879:
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550:
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541:, large numbers Khoeǀ'ona joined the Xhosa rebels for the first time. After the defeat of the rebellion and the granting of representative government to the Cape Colony in 1853, the new Cape Government endeavoured to grant the Khoena political rights to avert future racial discontent. Attorney General William Porter was famously quoted as saying that he "would rather meet the Hottentot at the hustings, voting for his representative, than meet him in the wilds with his gun upon his shoulder". Thus, the government enacted the
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498:, facilitated the creation of the "Kat River" Khoe settlement near the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony. The more cynical motive was probably to create a buffer-zone on the Cape's frontier, but the extensive fertile land in the region allowed people to own their land and build communities in peace. The settlements thrived and expanded, and Kat River quickly became a large and successful region of the Cape that subsisted more or less autonomously. The people were predominantly
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316:, shows that the strict distinction between these two lifestyles is unwarranted, as well as the ethnic categories that are derived. Foraging peoples who ideologically value non-accumulation as a social value system would be distinct, however, but the distinctions among "Khoekhoe pastoralists", "San hunter-gatherers" and "Bantu agriculturalists" do not hold up to scrutiny, and appear to be historical
2499:
1167:. Published in 1859, this put forward the idea of an origin from Egypt that appears to have been popular amongst men of learning in the region. The reasoning for this included the (supposed) distinctive Caucasian elements of the Khoekhoe's appearance, a "wont to worship the moon'", an apparent similarity to the antiquities of Old Egypt, and a "very different language" to their neighbours. The
56:
878:
371:"Khoekhoe" social organisation was thus profoundly damaged by the colonial expansion and land seizure from the late 17th century onwards. As social structures broke down, many Khoekhoen settled on farms and became bondsmen (bondservants, serfs) or farm workers; others were incorporated into clans that persisted. Georg Schmidt, a
605:, which broke up families and communities. The destruction of historical communities and the blanket designation of "coloured" (ignoring any nuances of the Khoekhoe peoples' specific cultures or subgroups) contributed to an erasure of Khoekhoe identity and culture, one which modern Khoekhoe people are still working to undo.
634:, which may have been viewed as the physical manifestation of a supreme being associated with heaven. Thiǁoab (Tsui'goab) is also believed to be the creator and the guardian of health, while ǁGaunab is primarily an evil being, who causes sickness or death. Many Khoe-speakers have converted to Christianity and
356:
that began to enclose traditional grazing land for farms. Over the following century, the Khoe-speaking peoples were steadily driven off their land, resulting in numerous northwards migrations, and the reformulation of many nations and clans, as well as the dissolution of many traditional structures.
616:
After apartheid, Khoekhoe activists have worked to restore their lost culture, and affirm their ties to the land. Khoekhoe and
Khoisan groups have brought cases to court demanding restitution for 'cultural genocide and discrimination against the Khoisan nation’, as well as land rights and the return
367:
During an investigation into "bushman hunting" parties and genocidal raids on the San, Louis
Anthing commented: "I find now that the transactions are more extensive than did at first appear. I think it not unlikely that we shall find that almost all the farmers living near this border are implicated
600:
Khoekhoe were classified as "Coloured" under
Apartheid. While this meant that they were offered a few privileges not given to the population deemed "black" (such as not having to carry a passbook), they were still subject to discrimination, segregation, and other forms of oppression. This included
311:
agriculturalist culture is thought to have entered the region in the 3rd century AD, pushing pastoralists into the
Western areas. The example of the close relation between the ǃUriǁ'aes (High clan), a cattle-keeping population, and the !Uriǁ'aeǀ'ona (High clan children), a more-or-less sedentary
339:
and fifty of his men were killed and his party was defeated by ox-mounted !Uriǁ'aekua ("Goringhaiqua" in Dutch approximate spelling), which was one of the so-called
Khoekhoe clans of the area that also included the !Uriǁ'aeǀ'ona ("Goringhaicona", also known as "Strandlopers"), said to be the
545:
in 1853, which decreed that all male citizens meeting a low property test, regardless of colour, had the right to vote and to seek election in
Parliament. However, this non-racial principle was eroded in the late 1880s by a literacy test, and later abolished by the Apartheid Government.
252:
of
Namibia, Botswana and South Africa (with numerous clans), the Damara of Namibia, the Orana clans of South Africa (such as Nama or Ngqosini), the Khoemana or Griqua nation of South Africa, and the Gqunukhwebe or Gona clans which fall under the Xhosa-speaking polities.
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340:
ancestors of the !Ora nation of today. In the late 16th century, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch and
English but mainly Portuguese ships regularly continued to stop over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper and iron with the
273:
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says that "the best philologists of the present day ... find marked resemblances between the two". This conviction is echoed in an introduction to the Zulu language, which avidly often comments upon the language's various resemblances to Hebrew.
