1832:
the Reich. This measure was originally proposed by the 9th Army. These youths cause considerable inconvenience in the
Theatre of Operations. To the greater part these youths are without supervision of their parents since men and women in the theatres of operations have been and will be conscripted into labour battalions to be used in the construction of fortifications. Therefore Children's Villages are to be established behind the front, for the younger age groups, and under native supervision. To collect adequate experiences the 9th Army has already established such a Children's Village and has achieved good results also from the political viewpoint. Army Group further emphasizes that these youths must not be allowed! to fall into the hands of the
270:
528:
failures were killed. Teams were constituted to search for the children, a particularly important point when dealing with institutions, where a single investigator could only interview a few children before all the rest were coached to provide false information. Many children had to be lured into speaking the truth; as for instance complimenting their German and asking how long they had spoken it, and only when told that a nine-year-old had spoken German for four years, pointing out that they must have spoken before then, whereupon the child could be brought to admit to having spoken Polish. Some children suffered
1837:
zone. The Youth Bureau has already had preliminary talks with the
Organization Todt and with the Junkers works. It is intended to allot these juveniles primarily to the German trades as apprentices to be used as skilled workers after 2 years' training. This is to be arranged through the Organization Todt which is especially equipped for such a task through its technical and other set-ups. This action is being… greatly welcomed by the German trade since it represents a decisive measure for the alleviation of the shortage of apprentices
337:
27:
515:
toxic dose of phenol into the chest. The children usually died in minutes. A witness described the process as deadly efficient: "As a rule not even a moan would be heard. And they did not wait until the doomed person really died. During his agony, he was taken from both sides under the armpits and thrown into a pile of corpses in another room… And the next victim took his place on the stool."
492:
179:("A Few Thoughts about the Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East"), and in another "top-secret memorandum with limited distribution, dated 25 May 1940", titled (in English translation) "The Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East", Himmler defined special directives for the kidnapping of Polish children. Himmler "also outlined the administration of incorporated Poland and the
447:
reveal problems with the child. When it was learned that
Rosalie K's mother was epileptic, for instance, it was immediately concluded, despite the wishes of her German foster parents, that Germanization, education and adoption were therefore not justifiable. When adoptive parents demanded adoption certificates, such records were forged for them.
729:. While Polish estimates, for example, include children taken under different conditions, such as those taken away forcefully from women working as forced labour in Germany. Precise numbers are difficult to ascertain and depend on classification of kidnapping and if one counts children born to parents used as forced labour.
301:. These children would not be permitted to remain even with other living relatives. Some were purportedly from German soldiers and foreign mothers, and others were declared "German orphans" who had been raised by non-German families. Indeed, orphanages and children's homes, along with children living with
1831:
Translation of
Document 031-PS: Chief of the Political Directing Staff, personal referee, Berlin, 12 June 1944: TOP SECRET: Copy No. 1 of 2 copies: The Army Group 'Centre' has the intention to apprehend 40–50,000 youths at the ages of 10 to 14 who are in the Army Territories, and to transport them to
514:
injections. The child was placed on a stool, occasionally blindfolded with a piece of a towel. The person performing the execution then placed one of his hands on the back of the child's neck and another behind the shoulder blade. As the child's chest was thrust out a long needle was used to inject a
757:
engaged in a remembrance project documenting history and fate of kidnapped children. Journalists visited institutions, archives and foundations, as well as victims who are still alive today. Numerous surviving victims have been interviewed presenting their attempts to trace back their origins, claim
630:
Heuaktion was not widely implemented, due in part perhaps to the following arguments against it: "The
Minister feared that the action would have most unfavourable political consequences, that it would be regarded as abduction of children, and that the juveniles did not represent a real asset to the
532:
when they were removed from their adoptive German parents, often the only parents they remembered, and returned to their biological parents, when they no longer remembered Polish, only German. The older children generally remembered Poland; ones as young as ten had forgotten much, but could often be
446:
The authorities were reluctant to let the children be officially adopted, as the proceedings might reveal their Polish origin. Indeed, some children were maltreated when their adoptive parents learned that they were Polish. Adoption was also problematic because surveillance or more information might
1836:
in case of a withdrawal since that would amount to reinforcing the enemy's potential war strength. This measure is to be strongly fortified by propaganda under the slogan: Care of the Reich for White-Ruthenian
Children, Protection against Brigandry. The action has already started in the 5 kilometre
527:
The extent of the program became clear to Allied forces over the course of months, as they found groups of "Germanized" children and became aware that many more were in the German population. Locating these children turned up their stories of forcible instruction in the German language and how the
442:
Once selected, the children between six and twelve were sent to special homes. Their names were altered to similar-sounding German ones. They were compelled to learn German and beaten if they persisted in speaking Polish. They were informed their parents were dead even if they were not. Children
281:
The conditions of transfer were very harsh, as the children did not receive food or water for many days. Many children died as a result of suffocation in the summer and cold in the winter. Polish railway workers, often risking their lives, tried to feed the imprisoned children or to give them warm
170:
we should exclude from deportations racially valuable children and raise them in old Reich in proper educational facilities or in German family care. The children must not be older than eight or ten years, because only till this age we can truly change their national identification, that is "final
165:
was sent a 40-page document titled (in
English translation) "The issue of the treatment of population in former Polish territories from a racial-political view." The last chapter of the document concerns "racially valuable" Polish children and plans to forcefully acquire them for German plans and
518:
To trick the soon-to-be murdered children into obedience
Germans promised them that they would work at a brickyard. However another group of children, young boys by the age of 8 to 12, managed to warn their fellow child inmates by calling for help when they were being killed by the Nazis: "Mamo!
