Automatic transmission - Knowledge (XXG)

955: 1023: 490:. The patent described the workings of such a transmission as "...having a series of clutches disposed intermediate the engine shaft and the differential shaft and in which the clutches are arranged to selectively engage and drive the differential shaft dependent upon the speed at which the differential shaft rotates". However, it would be over a decade later until automatic transmissions were produced in significant quantities. In the meantime, several European and British manufacturers would use 240: 43: 374: 1120: 31: 399: 305:(ATF), which is pressurized by a pump and then directed to the appropriate bands/clutches to obtain the required gear ratio. The ATF provides lubrication, corrosion prevention, and a hydraulic medium to transmit the power required to operate the transmission. Made from petroleum with various refinements and additives, ATF is one of the few parts of the automatic transmission that needs routine service as the vehicle ages. 3140: 3130: 182: 1288:-operated clutch system, with three different gear shifting modes, at the touch of a button; manual shifting and manual clutch operation (fully manual), manual shifting with automated clutch operation (semi-automatic), and automatic shifting with automatic clutch operation (fully automatic). Another early example of this transmission system was introduced in the 1955 1067:(CVT) can change seamlessly through a continuous (infinite) range of gear ratios, compared with other automatic transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant angular velocity while the vehicle moves at varying speeds. 970:. These positions are often labelled "L" (low gear), "S" (second gear) or the number of the highest gear used in that position (eg 3, 2 or 1). If these positions are engaged at a time when it would result in excessive engine speed, many modern transmissions disregard the selector position and remain in the higher gear. 996:(also labelled "L"): Restricts the transmission to 1st gear only, also known as a "low gear". This is useful when a large torque is required at the wheels (for example, when accelerating up a steep incline); however use at higher speeds can run the engine at an excessive speed, risking overheating or damage. 276:

A hydraulic automatic transmission uses planetary gearsets instead of the manual transmission's design of gears lined up along input, output and intermediate shafts. To change gears, the hydraulic automatic uses a combination of internal clutches, friction bands or brake packs. These devices are used

167:

of course worsens with lower efficiency. Real-world tests reported in 2022 found that in typical driving manual transmissions achieved 2 to 5% better fuel economy than automatics, increasing to 20% with an expert driver. Some laboratory tests show automatics in a better light due to the tests using a

158:

The efficiency, power output as a percentage of input, of conventional automatic transmissions ranges from 86 to 94%. Manual transmissions are more fuel efficient than all but the newest automatic transmissions due to their inherently low parasitic losses, typically of about 4%, in addition to being

145:

In the United Kingdom, a majority of new cars have had automatic transmissions since 2020. Several manufacturers including Mercedes and Volvo no longer sell cars with manual transmissions. The growing prevalence of automatic transmissions is attributed to the increasing number of electric and hybrid

141:

In 1957 over 80% of new cars in the United States had automatic transmissions. Automatic transmissions have been standard in large cars since at least 1974. By 2020 only 2.4% of new cars had manual transmissions. Historically, automatic transmissions were less efficient, but lower fuel prices in the

466:

automobile. This transmission was built in the United Kingdom and used two epicyclic gears to provide four gear ratios. A foot clutch was used for standing starts, gear selection was using a hand lever, helical gears were used (to reduce noise) and the gears used a constant-mesh design. A planetary

507:

semi-automatic transmission, which automatically shifted between two forward gears in the "Forward" mode (or between two shorter gear ratios in the "Emergency low" mode). Driver involvement was still required during normal driving, since standing starts required the driver to use the clutch pedal.

457:

The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first automatic transmission for motor vehicles. Developed in Boston in the United States, this transmission had two forward gear ratios and engine-driven flyweights which controlled the gear selection. At higher engine

748:

The gear selector is the input by which the driver selects the operating mode of an automatic transmission. Traditionally the gear selector is located between the two front seats or on the steering column, however electronic rotary dials and push-buttons have also been occasionally used since the

338:

on the output side (as well as other inputs, such as throttle position or the driver locking out the higher gears) to control which ratio is selected. As the vehicle and engine change speed, the difference between the pressures changes, causing different sets of valves to open and close. In more

1263:

transmissions that began to appear on mass-production automobiles in the early 1930s and 1940s, prior to the introduction of hydraulic automatic transmissions. These systems were designed to reduce the amount of clutch or gear shifter usage required by the driver. These devices were intended to

557:

planetary gearsets to produce four forward speeds plus reverse. The transmission was sensitive to engine throttle position and road speed, producing fully automatic up- and down-shifting that varied according to operating conditions. Features of the Hydra-Matic included a wide spread of ratios

312:

which pressurises the ATF is typically a gear pump mounted between the torque converter and the planetary gear set. The input for the main pump is connected to the torque converter housing, which in turn is bolted to the engine's flexplate, so the pump provides pressure whenever the engine is

288:

and transmits torque in only one direction) is often used for routine gear shifts. The advantage of a sprag clutch is that it eliminates the sensitivity of timing a simultaneous clutch release/apply on two planetary gearsets, simply "taking up" the drivetrain load when actuated, and releasing

2262: 990:(also labelled "S"): Restricts the transmission to the lowest two gear ratios. In some cars, it is also used to accelerate from standstill in 2nd gear instead of 1st, for situations of reduced traction (such as snow or gravel). This function is sometimes called "winter mode", labelled "W". 137:

Globally, 43% of new cars produced in 2015 were manual transmissions, falling to 37% by 2020. Automatic transmissions have long been prevalent in the United States, but only started to become common in Europe much later. In Europe in 1997, only 10–12% of cars had automatic transmissions.

358:

The multitude of parts, along with the complex design of the valve body, originally made hydraulic automatic transmissions much more expensive and time-consuming to build and repair than manual transmissions; however mass-production and developments over time have reduced this cost gap.