404:
The colonial designation of "Baasters" came to refer to any clans that had
European ancestry in some part and adopted certain Western cultural traits. Though these were later known as Griqua (Xirikua or Griekwa) they were known at the time as
302:
term "amaqaba". Husbandry of sheep, goats and cattle grazing in fertile valleys across the region provided a stable, balanced diet, and allowed these lifestyles to spread, with larger groups forming in a region previously occupied by the
285:
The broad ethnic designation of "Khoekhoen", meaning the peoples originally part of a pastoral culture and language group to be found across
Southern Africa, is thought to refer to a population originating in the northern area of modern
2280:
1567:
had adapted to African-style, extensive pastoralism in this region. In order to obtain optimal pasture for their animals, early settlers imitated the Khoikhoi seasonal transhumance movements and those observed in the larger wild
351:
contagion was spread through European activity. The Khoe-speaking clans suffered high mortality as immunity to the disease was rare. This increased, as military conflict with the intensification of the colonial expansion of the
493:
By the early 1800s, the remaining Khoe-speakers of the Cape Colony suffered from restricted civil rights and discriminatory laws on land ownership. With this pretext, the powerful Commissioner General of the Eastern Districts,
1302:
formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men,
532:
However, harsh laws were still implemented in the Eastern Cape, to encourage the Khoena to leave their lands in the Kat River region and to work as labourers on white farms. The growing resentment exploded in 1850. When the
592:
regime. In particular, some consider Khoekhoe and related ethnic groups to have been some of the most heavily marginalized groups during Apartheid's reign, as referenced by previous South African president
467:
away from British rule at the Cape, Jonker Afrikaner brought his people into Namaqualand by the mid-19th century, becoming a formidable force for Oorlam domination over the Nama and against the
826:, Botswana, and stayed there permanently, the part that remained on South West African soil relocated their tribal centre to Amper-Bo. In 2016 David Hanse was inaugurated as chief of the clan.
580:. Over 10,000 Nama, more than half of the total Nama population at the time, may have died in the conflict. This was the single greatest massacre ever witnessed by the Khoekhoe people.
1933:
Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908
2853:
1163:
European theories about the origins of the Khoekhoe are historically interesting in their own right. Of the European theories proposed, notable is that summarised in the commissioned
256:
The Xirikua clans (Griqua) developed their own ethnic identity in the 19th century and settled in Griqualand West. Later, they formed another independent state in Kwazulu Natal named
1818:
The life and times of Sir John Charles Molteno, K. C. M. G., First Premier of Cape Colony, Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape
1697:
2083:
1906:
102:
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210:, the Khoekhoe began inhabiting the areas where the first contact with Europeans occurred. At that time, in the 17th century, the Khoekhoe maintained large herds of
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529:, later Prime Minister, led a mixed commando in the assault, and later praised the Khoekua as having more bravery and initiative than most of his white soldiers.)
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549:
1613:
1438:
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explorers and merchants are the first to record their contacts, in the 15th and 16th centuries A.D. The ongoing encounters were often violent. In 1510, at the
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1386:, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. Nienaber, 'The origin of the name "Hottentot" ',
1477:
1792:
Legassick, Martin (1988). "The Northern Frontier to ca. 1840: The rise and decline of the Griqua people". In Richard Elphick; Hermann Giliomee (eds.).
360:
According to professors Robert K. Hitchcock and Wayne A. Babchuk, "During the early phases of European colonization, tens of thousands of Khoekhoe and
1422:
The Testing Grounds of Modern Empire: The Making of Colonial Racial Order in the American Ohio Country and the South African Eastern Cape, 1770s–1850s
463:) retained links to Oorlam communities in or close to the borders of the Cape Colony. In the face of gradual Boer expansion and then large-scale
451:
conscription, partly to raid and trade, and partly to obtain herding lands. Some of these emigrant Oorlams (including the band led by the outlaw
2839:
2536:
933:(Khauas Nama) subtribe formed in the 1830s, when the Vlermuis clan merged with the Amraal family. Their home settlement became Naosanabis (now
2221:
1961:
1940:
1855:
1717:
1680:
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260:, unfortunately losing their independence barely a decade later to the British. They are related to the same kinds of clan formations as
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As native African people, Khoekhoe and other dark-skinned, indigenous groups were oppressed and subjugated under the white-supremacist
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in similar acts ... At present I have only heard of coloured farmers (known as Bastards) as being mixed up with these matters."
290:. This culture steadily spread southward, eventually reaching the Cape approximately 2,000 years ago. "Khoekhoe" groups include
3426:
3270:
745:
328:
1559:
The nomadic pastoral Khoikhoi kraals were dispersed and their organization and culture broken. However, their successors, the
2815:
1785:
Penn, Nigel (1994). "Drosters of the Bokkeveld and the Roggeveld, 1770–1800". In Elizabeth A. Eldredge; Fred Morton (eds.).
1155:
Goringhaiqua: The Goringhaiqua are a single tribal authority made from the two houses of the Goringhaikona and Gorachouqua.
2870:
2862:
2161:
von Schmettau, Konny (28 February 2013). "Aus "ǂNuǂgoaes" wird Keetmanshoop" ["ǂNuǂgoaes" becomes Keetmanshoop].
383:
in 1738, which was the first mission station in southern Africa, among the Khoe-speaking peoples in Baviaanskloof in the
2400:
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2126:
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Khoekua were known at the time for being very good marksmen, and were often invaluable allies of the Cape Colony in its
3497:
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of South and mid-South Africa, and the Eastern Cape. Both of these terms mean "Red People", and are equivalent to the
1540:. California World History Library. Vol. 1. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 296.