202:
and police for a special permit. The permit would be awarded to children deemed "racially valuable". Those children would be taken to
Germany to be Germanised. Even then, the fate of each child would be determined by the loyalty and obedience to the German state of his or her parents. A child
536:
Allied forces made efforts to repatriate them. However, many children, particularly Polish and
Yugoslavian who were among the first taken, declared on being found that they were German. Russian and Ukrainian children, while not gotten to this stage, still had been taught to hate their native
421:
These racial exams determined the fate of children: whether they would be killed, or sent to concentration camps, or experience other consequences. For example, after forcibly taking a child away from his or her parents, "medical exams" could be performed in secret and in disguise.
206:
Annual selection would be made every year among children from six to ten years of age according to German racial standards. Children deemed adequately German would be taken to Germany, given new names and further Germanised. The aim of the plan was to destroy
537:
countries and did not want to return. While many foster parents voluntarily brought forth well-cared-for children, other children proved to be abused or used for labour, and still other adoptive parents went to great efforts to hide the children.
433:
summoned up such views when he declared, "When we see a blue-eyed child we are surprised that he is speaking Polish." Among those children thought to be genuinely German were children whose parents had been executed for resisting Germanization.
219:
in German-occupied territories in Central Europe, and to the governor of General Government, and commanding that the operation of kidnapping Polish children in order to seek Aryan descendants for Germanisation be a priority in those territories.
1742:
he crime of genocide… was taken by the prosecution and the Tribunal as a general concept defining the background of the total range of specific offences committed by the accused, which in themselves constitute crimes against humanity and/or war
370:
or doctors from Gesundheitsamt (health department). A child's "racial value" would determine to which of 11 racial types it was assigned, including 62 points assessing body proportions, eye colour, hair colour, and the shape of the skull.
194:
would remain, in which education would be strictly limited. Children would be taught to count only to 500, to write their own names, and that God commanded Poles to serve Germans. Writing was determined to be unnecessary for the Polish
758:
compensation or present their story. Together, as part of this series, over 40 articles and 23 video documentaries were produced, culminating in a book and a movie documentary which was presented by German state broadcaster ARD.
563:
Only 10 to 15 percent of those abducted returned to their homes. When Allied effort to identify such children ceased, 13,517 inquiries were still open, and it was clear that German authorities would not be returning them.
697:
and non-German children was another factor that led to inflated estimates. The modern association "Stolen children. Forgotten victims" representing victims of this operation presented the following estimates as of 2018:
631:
enemy's military strength anyhow.... The Minister would like to see the action confined to the 15–17 year olds." Between March and October 1944, however, 28,000 children between the ages of 10 and 18 were deported from
443:
who would not learn German or remembered their Polish origin were sent back to youth camps in Poland. In some cases, the efforts were so successful that the children lived and died believing themselves to be Germans.
366:("children's education camps"). Afterwards they went through special "quality selection" or "racial selection" – a detailed racial examination, combined with psychological tests and medical exams made by experts from
673:, the number of children taken from their parents includes 40,000 to 50,000 children taken as part of Heuaktion for forced labour from Belarus, 28,000 Soviet youth "under the age of eighteen" taken for labour by the
2200:
Zbrodnia bez kary… : eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945 (Crime without penalty... : extermination and suffering of Polish children during the German occupation of
2080:
316:), which, in reality, were selection camps where their "racial values" were tested, their original metrics of birth destroyed, and their Polish names changed to German names, as part of
41:
family of Herr Müller in Germany informing that two perfect boys have been found for them to choose one they like. The boys' names have already been Germanized, 18 December 1943.
1512:
552:, dealt with the kidnapping of children by the Nazis. Many children testified, although many of their parents were afraid to let them return to Germany. From 1947 to 1948, the
235:
problem" would be best solved by yearly extractions of a number of racially healthy children, chosen from "France's Germanic population". He preferred they be placed in German
211:" as an ethnic group, and leave within Poland a considerable slave population to be used up over the next 10 years. Within 15 to 20 years, Poles would be completely eradicated.