292:

The friction bands are often used for manually selected gears (such as low range or reverse) and operate on the planetary drum's circumference. Bands are not applied when the drive/overdrive range is selected, the torque being transmitted by the sprag clutches instead.

458:

speeds, high gear was engaged. As the vehicle slowed down and engine speed decreased, the gearbox would shift back to low. However, the transmission was prone to sudden failure, due to the transmission being unable to withstand forces from the abrupt gear changes.

1008:. "Sport" (also called "Power" or "Performance") modes cause gear shifts to occur at higher engine speeds, allowing higher acceleration. "Economy" (also called "Eco" or "Comfort") modes cause gear shifts to occur at lower engine speeds to reduce fuel consumption. 351:(ECU). Modern designs have replaced the centrifugal governor with an electronic speed sensor that is used as an input to the TCU or ECU. Modern transmissions also factor in the amount of load on an engine at any given time, which is determined from either the 485:

In 1923, a patent was approved in the United States describing the operation of a transmission where the manual shifting of gears and manual operation of a clutch was eliminated. This patent was submitted by Henry R. Hoffman from Chicago and was titled:

2270: 1248:, require no driver input over gear changes or clutch operation. Semi-automatic versions require only partial driver input (i.e., the driver must change gears manually), while fully automatic versions require no manual driver input, whatsoever ( 133:

Vehicles with internal combustion engines, unlike electric vehicles, require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring a gearbox, operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds.

2456: 558:(allowing both good acceleration in first gear and cruising at low engine speed in top gear) and the fluid coupling handling only a portion of the engine's torque in the top two gears (increasing fuel economy in those gears, similar to a 893:

with the engine off at significant speeds ("coasting") can damage some automatic transmissions, since the lubrication pump is often powered by the input side of the transmission and is therefore not running when the transmission is in

317:

a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission with no rear pump (aside from several automatics built prior to 1970, which also included a rear pump for towing and push-starting purposes). The pressure of the ATF is regulated by a

676:

was removed from the automatic transmission fluid. During the 1980s, automatic transmissions with four gear ratios became increasingly common, and many were equipped with lock-up torque convertors in order to improve fuel economy.

168:

prescribed shifting pattern for manuals not always optimized for economy. However, on long highway journeys manual transmissions require maintaining a very specific cruising speed to optimise economy, making automatics preferable.

1040:

Use of the manumatic functions are typically achieved either via paddles located beside the steering column, or "+" and "-" controls on the gear selector. Some cars offer drivers both methods to request a manual gear selection.

255:

The most common design of automatic transmissions is the hydraulic automatic, which typically uses planetary gearsets that are operated using hydraulics. The transmission is connected to the engine via a torque converter (or a

605:, which was introduced for the 1948 model year. In normal driving, the Dynaflow used only the top gear, relying on the torque multiplication of the torque convertor at lower speeds. The Dynaflow was followed by the Packard 329:

inside the transmission is responsible for directing hydraulic pressure to the appropriate bands and clutches. It receives pressurized fluid from the main pump and consists of several spring-loaded valves, check balls, and

529:, introduced in 1939, was an optional addition to manual transmissions where a fluid coupling (similar to a torque-convertor, but without the torque multiplication) was added, to avoid the need to operate a manual clutch. 1151:

with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In most car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears.

838:

position usually includes a lockout function (such as a button on the side of the gear selector or requiring that the brake pedal be pressed) which prevents the transmission from being accidentally shifted from

461:

The adoption of planetary gearsets was a significant advance towards the modern automatic transmission. One of the first transmissions to use this design was the manual transmission fitted to the 1901–1904

1236:) to automate the clutch, but still require the driver's input and full control to manually actuate gear changes by hand. Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as 2460: 632:

In 1956, the General Motors Hydra-Matic (which still used a fluid coupling) was redesigned based around the use of two fluid couplings to provide smoother shifts. This transmission was called the

636:, or "Jetaway" transmission. The original Hydra-Matic remained in production until the mid-1960s at GM, with the licensed Rolls-Royce Automatic transmission soldiering on until 1978 on the 523:

shifted automatically between the two gear ratios available in the "Low" and "High" ranges and the clutch pedal was required for standing starts. It used a planetary gearset. The Chrysler

108:

The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first true automatic transmission. The first mass-produced automatic transmission is the General Motors

672:

By the late 1960s, most of the fluid-coupling two-speed and four-speed transmissions had disappeared in favor of three-speed units with torque converters. Also around this time,

474:

An early patent for the automatic transmission was granted to Canadian inventor Alfred Horner Munro of Regina in 1923. Being a steam engineer, Munro designed his device to use

1463: 159:

cheaper to make, lighter, better performing, and of simpler mechanical design. However, manual transmissions have the disadvantage of requiring the driver to operate the

313:

running. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that there is no oil pressure to operate the transmission when the engine is not running, therefore it is not possible to

409: 613:

for the 1950 model year. Each of these transmissions had only two forward speeds, relying on the converter for additional torque multiplication. In the early 1950s,

889:): This position disengages the transmission from the engine, allowing the vehicle to move regardless of the engine's speed. Prolonged movement of the vehicle in 683:

began to be more commonly used to control the transmission, replacing mechanical control methods such as spring-loaded valves in the valve body. Most systems use

926:): This position, required by U.S. law, provides for engine braking on steep hills. It also provides for a lower gear ratio for starting out when heavily loaded. 3164: 2421:"Automatic-shifting dual-clutch transmissions are poised to grab share from traditional transmissions thanks to their combination of efficiency and convenience" 1670: 865:

gear, so that the vehicle drives in a backwards direction. It also operates the reversing lights and on some vehicles can activate other functions including

2520: 980:: Restricts the transmission to the lowest three gear ratios. In a 4-speed automatic transmission, this is often used to prevent the car shifting into the 2621: 788:

mechanically locks the output shaft of the transmission. This prevents the driven wheels from rotating to prevent the vehicle from moving. The use of the

1482: 1268:("crash gearboxes") that were commonly used at the time, especially in stop-start driving. An early example of this transmission was introduced with the 879:

position when the vehicle is moving forward, often using a switch on the brake pedal or electronic transmission controls that monitor the vehicle speed.