870:(Keetmanshoop Nama) under the leadership of Hendrik Tseib split from the Red Nation in February 1850 and settled at
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1847:
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in the Battle of Swartfontein on 15 January 1905, this Nama group split into two. Part of the ǃKharakhoen fled to
3421:
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174:
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1235:(1789–1815), aka "Hottentot Venus", South African Khoekhoe woman exploited as a freak show attraction in Europe
573:
554:
542:
517:(1846–1847) against the Gcaleka, the Khoekua gunmen from Kat River distinguished themselves under their leader
448:
353:
81:
206:, according to a scientific theory based mainly on linguistic evidence, it is not clear when, possibly in the
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and where absorbed into the greater Nama identity. The Oorlams themselves are made up of five smaller clans:
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3416:
3236:
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1299:
1222:
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195:
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and 600,000 Khoekhoe in Southern Africa...There were cases of "Bushman hunting" in which commandos (mobile
952:(Berseba Orlam) subtribe formed in 1850, when the Tibot and Goliath families split from the ǃAman to found
3411:
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3251:
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1275:
390:
98:
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3300:
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1730:. "In 1652, when Europeans established a full-time presence in Southern Africa, there were some 300,000
1580:
Güldemann, Tom (2006), "Structural Isoglosses between Khoekhoe and Tuu: The Cape as a Linguistic Area",
934:
42:
1831:
707:
482:
173:
or praise address, not an ethnic endonym, but it has been used in the literature as an ethnic term for
2304:
Cape Good Hope, 1652–1702: the first 50 years of Dutch colonisation as seen by callers. Vol. 1 & 2
1401:
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748:) who was killed in the battle with Germans on 29 October 1905. The |Khowesin, reside in modern-day
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499:
159:
2271:"Captain Andreas Lambert: A brave warrior and a martyr of the Namibian anti-colonial resistance"
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2216:. Vol. 2 (Missionsgeschichtliches Archiv ed.). Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 59–61.
1012:
752:
under the leadership of Ismael Hendrik Witbooi the 9th Gaob (meaning captain) of the |Khowesen
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From 1904 to 1907, the Germans took up arms against the Khoekhoe group living in what was then
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Hate the old and follow the new: Khoekhoe and missionaries in early nineteenth-century Namibia
2141:
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1936:
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222:
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31:
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and their Khoikhoi servants, managed flocks and herds similar to those of the Khoikhois. The
901:(Orlam Afrikaners), the first group to enter and permanently settle in Namibia. Their leader
2810:
2334:
1705:
1585:
1531:
1495:
1391:
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to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the
937:), which they occupied from 1840 onward. This clan ceased to exist after military defeat by
779:
635:
456:
261:
143:
2248:
2182:
964:(Witbooi Orlam) subtribe was the last to take up settlement in Namibia. They originated at
890:
who are a southern Khoekhoe people of mixed-race ancestry that trekked northwards over the
2792:
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1021:
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1638:
Hamilton, Carolyn; Mbenga, Bernard; Ross, Robert, eds. (2011). "Khoesan and Immigrants".
2491:
2008:
1954:
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History
1359:
Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples
1032:
The southern band of Khoekhoe peoples (Sometimes also called the Cape Khoe) inhabit the
764:
just off the B1, was originally known by the name Khaxa-tsûs. It received its name from
630:
The religious mythology of the Khoe-speaking cultures gives special significance to the
3323:
3262:
3246:
3042:
2782:
2750:
1440:
Darwin's Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin's Views on Human Evolution
1232:
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364:
lost their lives as a result of genocide, murder, physical mistreatment, and disease."
299:
245:
241:
207:
132:
687:
The classification of Khoekhoe peoples can be broken down roughly into two groupings:
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3338:
3333:
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3056:
3050:
3035:
2927:
2755:
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2735:
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2638:
2629:
2610:
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2410:
1217:
938:
887:
811:
577:
471:
464:
399:
237:
190:
178:
107:
71:
3401:
3121:
3021:
3001:
2980:
2973:
2952:
2932:
2917:
2912:
2902:
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2887:
2879:
2646:
2453:
2244:
2178:
2146:
2121:
2079:
1738:
or posses) sought to dispatch San and Khoekhoe in various parts of Southern Africa"
1735:
1207:
1041:
1037:
1033:
997:
993:
969:
942:
891:
871:
818:
775:
765:
761:
658:
650:
534:
526:
510:
410:
317:
211:
177:-speaking peoples of Southern Africa, particularly pastoralist groups, such as the
91:
960:
1535:
1357:
3328:
3173:
3029:
3014:
3007:
2967:
2945:
2831:
2740:
2709:
2577:
1505:
1202:
989:
981:
906:
720:
672:
669:
538:
460:
444:
429:
291:
249:
182:
447:. They settled places earlier occupied by the Nama. They came partly to escape
409:" and in some instances are still so called, e. g., the Bosluis Basters of the
17:
3216:
3203:
3153:
3145:
2704:
2699:
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2420:
1872:
1731:
1395:
1179:
798:
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514:
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380:
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312:
forager population (also known as "Strandlopers"), both occupying the area of
304:
272:
226:
166:
2346:
2311:
1657:
3315:
2800:
2694:
1709:
1589:
1212:
1017:
735:
589:
313:
35:
2605:
2521:
2048:
1836:
The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century
3141:
2922:
2714:
2615:
1673:
Assegais, Drums & Dragoons: A Military And Social History Of The Cape
1537:
The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World
914:
842:
823:
502:!Gonakua, but the settlement also began to attract other diverse groups.
