819:) to beg the sun to shine well and prevent rain from falling down. In case it rains, they also hit yan and say some sayings to beg for the rain to stop. During the rainy season if it rains more than usual, Khmuic people also hit yan, and recite sayings to beg for rain to ease or stop for a little while. This is why in the 'Moun Greh ceremony, Khmuic people hit the yan (bronze drum) to thank the sun for shining well during the rice harvesting; and that is why Khmuic people also call bronze drum as “heurbang greh” (harvest gong); in the present day this kind of practice is rare.
131:
787:
208:
197:
5236:
5226:
113:
799:
body and health; 3. Khmuic people also believe that the early morning sunlight is pure and fresh, so exposing one's own body to the early morning sunlight makes one's own mind fresh, good tempered, healthy and active at work. Nowadays, most Khmuic people ignore the beliefs and rules, and don't practice this way of building their houses. Roofs of houses are covered with wooden tiles or thatch.
95:
3891:
77:
1265:
37:
783:
This depends on the situation of the area where the house was built and never build a door in the west side of the house. A house with straight leans must have a large outside balcony (attached with a 5 or 7 step stair) connected from the east door and a lean room with east or north door (attached with a 5 or 7 step stair).
782:
An ancient Khmuic house must be laid long along the direction from east to west and never intersected the direction of the sun. However, there are Khmuic who people built their houses intersecting the sun direction. Each house must have a door in the east and another one facing to the north or south.
802:
In cases relating to the harvesting season, Khmuic people also respect the sun as a symbol of clear sky or rain-less weather. During the harvesting season, sometimes the weather was abnormal and it rained, which caused a lot of damage to rice. So, when the rice ripens and its color becomes yellow or
689:
refers to a group of ethnicities of mainland
Southeast Asia that speak closely related languages and follow similar customs and traditions. It is believed, based on linguistic, cultural and historical evidence, that these now-disparate groups are descended from a homogeneous ethnicity that may have
778:
In the past, each Khmu family was believed to be under the protection of a totem such as a boar or an eagle who had originally helped an ancestor and would continue to protect the family. In the past Khmuic people celebrated 4 festivals namely: rice planting, rice harvesting, new year, and wash or
502:
In their mountain refuges, the various Khmu settlements became isolated, surrounded and partially influenced by the dominant groups of their respective areas. Accordingly, the Khmu now recognize subdivisions among themselves which are differentiated primarily by dialect. These subgroups are called
798:
There are three explanations for this directionality of house construction: 1. to expel devils, ghosts and bad spirits out of the houses (ancient Khmuic people believed that devils, ghosts or bad spirits fear sunlight); 2. to expel and wash out bacteria and any kinds of small insects dangerous to
762:
Khmu culture is traditionally passed down by the recital of stories around evening fires. The story-telling sessions involve the sharing of silver pipes (originally opium, but now predominantly tobacco). Some Khmu are heavily tattooed for both decorative and religious reasons. In Laos, Khmu are
822:
Khmu cemeteries are traditionally divided into four sections; one for natural deaths, one for accidental deaths, one for children, and one for those who died away from home. The Khmu do not generally believe in rebirth. Traditional Khmu animism puts emphasis on the concept of taboo, as villagers
794:
A house with bent leans (half moon shape) must have a large outside balcony (attached with a large 5 or 7 step stair) connected from a small and short lean room connected from the north or south site of the house, and an inside balcony (attached with a 5- or 7-step stair) connected from the east
577:
The Khmu groups north of the Tha River in particular, whose names reflect their partial identification with the
Buddhist Tai cultures, have acculturated to the dominant ethnic groups of the region. They are often contrasted with the Khmu Roek who live higher up in the hills and retain some older
753:
Village leaders included the shaman (knowledgeable in spiritual medicine), the medicine man (knowledgeable in herbal medicine), the priest (based on family lineage of priesthood), and the village headman (in modern times chosen by the
Laotian government). Laotian Khmu communities generally have
643:
is evident as the register contrast has developed into a system of two phonemic tones with six phonetic realizations. Eastern Khmu dialects show the opposite tendency. Completely lacking either register or tone distinction, these dialects utilize a three-way distinction of
655:
Although Khmu language use among peers is currently fairly vigorous, most, if not all, Khmu are also fluent in the language of the culturally dominant group of the area and many regularly use three or even four different languages. The Khmu of Laos, for example, speak
795:
door. Ancient Khmuic people believed and worshiped the sun spirit for safety and health. In the early morning whichever day the sky is clear, when the sun is starting to rise, Khmuic people opened the east doors of their houses to let the sun shine into their houses.
779:
get rid of sin festivals. In ancient time Khmuic people celebrated new year festival on the first waxing moon day of the first lunar month. At present day the new year festival is mostly not practiced or if it is, it is integrated with the harvesting festival.
823:
believe that violations of taboo result in vengeance of spirits. Forbidden activities include touching the altars or the amulets representing the house's spirit, birth ceremonies for children born feet-first, and entering a house without permission.
578:
customs that other groups have abandoned. While the Khmu Roek are often respected as the center of the Khmu "socio-economic ritual complex", "Roek" is also used by more assimilated Khmu as an appellation for "backwood" Khmu regardless of their
749:
Rice is stored outside the village to protect from fire, and in elevated structures to protect from mice and rats. Khmu elders are traditionally the most important people of the village, and are responsible for resolving all village disputes.