1556: 541:

became the first mass-produced automatic transmission following its introduction in 1939 (1940 model year). Available as an option in cars such as the

117:

Automatic transmissions are also found in some heavy commercial vehicles, particularly those which are subject to intense stop/start operation such as

984:

ratio. In some cars, the position labelled "D" performs this function, while another position labelled "OD" or a boxed "" allows all gears to be used.

497:

The first automatic transmission using hydraulic fluid was developed in 1932 by two Brazilian engineers, José Braz Araripe and Fernando Lehly Lemos.

2671: 1530: 1165:

mid-size car. This was followed by various eastern European tractors through the 1970s (using manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the

1175:. Since the late 2000s, DCTs have become increasingly widespread, and have supplanted hydraulic automatic transmissions in various models of cars. 1037:

transmissions offer the driver greater control over the gear selection that the traditional modes to restrict the transmission to the lower gears.

2240: 199: 1573: 1456: 916:): This position is the normal mode for driving forwards. It allows the transmission to engage the full range of available forward gear ratios. 1901: 62:

used in motor vehicles that does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. Vehicles with

1718: 1735: 954: 2743: 1806: 1207:, and automates either the clutch system, the gear shifting, or both simultaneously, requiring partial, or no driver input or involvement. 715: 1056: 843:

into other gear selector positions. Many cars also prevent the engine from being started when the selector is in any position other than

644:, a three-speed transmission which used a torque convertor. The Turbo Hydramatic was among the first to have the basic gear selections ( 562:

torque converter). Use of the Hydra-Matic spread to other General Motors brands and then to other manufacturers starting 1948 including

2689: 2859: 2646: 1432: 1050: 94: 1587: 3174: 3169: 2293: 1477: 1449: 761:. A few automobiles employed a lever on the instrument panel, such as the 1955 Chrysler Corporation cars, and notably, the Corvair. 439: 221: 2707: 2589: 2046: 617:

developed a series of three-speed torque converter automatics for car manufacturers such as American Motors, Ford and Studebaker.

2869: 2145: 1369: 2309: 2119: 1022: 2420: 1339:(TCU) for the clutch and shifting, plus steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters, if the driver wanted to change gear manually. 2816: 1385: 203: 2395: 1640: 2571: 2894: 1437: 1184: 98: 381:

To provide coupling and decoupling of the engine, a modern automatic transmission uses a torque converter instead of the

2556: 2226: 1390: 1265: 938:

as the bottom position (e.g. N–D–L–R or P–N–D–L–R). However, this layout risked the driver's accidentally shifting into

302: 2969: 1844: 1408: 1277: 1211: 1005: 421: 164: 2200: 1033:

Since the 1990s, systems to manually request a specific gear or an upshift/downshift have become more common. These

2806: 1656:"Automatics for the people: less than a third of new cars can be ordered with a manual gearbox [in the UK]" 147: 63: 796:) is also recommended when parking on slopes, since this provides greater protection from the vehicle moving. The 192: 3105: 2994: 2934: 2899: 2531: 2094: 1336: 1249: 959: 692: 344: 494:, a form of manual transmission which removed the reliance on the driver's skill to achieve smooth gear shifts. 2884: 2736: 1973: 1931: 1427: 1355: 1200: 1114: 563: 122: 102: 59: 1875: 1775: 695:. This allows for more precise control of shift points, shift quality, lower shift times and manual control. 2854: 2826: 2021: 1548: 1253: 966:

Many transmissions also include positions to restrict the gear selection to the lower gears and engages the

2614: 2844: 2483: 1079: 637: 583: 546: 1655: 1522: 2390: 1091: 981: 719: 707: 567: 501: 35: 2357: 2248: 2095:"The Oldsmobile automatic safety transmission operated by the short lever shown on the steering column" 601:

The first automatic transmission to use a torque converter (instead of a fluid coupling) was the Buick

718:, which debuted a year later. In 2007, the first eight-speed transmission to reach production was the 2939: 2874: 769:

Most cars use a "P–R–N–D–L" layout for the gear selector, which consists of the following positions:

750: 598:

and other UK manufacturers. During World War II, the Hydra-Matic was used in some military vehicles.

542: 335: 804:

with the air-operated parking brakes set. Some early passenger car automatics, such as the pre-1960

334:

pistons. In older automatic transmissions, the valves use the pump pressure and the pressure from a

2964: 2944: 2729: 1999: 1909: 1395: 1376: 1301: 1204: 1148: 723: 699: 688: 491: 348: 265: 244: 86: 3129: 239: 42: 3110: 3015: 2227:"Don't Call It Hydra-Matic: The Rolls-Royce and Bentley Automatic Gearbox < Ate up with Motor" 1328: 1304:, however, the gear ratio needs to be manually selected by the driver. This system was nicknamed 1297: 809: 711: 595: 1814: 373: 2904: 2791: 2773: 2289: 1714: 1260: 82: 67: 27:

Type of motor vehicle transmission that automatically changes gear ratio as the vehicle moves

2979: 2786: 2495: 2335: 1749: 1706: 1502: 1269: 641: 368: 248: 90: 30: 2650: 2999: 2929: 1119: 621:

was late in developing its own true automatic, introducing the two-speed torque converter

479: 343:. These solenoids are computer-controlled, with the gear selection decided by a dedicated 1698: 500:

The evolution towards mass-produced automatic transmissions continued with the 1933–1935

322:

connected to the output shaft, which varies the pressure depending on the vehicle speed.