376:
348:
295:
287:
233:
186:
169:(literally "Foragers") peoples. The designation "Khoekhoe" is actually a
1402:"Report of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science"
428:
were established by the Kok dynasty; these were later absorbed into the
218:. They mostly gave up nomadic pastoralism in the 19th to 20th century.
2938:
1614:"Ethnographic analogy and the reconstruction of early Khoekhoe society"
1227:
1077:
985:
953:
833:
788:
2354:
1979:"2012 – President Zuma, State of the Nation Address, 09 February 2012"
2959:
2777:
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2370:
The Isizulu: a revised edition of a Grammar of the Zulu Language, etc
1843:
852:
807:
646:
440:
406:
1135:
also called "Obiqua". possible historical subgroup of the Chainouqua
661:
practices associated with the culture continue to any great extent.
649:
has recognised Khoe-speaking culture through its inscription of the
420:
Arguably responding to the influence of missionaries, the states of
2502: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2338:
1437:
Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (2014). "Living in Slave Countries".
608:
Apartheid ended in 1994 and so too did the "Coloured" designation.
3209:
2671:
2034:
1011:
706:
548:
481:
389:
271:
156:
126:
631:
2835:
2525:
202:
While the presence of Khoekhoe in Southern Africa predates the
2666:
2415:
Reynard the Fox in South Africa; or Hottentot Fables and Tales
2167:(in German). Tourismus Namibia monthly supplement. p. 10.
1796:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan U. Press. pp. 373–74.
478:
Kat River settlement (1829–1856) and Khoena in the Cape Colony
49:
2035:"Reconstructing the Past – the Khoikhoi: Religion and Nature"
1642:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–173.
988:. There are also minor Namaqua clans that inhabit the Little
1787:
Slavery in South Africa: Captive Labor on the Dutch Frontier
1315:, the Sonqua of the Cape Records We should apply the term
162:
population of South Africa. They are often grouped with the
344:-speaking clans of the region, in exchange for fresh meat.
2481:
1935:, p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn.
1698:"Genocide of Khoekhoe and San Peoples of Southern Africa"
30:
This article is about the people. For the language, see
2063:"IAU Approves 86 New Star Names From Around the World"
1298:"The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called
913:, then moved to Blydeverwacht, and finally settled at
1675:. Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers. pp. 2–4.
1534:(2003). "8: Wildlife and Livestock in South Africa".
723:
or Namaqua and they have among them 11 formal clans:
248:
language family. Khoekhoe subdivisions today are the
1907:"A Long Walk To Universal Franchise in South Africa"
1500:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
738:, the main group and the oldest Nama clan in Namibia
264:, who could also be considered a "Khoekhoe" people.
3394:
3347:
3314:
3189:
3140:
3120:
3068:
2992:
2878:
2869:
2791:
2768:
2728:
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2637:
2628:
2591:
2568:
2559:
1362:. New York; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
443:communities migrated from the Cape Colony north to
1584:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 99–134,
1260:"men of men" or "proper humans", as it were, from
1040:Provinces in the south western coastal regions of
909:around 1770. The clan first built the fortress of
225:is related to certain dialects spoken by foraging
1502:(Fifth ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2011.
638:make up a large percentage of Namibia's Muslims.
97:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
2492:Khoisan Identity on South African History Online
1696:Hitchcock, Robert K.; Babchuk, Wayne A. (2017),
1640:The Cambridge history of South Africa: 1885–1994
1341:Tsuni-||Goam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi
1044:. They are further divided into four subgroups,
2465:Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa
2325:"Grammar and Dictionary of the Zulu Language".
1794:The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840
1750:CA, CO 4414: Louis Anthing – Colonial Secretary
1262:
1254:
1159:Early European theories about Khoekhoe origins
657:. This important area is the only place where
2847:
2537:
1351:
1349:
1109:possible historical subgroup of the Houtunqua
719:The Northern Khoekhoe are referred to as the
675:after the traditional Khoekhoe language name
155:in former orthography) are the traditionally
8:
2142:"ǃKhara-Khoen Nama sub-clan installs leader"
1877:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1874:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
131:Nomadic Khoekhoe dismantling their huts, by
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2065:(Press release). IAU.org. 11 December 2017.
2002:
2000:
1480:. Web.mit.edu. 15 June 1995. Archived from
1464:. Cambridge University Press. p. 291.
1165:Grammar and Dictionary of the Zulu Language
41:"Khoi" redirects here. For other uses, see
2875:
2854:
2840:
2832:
2634:
2565:
2544:
2530:
2522:
2249:"Biographies of Namibian Personalities, L"
2183:"Biographies of Namibian Personalities, A"
1443:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 103.
617:of Khoesan corpses from European museums.
486:Khoekua marksmen played a key role in the
2487:An article on the history of the Khoikhoi
2405:Travels into the Interior of South Africa
2074:
2072:
1782:. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. p. 263;
864:, later at Salem, Ameib, and Franzfontein
597:in his 2012 state of the nation address.
193:nations. The Khoekhoe were once known as
2327:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2117:"Bridging a hundred year-old separation"
2084:"The historical role of the Nama nation"
1094:
877:
715:. The Khoekhoe languages are shaded red.