2664:
767:
282:
clothes. Sometimes the German guards could be bribed with jewelry or gold to allow the supplies to go through, and in other cases they sold some of the children to Poles. In
82:
425:
Many Nazis were astounded at the number of Polish children found to exhibit "Nordic" traits, but assumed that all such children were genuinely German children, who had been
1930:. Deutsche Kriegsführung und Besatzungspolitik als Kontext des sowjetischen Partisanenkrieges (1941–44). Vol. 3. Reihe: Zeitgeschichte – Zeitverständnis. p. 106.
1998:
686:
264:
171:
Germanization". A condition for this is complete separation from any Polish relatives. Children will be given German names, their ancestry will be led by special office.
297:
The children were kidnapped by force, often after their parents had been murdered in concentration camps or shot as "partisans", including a handful of the children of
669:
states that 200,000 Polish children were kidnapped out of which only 15 to 20% were reclaimed by either parents or the Polish government after the war. According to
2732:
224:
154:, would be responsible for policy regarding the population of occupied territories. The plan to kidnap Polish children most likely was created in a document titled
483:
drugs, chemicals and other substances for medical tests, although it was generally known that the true purpose of those procedures was their mass extermination.
77:, around 200,000 ethnic Polish children as well as an unknown number of children of other ethnicities were abducted from their homes and forcibly transported to
239:, in order to separate them from their "incidental" French nationality, and to make them aware of their "Germanic blood". Hitler responded that the "religious
406:
The failures that could result in a child, otherwise fitting all racial criteria, into the second group included such traits as "round-headed" referring to
2752:
269:
2604:
2518:
2155:
2151:
2077:
1003:
2424:
681:
camps, unspecified number of children taken by force from women working as forced labour in Germany, and 20,000–50,000 "deliberately kidnapped" in
455:
Those children who did not pass harsh Nazi exams and criteria and who were therefore selected during the operation, were sent as test subjects for
2585:
2439:
1105:
Bullivant, Keith; Giles, Geoffrey J; Pape, Walter (1999). "Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences". Rodopi: 32.
2126:
1033:
2767:
2757:
2444:
519:
Mamo!" ('Mama! Mama!'), the dying screams of the children, were heard by several inmates and made an indelible haunting impression on them.'"
2639:
1230:
725:
stated that her research team identified 20,000 Polish children kidnapped who passed the Germanization criteria and were integrated into the
677:, "tens of thousands" of Polish, Czech, Slovenian and Silesian children taken during evacuations after which they ended up in orphanages and
2609:
2176: (archived June 12, 2007) D. Kidnapping of Children of Foreign Nationality: 3. Polish Children" (Internet Archive URL). 993–1028 in
2066:
2012:
2742:
2737:
2483:
2461:
1805:
1756:
143:
on 22 August 1939, Adolf Hitler condoned the killing without pity or mercy of all men, women, and children of Polish race or language.
2495:
2208:
2119:
1962:
1766:
1308:
981:
871:
820:
367:
260:
1298:
971:
861:
418:
characteristics". A girl who was later identified by a small birthmark would have been rejected had the birthmark been much larger.
2318:
2068:
Germanizacja polskich dzieci. Film i książka mają przybliżyć Niemcom ich wstrząsające losy. Sabine Paschel. Deutsche Welle. 13.03.20
2590:
2530:
2323:
660:
643:
Between 1940 and 1945, according to official Polish estimates, approximately 200,000 Polish children were abducted by the Nazis.
2594:
2389:
2235:
136:
604:– Chief of the Political Directing Staff (head of the SS main leadership office in Berlin), a co-author of Himmler's pamphlet
2747:
2489:
2477:
1986:
1935:
1884:
1790:
1721:
1701:
1681:
1661:
1641:
1621:
1597:
1576:
1556:
1499:
1406:
1378:
1343:
1284:
1264:
1191:
1147:
917:
1524:
312:
Later the children were sent to special centres and institutions or to, as Germans called them, "children education camps" (
2169:
2079:
Forgotten victims: Polish children abducted during World War II still seeking truth.Monika Sieradzka. 2017.Deutsche Welle.
1734:"Trial of Ulrich Greifelt and Others, United States Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 10 October 1947 – 10 March 1948, Part IV"
183:, where Poles were to be assigned to compulsory labor, and racially selected children were to be abducted and Germanized."
2379:
2287:
2159:
2027:
Displaced Children in Russia and Eastern Europe, 1915–1953: Ideologies, Identities, Experiences. Nick Baron, p. 197. 2017
1444:
243:
tendencies of the French people" would make it almost impossible to "salvage the Germanic elements from the claws of the
2634:
2507:
690:
503:
2114:. Trans. Bogdan Buczkowski and Lech Petrowicz. Rada Ochrony Pomników Walki i Męczeństwa. Warsaw: Interpress, 1981.