1703:

Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles

3100: 2914: 2909: 2800: 2796: 2593: 1332: 1281: 1233: 967: 943: 931: 866: 559: 550: 475: 463: 331: 257: 74:, operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds. 2153: 3158: 3143: 3082: 3067: 3047: 2974: 2811: 2781: 1497: 1487: 1289: 1083: 870: 629:

in 1956. The latter was the first to utilize the Simpson compound planetary gearset.

591: 571: 1615: 70:, require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring a 3052: 2989: 2959: 2954: 2431: 1492: 1296:

transmission. This semi-automatic transmission used an automated clutch, which was

1161: 1001: 1000:

Many modern transmissions include modes to adjust the shift logic to prefer either

785: 468: 281: 1588:"Gears Magazine - Automatic Trends in Europe: Automatic Transmissions on the Rise" 1259:

Modern automated manual transmissions (AMT) have their roots and origins in older

2557:"Manual vs Automatic Transmission: A Shift to Know About | RepairSmith Blog" 2382: 471:, which was fitted with a two-speed manual transmission (without helical gears). 3133: 3057: 3030: 3025: 2889: 2879: 2839: 1167: 1102: 821: 680: 626: 575: 538: 525: 277:

to lock certain gears, thus setting which gear ratio is in use at a given time.

181: 1354:, have now been largely superseded and replaced by the increasingly widespread 1055: 875:

Some modern transmissions have a mechanism that will prevent shifting into the

800:

position is omitted on buses/coaches/tractors, which must instead be placed in

251:

on the left, planetary gearsets in the centre, control mechanisms at the bottom

3115: 3077: 2919: 2752: 2175: 2072: 1601: 1350: 1244: 1225: 1197: 1144: 1098: 1087: 789: 743: 622: 614: 610: 606: 554: 509: 314: 110: 2484:"Research on Accurate Engagement Control of Electrohydraulic Clutch Actuator" 289:

automatically when the next gear's sprag clutch assumes the torque transfer.

3072: 3062: 2984: 2949: 1422: 1344: 1238: 1216: 1017: 673: 340: 285: 1852: 1736:"Have automatic transmissions dethroned manuals as the fuel-economy kings?" 1616:"The Stick Shift Index: Do People Still Drive Stick Shift Cars in America?" 832:

position until the adoption of the Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic in 1956.

820:

and required the driver to apply a parking brake when parked. The original

1280:, based on the design of a conventional manual transmission, which used a 780:): This position disengages the transmission from the engine (as with the 749:

1980s, as well as push buttons having been used in the 1950s and 1960s by

2864: 2499: 1229: 1171:

racing car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003

805: 758: 731: 684: 618: 602: 352: 17: 1316: 1075: 587: 206: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 71: 3035: 2849: 1961:. 16 April 1904. pp. 463–468, also pp. 492–496, and pp. 519–521. 1285: 1221: 1140: 1027: 664:) which became the standard gear selection used for several decades. 579: 382: 261: 160: 851:(often in combination with requiring the brake pedal to be pressed). 301:

The aforementioned friction bands and clutches are controlled using

1710: 3020: 2924: 1118: 1054: 1021: 953: 754: 372: 238: 41: 29: 1705:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 28 September 2015. 1203:

that is closely based on the mechanical design of a conventional

722:. The first nine-speed and ten-speed transmissions were the 2013 590:

licensing production in the UK and providing the transmission to

482:, and so it lacked power and never found commercial application. 146:

cars, and the ease of integrating it with safety systems such as

3042: 1256:

operates both the clutch system and gear shifts automatically).

942:

while the vehicle is travelling forwards (especially when using

2725: 2763: 1312: 1071: 703: 392: 175: 118: 114:

four-speed hydraulic automatic, which was introduced in 1939.

2721: 408:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

339:

recent automatic transmissions, the valves are controlled by

1097:

The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a

2383:"Powertrain — transmissions: Shift in power to the gearbox" 640:. In 1964, General Motors released a new transmission, the 1641:"Why Are Automatic Cars So Popular in the United States?" 2310:"Standard No. 102; Transmission shift position sequence" 347:(TCU) or sometimes this function is integrated into the 1228:— and use different forms of actuation (usually via an 417: 1105:, however, several other designs have also been used. 824:

from GM instead engaged a parking pawl when placed in

77:

The most common type of automatic transmission is the

78: 3093: 3008: 2825: 2772: 973:In descending order of the highest gear available: 668:

1965–present: increased ratio count and electronics

46:

Typical gear selector for an automatic transmission

1671:"U.K. Motorists Shift Gears to Automatic Vehicles" 453:1904–1939: Predecessors to the hydraulic automatic 355:position or the amount of intake manifold vacuum. 1210:Earlier versions of these transmissions that are 93:. Other types of automatic transmissions include 2201:"Video: An Introduction to Chrysler Fluid Drive" 1264:reduce the difficulty of operating conventional 2620:. Detroit, Michigan: Hudson Motor Car Company. 2288:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. 1574:"Transmission type market share worldwide 2025" 1327:transmissions, respectively. Both systems used 142:US made this less of a problem than in Europe. 1932:"The Pros and Cons of Automatic Transmissions" 1776:"What Makes Automatic Transmissions Automatic" 1159:automatic transmission introduced on the 1961 1147:. The design is often similar to two separate 706:models. The first six-speed automatic was the 2737: 2394:. UnofficialBMW.com. September–October 2003. 2047:"6 of the worst automatic transmissions ever" 1902:"The American Automobile 1861-1929 Chapter 2" 1876:"This is how an automatic transmission works" 1457: 406:The examples and perspective in this section 8: 2647:"1950 Hudson Commodore | HowStuffWorks" 930:Some automatic transmissions, especially by 873:and reversing beepers (to warn pedestrians). 828:with the engine off, thus dispensing with a 2690:"FERRARI LAUNCHES F1-STYLE GEARBOX ON F355" 1845:"A short course on automatic transmissions" 816:feature at all. These cars were started in 2744: 2730: 2722: 2572:"How Does an Automatic Transmission Work?" 1782:. Hearst Magazines: 169–173. February 1955 1568: 1566: 1523:"Automatic Transmissions- A Brief History" 1483:Category:Automatic transmission tradenames 1464: 1450: 1365: 1155:The first DCT to reach production was the 1059:Operating principle for a pulley-based CVT 714:. The first seven-speed automatic was the 424:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 2615:"Hudson Drive-Master Service Information" 2570:Research, Hearst Autos (April 13, 2020). 2430:. DCTfacts.com. June 2009. Archived from 1311:The first modern AMTs were introduced by 958:Push-button gear selector in a 2010–2014 744:Gear stick § Automatic transmission 440:Learn how and when to remove this message 222:Learn how and when to remove this message 2482:Yulong, Lei; Hua, Tian (11 April 2005). 2120:"No clutch to press! No gears to shift!" 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1542: 1540: 1045:Continuously variable transmission (CVT) 1026:Paddle shifter (labelled "+") in a 2013 2708:"MAGNETI MARELLI: TRANSMISSION FROM F1" 1801: 1799: 1797: 1547:Hearst Autos Research (13 April 2020). 1514: 1403: 1375: 1368: 698:The first five-speed automatic was the 163:and change the gear whenever required. 2286:Automatic transmissions and transaxles 1693: 1691: 934:from 1940 to 1964, used a layout with 488:Automatic Gear Shift and Speed Control 1972:Government of Canada (15 June 2015). 1602:"Timeline of the Automobile Industry" 1342:Modern fully automatic AMTs, such as 533:1939–1964: Early hydraulic automatics 7: 3165:Automotive transmission technologies 2000:"Who Invented the Automatic Gearbox" 716:Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission 260:prior to the 1960s), instead of the 204:adding citations to reliable sources 1654:Griffiths, Hugo (19 October 2022). 1266:unsynchronised manual transmissions 1190:Automated manual transmission (AMT) 1179:Automated manual transmission (AMT) 687:which are controlled by either the 95:continuously variable transmissions 2860:Continuously variable transmission 2590:"1942 Hudson | HowStuffWorks" 2176:"The Fluid Drive torque converter" 1957:"The Wilson-Pilcher Petrol Cars". 1750:"How Automatic Transmissions Work" 1065:continuously variable transmission 1051:Continuously variable transmission 515:. Similar in operation to the REO 467:gearset was also used in the 1908 25: 2401:from the original on 17 July 2011 2356:Kenzie, Jim (November 12, 2016). 2022:"Top 10 All-Time Auto Inventions" 1478:Category:Automobile transmissions 1131:(DCT, sometimes referred to as a 508:This was followed in 1937 by the 284:(a ratchet-like device which can 3139: 3138: 3128: 1906:www.earlyamericanautomobiles.com 1669:Grose, Thomas K. (9 June 2021). 1559:from the original on 2020-04-17. 1533:from the original on 2020-04-18. 898:. The vehicle may be started in 397: 180: 172:Hydraulic automatic transmission 2627:from the original on 2016-03-19 634:Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic 385:used in a manual transmission. 377:Torque converter – cutaway view 272:Gearsets and shifting mechanism 191:needs additional citations for 2490:. SAE Technical Paper Series. 2457:"Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK)" 2152:. 20 June 2007. Archived from 1998:Warwick, Alan (9 April 2013). 1109:Dual-clutch transmission (DCT) 702:, debuting in 1991 on various 609:in mid-1949 and the Chevrolet 99:automated manual transmissions 1: 2895:Automated manual transmission 2459:. Porsche.com. Archived from 1192:, sometimes referred to as a 1185:Automated manual transmission 625:in 1953, and the three-speed 549:, the Hydra-Matic combined a 521:Automatic Safety Transmission 513:Automatic Safety Transmission 83:planetary (epicyclic) gearset 2245:www.machinerylubrication.com 1978:www.brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca 1851:. JC Whitney. Archived from 1734:Tamayo, Niky (30 May 2022). 