1291:
1245:
2388:Present State of the Cape of Good Hope
1458:"Female "things" in international law"
927:at the turn of the eighteenth century.
3468:Indigenous peoples of Southern Africa
2269:Shiremo, Shampapi (14 January 2011).
923:(Bethanie Orlam) subtribe settled at
562:Massacres in German South-West Africa
394:Adam Kok, leader of the Griqua nation
7:
2518:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2429:(English translation, Boston, 1881);
2049:"Islam in Namibia, making an impact"
1789:. Boulder, CO: Westview. p. 42;
845:which was led by Cornelius Frederick
711:Present distribution of speakers of
601:the forced relocation caused by the
439:Beginning in the late 18th century,
27:African pastoralist indigenous group
2478:Cultural Contact in Southern Africa
2115:Goeieman, Fred (30 November 2011).
1252:This is the native praise address,
668:named the primary component of the
199:, a term now considered offensive.
2508:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
2140:Cloete, Luqman (2 February 2016).
1838:. Translated by Patrick Camiller.
1478:"Bring Back the 'Hottentot Venus'"
1311:), they called those other tribes
87:for transliterated languages, and
67:of its non-English content, using
25:
1462:Black Women and International Law
1020:, as depicted in an engraving in
2497:
1905:Fraser, Ashleigh (3 June 2013).
1820:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1182:
980:These Namaqua inhabit the Great
666:International Astronomical Union
54:
2395:Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope
1748:Anthing, Louis (1 April 1862),
886:Among the Namaqua are also the
768:first Kaptein of the ǀKhowesin.
744:(Direct descendants of Captain
379:, Saxony, now Germany, founded
347:Local population dropped after
2482:Women in World History website
2015:. South African History Online
1985:. South African History Online
1702:Genocide of Indigenous Peoples
1456:Jeremy I. Levitt, ed. (2015).
103:multilingual support templates
1:
2863:Ethnic groups in South Africa
1506:"'Hottentot Venus' goes home"
553:Khoekhoe prisoners of war in
34:. For the Khoikhoi dog, see
2434:Native Races of South Africa
2306:. Balkema, Cape Town, 1971.
1956:. New York: Berghahn Books.
1931:Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008)
1909:. HSF.org.za. Archived from
1400:Johannes Du Plessis (1917).
413:and the Baster community of
2426:Seven Years in South Africa
2372:. London: Trübner & Co.
1778:Omer-Cooper, J. D. (1987).
1621:Southern African Humanities
1416:Strobel, Christoph (2008).
1198:Herero and Namaqua genocide
568:Herero and Namaqua genocide
3514:
1848:Princeton University Press
1780:History of Southern Africa
1671:Steenkamp, Willem (2012).
810:. After being defeated by
756:, situated 72 km south of
565:
397:
40:
29:
2448:Aus Namaland und Kalahari
2210:Dedering, Tilman (1997).
1871:Vail, Leroy, ed. (1989).
1396:10.1080/00020186308707174
1382:"Hottentot, n. and adj."
1016:A Khoekhoe settlement in
972:. Their home town became
385:Riviersonderend Mountains
354:United East India Company
3473:Ethnic groups in Namibia
2553:Ethnic groups in Namibia
2458:Die Sprachen der Hamiten
683:List of Khoekhoe peoples
574:German South-West Africa
555:German South-West Africa
525:fastnesses". (The young
1952:Moses, A. Dirk (2008).
1816:Molteno, P. A. (1900).
1710:10.4324/9780203790830-7
1590:10.1057/9780230287617_5
1418:"A Note on Terminology"
1263:
1255:
1223:History of South Africa
1091:also called "Humcumqua"
832:(Veldschoendragers) at
797:(Northern Topnaars) at
521:in the assault on the "
2302:R. Raven-Hart (1971).
1765:The Pear Tree Blossoms
1390:, 22:2 (1963), 65–90,
1100:
1029:
883:
716:
679:('eyes of the lion').
558:
509:with the neighbouring
490:
395:
277:
136:
2515:Catholic Encyclopedia
2480:by Anne Good for the
2368:Grout, Lewis (1859).
2007:Mitchell, Francesca.
1840:Princeton, New Jersey
1612:Alan Barnard (2008).
1356:Alan Barnard (1992).
1339:." Theophilus Hahn,
1270:Pronunciation in the
1098:
1064:The Eastern Cape Khoe
1015:
992:regions south of the
881:
710:
552:
485:
393:
275:
130:
43:Khoi (disambiguation)
1806:Omer-Cooper, 263-64.
1704:, pp. 143–171,
1151:Peninsular Cape Khoe
1099:Khoekhoe kraal, 1727
1058:Peninsular Cape Khoe
860:(Swartbooi Nama) at
760:and 176 km north of
515:Seventh Frontier War
496:Andries Stockenstrom
337:Francisco de Almeida
333:Battle of Salt River
324:Arrival of Europeans
305:subsistence foragers
101:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
65:specify the language
63:This article should
2129:on 29 October 2013.
2082:(3 December 2004).
1832:Osterhammel, Jürgen
1767:. Hamburg, Germany.
1763:Krueger, Bernhard.
1484:on 16 December 2020
1190:South Africa portal
1004:Southern Khoekhoe (
806:(Fransman Nama) at
693:Southern Khoekhoe (
655:World Heritage Site
417:, mentioned above.