745:
and a variety of vegetables. Most of the agricultural work in Khmu villages is done communally, so as to combine the strength and finish the work quickly. Harvesting of rice from the swidden field is generally performed by the village women.
418:
The Khmu were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. It is generally believed the Khmu once inhabited a much larger area. After the influx of Thai/Lao peoples into the lowlands of
Southeast Asia, the Khmu were forced to higher ground
431:
agriculture. There are more than 568,000 Khmu around the world, with populations of 500,000 in Laos, 73,000 in
Central Highlands of Vietnam, 10,000 in Thailand, 10,000 in China, and an estimated 8,000-10,000 in the United States.
774:
or ritualized spaces. Typically, entire Khmu villages are enclosed in fences with three or four gates which separate the Khmu from their granaries and barns. Altars are placed outside the perimeter to ward off fires and storms.
694:. This historical Khmuic people inhabited areas far larger than at present, including northern lowland areas of at least present day Thailand and Laos, until absorbed or pushed into mountainous refuges by successive
481:
Many of the Khmu in
Thailand have arrived recently from Laos and Vietnam, also as refugees from the Vietnam War and subsequent communist governments, although cross-border migrations into Thailand's Nan,
763:
reputed for practicing magic, and some families still engage in the casting of spells and telling of fortunes. According to the animistic practices of the Khmu, reverence is offered to the house spirit
627:
The dialects of Khmu can be broadly categorized into two groups, Western Khmu and
Eastern Khmu. Western Khmu dialects have fewer consonant phonemes and instead use phonemic register contrast of "lax"
660:
when dealing with government officials, engaging in commerce with the lowland Lao, or if attending school. Trade with other highland groups may necessitate knowledge of additional languages, such as
562:
Aside from their geographical separation, the subgroups' primary differences are in dialect. However, there are slight variations in customs and cultural practices among the various
3926:
1007:
574:("older siblings-younger siblings"), expressing solidarity and shared ritual/common ancestral worship while referring to other Khmu by the name of their respective groups.
4740:
2491:
1320:
3381:
803:
orange, and about the time of harvesting, Khmuic people held small rituals to sacrifice rice souls or spirits on the rice fields, mostly are up land rice fields or
1099:
SUWILAI Premsrirat, author. 2001. "Tonogenesis in Khmu dialects of SEA." Mon-Khmer
Studies: a Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 31: 47-56.
344:
where they constitute the largest minority ethnic group, comprising eleven percent of the total population. Alternative historical
English spellings include
770:
Villagers believe that a Khmu house, village, and its surroundings are integrated with the spirits of the land, and so houses and villages are considered
624:(s). Dialects are, for the most part, mutually intelligible; however communication can be difficult between speakers of geographically distant dialects.
3919:
435:
The Khmu (Kobru) of Laos reside mainly in the North, ranging across 10 provinces. The Khmu form the largest ethnic group, outnumbering even the
4733:
2484:
811:
technique which Khmuic people call “hre hngo” ). In the rituals of rice soul sacrifices they hit bronze drum, which Khmuic people call "yan" (
717:
The Khmu are an agricultural society, although gathering, hunting, trapping and fishing are parts of the Khmu lifestyle. Khmu crops include
1313:
1244:
3374:
2448:
3912:
5275:
5270:
5239:
4726:
2477:
1141:
935:
1018:
5203:
2458:
384:
5265:
1306:
1292:
391:, however, they are not given official recognition as a separate "national" group, but are rather classified as a subgroup of
5260:
5193:
4682:
3367:
1342:
1329:
972:
668:
by both groups. The Khmu of
Thailand are more assimilated, often living in villages among the Thai and preferring to speak
388:
66:
2361:
5134:
1046:
889:
5183:
466:
Most Khmu villages are isolated, and only slowly receiving electricity. In many areas the Khmu live alongside the
3935:
3294:
4922:
4611:
3739:
1742:
4749:
2500:
2423:
597:
4993:
3904:
5280:
5092:
4761:
4647:
3767:
2286:
1641:
4179:
2917:
1269:
864:
5062:
4702:
4137:
4105:
3316:
2847:
2772:
2619:
2274:
2002:
1712:
1420:
1350:
1070:
669:
440:
304:
296:
253:
4950:
2857:
2014:
470:
and other regional minority ethnic groups. The Khmu in the United States originated as refugees from the
4667:
4309:
3939:
3390:
3343:
1391:
1084:
3800:
3517:
2777:
5198:
4677:
4024:
3425:
3289:
3233:
2812:
2698:
2453:
2428:
1726:
617:
540:
456:
3831:
3653:
3643:
3523:
2877:
2533:
4697:
4687:
4672:
4652:
4254:
4169:
3752:
3728:
3673:
3579:
3507:
2797:
2693:
2644:
2604:
2548:
2543:
2395:
1227:
487:
478:, which is home to both the Khmu National Federation, Inc., and the Khmu Catholic National Center.
309:
163:
5225:
5117:
4892:
4785:
3790:
3638:
3512:
3123:
3094:
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3006:
2962:
2787:
2762:
2609:
2538:
5188:
5178:
5018:
4490:
3841:
3785:
3628:
3604:
3502:
3497:
3476:
3273:
3104:
2952:
2727:
2683:
2678:
2629:
2324:
2294:
2210:
1788:
1720:
958:
652:(voiced, voiceless, and pre-glottalized) in the syllable-initial position for phonemic contrast.