1675:U.S. News & World Report 710:, which debuted in the 2002 303:automatic transmission fluid 148:Autonomous Emergency Braking 2970:Semi-automatic transmission 2358:"PRNDL — why mess with it?" 2314:Code of Federal Regulations 2205:www.macsmotorcitygarage.com 1549:"What is an Automatic Car?" 1300:. Gear selection also used 1278:semi-automatic transmission 1196:, is a type of multi-speed 420:, discuss the issue on the 64:internal combustion engines 3191: 2807:Internal combustion engine 2146:"How Oldsmobile Cars Work" 2002:. North West Transmissions 1974:"Canadian Patent Database" 1182: 1137:double-clutch transmission 1112: 1048: 1015: 741: 366: 3124: 3106:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain 2995:Transmission control unit 2935:Limited-slip differential 2900:Electrorheological clutch 2759: 1337:transmission control unit 1298:actuated using hydraulics 1276:. This unit was an early 960:Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Star 950:Other positions and modes 861:): This position engages 720:Toyota AA80E transmission 693:transmission control unit 345:transmission control unit 123:waste collection vehicles 103:dual-clutch transmissions 3175:Mechanical power control 3170:Automobile transmissions 2885:Dual-clutch transmission 2521:"Transmission Actuation" 1370:Automotive transmissions 1356:dual-clutch transmission 1133:twin-clutch transmission 1129:dual-clutch transmission 1115:Dual-clutch transmission 757:, and most famously, by 582:(Australia), as well as 555:hydraulically controlled 2855:Constant-velocity joint 2284:Thomas W Birch (2012). 1807:"How does the AT work?" 1292:, which used a 4-speed 728:Toyota Direct Shift-10A 54:(sometimes abbreviated 34:Cutaway view of a 2007 2835:Automatic transmission 2712:Automotive News Europe 2694:Automotive News Europe 2528:www.fte-automotive.com 1738:. Topgear Philippines. 1214:in operation, such as 1124: 1060: 1030: 963: 638:Rolls-Royce Phantom VI 547:Cadillac Sixty Special 378: 252: 52:automatic transmission 47: 39: 2338:. Merriam-webster.com 2263:"U.S. Patent 5370589" 2251:on 27 September 2007. 2150:www.howstuffworks.com 1959:The Automotor Journal 1936:www.stevesimports.com 1754:www.howstuffworks.com 1433:Continuously variable 1122: 1092:earthmoving equipment 1058: 1025: 957: 708:ZF 6HP26 transmission 700:ZF 5HP18 transmission 502:REO Motor Car Company 492:preselector gearboxes 376: 242: 45: 33: 2940:Locking differential 2875:Direct-shift gearbox 2676:magazine.ferrari.com 2500:10.4271/2005-01-1787 2316:. Title 49 § 571.102 2156:on 20 September 2020 1333:electrical solenoids 1319:in 1997, with their 1149:manual transmissions 1139:) uses two separate 751:Rambler (automobile) 543:Oldsmobile Series 60 418:improve this section 336:centrifugal governor 266:manual transmissions 200:improve this article 2965:Preselector gearbox 2945:Manual transmission 2267:www.patft.uspto.gov 2229:. 4 September 2022. 2073:"How Reo Cars Work" 1938:. 30 September 2019 1912:on 22 February 2020 1335:, and a designated 1329:hydraulic actuators 1220:, control only the 1205:manual transmission 1201:transmission system 1173:Volkswagen Golf R32 812:, did not have the 765:P–R–N–D–L positions 724:ZF 9HP transmission 689:engine control unit 537:The General Motors 349:engine control unit 245:ZF 8HP transmission 79:hydraulic automatic 58:) is a multi-speed 38:hydraulic automatic 3111:Electric generator 3016:Wheel hub assembly 2537:on 3 November 2022 2463:on 5 December 2008 1756:. 29 November 2000 1699:"5: Transmissions" 1643:. 4 November 2022. 1527:AutoServiceExperts 1125: 1123:Schematic of a DCT 1061: 1031: 964: 810:Corvair Powerglide 712:BMW 7 Series (E65) 596:Armstrong Siddeley 379: 297:Hydraulic controls 253: 243:Cutaway view of a 87:hydraulic controls 48: 40: 3152: 3151: 2905:Epicyclic gearing 2774:Automotive engine 2696:. August 4, 1997. 2437:on 7 October 2011 2207:. 24 October 2017 1855:on 6 October 2014 1817:on 6 October 2014 1811:AW North Carolina 1780:Popular Mechanics 1720:978-0-309-37388-3 1474: 1473: 1261:clutchless manual 1194:clutchless manual 1143:for odd and even 1070:CVTs are used in 784:position), and a 450: 449: 442: 232: 231: 224: 68:electric vehicles 16:(Redirected from 3182: 3142: 3141: 3132: 3009:Wheels and tires 2980:Torque converter 2746: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2716: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2649:. Archived from 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2592:. Archived from 2586: 2580: 2579: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2530:. Archived from 2525: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2436: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2400: 2387: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2269:. Archived from 2259: 2253: 2252: 2247:. Archived from 2237: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2126:. 18 August 1997 2124:www.autonews.com 2116: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2026:Inventors Digest 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1908:. Archived from 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1843:Ofria, Charles. 1840: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1813:. Archived from 1803: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1695: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1561: 1560: 1544: 1535: 1534: 1519: 1503:Torque converter 1466: 1459: 1452: 1438:Automated manual 1366: 1272:in 1942, called 1270:Hudson Commodore 734:) respectively. 691:, or a separate 642:Turbo Hydramatic 445: 438: 434: 431: 425: 401: 400: 393: 369:Torque converter 363:Torque converter 249:torque converter 227: 220: 216: 213: 207: 184: 176: 91:torque converter 21: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3120: 3089: 3004: 3000:Universal joint 2930:Hotchkiss drive 2821: 2768: 2755: 2750: 2720: 2719: 2714:. June 9, 1997. 2706: 2705: 2701: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2656: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2273:on 14 May 2013. 2261: 2260: 2256: 2241:"Almost Burned" 2239: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2053:. 