibn al-Athir, pp. 306-07; Weil, pp. 466-67
170:
156:
148:
15:
839:Vaglieri, pp. 39-40; Madelung, pp. 766-67
426:, during which the central government in
2916:Rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphate
920:Ibn al-Athir, pp. 195, 219; Weil, p. 465
848:Gordon, pp. 90-104; Waines, pp. 299-303
823:
619:Musawir's death and succession disputes
484:Support for Musawir quickly grew, with
422:Beginning in 861 the Abbasid Caliphate
138:
127:
1192:Ibn al-Athir, pp. 380-81; Weil, p. 490
1135:Ibn al-Athir, p. 369; Weil, pp. 467-68
1072:Ibn al-Athir, pp. 272-73; Weil, p. 466
866:Ibn al-Athir, pp. 186-87; Weil, p. 406
7:
2931:9th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
569:, the caliph ordered the commanders
125:Harun ibn 'Abdallah al-Bajali (
707:, but was captured by its governor
424:entered a period of severe weakness
2874:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
1843:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
1620:Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub.
1144:Ibn al-Athir, p. 375; Weil, p. 489
1126:Ibn al-Athir, p. 358; Weil, p. 467
902:Ibn al-Athir, p. 195; Weil, p. 407
875:Ibn al-Athir, p. 187; Weil, p. 406
711:and sent to Baghdad, where he was
123:Musawir ibn 'Abd al-Hamid al-Shari
14:
1238:Vaglieri, p. 40; Madelung, p. 767
1229:Canard, "Isa b. al-Shaykh," p. 91
530:Abbasid campaigns against Musawir
1773:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
1611:Geschichte der Chalifen, Vol. 2.
260:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
24:
1561:Al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn al-Husain.
1413:Beirut: Dar al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1987.
1220:Canard, "Hamdanids," pp. 126-29
955:from the palaces of the caliph"
1411:Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Vol. 6.
813:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani
217:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
1:
2579:Palace and central government
684:Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundaj
346:al-Jazira (upper Mesopotamia)
308:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)
19:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)
2039:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
1783:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
830:Levi Della Vida, pp. 1074-77
402:In the caliphal province of
1409:Ibn al-Athir, 'Izz al-Din.
1345:Gordon, Matthew S. (2001).
1099:Canard, "Hamdanids," p. 126
455:According to the historian
2947:
968:; al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 153
893:C. Edmund Bosworth, p. 413
709:Ahmad ibn 'Isa al-Shaybani
645:The Kharijites under Harun
615:(the future al-Muwaffaq).
363:
222:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
2849:
2838:
2719:
2708:
2574:
2563:
2442:
2431:
2044:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
1680:
1669:
731:in southern Iraq and the
451:Outbreak of the rebellion
187:
92:
74:
34:
23:
2639:Financial administration
2411:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
1579:The History of al-Ṭabarī
1567:Abel Pavet de Courteille
1090:Ibn al-Athir, pp. 306-07
995:Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 161
857:Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 147
715:on the caliph's orders.
500:in autumn 867. When the
270:Qays–Yaman war (793–796)
207:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
2569:Government and military
1547:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1500:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1451:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1395:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1332:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1285:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2911:9th-century rebellions
2064:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
804:ruling over Mosul and
784:
761:al-Hasan ibn Ali Kurah
539:
93:Commanders and leaders
2373:Mustansiriya Madrasah
1778:Round city of Baghdad
782:
537:
332:uprising against the
227:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
2921:Kharijite rebellions
2869:Science and learning
1768:Conquest of Ifriqiya
1117:Ibn al-Athir, p. 346
719:End of the rebellion
694:from the village of
496:between Baghdad and
181:the early Caliphates
119:Al-Husayn ibn Hamdan
2844:Culture and society
1947:Kharijite Rebellion
1598:Veccia Vaglieri, L.
1576:, ed. (1985–2007).
1467:Levi Della Vida, G.
502:governor of Baghdad
344:in the province of
326:Kharijite Rebellion
212:Revolt of al-Ashdaq
2884:Islamic philosophy
2180:Musharrif al-Dawla
2049:Qarmatian invasion
2034:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
1915:Anarchy at Samarra
1871:the Abbasid empire
1739:Abbasid Revolution
1622:Historiae, Vol. 2.
1563:Les Prairies D'Or.