651:' estimate, 20,000 children were abducted for such purposes from Poland, 20,000 from the Soviet Union, and 10,000 from
2434:
2429:
2282:
1979:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947
1925:
1758:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947
2038:
1733:
810:
2676:
772:
456:
86:
2513:
2399:
2354:
827:
in addition 20,000–50,000 East European children had been deliberately kidnapped for Germanization during the war
1876:
Späte Heimkehr Als Kriegsverbrecher verurteilte österreichische Kriegsgefangene in der Sowjetunion 1944 bis 1953
1874:
215:
On 20 June 1940, Hitler approved Himmler's directives, ordering copies to be sent to chief organs of the SS, to
2599:
2562:
2535:
2524:
2308:
721:
Post-war estimates on kidnapped children vary depending on criteria used; Isabell Heinemann in the documentary
459:
in special centres. Children sent there ranged from eight months to 18 years. Two such centres were located in
104:
traits because Nazi officials believed that they were the descendants of German settlers who had emigrated to
2707:
2292:
2134:
2000:
Dzieci porwane przez III Rzeszę bez prawa do odszkodowań. "Wielka niesprawiedliwość".Monika Sieradzka. 2018.
1041:
2147:
2762:
2697:
2404:
2339:
2095:
1401:
460:
228:
2394:
2313:
2272:
2262:
1110:
1396:
665:
533:
reminded by such things as Polish nursery rhymes; the youngest had no memories that could be recalled.
290:, Poles bought children for 40 Reichsmarks. In some places the German price for a Polish child was 25
2541:
2456:
2414:
2409:
2185:
1425:
Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945
1357:
Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945
1092:
Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945
1077:
Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945
1045:
957:
Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945
620:
596:
529:
341:
1300:
Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History
973:
Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History
863:
Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History
2359:
2349:
2344:
2228:
2189:
708:
113:
251:
believed it to be an ingenious policy, noting it in the document record as a "sinister theory!".
2267:
2178:
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10
1898:
1843:
1811:
1465:
777:
644:
321:
180:
374:
During this testing process, children were divided into three groups (in English translation):
305:, were among the first groups targeted, in the belief that Poles deliberately and systemically
2692:
2501:
2419:
2277:
2204:
2115:
1982:
1958:
1931:
1880:
1870:
1786:
1762:
1717:
1697:
1677:
1657:
1637:
1617:
1593:
1572:
1552:
1495:
1374:
1339:
1304:
1280:
1260:
1226:
1187:
1143:
977:
913:
867:
816:
624:
583:
495:
1952:
2654:
2374:
2180:. © Mazal Library, n.d. NMT04-C001. Nuernberg Military Tribunal, Vol. IV, pp. vii–viii: "
1819:
1520:
1252:
1222:
1163:
656:
586:
553:
549:
162:
147:
2168:
D. Kidnapping of Children of Foreign Nationality: 3. Polish Children" (inactive URL). Cf.
1807:
Memorandum: Re: Evacuation of youths from the territory of Army Group "Center" (Heu-Aktion)
1079:(in Polish). Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk. p. 28.
959:(in Polish). Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk. p. 93.
689:
along with German civilians, while tens of thousands of foreign children were recruited as
336:
2629:
2384:
2084:
1910:
1855:
1815:
1477:
1123:
541:
240:
236:
117:
291:
2670:
2614:
2221:
2015:
2001:
750:
682:
652:
601:
407:
248:
191:
37:
2165:
2014:
Zrabowane dzieci. W ARD premiera filmu nt. germanizacji polskich dzieci Bartosz Dudek
1427:. Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk, 1960. p. 44.
1359:. Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk, 1960. p. 43.
741:
dedicated to railway workers who tried to save Polish children from German captivity.
26:
2726:
2624:
2619:
2451:
2173:
1450:
694:
648:
592:
468:
415:
317:
302:
232:
208:
199:
90:
2659:
2141:
1890:
1392:
1322:
1216:
885:
678:
647:
cites the figure of up to 200,000 Polish children kidnapped by Nazis. According to
480:
426:
411:
306:
244:
198:
Parents who desired better education for their children would have to apply to the
140:
78:
74:
900:, Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska.Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 p. 100
507:
274:
203:
determined to be "of little racial value" would not receive any further education.
2097:
Polen: Geraubte Kinder – vergessene Opfer. Deutsche Welle. 2017. Monika Sieradzka
1218:
Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945
358:
The children were placed in special temporary camps of the health department, or
2702:
2369:
2248:
1094:. Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk. p. 29.