8 August 2019 2051:www.hagerty.com 2045: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1470: 1391:Non-synchronous 1364: 1187: 1181: 1117: 1111: 1053: 1047: 1020: 1014: 1012:Manual controls 952: 874: 867:parking sensors 833: 767: 746: 740: 670: 535: 480:hydraulic fluid 455: 446: 435: 429: 426: 415: 402: 398: 391: 383:friction clutch 371: 365: 299: 274: 262:friction clutch 237: 228: 217: 211: 208: 197: 185: 174: 156: 131: 81:, which uses a 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3188: 3186: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3136: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3101:Electric motor 3097: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2915:Friction drive 2912: 2910:Fluid coupling 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2801:Plug-in hybrid 2794: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2726: 2718: 2717: 2699: 2681: 2663: 2638: 2606: 2581: 2576:Car and Driver 2562: 2559:. May 6, 2020. 2548: 2512: 2474: 2448: 2428:AEI-online.org 2412: 2374: 2348: 2336:"Reverse Gear" 2327: 2301: 2294: 2276: 2254: 2232: 2218: 2192: 2180:www.allpar.com 2167: 2137: 2111: 2086: 2075:. 15 June 2007 2064: 2038: 2013: 1990: 1964: 1949: 1923: 1893: 1882:. Gawker Media 1874:Tracy, David. 1866: 1828: 1793: 1767: 1741: 1726: 1719: 1711:10.17226/21744 1687: 1661: 1646: 1632: 1607: 1593: 1579: 1562: 1553:Car and Driver 1536: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1454: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1409:Semi-automatic 1401: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1363: 1360: 1212:semi-automatic 1183:Main article: 1180: 1177: 1113:Main article: 1110: 1107: 1084:motor scooters 1049:Main article: 1046: 1043: 1016:Main article: 1013: 1010: 998: 997: 991: 985: 951: 948: 944:engine braking 932:General Motors 928: 927: 917: 907: 880: 871:backup cameras 852: 766: 763: 742:Main article: 739: 738:Gear selectors 736: 669: 666: 551:fluid coupling 534: 531: 476:compressed air 464:Wilson-Pilcher 454: 451: 448: 447: 412:of the subject 410:worldwide view 405: 403: 396: 390: 387: 367:Main article: 364: 361: 298: 295: 273: 270: 258:fluid coupling 236: 233: 230: 229: 188: 186: 179: 173: 170: 155: 152: 130: 127: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3187: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3145: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2975:Shift-by-wire 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2812:Petrol engine 2810: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782:Diesel engine 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2653:on 2020-10-23 2652: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2596:on 2020-08-12 2595: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2295:9780132622271 2291: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2001: 1994: 1991: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1950: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1867: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1498:Shift by wire 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1488:Motor vehicle 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:automatically 1223: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1168:Porsche 962 C 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1121: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1057: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1003: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 979: 976: 975: 974: 971: 969: 961: 956: 949: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 925: 921: 918: 915: 911: 908: 905: 901: 897: 892: 888: 884: 881: 878: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 853: 850: 846: 842: 837: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 808:cars and the 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:parking brake 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 772: 771: 770: 764: 762: 760: 756: 752: 745: 737: 735: 733: 730:(used in the 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 675: 667: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 592:Jensen Motors 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 532: 530: 528: 527: 522: 518: 514: 511: 506: 503: 498: 495: 493: 489: 483: 481: 477: 472: 470: 465: 459: 452: 444: 441: 433: 430:November 2020 423: 419: 413: 411: 404: 395: 394: 388: 386: 384: 375: 370: 362: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 333: 328: 323: 321: 316: 311: 306: 304: 296: 294: 290: 287: 283: 278: 271: 269: 267: 264:used by most 263: 259: 250: 246: 241: 234: 226: 223: 215: 205: 201: 195: 194: 189:This section 187: 183: 178: 177: 171: 169: 166: 162: 153: 151: 149: 143: 139: 135: 128: 126: 124: 120: 115: 113: 112: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 44: 37: 32: 19: 3053:Racing slick 2990:Transfer box 2960:Park-by-wire 2955:Parking pawl 2870:Differential 2845:Direct-drive 2834: 2827:Transmission 2817:Steam engine 2762:Part of the 2761: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2672:"Gearing Up" 2666: 2655:. Retrieved 2651:the original 2641: 2629:. Retrieved 2609: 2598:. Retrieved 2594:the original 2584: 2575: 2565: 2551: 2539:. Retrieved 2532:the original 2527: 2515: 2503:. Retrieved 2491: 2487: 2477: 2465:. Retrieved 2461:the original 2451: 2439:. Retrieved 2432:the original 2427: 2415: 2403:. Retrieved 2389: 2377: 2365:. Retrieved 2362:Toronto Star 2361: 2351: 2340:. Retrieved 2330: 2318:. Retrieved 2313: 2304: 2285: 2279: 2271:the original 2266: 2257: 2249:the original 2244: 2235: 2221: 2209:. Retrieved 2204: 2195: 2183:. Retrieved 2179: 2170: 2158:. Retrieved 2154:the original 2149: 2140: 2128:. Retrieved 2123: 2114: 2102:. Retrieved 2099:www.nypl.org 2098: 2089: 2077:. Retrieved 2067: 2055:. Retrieved 2050: 2041: 2030:. Retrieved 2028:. 