1303:"Isa b. al-Shaykh"
785:
540:
475:pledged allegiance
440:fought a civil war
431:the rival caliphs
370:Anarchy at Samarra
298:Anarchy at Samarra
293:Bashmurian revolts
255:Abbasid Revolution
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2559:
2558:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2395:
2394:
2327:(1157–1258)
2317:
2316:
2217:(1055–1157)
2203:
2202:
2195:al-Malik al-Rahim
2122:Baghdad Manifesto
2077:
2076:
1862:
1861:
1696:Umayyad Caliphate
1659:Abbasid Caliphate
1615:Bassermann Verlag
1590:978-0-7914-7249-1
1554:978-90-04-10422-8
1458:978-90-04-09419-2
1402:978-90-04-08112-3
655:Hamdan ibn Hamdun
552:Salih ibn Wasif's
334:Abbasid Caliphate
321:
320:
146:
145:
134:Hamdan ibn Hamdun
81:Abbasid Caliphate
70:
69:
2938:
2840:
2817:Jews and Judaism
2721:
2714:Religion and law
2710:
2576:
2565:
2433:
2415:Mamluk Sultanate
2333:
2328:
2223:
2218:
2097:
2092:
2091:(946–1055)
1881:
1876:
1869:Fragmentation of
1821:Sack of Heraclea
1729:
1724:
1682:
1671:
1664:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1594:
1574:Yarshater, Ehsan
1558:
1530:Heinrichs, W. P.
1509:
1462:
1434:Heinrichs, W. P.
1406:
1364:
1352:
1341:
1294:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
962:
956:
945:
939:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
864:
858:
855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
831:
828:
677:Ishaq ibn Kundaj
659:Hamdanid dynasty
608:Masrur al-Balkhi
265:Battle of Fakhkh
182:
172:
165:
158:
149:
140:
129:
111:Masrur al-Balkhi
36:
35:
28:
16:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2879:House of Wisdom
2845:
2826:
2795:
2715:
2696:
2660:
2634:
2570:
2555:
2438:
2419:
2404:
2391:
2385:Sack of Baghdad
2329:
2326:
2313:
2262:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2199:
2175:Sultan al-Dawla
2165:Sharaf al-Dawla
2160:Samsam al-Dawla
2145:Mu'izz al-Dawla
2133:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2073:
1997:
1971:Abbasid revival
1966:
1898:Sack of Amorium
1877:
1875:(833–946)
1874:
1873:
1870:
1858:
1811:Harun al-Rashid
1789:
1756:Battle of Talas
1725:
1723:(750–833)
1722:
1721:
1712:
1689:
1676:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1591:
1572:
1555:
1522:Bosworth, C. E.
1512:
1487:Bosworth, C. E.
1465:
1459:
1426:Bosworth, C. E.
1416:
1403:
1374:Bosworth, C. E.
1367:
1361:
1344:
1319:Bosworth, C. E.
1297:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:Kennedy, p. 760
1155:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
976:
972:
966:Bugha al-Saghir
963:
959:
946:
942:
937:
933:
928:
924:
919:
915:
910:
906:
901:
897:
892:
888:
883:
879:
874:
870:
865:
861:
856:
852:
847:
843:
838:
834:
829:
825:
821:
777:
753:Nasr al-Qushuri
721:
647:
621:
532:
479:chief of police
469:of the town of
453:
372:
364:Main articles:
362:
322:
317:
183:
180:
178:
176:
132:
124:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
66:Abbasid victory
58:
29:
12:
11:
5:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:Robe of honour
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2539:Jund Qinnasrin
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Jund al-Urdunn
2516:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2267:Seljuk sultans
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Jalal al-Dawla
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2155:'Adud al-Dawla
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2094:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2069:Nasir al-Dawla
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Zanj Rebellion
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1885:Samarra period
1878:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1526:van Donzel, E.
1510:
1475:van Donzel, E.
1463:
1457:
1430:van Donzel, E.
1414:
1407:
1401:
1378:van Donzel, E.
1365:
1359:
1342:
1307:van Donzel, E.
1295:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1016:
1007:
997:
988:
979:
970:
957:
940:
931:
922:
913:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
859:
850:
841:
832:
822:
820:
817:
808:respectively.