552:
444:
184:
5112:
4277:
3658:
3589:
3528:
3253:
3248:
3153:
3011:
2722:
2703:
605:
548:
516:
4707:
3633:
3173:
2912:
2757:
2668:
2663:
2639:
1241:
1195:
520:
512:
5070:
5013:
5008:
4837:
4796:
4718:
4454:
4146:
4074:
4034:
3492:
3453:
3447:
3263:
3178:
2922:
2802:
2742:
2356:
2317:
2299:
1524:
1359:
1137:
1125:
968:
931:
925:
786:
621:
601:
544:
448:
207:
196:
3203:
3198:
3193:
2957:
2937:
2807:
2782:
2634:
5023:
5003:
4765:
4592:
4449:
4395:
4049:
3956:
3669:
3556:
3481:
3468:
3435:
3238:
3183:
3021:
2907:
2882:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2792:
2732:
2553:
2374:
2351:
2304:
2221:
2132:
1899:
1889:
1833:
1822:
1507:
1471:
1379:
962:
681:
613:
325:
317:
225:
4774:
3486:
3359:
2902:
2892:
2872:
2842:
967:(1st ed.). New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Human Relations Area Files. pp. 112–117.
930:. Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, Inc. (The Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc).
4983:
4902:
4377:
4355:
4341:
4328:
3826:
3722:
3348:
3333:
3321:
3306:
3084:
2927:
2411:
2385:
2346:
2261:
2228:
2215:
1966:
1884:
1537:
1476:
1374:
1248:
1088:
804:
649:
609:
483:
360:
4791:
4545:
2897:
2673:
1109:
830:
are common among the Khmu people; they are performed in order to ensure a good harvest.
616:
branch. The many dialects of Khmu differ primarily in consonant inventory, existence of
5229:
5085:
5080:
4998:
4978:
4973:
4963:
4940:
4907:
4842:
4629:
4572:
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4390:
4296:
4282:
4202:
4069:
4054:
4019:
3538:
3458:
3441:
3415:
3338:
3326:
3311:
3228:
3223:
3188:
3168:
3158:
3138:
3062:
2977:
2867:
2822:
2737:
2624:
2614:
2568:
2510:
2433:
2416:
2242:
2200:
2187:
2081:
2046:
2041:
1984:
1924:
1869:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1582:
1561:
1410:
1405:
808:
686:
661:
645:
536:
452:
428:
337:
212:
201:
4877:
1281:
961:(June 1964). "The Khmu". In LeBar, F.M.; Hickey, Gerald C.; Musgrave, John K. (eds.).
5254:
5162:
5097:
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4882:
4867:
4812:
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4535:
4477:
4220:
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4064:
3836:
3805:
3707:
3648:
3623:
3402:
3268:
3243:
3143:
2982:
2972:
2862:
2588:
2558:
2528:
2519:
2169:
2155:
2121:
2093:
2075:
2029:
2023:
1961:
1949:
1839:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1576:
1459:
1440:
1429:
665:
628:
591:
364:
291:
283:
249:
151:
20:
5157:
5147:
5122:
5035:
5030:
4935:
4897:
4862:
4847:
4779:
4619:
4582:
4577:
4564:
4550:
4495:
4468:
4304:
4267:
4262:
4164:
4039:
4029:
3810:
3747:
3712:
3686:
3594:
3584:
3546:
3420:
3133:
3089:
2997:
2947:
2852:
2767:
2654:
2583:
2390:
2366:
2330:
2309:
2235:
2205:
2195:
2162:
2147:
2087:
2061:
1976:
1797:
1762:
1750:
1650:
1626:
1619:
1570:
1550:
1532:
1494:
839:
702:
657:
467:
460:
333:
278:
270:
265:
257:
188:
155:
3947:
5152:
5107:
5102:
5040:
4887:
4872:
4857:
4832:
4817:
4692:
4510:
4505:
4485:
4385:
4272:
4230:
4225:
4159:
4154:
4118:
4113:
4091:
4084:
4079:
3964:
3895:
3795:
3780:
3775:
3717:
3691:
3617:
3612:
3569:
3430:
3258:
3163:
3128:
3114:
3036:
3026:
2942:
2887:
2713:
2578:
2573:
2176:
2115:
2103:
2098:
2068:
1939:
1804:
1756:
1676:
1661:
1543:
1482:
1465:
1453:
1446:
1435:
1385:
844:
812:
706:
640:
632:
471:
180:
5075:
5051:
4988:
4968:
4930:
4912:
4827:
4822:
4624:
4540:
4520:
4363:
4336:
4240:
4235:
4215:
4174:
4123:
4059:
3974:
3867:
3757:
3681:
3574:
3564:
3410:
3218:
3099:
3052:
3016:
2987:
2752:
2688:
2378:
2109:
2054:
2035:
1990:
1909:
1894:
1811:
1777:
1770:
1694:
1399:
1368:
730:
620:, and the degree to which the language has been influenced by the surrounding
475:
436:
420:
4530:
4515:
4044:
4014:
3999:
3984:
3213:
2747:
1701:
1513:
1501:
734:
695:
691:
528:
2469:
1264:
4657:
4004:
3994:
3875:
3859:
3299:
1904:
1844:
1817:
1298:
1050:
424:
376:
118:
36:
4753:
3989:
3969:
3702:
3208:
2967:
2254:
1956:
1944:
1934:
1914:
1874:
1864:
1859:
1854:
423:), above the rice-growing lowland Lao and below the Hmong/Mien groups (
399:
380:
167:
100:
1289:
RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
600:
language family, in which several closely related languages including
4662:
4441:
4427:
4422:
4409:
4009:
3979:
3073:
2932:
2563:
2248:
2141:
1919:
1879:
1849:
1827:
1732:
827:
742:
726:
699:
392:
368:
1126:"Interethnic systems and localized identities: The Khmu subgroups (
5142:
4417:
2268:
1996:
1971:
1929:
1656:
1488:
927:
Historical Dictionary of The Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif
785:
738:
722:
372:
206:
195:
136:
62:
3394:
1286:
816:
771:
718:
491:
341:
159:
82:
4722:
3908:
3363:
2473:
1302:
1177:
by John Walsh, Shinawatra International University, March 2005
754:
localized justice systems administered by the village elders.