607:
545:
353:
101:
273:
Kidnapping of Polish children during the Nazi-German resettlement operation in
96:
An aim of the project was to acquire and "Germanize" children believed to have
782:
754:
726:
670:
491:
472:
430:
359:
97:
32:
2644:
2567:
2364:
1833:
1409:). Accessed September 15, 2008. (Reprinted by permission of the author from
674:
579:
573:
464:
349:
325:
283:
216:
2213:
1004:"Forgotten victims: Polish children abducted during WWII – DW – 12/30/2017"
623:"evacuate" 40,000–50,000 children between 10 and 14 from the "territory of
2045:(in Polish). Roztocze Online (P. Rogalski & R. Moteka). Archived from
1449:. Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House. pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived from
705:
Heuaktion in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus: 40,000–50,000 kidnapped children
2244:
2046:
1737:
843:
Genocide: A History. William D. Rubinstein. Pearson Longman, 2004, p. 184
714:
557:
556:
ruled that the abductions, exterminations, and Germanization constituted
1536:
If they met racial guidelines, they were taken; one girl got back home.
632:
476:
320:. Those children who were classified as "of little value" were sent to
2142:
Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children
738:
511:
298:
287:
105:
2203:
editor Kostkiewicz Janina, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 2020,
127:), is active in Germany, representing victims of German kidnapping.
490:
268:
693:
or born to female forced labourers in Germany. Confusion between
1879:. Munich and Wien: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 177.
619:) for the recruitment of non-Germans – proposed that the German
498:, one of many Polish children murdered at Auschwitz by the Nazis
177:
Einige Gedanken ueber die Behandlung der Fremdenvoelker im Osten
2217:
1873:; Stefan Karner; Barbara Stelzl-Marx; Edith Petschnigg (eds.).
1513:"Stolen: The Story of a Polish Child 'Germanized' by the Nazis"
939:(in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 49.
344:
map signed with number 15; where Polish children were selected.
582:", described in a "top secret" memorandum submitted to German
2158:– Nuremberg Trials Project: A Digital Document Collection at
1761:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 22.
1954:
Teaching about the Holocaust: A Resource Book for Educators
1168:
Hitler's table talk, 1941–1944: his private conversations
898:
Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future
839:
837:
835:
1592:. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. pp. 285–289.
1038:
Multimedia Learning Center Online (Annual 5, Chapter 2)
471:– in this centre children were also subject to forced "
2110:
Hrabar, Roman Z., Zofia Tokarz, and Jacek E. Wilczur.
463:. One of them, Medizinische Kinderheilanstalt, was in
123:
An association, "Stolen Children: Forgotten Victims" (
2196:. Accessed September 15, 2008. (Trial documents.)
1303:. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 248.
976:. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 255.
866:. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 247.
152:
Reichskomissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums
2685:
2665:
Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2576:
2551:
2470:
2332:
2301:
2255:
1783:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1714:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1694:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1674:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1654:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1634:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1614:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1569:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1549:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1492:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1443:Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczyński (1961).
1371:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1336:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1257:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
768:
Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
46:
1142:(Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2004), 2: 613.
937:Generalna Gubernia w planach hitlerowskich. Studia
912:(Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2004), 2: 613.
410:. Children could be declared the third group for
265:Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany
175:On 15 May 1940, in a document titled (in German)
223:Himmler mused on initiating similar projects in
2112:The Fate of Polish Children During the Last War
685:. Additional non-German-speaking children were
540:After the war, The United States of America v.
168:
2133:. Annual 5, Chapter 2. Copyright © 1997, The
2229:
2144:, 1939–1945. Hippocrene Books, New York, 2001
1438:
1436:
1434:
723:"Kinderraub der Nazis. Die vergessenen Opfer"
16:Cultural genocide of children in Nazi Germany
8:
737:After the war, a memorial plate was made in
397:
388:
379:
231:records him expressing his belief that "the
19:
1517:StarNewsOnline (Wilmington, North Carolina)
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
930:
928:
926:
63:10,000 from western and southeastern Europe
2555:
2236:
2222:
2214:
1215:Lukas, Richard C (2001). "Germanization".
1178:
1176:
950:
948:
946:
855:
853:
851:
849:
695:ethnic German children from Eastern Europe
2605:Canadian Indian residential school system
1800:
1798:
1388:
1386:
1027:
1025:
1023:
702:Poland: 50,000–200,000 kidnapped children
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1158:
1156:
815:. Harvard University Press. p. 11.
335:
146:On 7 November 1939, Hitler decreed that
120:to German families and SS Home Schools.
2586:List of international adoption scandals
1407:American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
1135:
1133:
804:
802:
800:
798:
794:
125:Geraubte Kinder – Vergessene Opfer e.V.
