1352:
328:
1084:
312:
922:
73:
340:
488:
57:
296:
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284:
267:
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1255:
the council formally drafted and declared the independent state of
Circassia to the world and immediately sought to have the Circassian nation recognized, as well as redouble efforts to secure arms and material support to finance their self-defense campaigns. They discussed tactics, planned alliances and made efforts to prepare for a last stand (see
1406:, the parliament was dissolved and almost all of its leaders eliminated, and the resistance moved to the Caucasus mountains, new parliament meetings started to be held in Mutikhwa (Мутыхуа, now in the village of "Plastunki"), the last meeting was held in Qbaada before the parliament took its last decision, which was to not surrender, and the
1334:
to us and do not destroy our property or mosques; it is disgraceful for a powerful state to take lives unjustly. You are deceiving the entire world by circulating myths about us being a savage people; nonetheless, we are human, just like you. Do not strive to spill our blood; instead, allow us to exist here.
1286:
Regional administrators will collect taxes on behalf of the council, the cost of 5 cavalry per 100 households will be charged, and every 100 families will send 5 cavalry to the army. The collected taxes will be spent in the most beneficial way for the country's affairs in the name of the independence
1333:
These lands are ours, and we want to rule them with absolute justice. We strive to administer our country fairly, therefore we treat our people fairly and respect the lives and property of those who visit us. What is the objective of a powerful nation like yours: to destroy a people like us? Be fair
1254:
were also represented in the parliament. Nobles, elders and commanders of all social backgrounds gathered to discuss the immediate need to collaborate and work together regardless of their ideological, ethnic, religious or social divisions for the sake of survival. In an effort to raise awareness,
1398:
In Turkey, a special committee on
Circassian affairs was created, and received donations from the local Muslim folk, and allegedly even from the sultan himself, secretly. However, the economically and politically weakened Ottoman Empire could not contribute further in protecting the Circassians.
1375:
After being convinced by his generals, the
Russian Tsar declared that Circassia will not only be annexed to Russia unconditionally, but the Circassians will leave, and if the Circassian people do not accept forcefully migrating to Turkey, the Russian generals will see no problem in killing all
1367:
However, the annexation of
Circassia was not enough for the Russian government, as Tsarist government sought to evict the Circassians from the ethnic territory. The Tsar consistently continued the policy of his father,
1283:
The country will be divided into 12 regions, each of which will be appointed administrators responsible for administrative, legal and security, these administrators will act on behalf of the assembly.
1145:
attended by leaders of several
Circassian provinces. A tribal confederation had existed before the parliament's establishment, but a centralized government was achieved only after it was built.
1313:
Under no circumstances shall
Circassia surrender to Russia. Agreements will be made with Russia on equal terms through negotiations; if this is not possible, the war will continue.
1781:
1395:
Ottoman and
British delegations both promised recognition of an independent Circassia, as well as possible recognition from Paris, if they unified into a coherent state.
227:
927:
1515:
932:
423:
1070:
1351:
1761:
1498:
1776:
1603:
951:
1357:
Although the painting depicts an event of an earlier time, it gives an idea of the appearance of the
Circassian aristocracy.
1410:
was fought. The area fell, all insurgents were massacred by the
Russian army, which announced its victory on 21 May 1864.
1786:
961:
864:
1392:
to gain support from both countries, arguing that they are being massacred and they would be forced into exile soon.
874:
551:
487:
1491:
A new homeland: The
Massacre of The Circassians, Their Exodus To The Ottoman Empire and Their Place In Modern Turkey
1043:
606:
1083:
1063:
1753:
1631:Фадеев А.В. Убыхи в освободительном движении на Западном Кавказе //Исторический сборник. – М.; Л., 1935. – № 4.
921:
576:
1540:Трагические последствия Кавказской войны для адыгов (вторая половина XIX – начало XX в.). – Нальчик., 2000.
1177:
The first western-type parliament in Circassia was called in 1820 with 300 people. Important names such as
1574:
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893:
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541:
903:
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898:
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436:
1419:
1271:
The "Independent State of Circassia" is an independent state, as proclaimed once again on this day.
956:
915:
770:
566:
561:
508:
498:
492:
72:
1178:
1033:
946:
800:
1329:
in September 1861 to establish peace, expressing their readiness to accept Russian citizenship.
1757:
1523:
1494:
1445:
2. Российский государственный военно-исторический архив (далее – РГВИА). Ф. 38. Оп. 7. Д. 422.
1256:
1023:
976:
908:
1407:
1340:
1211:
1028:
981:
201:
162:
1607:
1360:
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A government building and guesthouses will be built on behalf of the state administration.