406:
meaning "people". Khmu also often refer to their ethnicity as
1081:
371:
province), and in recent centuries have migrated to areas of
240:
1275:
1136:. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 127–160.
1008:"OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOVEMENT OF KHMUʔ INTO NORTH THAILAND"
231:
1293:
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EA-B@view
427:) that inhabit the highest regions, where they practiced
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
228:
690:
been among the first populations to settle northern
535:), who often live in close contact with the lowland
5171:
5133:
5061:
4949:
4921:
4805:
4760:
4640:
4610:
4563:
4476:
4467:
4440:
4408:
4376:
4354:
4327:
4295:
4253:
4201:
4192:
4145:
4136:
4104:
3955:
3946:
3851:
3819:
3766:
3738:
3668:
3603:
3555:
3537:
3467:
3401:
3282:
3113:
3061:
3045:
2996:
2712:
2653:
2597:
2518:
2404:
2339:
2285:
2186:
2131:
2013:
1787:
1741:
1711:
1640:
1592:
1560:
1523:
1419:
1358:
1349:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
635:register. In at least one dialect of Western Khmu,
237:
234:
174:
145:
127:
109:
91:
73:
56:
46:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1134:Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia
672:even at home in households with two Khmu parents.
459:Provinces). The Khmu of Thailand are clustered in
612:, among others, are grouped together forming the
1108:Suwilai, Premsrirat, et al. Mahidol University.
648:(voiced, voiceless and aspirated voiceless) and
865:"Results of Population and Housing Census 2015"
1041:
1039:
4734:
3920:
3375:
2485:
1314:
1132:. In Robinne, Francois; Sadan, Mandy (eds.).
19:"Khmu" redirects here. For the language, see
8:
566:. The Khmu refer to others within their own
490:provinces for new farm land and work in the
402:"Khmu" is suspected to stem from their word
29:
559:is often a synonym for "Khmu" in general).
4741:
4727:
4719:
4560:
4473:
4437:
4405:
4373:
4351:
4324:
4292:
4250:
4198:
4142:
4101:
3952:
3927:
3913:
3905:
3382:
3368:
3360:
2492:
2478:
2470:
1355:
1321:
1307:
1299:
721:(especially white and black sticky rice),
543:peoples, distinguish groups including the
35:
28:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
494:industry began as much as 200 years ago.
3936:Ethnic and linguistic groups in Thailand
964:Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
856:
41:Khmu women wearing traditional costumes
892:. General Statistics Office of Vietnam
890:"Report on Results of the 2019 Census"
340:. The majority (88%) live in northern
303:
1242:La danse du riz de la minorité Kho Mu
290:
277:
264:
7:
790:Traditional house of the Khmu people
474:. Most of these refugees settled in
57:Regions with significant populations
2449:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
211:Khmu women and their children from
14:
705:and the later arrival of various
596:The Khmu language belongs to the
5235:
5234:
5224:
3889:
2454:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
1263:
224:
129:
111:
93:
75:
507:() in Khmu. Some of the larger
463:near the Thailand-Laos border.
1082:Kmhmu Catholic National Center
1071:Khmu National Federation, Inc.
815:) or "heurbang greh" (harvest
439:, in five Northern provinces (
383:(where they are an officially
359:The Khmu can also be found in
16:Ethnic group of Southeast Asia
1:
1295:Khmu in RWAAI Digital Archive
1287:http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai
1276:Khmu Culture in Northern Laos
5220:– Not officially recognized
1196:Facts about the Khmu people
1175:The Khmu Rok People of Laos
1017:(53): 61–79. Archived from
1015:Journal of the Siam Society
664:, unless Lao can be used a
5297:
4806:Austroasiatic (non-Vietic)
1111:Dictionary of Khmu in Laos
679:
589:
389:People's Republic of China
300:
18:
5212:
3886:
2507:
2444:
1336:
826:Dances to propitiate the
527:). The Khmu north of the
329:
321:
287:
274:
261:
179:
150:
61:
51:
34:
5276:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
5271:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
4750:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
2501:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
2424:Local ethnic nationalism
1343:recognized ethnic groups
1229:Community Portrait: Khmu
1124:Evrard, Olivier (2007).
1006:LeBar, Frank M. (1967).
200:Elderly Khmu woman from
2620:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
870:. Lao Statistics Bureau
414:Geographic distribution
5266:Ethnic groups in China
5063:Sino-Tibetan languages
2459:Historic ethnic groups
1330:Ethnic groups in China
924:Michaud, Jean (2006).