2733:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
2650:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
2152:Nuremberg Trial Documents Bibliography
1957:. Diane Publishing. 2001. p. 22.
1906:
1896:
1893:snippet; no Limited preview available.
1851:
1841:
1473:
1463:
1119:
1108:
635:for work in the German arms industry.
487:Murder of Zamość children in Auschwitz
190:In the territory of Poland, only four
150:, whose German title at that time was
108:. Those labelled "racially valuable" (
20:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
18:
2640:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom
7:
506:200 to 300 Polish children from the
414:, "degenerate" skull shape, or for "
2519:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
2484:Adoption Information Disclosure Act
2462:History of children in the military
510:area were murdered by the Nazis by
475:"; while the second was located in
2686:Historical criticism of orphanages
2577:Controversial violations of rights
2148:Nuremberg Trials Project: Overview
2127:"Non-Jewish Children in the Camps"
1034:"Non-Jewish Children in the Camps"
261:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany
14:
2753:Nazi war crimes in Czechoslovakia
2610:Tennessee Children's Home Society
2131:Multimedia Learning Center Online
1590:Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras
1446:Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe
611:, and a promoter of the pamphlet
399:unerwünschter Bevölkerungszuwachs
2591:American Indian boarding schools
2531:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
2137:. Accessed September 25, 2008.
1981:. McFarland & Company, 1997
1140:Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN
910:Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN
749:In 2017, the German broadcaster
387:"acceptable population growth" (
25:
2595:American Indian outing programs
2390:Cultural variations in adoption
2037:Marek J. Szubiak (2002-12-10).
627:" to work for the Third Reich.
396:"undesired population growth" (
381:erwünschter Bevölkerungszuwachs
156:Rassenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP
2490:Adoption and Safe Families Act
2478:Access to Adoption Records Act
1090:Roman Zbigniew Hrabar (1960).
1075:Roman Zbigniew Hrabar (1960).
139:to his military commanders at
1:
2768:Axis war crimes in Yugoslavia
2758:International child abduction
2380:Political abuse of psychiatry
2160:Harvard University Law School
1818:). 1944-06-12. Archived from
523:Post-war repatriation efforts
390:tragbarer Bevölkerungszuwachs
378:"desired population growth" (
186:Among Himmler's core points:
2635:Forced adoption in Australia
2579:in adoption or child custody
2508:Foster Care Independence Act
1755:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998).
753:and Polish journalists from
504:Auschwitz concentration camp
309:ethnically German children.
60:20,000 from the Soviet Union
2039:"Dzieciństwo zabrała wojna"
1927:"Herrenmensch" und "Bandit"
1511:Melissa Eddy (2007-05-08).
548:, the eighth of the twelve
2784:
2743:Nazi war crimes in Ukraine
2738:Nazi war crimes in Belarus
2677:Jewish orphans controversy
2514:Hague Adoption Convention
935:Czesław Madajczyk (1961).
773:Lost children of Francoism
717:: 1,100 kidnapped children
711:: 1,000 kidnapped children
571:
451:German medical experiments
347:
258:
57:20,000–200,000 from Poland
2558:
2496:Christian law of adoption
2400:Genealogical bewilderment
2355:Adoption reunion registry
2188:December 6, 2012, at the
2156:Nuremberg Trial Resources
51:
47:Foreign children abducted
24:
2600:Indian Placement Program
2563:Adoption in ancient Rome
2536:Putative father registry
2525:Indian Child Welfare Act
2129:. Museum of Tolerance,
1924:Timm C. Richter (1998).
1588:Kamila Uzarczyk (2002).
955:Roman Z. Hrabar (1960).
54:20,000–200,000 children
2135:Simon Wiesenthal Center
1170:, p. 303. Enigma Books.
1042:Simon Wiesenthal Center
884:Limited preview.
362:e.V., called in German
87:medical experimentation
2698:Mount Cashel Orphanage
2405:International adoption
2340:Adopted child syndrome
2302:Foster care by country
1402:Jewish Virtual Library
1297:A. Dirk Moses (2004).
1118:Cite journal requires
970:A. Dirk Moses (2004).
860:A. Dirk Moses (2004).
499:
479:. Children were given
461:German-occupied Poland
398:
389:
380:
345:
278:
255:Conditions of transfer
225:German-occupied France
173:
2748:Anti-Slavic sentiment
1869:Harald Knoll (2005).
1032:Sybil Milton (1997).
617:With Sword and Cradle
613:Mit Schwert und Wiege
494:
364:Kindererziehungslager
339:
314:Kindererziehungslager
272:
161:On 25 November 1939,
2708:St. John's Orphanage
2542:Uniform Adoption Act
2457:Sealed birth records
2415:Language of adoption
2410:Interracial adoption
1164:Weinberg, Gerhard L.
809:Zahra, Tara (2011).
