1186:
791:
783:
771:
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976:, resulting in the reabsorption of water molecules as it passes through the collecting duct. Aquaporins are membrane proteins that selectively conduct water molecules while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes. As much as three-quarters of the water from urine can be reabsorbed as it leaves the collecting duct by osmosis. Thus the levels of ADH determine whether urine will be concentrated or diluted. An increase in ADH is an indication of
1174:
438:
984:
483:
1143:
1162:
51:
935:
987:
Fig.7) Cross-sectional diagram of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and adjacent structures: 1) top, yellow - distal convoluted tubule; 2) top, brown -macula densa cuboidal cells surrounding arterioles; 3) small blue cells - juxtaglomerular cells; 4) large blue cells - mesangial cells; 5) tan - podocytes
807:
as a part of the nephron can be divided into an initial convoluted portion and a following straight (descending) portion. Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries, including 80% of glucose, more than half of the filtered salt, water
778:
The nephron uses four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. These apply to numerous substances. The structure and function of the epithelial cells lining the lumen change during the course of the nephron, and have segments named by their location
832:
is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It begins in the cortex, receiving filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule, extends into the medulla as the descending limb, and then returns to the cortex as the ascending limb to
297:
occurs in the glomerulus and is largely passive: it is dependent on the intracapillary blood pressure. About one-fifth of the plasma is filtered as the blood passes through the glomerular capillaries; four-fifths continues into the peritubular capillaries. Normally the only components of the blood
201:
that run between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule. As the fluid from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances are exchanged (some are added, others are removed); first with the
206:
outside the tubules, and then into the plasma in the adjacent peritubular capillaries through the endothelial cells lining that capillary. This process regulates the volume of body fluid as well as levels of many body substances. At the end of the tubule, the remaining
1049:
and results in the ten amino acid substance angiotensin-1 (A-1). A-1 is then converted to angiotensin-2, a potent vasoconstrictor, by removing two amino acids: this is accomplished by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This sequence of events is referred to as the
1185:
950:. The collecting duct system begins in the renal cortex and extends deep into the medulla. As the urine travels down the collecting duct system, it passes by the medullary interstitium which has a high sodium concentration as a result of the loop of Henle's
833:
empty into the distal convoluted tubule. The primary role of the loop of Henle is to enable an organism to produce concentrated urine, not by increasing the tubular concentration, but by rendering the interstitial fluid hypertonic.
862:
mechanism employed by the loop. The ascending limb actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate, generating the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange. In passing through the ascending limb, the filtrate grows
1120:
919:
A part of Distal nephron. This is the final segment of the tubule before it enters the collecting duct system. Water, some salts and nitrogenous waste like urea and creatinine are passed out to collecting tubule.
992:
adjacent to capillaries, and parietal layer of capsule, 6)center - five glomerular capillaries, and the 6)bottom, purple - exiting tubule. Structures (2), (3), and (4) constitute the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
961:
than the rest of the nephron, the collecting duct is sometimes not considered a part of the nephron. Instead of originating from the metanephrogenic blastema, the collecting duct originates from the
406:
provides the mechanism for generating a hypertonic interstitium, which allows the recovery of solute-free water from within the nephron and returning it to the venous vasculature when appropriate.
1510:
851:
until the tonicity of the filtrate and interstitium equilibrate. The hypertonicity of the medulla (and therefore concentration of urine) is determined in part by the size of the loops of Henle.
681:, tiny blood vessels that surround the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal tubules, where the tubular fluid flows. Substances then reabsorb from the latter back to the blood stream.
762:
In humans, cortical nephrons have their renal corpuscles in the outer two thirds of the cortex, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons have their corpuscles in the inner third of the cortex.
759:
The juxtamedullary nephrons comprise only about 15% of the nephrons in the human kidney. However, it is this type of nephron which is most often depicted in illustrations of nephrons.
684:
The peritubular capillaries then recombine to form an efferent venule, which combines with efferent venules from other nephrons into the renal vein, and rejoins the main bloodstream.
840:
is permeable to water and noticeably less permeable to salt, and thus only indirectly contributes to the concentration of the interstitium. As the filtrate descends deeper into the
938:
Fig.6) Cross-sectional histologic preparation showing (b)small connecting tubules with simple columnar epithelium and (a) large connecting tubules with simple cuboidal epithelium.
695:(the majority of nephrons) start high in the cortex and have a short loop of Henle which does not penetrate deeply into the medulla. Cortical nephrons can be subdivided into
709:
start low in the cortex near the medulla and have a long loop of Henle which penetrates deeply into the renal medulla: only they have their loop of Henle surrounded by the
958:
1054:(RAS) or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The JGA is located between the thick ascending limb and the afferent arteriole. It contains three components: the
1641:
322:, or active, due to pumping against a concentration gradient. Secretion also occurs in the tubules and collecting duct and is active. Substances reabsorbed include:
1191:
This image shows the types of cells present in the glomerulus part of a kidney nephron. Podocytes, Endothelial cells, and
Glomerular mesangial cell are present.