791:
387:ethnic group). In the
313:
215:
204:
5261:Ethnic groups in Laos
3391:Ethnic groups in Laos
3283:Unrecognised / Others
1130:) in North-West Laos"
789:
631:register and "tense"
210:
199:
1272:at Wikimedia Commons
164:Vietnamese language
31:
2669:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
1247:2016-03-04 at the
1087:2007-12-08 at the
792:
266:[kɯ̀m.mūʔ]
216:
205:
185:Theravada Buddhism
5248:
5247:
5135:Malayo-Polynesian
4716:
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4290:
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4248:
4188:
4187:
4147:Malayo-Polynesian
4132:
4131:
4100:
4099:
3902:
3901:
3357:
3356:
2968:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
2467:
2466:
1636:
1635:
1268:Media related to
622:national language
305:[kʰā.mǔʔ]
292:[kʰā.mùʔ]
279:[kʰā.mūʔ]
254:/kmm̥uʔ/or/kmmúʔ/
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3894:
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3892:
3852:General grouping
3384:
3377:
3370:
3361:
3259:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
2948:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
2883:Mro-Khimi people
2778:Kaung Saing Chin
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713:Social structure
682:Peopling of Laos
356:, among others.
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3463:
3397:
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3388:
3358:
3353:
3278:
3109:
3100:Mru (Taung Mro)
3064:
3057:
3041:
2992:
2863:Meithei (Kathe)
2813:Lai (Haka Chin)
2708:
2649:
2593:
2564:Lashi (La Chit)
2514:
2503:
2498:
2468:
2463:
2440:
2412:Han nationalism
2400:
2347:African Chinese
2335:
2281:
2182:
2127:
2009:
1967:Sichuan Mongols
1783:
1737:
1707:
1632:
1588:
1556:
1519:
1415:
1345:
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1282:Kammu home page
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2554:Maru (Lawgore)
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2511:Burmese people
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1258:External links
1256:
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1234:
1232:, Miriam Gross
1199:
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1101:
1092:
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1047:"Khmu Profile"
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809:slash and burn
805:swidden fields
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687:Khmuic peoples
677:
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598:Austro-Asiatic
590:Main article:
587:
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338:Southeast Asia
213:Bokeo Province
202:Bokeo Province
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5093:Tibeto-Burman
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5034:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
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4808:
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4798:
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4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4762:Austroasiatic
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
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4664:
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4639:
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4609:
4599:
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4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4478:Tibeto-Burman
4475:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4429:
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4411:
4407:
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4389:
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4379:
4375:
4365:
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4340:
4338:
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4326:
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4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
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4197:
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4194:Austroasiatic
4191:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
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4018:
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4008:
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3998:
3996:
3993:
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3988:
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3809:
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3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
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3769:
3768:Tibeto-Burman
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
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3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:Anglo-Burmese
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
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3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Danaw (Danau)