1194:
1121:
1100:
1018:
794:
62:
1303:
people will be accepted as legitimate equal citizens of Circassia along with Circassians.
1389:
1385:
1153:
840:
77:
Administrative divisions of Circassia according to the decree issued by the Parliament
1770:
93:
1223:
1008:
765:
666:
475:
243:
1599:
1748:
1462:
1516:"Сочинский меджлис: опыт общественно-политического творчества адыгов в XIX веке"
480:
448:
56:
1152:
from Russian invasion, and to liberate the occupied Eastern Circassia from the
1384:
The parliament did not accept leaving their lands and sent delegations to the
1296:
1247:
1243:
1239:
727:
692:
651:
641:
344:
1527:
1219:
1190:
1161:
1149:
1138:
1038:
888:
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812:
656:
470:
48:
1274:
The established parliament represents all Circassians regardless of tribe.
1559:
1307:
1235:
1227:
1215:
722:
702:
661:
646:
631:
288:
271:
255:
1376:
Circassians. He gave the Circassian representatives a month to decide.
1300:
1251:
1231:
1214:
was elected as the head of the parliament and the nation. Although the
995:
717:
712:
687:
636:
626:
332:
316:
300:
1664:
Natho Kadir, Kafkasya`da ve Kafkasya Dışındaki Çerkesler, Ankara 2009
869:
732:
707:
682:
17:
1402:
Before any result was achieved, in 1862, as a result of the fall of
1293:
A justice system will be established immediately to enforce the law.
1578:
1520:Вестник Майкопского государственного технологического университета
1403:
1350:
1142:
1082:
850:
760:
697:
415:
407:
1323:
1193:, the parliament was established in the capital city of Sochi (
1306:
Proper contact with the Circassian and Muslim communities in
1682:
Nıbe Anzor, Adıge Maq,12 Eylül 2011,Çev: Hapi Cevdet Yıldız.
1189:
Being a political resistance council and the legislature of
1267:
The decisions taken by the parliament were the following:
1160:. It also sent delegates abroad to gain support for the
1322:
The parliament government negotiated with the Russian
1643:Блиев М.М., Дегоев В.В. Кавказская война. – М., 1994.
1205:
1132:
1111:
1463:"А.Д. Панеш: "Меджлис вольности черкесской" »"
1148:The parliament aimed to defend the western part of
401:
383:
373:
363:
358:
220:
215:
193:
181:
169:
155:
150:
142:
124:
106:
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87:
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32:
1226:were the main founders, representatives from the
1372:, and rejected the Circassian peace proposals.
1331:
1355:Meeting of Circassian princes in Sochi, 1847.
1280:The initial parliament consists of 15 members.
1561:Soçi Meclisi ve Çar II. Aleksandr ile Buluşma
1277:Unity will be enforced by force if necessary.
1064:
928:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
8:
1673:Berzeg Nihat, Çerkesler, Chiviyazıları, 2006
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1087:Presidents of the Circassian Confederation
1071:
1057:
431:
29:
1782:1861 establishments in the Russian Empire
1141:officialized in 1861 after a meeting in
1431:
993:
933:Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society
830:
810:
779:
741:
604:
506:
445:
1639:
1637:
1514:Владимировна, Чунтыжева Рима (2014).
7:
1618:
1616:
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1550:
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1546:
1484:
1482:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
426:(Modern-day Krasnaya Polyana) (1864)
1493:. Aydin University International.
418:(Modern-day Plastunki) (1862-1864)
25:
1732:Çerkes Meclisi'nin 150. Kuruluşu.
920:
486:
338:
326:
310:
294:
282:
265:
249:
237:
71:
55:
27:1861–64 legislature of Circassia
1310:and London will be established.
957:Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
1181:were present in the assembly.
1118:the Parliament of Independence
952:Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria
410:(Modern-day Sochi) (1861-1862)
65:variant used by the Parliament
1:
1558:Ruslan, Yemij (August 2011).
146:Lepq Zefes (People's Council)
1206:
1133:
1112:
962:Shapsugsky National District
865:Mongol invasion of Circassia
675:Destroyed or barely existing
1380:Delegations to major powers
1246:regions were also present.
493:List of notable Circassians
1803:
1198:
1164:struggle internationally.
1125:
1104:
1044:Circassian Day of Mourning
1137:) was the legislature of
422:
414:
406:
388:
200:Qarabatir Zanuqo (son of
70:
54:
47:
34:The Circassian Parliament
1754:Rutgers University Press
1318:Negotiations with Russia
1777:Peoples of the Caucasus
1749:The Circassian Genocide
1610:via the Voice of Russia
1210:) on June 13, 1861 and
195:Other important members
49:Parliament of Circassia
1622:Фадеев А.В. Указ. соч.