798:Nasir al-Dawla
790:robes of honor
776:
773:
720:
717:
646:
643:
620:
617:
571:Musa ibn Bugha
531:
528:
519:Friday prayers
452:
449:
361:
358:
319:
318:
316:
315:
313:Zanj Rebellion
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
284:
283:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
251:
250:
240:
238:Yahya ibn Zayd
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
188:
185:
184:
179:Civil wars of
177:
175:
174:
167:
160:
152:
144:
143:
121:
103:Musa ibn Bugha
95:
94:
90:
89:
83:
77:
76:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2943:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2837:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2789:Shi'a Century
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Sunni Revival
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Abna al-dawla
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Amir al-umara
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Jund Filastin
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Malik-Shah II
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:al-Mustarshid
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Baha al-Dawla
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Sack of Mecca
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:al-Mutawakkil
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
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1879:
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1757:
1754:
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1749:
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1742:
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1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:Establishment
1730:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
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1660:
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1511:
1507:
1503:
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1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:"Kharidjites"
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
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1439:
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1431:
1427:
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1360:0-7914-4795-2
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1265:
1264:Ménage, V. L.
1261:
1257:
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809:
807:
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802:Sayf al-Dawla
799:
793:
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781:
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772:
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762:
756:
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750:
749:Wasif Mushgir
746:
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718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
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673:
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666:Friday Mosque
662:
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629:
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494:Khurasan Road
491:
487:
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235:
233:
232:Berber Revolt
230:
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38:
37:
33:
27:
22:
17:
2854:Architecture
2812:Christianity
2774:Twelve Imams
2524:Jund Dimashq
2401:
2380:al-Musta'sim
2368:al-Mustansir
2348:al-Mustanjid
2324:Final period
2323:
2309:Ahmad Sanjar
2284:Malik-Shah I
2243:al-Mustazhir
2209:
2150:Izz al-Dawla
2083:
1946:
1868:
1833:Fourth Fitna
1719:Early period
1718:
1686:
1621:
1610:
1607:Weil, Gustav
1577:
1562:
1544:
1537:
1514:Madelung, W.
1497:
1490:
1448:
1441:
1410:
1392:
1385:
1348:
1329:
1322:
1282:
1275:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1019:
1010:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
960:
950:
943:
934:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
810:
794:
786:
766:
757:
741:
722:
688:
681:
674:
670:Banu Shayban
663:
651:Tigris River
648:
634:
630:
622:
601:
589:
560:
541:
507:
483:
465:
457:Ibn al-Athir
454:
421:
401:
373:
354:
342:Diyar Rabi'a
328:was a major
325:
323:
307:
281:Abu'l-Saraya
275:Fourth Fitna
248:Ibadi revolt
202:Second Fitna
75:Belligerents
2822:Khurramites
2769:Shi'a Islam
2733:Mu'tazilism
2190:Abu Kalijar
2138:Buyid emirs
2029:al-Mustakfi
2009:al-Muqtadir
1988:al-Mu'tadid
1983:al-Muwaffaq
1978:al-Mu'tamid
1925:al-Musta'in
1920:al-Muntasir
1893:al-Mu'tasim
1848:Mu'tazilism
1701:Third Fitna
1534:Lecomte, G.
1483:Pellat, Ch.
1447:Volume VII:
1438:Pellat, Ch.
1422:"Al-Mawsil"
1418:Kennedy, H.
1382:Pellat, Ch.
1370:"Al-Mawsil"
1315:Pellat, Ch.
1281:Volume III:
1272:Schacht, J.
1268:Pellat, Ch.
1256:"Hamdanids"
1025:Ibn Khaldun
729:Zanj rebels
725:al-Mu'tadid
692:Banu Zuhayr
597:al-Mu'tamid
505:defenders.
433:al-Musta'in
397:Muslim-held
350:al-Mu'tadid
303:Fifth Fitna
288:East Africa
243:Third Fitna
197:First Fitna
115:Al-Mu'tadid
2905:Categories
2859:Literature
2784:Qarmatians
2779:Isma'ilism
2687:Commanders
2546:Tabaristan
2413:under the
2353:al-Mustadi
2343:al-Muqtafi
2304:Muhammad I
2279:Alp Arslan
2258:al-Muqtafi
2238:al-Muqtadi
2024:al-Muttaqi
1993:al-Muktafi
1935:al-Muhtadi
1930:al-Mu'tazz
1744:Abu Muslim
1708:Hashimiyya
1687:Background
1663:(750–1258)
1613:Mannheim:
1543:Volume IX:
1518:"Sufriyya"
1496:Volume IV:
1391:Volume VI:
1328:Volume IV:
1299:Canard, M.
1252:Canard, M.