3122:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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2798:Kwangli (Sim)
2796:
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2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
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2659:
2656:
2655:Kayin (Karen)
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
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2633:
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2628:
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2308:
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2301:
2298:
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2290:
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2287:Indo-European
2284:
2276:
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2270:
2266:
2264:
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2259:
2257:
2256:
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2240:
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2209:
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2199:
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2179:
2178:
2174:
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2167:
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2139:
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2119:
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2100:
2097:
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2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
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2001:
2000:
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1998:
1994:
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1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
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1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:Upper Mongols
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
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1933:
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1911:
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1642:Austroasiatic
1639:
1629:
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1617:
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1610:
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1607:
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1143:9789004160347
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1053:on 2017-12-16
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959:Smalley, W.A.
954:
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939:
937:9780810854666
933:
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724:
720:
712:
710:
708:
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688:
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675:
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666:lingua franca
663:
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651:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
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593:
592:Khmu language
585:
583:
581:
575:
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569:
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558:
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546:
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489:
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479:
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441:Luang Prabang
438:
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413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
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366:
365:Xishuangbanna
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
319:
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298:
297:Northern Thai
293:
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122:
120:
108:
105:90,612 (2019)
104:
102:
90:
86:
84:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
50:
45:
38:
33:
22:
21:Khmu language
5217:
5086:Sán Dìu
5050:
4852:
4823:Bru-Vân Kiều
4784:
4469:Sino-Tibetan
4210:
4138:Austronesian
4106:Northern Tai
3874:
3866:
3858:
3697:
3149:Khmu (Khamu)
3148:
3095:Miram (Mara)
2738:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
2509:
2373:
2367:Kaifeng Jews
2323:
2316:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2140:
2120:
2108:
2086:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2034:
2022:
1995:
1983:
1832:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1776:
1769:
1755:
1725:
1713:Austronesian
1700:
1693:
1686:
1666:
1649:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1581:
1569:
1549:
1542:
1512:
1500:
1493:
1481:
1464:
1452:
1445:
1428:
1421:Lolo-Burmese
1398:
1384:
1367:
1351:Sino-Tibetan
1338:
1237:
1228:
1174:
1147:. Retrieved
1133:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1095:
1077:
1066:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1026:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1014:
978:. Retrieved
963:
953:
941:. Retrieved
926:
894:. Retrieved
884:
872:. Retrieved
859:
828:rice goddess
825:
821:
801:
797:
793:
781:
777:
769:
764:
761:
752:
748:
716:
685:
654:
636:
626:
595:
579:
576:
571:
567:
563:
561:
556:
532:
524:
508:
504:
501:
480:
465:
461:Nan Province
434:
417:
407:
403:
397:
358:
353:
349:
345:
334:ethnic group
219:
217:
189:Christianity
156:Lao Language
26:Ethnic group
5118:Phù Lá
5103:Hà Nhì
4936:H'Mông/Mông
4797:Việt (Kinh)
4693:Luk khrueng
4648:Australians
4180:Urak Lawoi’
4175:Phuket Baba
4085:Khorat Thai
3450:(White Tai)
3444:(Black Tai)
3274:Hkun (Khün)
3144:Khamti Shan
3065:(Arakanese)
3027:Kadu (Kado)
2953:Torr (Tawr)
2748:Dai (Yindu)
2679:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
2211:Fuyu Kyrgyz
1270:Khmu people
845:Nyaw people
813:bronze drum
707:Tai peoples
670:Kham Meuang
641:tonogenesis
553:Tmowy Khuen
472:Vietnam War
457:Luangnamtha
181:Satsana Phi
30:Khmu/ Kơbru
5255:Categories
5172:Expatriate
5123:Si La
5113:Lô Lô
5108:La Hủ
5009:Thái Trắng
4838:Giẻ Triêng
4703:Pakistanis
4612:Hmong–Mien
4455:Vietnamese
4060:Tai Gapong
3871:(Highland)
3868:Lao Theung
3740:Hmong–Mien
2625:Manu Manaw
2605:Geba Karen
2417:chauvinism
2396:Pakistanis
2379:Chaoxianzu
1991:Sogwo Arig
1910:Muumyangan
1895:Khishigten
1743:Hmong-Mien
1695:Vietnamese
1339:Underlined
1057:2011-02-04
974:0875364012
851:References
731:sugar cane
680:See also:
549:Tmowy Yuan
517:Tmowy Ksak
488:Chiang Rai
476:California
421:Lao Theung
385:recognized
310:Vietnamese
52:c. 800,000
5204:Taiwanese
5019:Tày Thanh
4951:Tai–Kadai
4923:Hmong–Dao
4593:Cantonese
4588:Hainanese
4531:Phrae Pwo
4255:Palaungic
4050:Tai Daeng
4045:Tai Bueng
4015:Lao Wiang
4000:Lao Ngaew
3985:Lao Krang
3863:(Lowland)
3674:Palaungic
3518:Phon Sung
3438:(Red Tai)
3436:Tai Daeng
3344:Pakistani
3174:Shan Gale
3090:Maramagyi
2913:Saing Zan
2758:Eik-swair
2704:Shu (Pwo)
2664:Pa-Le-Chi
2640:Yin Talai
2598:Kayah (9)
2295:Armenians
2216:Ili Turks
1812:Dongxiang
1508:Qixingmin
1392:subgroups
1380:Chuanqing
1341:: the 56
765:Hroi gang
735:cucumbers
692:Indochina
637:Khmu Roek
541:Thai Yuan
529:Tha River
521:Tmowy Rok
513:Tmowy Mea
498:Subgroups
445:Phongsaly
332:) are an
146:Languages
5240:Category
5199:Nigerian
5184:Japanese
5014:Phu Thái
4999:Thái Đen
4984:Sán Chay
4903:Xinh Mun
4683:Japanese
4678:Iranians
4668:Filipino
4658:Chin Haw
4342:Nyah Kur
4310:Northern
4092:Thai Yai
4080:Thai Noi
4075:Tai Wang
4035:Phu Thai
4025:Tai Yuan
4005:Lao Song
3995:Lao Loum
3876:Lao Sung
3860:Lao Loum
3723:Xinh Mun
3605:Bahnaric
3454:Tai Maen
3448:Tai Khao
3426:Phu Thai
3349:Taungtha
3334:Rohingya
3307:Bayingyi
3269:Maingtha
3264:Maw Shan
3179:Shan Gyi
3085:Daingnet
3063:Rakhine
2928:Tangkhul
2923:Senthang
2803:Kwelshin
2699:Monnepwa
2589:Ngochang
2386:Macanese
2357:Japanese
2318:Russians
2300:Iranians
2196:Altaians
2133:Tungusic
1905:Khuuchid
1900:Khorchin
1890:Kharchin
1845:Abaganar
1818:Hamnigan
1789:Mongolic
1721:Filipino
1538:Gyalrong
1245:Archived
1085:Archived
834:See also
618:register
586:Language
572:tay-haem
545:Tmowy Lü
511:are the
449:Oudomxay
425:Lao Sung
377:Thailand
175:Religion
119:Thailand
5158:Gia Rai
5004:Thái Đỏ
4941:Pà Thẻn
4908:Xơ Đăng
4708:Swedish
4698:Nepalis
4688:Koreans
4673:Indians
4653:Burmese
4630:Iu Mien
4598:Hokchew
4578:Hokkien
4573:Teochew
4565:Sinitic
4314:Western
4283:Palaung
4070:Tai Nüa
4055:Tai Dam
3990:Lao Lom
3948:Kra–Dai
3837:Kaleung
3827:Chinese
3731:(Kiorr)
3654:Talieng
3644:Nyaheun
3624:Kataang
3620:(Lavae)
3524:Thavung
3459:Tai Nüa
3442:Tai Dam
3403:Lao-Tai
3300:Panthay
3295:Chinese
3229:Yin Net
3224:Yin Kya
3214:Wa (Va)
3209:Taungyo
3204:Taishon
3199:Tai-Lay
3194:Tai-Lon
3189:Tai Nua
3184:Tai-Loi
3169:Palaung
3076:(Kaman)
3046:Mon (1)
2958:Yin Gog
2938:Tay-Zan
2808:Kwe Myi
2783:Kaungso
2773:Hualngo
2635:Yin Baw
2615:Karenni
2534:Dalaung
2529:Jingpaw
2405:Related
2375:Koreans
2352:Indians
2305:Nepalis
2275:Western
2255:Uyghurs
2156:Manchus
2047:Tai Nua
2042:Tai Lue
2015:Kra–Dai
2003:Eastern
1985:Monguor
1957:Onnigud
1945:Torghut
1935:Khoshut
1925:Dzungar
1915:Naimans
1885:Khalkha
1875:Jalaids
1865:Chahars
1860:Buryats
1855:Baarins
1834:Mongols
1823:Kangjia
1727:Gaoshan
1583:Tibetan
1562:Tibetic
1525:Qiangic
1472:Laomian
1411:Waxiang
1406:Longjia
1360:Sinitic
1149:17 June
1028:10 June
980:10 June
943:10 June
758:Culture
727:bananas
703:empires
629:breathy
533:nam tha
525:kha hok
429:swidden
404:kymhmuʔ
400:endonym
381:Vietnam
326:Burmese
318:Chinese
308: ;
168:Vietnam
101:Vietnam
5218:italic
5194:Jewish
5189:Korean
5179:Indian
5163:Raglai
5148:Chu Ru
5046:Pu Péo
5036:La Chí
5031:Cơ Lao
4893:Rơ Măm
4883:Chơ Ro
4868:Xtiêng
4863:M'Nông
4853:Khơ Mú
4766:Vietic
4663:Farang
4536:Phunoi
4442:Vietic
4428:Kensiu
4423:Kintaq
4410:Aslian
4396:Sa'och
4378:Pearic
4356:Katuic
4221:Mlabri
4203:Khmuic
4170:Moklen
4065:Kaleun
4020:Tai Lu
4010:Lao Ti
3980:Lao Ga
3879:(Hill)
3844:(Lawi)