2019-08-30 2025: 2016: 2004:. Retrieved 1993: 1981:. Retrieved 1977: 1967: 1958: 1952: 1940:. Retrieved 1935: 1926: 1914:. Retrieved 1910:the original 1905: 1896: 1884:. Retrieved 1879: 1869: 1857:. Retrieved 1853:the original 1849:CarParts.com 1848: 1819:. Retrieved 1815:the original 1810: 1784:. Retrieved 1779: 1770: 1758:. Retrieved 1753: 1744: 1729: 1702: 1678:. Retrieved 1674: 1664: 1649: 1635: 1623:. Retrieved 1619: 1610: 1596: 1582: 1552: 1526: 1517: 1493:Park by wire 1417: 1404: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1308:in the U.S. 1305: 1293: 1284:-controlled 1274:Drive-Master 1273: 1258: 1243: 1237: 1215: 1209: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1172: 1166: 1162:Hillman Minx 1160: 1156: 1154: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1096: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1006:fuel economy 999: 993: 987: 977: 972: 968:engine brake 965: 939: 935: 929: 923: 919: 913: 909: 903: 899: 895: 890: 886: 882: 876: 862: 858: 854: 848: 844: 840: 835: 829: 825: 817: 813: 801: 797: 793: 786:parking pawl 781: 777: 773: 768: 747: 727: 697: 679: 671: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 633: 631: 600: 536: 524: 520: 517:Self-Shifter 516: 512: 505:Self-Shifter 504: 499: 496: 487: 484: 478:rather than 473: 469:Ford Model T 460: 456: 436: 427: 407: 380: 357: 326: 324: 319: 309: 307: 300: 291: 282:sprag clutch 279: 275: 254: 218: 209: 198:Please help 193:verification 190: 165:Fuel economy 157: 144: 140: 136: 132: 116: 109: 107: 76: 60:transmission 55: 51: 49: 36:Toyota AA80E 3031:Alloy wheel 2890:Drive wheel 2880:Drive shaft 2840:Chain drive 2488:www.sae.org 1983:22 November 1786:22 November 1760:22 November 1428:Dual-clutch 1396:Preselector 1306:Citro-Matic 1088:snowmobiles 902:as well as 822:Hydra-Matic 681:Electronics 627:TorqueFlite 584:Rolls-Royce 553:with three 539:Hydra-Matic 526:Fluid Drive 101:(AMT), and 3159:Categories 3116:Alternator 2764:Automobile 2753:Powertrain 2657:2020-11-25 2600:2020-11-25 2467:31 October 2441:31 October 2405:31 October 2367:August 16, 2342:2018-06-24 2320:August 16, 2211:3 November 2185:3 November 2079:24 October 2032:2021-03-29 2006:11 October 1942:1 November 1916:1 November 1509:References 1386:Sequential 1351:Easytronic 1302:hydraulics 1290:Citroën DS 1245:Easytronic 1198:automobile 790:hand brake 623:PowerFlite 615:BorgWarner 611:Powerglide 607:Ultramatic 510:Oldsmobile 327:valve body 315:push start 154:Efficiency 129:Prevalence 111:Hydramatic 2985:Transaxle 2950:Manumatic 2920:Gearshift 2792:Fuel cell 1886:6 October 1859:6 October 1821:6 October 1658:. carwow. 1423:Manumatic 1418:Hydraulic 1405:Automatic 1345:Selespeed 1239:Selespeed 1217:Autostick 1157:Easidrive 1145:gear sets 1035:manumatic 1018:Manumatic 982:overdrive 726:and 2017 685:solenoids 674:whale oil 422:talk page 341:solenoids 310:main pump 286:freewheel 212:July 2017 66:, unlike 18:Kick-down 3144:Category 3083:Tubeless 3068:Run-flat 3048:Off-road 2865:Coupling 2787:Electric 2622:Archived 2396:Archived 2160:9 August 2130:9 August 2104:9 August 2057:9 August 1880:Jalopnik 1557:Archived 1531:Archived 1529:. 2003. 1362:See also 1358:design. 1230:actuator 1141:clutches 1076:tractors 806:Chrysler 759:Chrysler 732:Lexus LC 619:Chrysler 603:Dynaflow 416:You may 353:throttle 320:governor 89:, and a 2541:26 July 2505:26 July 1680:4 April 1625:4 April 1317:Ferrari 1224:system 940:reverse 936:reverse 900:neutral 896:neutral 891:neutral 883:Neutral 877:reverse 863:reverse 855:Reverse 849:neutral 826:reverse 818:neutral 802:neutral 782:neutral 654:neutral 650:reverse 588:Bentley 568:Lincoln 560:lock-up 389:History 105:(DCT). 97:(CVT), 72:gearbox 3134:Portal 3094:Hybrid 3058:Radial 3036:Hubcap 2850:Clutch 2797:Hybrid 2766:series 2631:9 July 2292: 1717: 1620:Carmax 1377:Manual 1286:vacuum 1222:clutch 1090:, and 1028:BMW X5 580:Holden 572:Kaiser 564:Hudson 519:, the 235:Design 161:clutch 3078:Spare 3021:Wheel 2925:Giubo 2625:(PDF) 2618:(PDF) 2535:(PDF) 2524:(PDF) 2435:(PDF) 2424:(PDF) 2399:(PDF) 2386:(PDF) 1282:servo 1234:servo 1135:, or 1103:chain 1002:power 910:Drive 755:Edsel 658:drive 332:servo 119:buses 3073:Snow 3063:Rain 3043:Tire 2633:2021 2543:2020 2507:2020 2469:2009 2443:2009 2407:2009 2369:2023 2322:2023 2290:ISBN 2213:2020 2187:2020 2162:2020 2132:2020 2106:2020 2081:2017 2059:2020 2008:2014 1985:2020 1944:2020 1918:2020 1888:2014 1861:2014 1823:2014 1788:2020 1762:2020 1715:ISBN 1682:2023 1627:2023 1348:and 1331:and 1323:and 1315:and 1242:and 1099:belt 1080:UTVs 1072:cars 904:park 845:park 841:park 836:park 834:The 830:park 814:park 798:park 774:Park 646:park 586:and 576:Nash 545:and 325:The 308:The 121:and 3026:Rim 2496:doi 2391:AMS 1707:doi 1321:SMG 1313:BMW 1294:BVH 1254:ECU 1252:or 1250:TCU 1232:or 1101:or 1004:or 962:bus 946:). 920:Low 847:or 704:BMW 662:low 202:by 50:An 3161:: 2710:. 2692:. 2674:. 2574:. 2526:. 2494:. 2486:. 2426:. 2388:. 2360:. 2312:. 2265:. 2243:. 2203:. 2178:. 2148:. 2122:. 2097:. 2049:. 2024:. 1976:. 1934:. 1904:. 1878:. 1847:. 1831:^ 1809:. 1796:^ 1778:. 1752:. 1713:. 1701:. 1690:^ 1673:. 1618:. 1565:^ 1555:. 1551:. 1539:^ 1525:. 1407:/ 1325:F1 1127:A 1094:. 1086:, 1082:, 1078:, 1074:, 1063:A 869:, 753:, 660:, 656:, 652:, 648:, 594:, 578:, 574:, 570:, 566:, 280:A 268:. 247:: 150:. 125:. 85:, 56:AT 2803:) 2799:( 2745:e 2738:t 2731:v 2678:. 2660:. 2635:. 2603:. 2578:. 2545:. 2509:. 2498:: 2492:1 2471:. 2445:. 2409:. 2371:. 2345:. 2324:. 2298:. 2215:. 2189:. 2164:. 2134:. 2108:. 2083:. 2061:. 2035:. 2010:. 1987:. 1946:. 1920:. 1890:. 1863:. 1825:. 1790:. 1764:. 1723:. 1709:: 1684:. 1629:. 1604:. 1590:. 1576:. 1465:e 1458:t 1451:v 994:1 988:2 978:3 924:L 922:( 914:D 912:( 906:. 887:N 885:( 859:R 857:( 792:( 778:P 776:( 443:) 437:( 432:) 428:( 414:. 225:) 219:( 214:) 210:( 196:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.