438:German documentation
342:Litzmannstadt Ghetto
116:in centres and then
114:forcibly assimilated
2360:Adoption tax credit
2350:Adoption home study
2345:Adoption disclosure
2256:Adoption by country
2190:Library of Congress
1977:Tadeusz Piotrowski
1277:Forgotten Holocaust
1184:Forgotten Holocaust
709:Bohemia and Moravia
625:Army Group 'Centre'
229:Hitler's Table Talk
137:a well-known speech
21:
2140:Richard C. Lukas,
2083:2017-12-30 at the
1812:The Avalon Project
1781:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1712:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1692:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1672:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1652:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1632:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1612:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1567:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1547:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1490:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1369:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1334:Lynn H. Nicholas,
1321:Limited preview.
1275:Richard C. Lukas,
1182:Richard C. Lukas,
778:Stolen Generations
727:Lebensborn program
666:Poland's Holocaust
661:Tadeusz Piotrowski
645:William Rubinstein
578:In a plan called "
500:
346:
279:
247:of that country".
181:General Government
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2693:Duplessis Orphans
2502:Dima Yakovlev Law
2420:Same-sex adoption
2170:"The RusSHA Case:
1423:Roman Z. Hrabar.
1397:"Stolen Children"
1355:Roman Z. Hrabar.
1232:978-0-7818-0870-5
812:The Lost Children
597:Obergruppenführer
589:on 10 June 1944,
584:Interior Minister
544:, et al., or the
340:Kinder-KZ inside
71:
70:
2775:
2655:Tianjin Massacre
2556:
2375:Child laundering
2238:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2166:"The RuSHA Case:
2162:Library (HLSL).
2125:Milton, Sybil.
2098:
2093:
2087:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1802:
1793:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1736:. Archived from
1730:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1670:
1664:
1650:
1644:
1630:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1585:
1579:
1565:
1559:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1523:. Archived from
1521:Associated Press
1508:
1502:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1458:
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1346:
1332:
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1320:
1318:
1317:
1294:
1288:
1273:
1267:
1253:Lynn H. Nicholas
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1223:Hippocrene Books
1212:
1195:
1180:
1171:
1160:
1151:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1044:. Archived from
1029:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
967:
961:
960:
952:
941:
940:
932:
921:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
881:
880:
857:
844:
841:
830:
829:
806:
691:forced labourers
657:Southeast Europe
600:
587:Heinrich Himmler
554:Nuremberg Trials
550:Nuremberg Trials
530:emotional trauma
401:
392:
383:
237:boarding schools
148:Heinrich Himmler
118:forcibly adopted
81:for purposes of
29:
22:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2681:
2630:Michael A. Hess
2578:
2572:
2547:
2466:
2385:Closed adoption
2328:
2297:
2251:
2242:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2085:Wayback Machine
2076:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1993:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1905:
1895:
1887:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1850:
1840:
1825:
1823:
1816:Yale University
1810:. Vol. 2.
1804:
1803:
1796:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:on 2007-06-11.
1732:
1731:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1631:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1566:
1562:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1528:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1391:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1274:
1270:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1214:
1213:
1198:
1181:
1174:
1162:Hitler, Adolf;
1161:
1154:
1138:
1131:
1117:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
984:
969:
968:
964:
954:
953:
944:
934:
933:
924:
908:
904:
896:
892:
878:
876:
874:
859:
858:
847:
842:
833:
823:
808:
807:
796:
791:
764:
747:
735:
641:
590:
576:
570:
542:Ulrich Greifelt
525:
489:
453:
440:
408:the skull shape
356:
334:
267:
257:
241:petit-bourgeois
133:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
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2735:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2671:Postremo mense
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Baby Scoop Era
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
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2516:
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2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:United Kingdom
2437:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
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2329:
2327:
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2319:United Kingdom
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2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
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2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:978-8395824029
2197:
2192:Web Archives.