3806:Phunoi
3801:Phana'
3753:Lanten
3729:Samtao
3725:(Puoc)
3708:Mlabri
3649:Sedang
3580:Makong
3557:Katuic
3520:(Aheu)
3508:Maleng
3469:Vietic
3327:Tamils
3322:Indian
3312:Gurkha
3239:Man Zi
3159:Kokang
3074:Kamein
3022:Yabein
2983:Zotung
2978:Zophei
2973:Sizang
2933:Tapong
2918:Saline
2908:Rongtu
2878:Lusayy
2838:Lyente
2833:Lhinbu
2828:Laymyo
2823:Lawhtu
2818:Laizao
2793:Khawno
2694:Monpwa
2645:Zayein
2579:Rawang
2549:Duleng
2544:Hkahku
2520:Kachin
2391:Nivkhs
2340:Others
2331:Wakhis
2262:Uzbeks
2249:Tuvans
2229:Kyrgyz
2222:Kazakh
2188:Turkic
2170:Oroqen
2142:Evenks
2122:Zhuang
2094:Qabiao
2076:Maonan
2030:Buyang
2024:Bouyei
1920:Oirats
1880:Jaruud
1870:Gorlos
1850:Aohans
1828:Khatso
1733:Utsuls
1688:Ta'ang
1613:Jingpo
1606:Derung
1593:Others
1577:Sherpa
1477:Laopin
1460:Kucong
1430:Achang
1375:Caijia
1140:
971:
934:
743:sesame
676:Origin
650:nasals
614:Khmuic
610:Kniang
537:Tai Lü
523:(Lao:
484:Phayao
393:Bulang
369:Yunnan
352:, and
320::
314:Khơ Mú
134:
123:10,000
116:
98:
80:
5041:La Ha
4913:Khmer
4898:Tà Ôi
4873:Cơ Ho
4848:Kháng
4833:Cơ Tu
4813:Ba Na
4786:Nguồn
4780:Mường
4620:Hmong
4583:Hakka
4551:Ugong
4546:S'gaw
4501:Kayah
4496:Karen
4418:Maniq
4391:Chong
4329:Monic
4305:Khmer
4297:Khmer
4268:Lamet
4263:Blang
4165:Moken
4160:Malay
4040:Phuan
4030:Nyong
3820:Other
3811:Si La
3791:Kaduo
3748:Hmong
3713:Lamet
3698:Khamu
3694:(Lua)
3687:Khang
3661:(Jeh)
3639:Laven
3595:Ta Oi
3585:Pacoh
3570:Ca Tu
3547:Khmer
3539:Khmer
3513:Phong
3489:(May)
3421:Phuan
3339:Malay
3134:Intha
3080:Khami
3032:Ganan
3007:Dawei
2963:Zahau
2943:Thado
2903:Panun
2898:Oo-Pu
2893:Ngawn
2873:Mi-er
2853:Marma
2848:Malin
2843:Magun
2788:Kebar
2768:Guite
2743:Cumtu
2674:S'gaw
2610:Gheko
2584:Taron
2539:Gauri
2429:Minzu
2310:Daman
2269:Yugur
2243:Tatar
2236:Salar
2206:Dolan
2177:Sibes
2163:Nanai
2148:Solon
2088:Mulao
2062:Gelao
1997:Yugur
1972:Sunud
1962:Ordos
1930:Khoid
1840:Abaga
1798:Bonan
1763:Hmong
1751:Gejia
1682:Pakan
1662:Kunge
1657:Bolyu
1651:Blang
1627:Tujia
1620:Lhoba
1571:Monpa
1551:Qiang
1533:Baima
1495:Nakhi
1489:Mosuo
1022:(PDF)
1011:(PDF)
896:1 May
874:1 May
868:(PDF)
840:Hmong
739:beans
700:Khmer
662:Hmong
646:stops
633:modal
580:tmowy
568:tmowy
564:tmowy
557:Khuen
509:tmowy
505:tmowy
468:Hmong
453:Bokeo
373:Burma
354:Kơbru
346:Kmhmu
262:ກຶມມຸ
141:7,000
137:China
67:China
63:Burma
5153:Ê Đê
5143:Chăm
5098:Cống
5081:Ngái
5052:Thủy
4994:Thái
4979:Nùng
4964:Giáy
4959:Bố Y
4888:Ơ Đu
4858:Mảng
4818:Brâu
4775:Chứt
4526:Pa'O
4516:Lolo
4511:Lisu
4506:Lahu
4491:Bisu
4486:Akha
4450:Aheu
4386:Pear
4273:Lawa
4231:Pray
4226:Phai
4211:Khmu
4155:Cham
4119:Nyaw
4114:Saek
3970:Khün
3965:Isan
3842:Lavy
3796:Lahu
3786:Kado
3781:Hani
3776:Akha
3718:O Du
3692:Htin
3670:Khmu
3629:Jeng
3618:Brau
3613:Alak
3503:Liha
3498:Krih
3487:Chut
3477:Atel
3431:Saek
3317:Mizo
3244:Pyin
3164:Lahu
3139:Pa-O
3129:Danu
3117:(33)
3115:Shan
3105:Thet
3037:Hpon
3012:Beik
2888:Naga
2868:Mgan
2858:Matu
2733:Asho
2728:Anun
2716:(53)
2714:Chin
2684:Paku
2657:(11)
2630:Pale
2574:Lisu
2569:Atsi
2559:Hpon
2522:(12)
2362:Jews
2201:Äynu
2116:Yang
2104:Shan
2082:Nùng
2055:Dong
1977:Urad
1940:Olot
1805:Daur
1757:Miao
1677:Mang
1667:Khmu
1600:Deng
1544:Pumi
1483:Lisu
1466:Lahu
1454:Jino
1447:Hani
1441:Bisu
1436:Akha
1151:2014
1138:ISBN
1128:tmoy
1030:2014
982:2014
969:ISBN
945:2014
932:ISBN
898:2020
876:2020
817:gong
772:holy
723:corn
719:rice
698:and
608:and
606:O’du
602:Puoc
551:and
539:and
492:teak
486:and
455:and
408:pruʔ
398:The
379:and
363:(in
350:Kemu
342:Laos
284:Thai
275:ຂະມຸ
250:Khmu
220:Khmu
218:The
166:(in
162:) •
160:Laos
158:(in
152:Khmu
83:Laos
5076:Hoa
5071:Han
4989:Tày
4969:Lào
4931:Dao
4843:Hrê
4792:Thổ
4752:by
4625:Yao
4541:Pwo
4521:Mpi
4364:Kuy
4337:Mon
4278:Mok
4241:Bru
4236:Tin
4216:Lua
4124:Yoy
3975:Lao
3938:by
3832:Doi
3758:Yao
3703:Keu
3682:Bit
3659:Yae
3590:Sou
3575:Kuy
3565:Bru
3529:Tum
3411:Lao
3393:by
3254:Son
3249:Eng
3234:Yun
3219:Yao
3154:Kwi
3067:(7)
3053:Mon
3017:Yaw
3000:(9)
2988:Zou
2753:Dim
2723:Anu
2689:Bwe
2110:Sui
2099:Rau
2036:Dai
1778:Yao
1771:She
1672:Lai
1400:Hui
1386:Han
1369:Bai
696:Mon
658:Lao
570:as
437:Lao
375:,
367:in
336:of
330:ခမူ
322:克木族
301:ขมุ
288:ขมุ
271:Lao
269:or
258:Lao
5257::
4974:Lự
4878:Mạ
4828:Co
3634:Oy
3482:Bo
3416:Lu
2069:Li
1702:Wa
1514:Yi
1502:Nu
1202:^
1182:^
1159:^
1038:^
1013:.
990:^
906:^
767:.
741:,
737:,
733:,
729:,
725:,
709:.
639:,
604:,
582:.
547:,
519:,
515:,
451:,
447:,
443:,
410:.
395:.
348:,
328::
324:;
316:;
312::
299::
295:;
286::
282:;
273::
260::
256:;
252::
248:;
241:uː
187:,
183:,
65:,
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4764:(
4742:e
4735:t
4728:v
3928:e
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3914:v
3672:-
3383:e
3376:t
3369:v
2493:e
2486:t
2479:v
2381:)
2377:(
1322:e
1315:t
1308:v
1278:.
1153:.
1114:.
1060:.
1032:.
984:.
947:.
900:.
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235:ˈ
232:ə
229:k
226:/
222:(
170:)
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