157:nomadic pastoralist
3498:Cape Colony people
2390:(London, 1731–38);
2283:on 8 December 2012
2164:Allgemeine Zeitung
2051:. Islamonline.net.
2009:"Khoisan Identity"
1913:on 15 January 2018
1736:paramilitary units
1404:. pp. 189–193
1101:
1030:
1026:Historische Reizen
884:
717:
559:
500:Afrikaans-speaking
491:
488:Cape Frontier Wars
396:
278:
137:
3493:History of Africa
3450:
3449:
3136:
3135:
2829:
2828:
2764:
2763:
2624:
2623:
2463:Richard Elphick,
2443:(New York, 1906);
2439:A. R. Colquhoun,
2436:(New York, 1905);
2223:978-3-515-06872-7
1963:978-1-84545-452-4
1941:978-0-313-36256-9
1857:978-0-691-16980-4
1719:978-0-203-79083-0
1682:978-1-86842-479-5
1649:978-0-521-51794-2
1599:978-1-349-54544-5
1547:978-0-520-93935-6
1532:Richards, John F.
1471:978-1-107-02130-3
1450:978-0-547-52775-8
1431:978-1-4331-0123-6
1369:978-0-521-42865-1
1272:Khoekhoe language
1125:Western Cape Khoe
1084:Central Cape Khoe
1054:Western Cape Khoe
1050:Central Cape Khoe
1046:Eastern Cape Khoe
996:in north western
946:in 1894 and 1896.
851:(Groot Doden) at
713:Khoisan languages
703:Northern Khoekhoe
689:Northern Khoekhoe
576:, along with the
537:rose against the
513:politics. In the
415:Rehoboth, Namibia
294:to the west, and
223:Khoekhoe language
125:
124:
105:may also be used.
32:Khoekhoe language
16:(Redirected from
3505:
3382:
3377:
3265:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3059:
3045:
3038:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3002:Basotho/S. Sotho
2983:
2976:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2876:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2833:
2635:
2566:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2501:
2500:
2460:(Hamburg, 1912);
2374:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2279:. Archived from
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2175:
2169:
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2158:
2152:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2125:. Archived from
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2096:on 26 March 2016
2092:. Archived from
2076:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2004:
1995:
1994:
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1968:
1967:
1949:
1943:
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1804:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1752:, pp. 10–11
1745:
1739:
1729:
1728:
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1693:
1687:
1686:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1582:Linguistic Areas
1577:
1571:
1570:
1556:
1554:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1503:
1493:
1491:
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1475:
1454:
1435:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1353:
1344:
1327:; the other the
1325:Hottentot proper
1323:, the so-called
1296:
1279:
1277:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1185:
816:
812:Imperial Germany
457:Jonker Afrikaner
262:Rehoboth Basters
120:
117:
111:
96:
90:
86:
80:
76:
70:
58:
57:
50:
21:
3513:
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3185:
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2787:
2760:
2724:
2676:
2620:
2587:
2555:
2550:
2507:
2498:
2474:
2441:Africander Land
2417:(London, 1864);
2407:(London, 1801);
2401:Sir John Barrow
2383:
2381:Further reading
2378:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2301:
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2172:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2089:Die Republikein
2078:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1850:. p. 251.
1830:
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1815:
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1801:
1791:
1784:
1777:
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1513:
1512:. 29 April 2002
1504:
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1485:
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1472:
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1436:
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1415:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1388:African Studies
1381:
1377:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1269:
1251:
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1183:
1181:
1178:
1161:
1153:
1127:
1086:
1066:
1022:Abraham Bogaert
1010:
968:, south of the
939:Imperial German
903:Klaas Afrikaner
814:
746:Hendrik Witbooi
705:
685:
644:
628:
623:
614:
603:Group Areas Act
586:
570:
564:
539:Cape Government
480:
465:Boer migrations
453:Jager Afrikaner
426:Griqualand East
422:Griqualand West
402:
326:
283:
270:
258:Griqualand East
204:Bantu expansion
164:hunter-gatherer
121:
115:
112:
106:
94:
88:
84:
82:transliteration
78:
74:
68:
59:
55:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Khoikhoi people
15:
12:
11:
5:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:African nomads
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3455:
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3368:
3365:
3362:
3361:Telegu/Andhras
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:Cape Coloureds
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:Afrikaner-Jews
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
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3201:
3195:
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2890:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2871:Bantu-speaking
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
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2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2783:Cape Coloureds
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
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2748:
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2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2473:
2472:External links
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:(London, 1977)
2461:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2418:
2411:Bleek, Wilhelm
2408:
2398:
2397:(Perth, 1786);
2391:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2360:
2339:10.2307/592290
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1681:
1663:
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1630:
1604:
1598:
1572:
1546:
1523:
1470:
1449:
1430:
1424:. Peter Lang.
1375:
1368:
1345:
1309:par excellence
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1268:"human being".
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:Sarah Baartman
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642:World Heritage
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563:
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543:Cape franchise
479:
476:
474:for a period.