1245:References
759:appointed
563:al-Muhtadi
544:al-Mu'tazz
511:Zab Rivers
488:Arabs and
471:al-Bawazij
461:al-Haditha
437:al-Mu'tazz
366:Kharijites
360:Background
279:Revolt of
236:Revolt of
192:Ridda Wars
42:866–896 AD
2864:Musicians
2757:Shafi'ism
2752:Hanbalism
2611:Officials
2534:Jund Hims
2437:Geography
2402:Aftermath
2294:Berkyaruq
2253:al-Rashid
1957:Saffarids
1905:al-Wathiq
1838:al-Ma'mun
1816:Barmakids
1763:al-Mansur
1751:al-Saffah
1581:(40 vols)
1506:758278456
1479:Lewis, B.
1338:758278456
1311:Lewis, B.
1291:495469525
1260:Lewis, B.
775:Aftermath
769:al-Husayn
626:Shahrazur
613:Abu Ahmad
404:al-Jazira
380:caliphate
330:Kharijite
86:Kharijite
52:Al-Jazira
2747:Hanafism
2665:Military
2499:Khurasan
2472:Ifriqiya
2447:Arminiya
2363:al-Zahir
2358:al-Nasir
2289:Mahmud I
2233:al-Qa'im
2129:al-Qa'im
2117:al-Qadir
2014:al-Qahir
2002:Collapse
1962:Tulunids
1952:Tahirids
1801:al-Mahdi
1536:(eds.).
1516:(1997).
1498:Iran–Kha
1489:(eds.).
1469:(1978).
1440:(eds.).
1420:(1993).
1393:Mahk–Mid
1384:(eds.).
1330:Iran–Kha
1321:(eds.).
1301:(1978).
1274:(eds.).
1254:(1971).
733:Tulunids
696:Qabratha
593:Khanaqin
579:Bayakbak
392:Abbasids
388:Umayyads
47:Location
2682:Battles
2677:Ghilman
2606:Mazalim
2452:Bahrayn
2336:Caliphs
2274:Tughril
2226:Caliphs
2112:al-Ta'i
2107:al-Muti
2100:Caliphs
2019:al-Radi
1828:al-Amin
1806:al-Hadi
1675:History
1661:topics
1617:, 1848.
1545:San–Sze
1449:Mif–Naz
951:farsakh
638:Taghlib
584:al-Sinn
556:Yarjukh
486:Bedouin
445:Baghdad
428:Samarra
414:of the
376:Islamic
136: (
99:Yarjukh
2807:Dhimmi
2656:Kharaj
2630:Vizier
2625:Shurta
2514:Awasim
2489:Jazira
2213:period
2211:Seljuk
2087:period
2059:Bajkam
1794:Apogee
1587:
1551:
1532:&
1504:
1485:&
1455:
1436:&
1399:
1380:&
1357:
1336:
1317:&
1289:
1283:H–Iram
1270:&
806:Aleppo
745:Mardin
713:flayed
700:Sinjar
604:Takrit
575:Muflih
548:Jalula
498:Hulwan
466:dihqan
416:Rabi'a
107:Muflih
88:rebels
63:Result
2800:Other
2737:Mihna
2725:Islam
2651:Iqta'
2646:Diwan
2620:tiraz
2601:Harem
2596:Hajib
2591:Barid
2551:Yemen
2509:Syria
2504:Sindh
2494:Jibal
2482:Sawad
2467:Hejaz
2462:Egypt
2457:Barqa
2085:Buyid
1852:Mihna
1520:. In
1473:. In
1424:. In
1372:. In
1305:. In
1258:. In
819:Notes
737:Syria
567:Balad
523:taxes
515:Irbil
490:Kurds
412:Arabs
408:Sufri
384:Alids
338:Mosul
2742:Fiqh
2735:and
2692:Wars
2618:and
2477:Iraq
1850:and
1585:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1502:OCLC
1453:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1334:OCLC
1287:OCLC
1211:917.
800:and
751:and
705:Amid
577:and
435:and
390:and
368:and
340:and
324:The
56:Iraq
54:and
39:Date
735:in
139:POW
128:POW
2907::
1609:.
1541:.
1528:;
1524:;
1494:.
1481:;
1477:;
1445:.
1432:;
1428:;
1389:.
1376:;
1326:.
1313:;
1309:;
1279:.
1266:;
1262:;
1149:^
573:,
447:.
406:,
386:,
1651:e
1644:t
1637:v
1593:.
1557:.
1508:.
1461:.
1405:.
1363:.
1340:.
1293:.
953:s
171:e
164:t
157:v
142:)
131:)
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