125:
2104:
2191:
566:. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of the afferent, and this difference increases the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus.
1518:
2099:
382:
which signal the tubules to alter the reabsorption or secretion rate, and thereby maintain homeostasis, include (along with the substance affected)
1461:
517:
enter and leave the glomerulus at the vascular pole. The glomerular filtrate leaves the Bowman's capsule at the renal tubule at the urinary pole.
314:. Over 150 liters of fluid enter the glomeruli of an adult every day: 99% of the water in that filtrate is reabsorbed. Reabsorption occurs in the
2238:
1354:
1549:
1494:
1338:
1294:
1266:
654:
578:, also called the glomerular capsule, surrounds the glomerulus. It is composed of a visceral inner layer formed by specialized cells called
445:
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. This means that each separate nephron is where the main work of the kidney is performed.
1634:
650:
1041:(JGA) is a specialized region associated with the nephron, but separate from it. It produces and secretes into the circulation the enzyme
713:. These long loops of Henle and their associated vasa recta create a hyperosmolar gradient that allows for the generation of concentrated
486:
Fig.2) Schematic of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. endothelial pore (fenestra).
274:. Nephrons have two lengths with different urine-concentrating capacities: long juxtamedullary nephrons and short cortical nephrons.
1395:
1901:
837:
640:
441:
Fig.1) Schematic diagram of the nephron (yellow), relevant circulation (red/blue), and the four methods of altering the filtrate.
2284:
2141:
1911:
1906:
1627:
1000:, allowing some of it to enter the medulla, thus maintaining its high concentration (which is very important for the nephron).
907:
is present, more sodium is reabsorbed and more potassium secreted. Ammonia is also absorbed during the selective reabsorption.
855:
646:
1142:
2582:
2184:
2068:
1993:
1873:
1769:
1063:
2501:
1799:
710:
120:
1051:
185:. A healthy adult has 1 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney. Blood is filtered as it passes through three layers: the
1853:
1759:
883:
has a different structure and function to that of the proximal convoluted tubule. Cells lining the tubule have numerous
489:
2560:
2269:
2111:
674:
The epithelial cells that form these nephron segments can be distinguished by the shapes of their actin cytoskeleton.
677:
Blood from the efferent arteriole, containing everything that was not filtered out in the glomerulus, moves into the
222:
The interior of Bowman's capsule, called Bowman's space, collects the filtrate from the filtering capillaries of the
2509:
2364:
2289:
2279:
1891:
908:
745:
624:
583:
409:
Some diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include
395:
277:
The four mechanisms used to create and process the filtrate (the result of which is to convert blood to urine) are
251:
2436:
2204:
2592:
2519:
2476:
2264:
2177:
2086:
2063:
1970:
1106:
1038:
1032:
426:
399:
63:. The left nephron is labelled with six named nephron segments. Collecting duct is the last part of the nephron.
2481:
2317:
2228:
1918:
880:
868:
662:
294:
263:
108:
1085:
Diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include
1078:
show an approximate 50% reduction in the number of nephrons, comparable to the nephron loss that occurs with
2623:
2587:
2322:
1794:
1728:
951:
859:
836:
Considerable differences aid in distinguishing the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. The
790:
782:
678:
259:
198:
194:
551:. The glomerular blood pressure provides the driving force for water and solutes to be filtered out of the
2019:
1923:
1706:
1413:"Identification and classification of epithelial cells in nephron segments by actin cytoskeleton patterns"
1102:
1098:
1075:
943:
929:
895:
to take place. Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the
888:
649:: two segments of differing thickness (proximal portion lined by simple squamous epithelium is called the
614:
422:
132:
1173:
2524:
2443:
2121:
1774:
1126:
Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney. (Although the figure labels the efferent vessel as a
770:
590:
in the glomerulus are ultrafiltered through several layers, resulting in what is known as the filtrate.
83:
1469:
613:
filtered through the glomerulus. The filtrate passing through the renal tubule ultimately ends at the
246:, and podocyte foot processes. The tubule has five anatomically and functionally different parts: the
177:. The renal tubule extends from the capsule. The capsule and tubule are connected and are composed of
2549:
2529:
2514:
2169:
1983:
1086:
1059:
969:
968:
Though the collecting duct is normally impermeable to water, it becomes permeable in the presence of
410:
79:
794:
Fig.5) Proximal tubule cell showing pumps involved in acid base balance, left is the lumen of tubule
2468:
2425:
2409:
2327:
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2146:
2091:
1848:
1843:
1779:
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174:
170:
1161:
2486:
2415:
2131:
1814:
1605:
1133:
1090:
563:
414:
203:
513:
The renal corpuscle has two poles: a vascular pole and a tubular pole. The arterioles from the
2544:
2539:
2453:
2312:
2126:
1928:
1743:
1597:
1545:
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1412:
1391:
1334:
1300:
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548:
543:
of the renal corpuscle in Bowman's capsule. Each glomerulus receives its blood supply from an
514:
347:
267:
243:
190:
186:
31:
786:
Fig.4) Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron, with the collecting ducts on the right.