469:Bantu-speaking
449:Dutch colonial
434:British Empire
325:
322:
282:
279:
276:A Khoekhoe man
269:
266:
244:, forming the
236:, such as the
208:Late Stone Age
133:Samuel Daniell
123:
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3044:
3040:
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3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:Pedi/N. Sotho
3028:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3004:
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2630:Bantu peoples
2627:
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2504:public domain
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2479:
2476:
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2471:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:Meinhof, Carl
2452:
2450:(Jena, 1907);
2449:
2446:L. Schultze,
2445:
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2333:: 456. 1854.
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2245:Dierks, Klaus
2240:
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2184:
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2179:Dierks, Klaus
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2080:Dierks, Klaus
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2041:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2013:sahistory.org
2010:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1983:sahistory.org
1980:
1977:Zuma, Jacob.
1973:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
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1934:
1928:
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1884:0-520-07420-3
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1343:(1881), p. 3.
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1218:Griqua people
1216:
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1199:
1196:
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1146:Chairiguriqua
1145:
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882:Khoekhoe huts
880:
873:
869:
866:
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847:
844:
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837:
835:
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791:) at Rooibank
790:
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519:Andries Botha
516:
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507:frontier wars
503:
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400:Griqua people
392:
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375:Brother from
374:
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345:
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330:
323:
321:
319:
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310:
306:
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297:
296:ǀKx'abakhoena
293:
289:
281:Early history
280:
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267:
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116:December 2023
109:
104:
100:
93:
83:
73:
66:
61:
52:
51:
48:
44:
37:
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3488:Reduplicants
3168:
2994:Sotho-Tswana
2720:Uukolonkadhi
2569:
2513:
2496:
2464:
2457:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2432:G. W. Stow,
2424:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2393:A. Sparman,
2387:
2369:
2363:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2303:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2274:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2212:
2186:. Retrieved
2173:
2162:
2156:
2147:The Namibian
2145:
2135:
2127:the original
2122:Namibian Sun
2120:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:the original
2087:
2057:
2043:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2012:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1972:
1953:
1947:
1932:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1873:
1866:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1743:
1723:, retrieved
1701:
1691:
1672:
1666:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1607:
1581:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1551:. Retrieved
1536:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1509:
1499:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1461:
1439:
1421:
1406:. Retrieved
1387:
1383:
1378:
1358:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1208:San religion
1168:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1134:
1108:
1107:Gamtobaqua (
1090:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:South Africa
1038:Eastern Cape
1034:Western Cape
1031:
1025:
1005:
998:South Africa
994:Orange River
979:
970:Orange River
959:
949:
943:Schutztruppe
941:
935:Leonardville
930:
920:
898:
892:Orange River
885:
872:Keetmanshoop
867:
857:
848:
838:
829:
819:Schutztruppe
817:
803:
794:
784:
776:Bondelswarts
771:
766:Kido Witbooi
762:Keetmanshoop
741:
727:
718:
694:
692:
688:
686:
677:Xami di mûra
676:
663:
659:transhumance
651:Richtersveld
645:
636:Nama Muslims
629:
615:
607:
599:
587:
571:
531:
527:John Molteno
504:
492:
455:and his son
438:
419:
411:Richtersveld
403:
370:
366:
359:
346:
327:
318:reductionism
309:Ntu-speaking
284:
255:
227:
220:
212:Nguni cattle
201:
194:
170:
152:
147:
139:
138:
113:
99:ISO 639 code
95:}}
89:{{
85:}}
79:{{
75:}}
69:{{
64:
47:
3407:Zimbabweans
3329:Cape Malays
3306:Zimbabweans
3276:Mozambicans
3179:Strandloper
2946:Gqunukhwebe
2710:Uukwaluudhi
2386:P. Kolben,
1568:herbivores.
1553:17 November
1496:"Hottentot"
1398:. See also
1203:Nama people
1130:Chainouoqua
990:Namaqualand
982:Namaqualand
950:ǀHaiǀkhauan
911:ǁKhauxaǃnas
907:Cape Colony
804:ǃKharakhoen
673:Mu¹ Scorpii
670:binary star
461:Transgariep
445:Namaqualand
430:Cape Colony
362:San peoples
250:Nama people
216:Cape region
3457:Categories
3437:Pakistanis
3370:Gujaratis
3291:Portuguese
3281:Norwegians
3217:Cape Dutch
3204:Afrikaners
2893:Mpondomise
2821:Portuguese
2741:Caprivians
2705:Oukwanyama
2700:Ongandjera
2561:Indigenous
2510:Hottentots
2421:Emil Holub
2287:7 February
2254:14 January
2229:7 February
2019:7 February
1989:7 February
1384:OED Online
1300:Hottentots
1286:References
1276:kxʰoekxʰoe
1073:Damasonqua
1069:Hoengeyqua
984:region of
931:Kaiǀkhauan
858:ǁKhauǀgoan
799:Sesfontein
787:(Southern
732:Red Nation
728:Khaiǁkhaun
612:Modern era
595:Jacob Zuma
566:See also:
398:See also:
381:Genadendal
329:Portuguese
196:Hottentots
160:indigenous
3478:Coloureds
3422:Nigerians
3316:Coloureds
3224:Huguenots
3083:N'walungu
2801:Afrikaner
2770:Coloureds
2695:Ombalantu
2347:0003-0279
2312:835696893
1658:778617810
1565:trekboers
1561:trekboers
1516:13 August
1488:13 August
1317:Hottentot
1256:khoe-khoe
1213:Coloureds
1133:Hawequa (
1104:Houtunqua
1018:Table Bay
1006:Cape Khoe
961:ǀKhowesin
905:left the
899:ǀAixaǀaen
868:Kharoǃoan
772:ǃGamiǂnun
758:Mariental
742:ǀKhowesen
736:Hoachanas
695:Cape Khoe
590:Apartheid
584:Apartheid
314:ǁHuiǃgaeb
292:ǀAwakhoen
144:/ˈkɔɪkɔɪ/
36:Africanis
3463:Khoekhoe
3427:Japanese
3271:Lebanese
3252:Italians
3232:Angolans
3169:Khoekhoe
3095:Hlanganu
3043:Mabelane
3036:Balobedu
3022:Batlokwa
2923:Ndwandwe
2751:Kavangos
2715:Uukwambi
2657:Mbanderu
2616:Ncoakhoe
2570:Khoekhoe
1834:(2015).