2182:The RuSHA Case
2163:
2145:
2138:
2123:
2120:978-8322319505
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2070:
2059:
2029:
2020:
2016:Deutsche Welle
2005:
2002:Deutsche Welle
1991:
1970:
1964:978-1428926370
1963:
1944:
1936:
1916:
1885:
1871:Günter Bischof
1861:
1822:on 19 May 2008
1794:
1774:
1768:978-0786403714
1767:
1747:
1725:
1705:
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1625:
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1598:
1580:
1560:
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1503:
1483:
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1382:
1362:
1347:
1327:
1310:978-1571814104
1309:
1289:
1268:
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1231:
1196:
1172:
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1129:
1120:|journal=
1097:
1082:
1058:
1019:
995:
983:978-1571814104
982:
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902:
890:
873:978-1571814104
872:
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822:978-0674048249
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751:Deutsche Welle
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734:
731:
719:
718:
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703:
683:Eastern Europe
653:Western Europe
640:
637:
602:Gottlob Berger
572:Main article:
569:
566:
524:
521:
496:Czesława Kwoka
488:
485:
452:
449:
439:
436:
404:
403:
394:
385:
333:
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303:foster parents
256:
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249:Martin Bormann
213:
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196:
132:
129:
69:
68:
67:
66:
65:
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38:Reichsdeutsche
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2780:
2769:
2766:
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2763:Germanization
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2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Home Children
2623:
2621:
2620:Sixties Scoop
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
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2589:
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2453:
2452:Open adoption
2450:
2446:
2445:United States
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2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
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2324:United States
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2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:United States
2286:
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2261:
2260:
2258:
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2250:
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2174:archive.today
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2157:
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2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
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2109:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2049:on 2016-04-23
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
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1971:
1966:
1960:
1956:
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1920:
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1900:
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2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:the original
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1994:
1978:
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1947:
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1891:Google Books
1889:– via
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1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1806:
1782:
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1738:the original
1728:
1716:pp. 507–508
1713:
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1571:pp. 251–252
1568:
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1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1516:
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1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1445:
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1410:
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1393:Gitta Sereny
1373:pp. 250–251
1370:
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1335:
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1323:Google Books
1314:. Retrieved
1299:
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1259:pp. 253–254
1256:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1221:. New York:
1217:
1183:
1167:
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1111:cite journal
1100:
1091:
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1046:the original
1037:
1011:. Retrieved
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987:. Retrieved
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886:Google Books
877:. Retrieved
862:
826:
811:
748:
736:
722:
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679:Hitler Youth
664:
663:in his book
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481:psychoactive
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412:tuberculosis
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245:ruling class
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141:Obersalzberg
134:
124:
122:
109:
95:
79:Nazi Germany
75:World War II
72:
36:
31:Letter from
2703:Mary Norris
2370:Child abuse
2293:South Korea
2283:Philippines
2249:foster care
1907:|work=
1852:|work=
1474:|work=
745:Remembrance
608:Untermensch
546:RuSHA Trial
457:experiments
354:Untermensch
195:population.
2727:Categories
2395:Disruption
2201:1939–1945)
2105:References
2053:2008-09-24
2018:27.04.2020
1987:0786403713
1937:3825836800
1886:3486578189
1834:Bolsheviks
1826:2008-09-24
1791:067977663X
1722:067977663X
1702:067977663X
1682:067977663X
1662:067977663X
1642:067977663X
1622:067977663X
1599:8373222871
1577:067977663X
1557:067977663X
1531:2008-09-16
1500:067977663X
1457:2008-09-22
1399:, rpt. in
1379:067977663X
1344:067977663X
1316:2008-09-16
1285:0781805287
1265:067977663X
1192:0781805287
1148:8301141816
1052:2008-09-25
1013:2024-03-05
989:2008-09-16
918:8301141816
879:2008-09-16
783:Lebensborn
755:Interia.pl
671:Tara Zahra
649:Dirk Moses
639:Statistics
473:euthanasia
431:Hans Frank
360:Lebensborn
348:See also:
259:See also:
217:Gauleiters
166:purposes:
131:Background
35:office to
33:Lebensborn
2645:Devshirme
2568:Fosterage
2486:(Ontario)
2480:(Ontario)
2425:Australia
2365:Aging out
2309:Australia
2273:Guatemala
2263:Australia
2194:mazal.org
1909:ignored (
1899:cite book
1854:ignored (
1844:cite book
1476:ignored (
1466:cite book
733:Memorials
687:evacuated
675:Luftwaffe
580:Heuaktion
574:Heuaktion
568:Heuaktion
465:Lubliniec
427:Polonized
350:Kinder KZ
332:Selection
326:Treblinka
322:Auschwitz
307:Polonized
284:Bydgoszcz
110:gutrassig
2504:(Russia)
2245:Adoption
2186:Archived
2081:Archived
2043:Newsroom
1166:(2007).
762:See also
715:Slovenia
621:9th Army
558:genocide
2552:History
2521:(India)
2498:(India)
1785:p. 513
1743:crimes.
1696:p. 507
1656:p. 479
1551:p. 250
1494:p. 249
1279:p. 27,
1186:p. 22,
633:Belarus
477:Cieszyn
163:Himmler
112:) were
73:During
2435:Europe
2430:Brazil
2333:Issues
2314:Canada
2268:France
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508:Zamość
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324:or to
299:Lidice
292:zlotys
288:Gdynia
277:county
275:Zamość
233:French
209:Polish
106:Poland
102:Nordic
2278:Italy
1989:p. 22
789:Notes
416:Gypsy
368:RuSHA
98:Aryan
89:, or
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