1364:
1349:
1345:Alexander II of Russia
1158:Russian-Circassian War
1088:
1014:Circassian nationalism
894:Circassian slave trade
783:Languages and dialects
183:Shapsug Representative
171:Abdzakh Representative
1691:Kasumov and Kasumov.
1354:
1093:Circassian Parliament
1086:
904:Circassian Revolution
754:Religion in Circassia
349:(Government in-exile)
321:(Government in-exile)
305:(Government in-exile)
260:(Government in-exile)
1654:The Circassian Khasa
1343:'s proposal to Tsar
1039:Circassian mythology
899:Russo-Circassian War
130: (160 years ago)
112: (163 years ago)
1787:Circassian genocide
1719:Circassian Genocide
1420:Circassian genocide
1263:The first decisions
1173:Previous parliament
916:Circassian genocide
771:Circassian paganism
510:Circassian diaspora
499:Circassian genocide
396:"Honor before life"
210:Muhammad Khusht
1746:Richmond, Walter.
1717:Richmond, Walter.
1606:2012-03-18 at the
1365:
1339:Circassian leader
1179:Kizbech Tughuzhuqo
1126:Шъхьафитныгъэ Хасэ
1089:
1034:Circassian cuisine
947:Republic of Adygea
38:Шъхьафитныгъэ Хасэ
1575:"UNPO: Circassia"
1489:Grassi, Fabio L.
1257:Qbaada last stand
1204:
1131:
1110:
1097:Circassian Majlis
1081:
1080:
1024:Circassian beauty
977:Battle of Kanzhal
909:Circassian Majlis
608:Circassian tribes
597:
589:
581:
462:
430:
429:
397:
350:
322:
306:
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233:Founding Members
110:13 June 1861
16:(Redirected from
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1577:. Archived from
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1408:Battle of Qbaada
1347:
1341:Qerandiqo Berzeg
1212:Qerandiqo Berzeg
1209:
1203:romanized:
1202:
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1130:romanized:
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1109:romanized:
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1029:Circassian music
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982:Battle of Qbaada
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222:Political groups
202:Sefer Bey Zanuqo
163:Qerandiqo Berzeg
143:Preceded by
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128:21 May 1864
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1741:Further reading
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1693:Genotsid Adygov
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1608:Wayback Machine
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1467:natpressru.info
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1361:Grigory Gagarin
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1185:1861 parliament
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1019:Circassian flag
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1390:United Kingdom
1386:Ottoman Empire
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1308:Constantinople
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1154:Russian Empire
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392:Psəm yipə napə
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365:First election
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1762:9780813560694
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1730:Anzor, Nıbe.
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1581:on 2010-11-29
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1287:of Circassia.
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369:13 June 1861
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176:Hasan Bidh
1156:during the
970:Key battles
803:(Kabardian)
481:Circassians
450:Circassians
1771:Categories
1708:. Page 352
1695:. Page 140
1585:2010-10-22
1472:2021-04-25
1426:References
1370:Nicholas I
1248:Abkhazians
1162:Circassian
1113:Adıgə Xasə
1105:Адыгэ Хасэ
728:Yegeruqway
693:Cherchenay
228:Government
151:Leadership
135:1864-05-21
117:1861-06-13
94:Unicameral
1721:. Page 72
1706:Pokorenie
1528:2078-1024
1297:Abkhazian
1240:Kabardian
1191:Circassia
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1139:Circassia
889:Circassia
846:Maeotians
652:Kabardian
642:Chemirgoy
619:Surviving
471:Circassia
359:Elections
345:Kabardian
216:Structure
125:Disbanded
1756:, 2013.
1704:Esadze.
1604:Archived
1590:Via UNPO
1414:See also
1388:and the
1337:—
1228:Hatuqwai
1220:Natukhaj
858:Medieval
797:(Adyghe)
745:Religion
723:Mamkhegh
703:Hakuchey
657:Natukhaj
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632:Besleney
577:Bulgaria
459:Адыгэхэр
438:a series
435:Part of
289:Hatuqway
256:Natukhaj
157:Chairman
1252:Abazins
1244:Chemguy
1236:Bzhedug
1232:Abdzakh
1216:Shapsug
1168:History
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713:Khegayk
688:Chebsin
662:Shapsug
637:Bzhedug
627:Abzakhs
593:Romania
542:Germany
416:Mutıxwa
333:Chemguy
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301:Abdzakh
272:Shapsug
133: (
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572:Egypt
557:Libya
537:Syria
408:Ş̂açə
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244:Ubykh
18:Khase
1758:ISBN
1524:ISSN
1495:ISBN
1324:Tsar
1250:and
1242:and
1091:The
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567:Iran
562:Iraq
88:Type
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