1725:25 March
1627:: 61–75.
1510:BBC News
1321:Khoikhoi
1176:See also
1143:Hessequa
1140:Cochoqua
1120:Chamaqua
1117:Gouriqua
925:Bethanie
915:Windhoek
862:Rehoboth
843:Bethanie
830:ǁHawoben
824:Lokgwabe
789:Topnaars
626:Religion
377:Herrnhut
373:Moravian
349:smallpox
342:Khoekhoe
300:IsiXhosa
288:Botswana
234:Kalahari
187:Khoemana
181:, Gona,
153:Khoikhoi
140:Khoekhoe
3432:Koreans
3417:Somalis
3412:Chinese
3349:Indians
3339:Oorlams
3334:Griquas
3237:Germans
3199:British
3077:Hlengwe
3015:Bataung
3008:Bakoena
2981:Khumalo
2939:Gcaleka
2908:Ndebele
2806:British
2506::
2276:New Era
2188:24 June
1917:7 April
1890:7 April
1337:Bushmen
1228:Khoisan
1169:Grammar
1114:Attaqua
1089:Inqua (
1078:Gonaqua
986:Namibia
954:Berseba
888:Oorlams
780:Warmbad
621:Culture
523:Amatola
472:Hereros
459:in the
432:of the
407:Basters
268:History
232:of the
230:peoples
214:in the
148:KOY-koy
108:See why
3395:Others
3387:Koknis
3381:Surtis
3375:Memons
3357:Tamils
3242:Greeks
3191:Whites
3113:Thonga
3110:Ndzawu
3104:Dzonga
3098:Nhlave
3092:Rhonga
3086:Gwamba
3070:Tsonga
3057:Balete
3051:Tswana
2960:Xesibe
2928:Thembu
2816:Jewish
2811:German
2793:Whites
2778:Baster
2756:Tswana
2746:Mbadja
2736:Damara
2690:Ndonga
2682:Ovambo
2662:Tjimba
2652:Herero
2639:Herero
2606:Haiǁom
2583:Oorlam
2355:592290
2353:
2345:
2310:
2220:
2100:8 July
1960:
1939:
1881:
1854:
1844:Oxford
1716:
1679:
1656:
1646:
1596:
1544:
1468:
1447:
1428:
1408:5 July
1366:
1028:, 1711
974:Gibeon
853:Schlip
849:ǁOgain
815:'s
808:Gochas
795:ǃGomen
785:ǂAonin
754:Gibeon
750:Gibeon
691:&
647:UNESCO
578:Herero
557:, 1904
441:Oorlam
221:Their
191:Damara
179:Griqua
151:) (or
135:(1805)
3402:Lemba
3364:Hindi
3301:Turks
3296:Serbs
3286:Poles
3247:Irish
3210:Boers
3159:ǃKung
3129:Ngona
3122:Venda
3089:Tswha
2974:Fingo
2953:Gaika
2933:Xhosa
2918:Swazi
2913:Pondo
2903:Hlubi
2898:Fengu
2888:Bhaca
2880:Nguni
2729:Other
2672:Zemba
2647:Himba
2601:!Kung
2351:JSTOR
1617:(PDF)
1335:) or
1240:Notes
966:Pella
921:ǃAman
839:!Aman
778:) at
734:) at
653:as a
535:Xhosa
511:Xhosa
242:Tshwa
3442:Roma
3367:Urdu
3257:Jews
3174:Nama
3163:ǀXam
3144:and
3142:Khoi
3107:Copi
3101:Bila
3080:Xika
2968:Zulu
2611:Kxoe
2578:Nama
2343:ISSN
2308:OCLC
2289:2011
2256:2011
2231:2011
2218:ISBN
2190:2010
2102:2011
2021:2024
1991:2024
1958:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1919:2015
1892:2015
1879:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1727:2023
1714:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1654:OCLC
1644:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1555:2016
1542:ISBN
1518:2017
1490:2012
1466:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1410:2010
1364:ISBN
1307:men
1305:i.e.
1264:khoe
1056:and
1036:and
834:Koës
721:Nama
664:The
632:Moon
424:and
246:Khoe
240:and
238:Khwe
189:and
183:Nama
175:Khoe
171:kare
72:lang
3154:San
3146:San
2667:Twa
2593:San
2512:".
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1732:San
1706:doi
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228:San
167:San
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38:.
20:)
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