2565:
2307:
2233:
2200:
2040:
1863:
1809:
1589:
1484:
1432:
1424:
896:
892:
809:
753:
307:
239:
231:
178:
720:
Juxtamedullary nephrons are found only in birds and mammals, and have a specific location:
2243:
2058:
2029:
1835:
1723:
1094:
1046:
1016:
804:
733:
540:
477:
453:
418:
327:
271:
247:
235:
223:
212:
182:
158:
903:, the distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs more calcium and secretes more phosphate. When
562:
Only about a fifth of the plasma is filtered in the glomerulus. The rest passes into an
2374:
2158:
2151:
2136:
2050:
1933:
1701:
1651:
1437:
867:
since it has lost much of its sodium content. This hypotonic filtrate is passed to the
303:
299:
238:. The filtering structure (glomerular filtration barrier) has three layers composed of
227:
96:
437:
2617:
2556:
2394:
2384:
2045:
1945:
1940:
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1696:
1679:
1004:
841:
829:
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634:
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403:
255:
1609:
983:
2420:
2259:
1978:
1960:
1883:
1804:
1754:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1055:
1012:
980:, while water sufficiency results in a decrease in ADH allowing for diluted urine.
962:
884:
864:
844:
628:
593:
The filtrate next moves to the renal tubule, where it is further processed to form
552:
499:
460:
315:
282:
91:
494:
C. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural proteins 2. filtration slit 3. diaphragm
482:
1385:
113:
2597:
2462:
2448:
2359:
2354:
1955:
1950:
1713:
1619:
1008:
977:
904:
387:
383:
355:
339:
258:, which has two parts, the descending loop of Henle ("descending loop") and the
35:
774:
Fig.3) Secretion and reabsorption of various substances throughout the nephron.
2400:
2379:
2299:
1789:
1718:
1593:
1202:
1148:
973:
817:
464:
363:
335:
278:
74:
17:
1304:
609:
The renal tubule is a continuous and long pipe-like structure containing the
2458:
1988:
1868:
536:
375:
367:
351:
343:
319:
290:
286:
166:
50:
1601:
1446:
1858:
579:
379:
371:
311:
2404:
2078:
1428:
1207:
848:
847:
of the renal medulla, water flows freely out of the descending limb by
813:
331:
1580:
Kuro-O M (January 2019). "The Klotho proteins in health and disease".
1359:
Ecology & Evolutionary
Biology - University of Colorado at Boulder
627:: lies in the cortex and is lined by 'simple cuboidal epithelium with
2011:
1659:
1079:
1020:
216:
154:
934:
717:. Also the hairpin bend penetrates up to the inner zone of medulla.
138:
653:, distal portion lined by simple cuboidal epithelium is called the
597:. The different stages of this fluid are collectively known as the
153:
is the minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of the
30:
This article is about the unit of the kidney. For the journal, see
2602:
2369:
2213:
1042:
933:
789:
781:
769:
744:
is a nephron whose renal corpuscle is near the medulla, and whose
714:
594:
587:
436:
323:
208:
2534:
1128:
997:
752:
occur deeper in the medulla than the other type of nephron, the
492:: 1. lamina rara interna 2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa
359:
2173:
1623:
254:
followed by a straight section (proximal straight tubule); the
230:
supporting these capillaries. These components function as the
1261:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 349.
637:: lies in the medulla and is U-shaped (similar to a hair-pin)
996:
Lower portions of the collecting organ are also permeable to
911:
causes the distal convoluted tubule to secrete more sodium.
942:
Each distal convoluted tubule delivers its filtrate to a
1003:
Urine leaves the medullary collecting ducts through the
27:
Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney
1542:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch
197:
of the lining of the capsule. The tubule has adjacent
1289:(12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
732:(Latin: near) refers to the relative position of the
631:' which greatly increase surface area for absorption.
498:
The renal corpuscle is the site of the filtration of
2575:
2500:
2435:
2393:
2347:
2340:
2298:
2252:
2221:
2211:
2077:
2028:
2010:
1969:
1882:
1834:
1825:
1742:
1667:
1658:
858:is impermeable to water, a critical feature of the
119:
107:
102:
90:
73:
68:
43:
959:development of the urinary and reproductive organs
298:that are not filtered into Bowman's capsule are
1569:(2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
456:, which is the initial filtering component, and
779:and which reflects their different functions.
740:, but still in the cortex. In other words, a
2185:
1635:
1486:Harrison's Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders
1259:Human physiology : the basis of medicine
957:Because it has a different origin during the
8:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
165:. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of
34:. For the drug with trade name Nephron, see
2344:
2218:
2192:
2178:
2170:
1831:
1664:
1642:
1628:
1620:
1436:
1280:
1278:
582:, and a parietal outer layer composed of
531:The glomerulus is the network known as a
402:(sodium). A countercurrent system in the
982:
620:The components of the renal tubule are:
481:
1489:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 3.
1355:"The Kidney Tubule I: Urine Production"
1219:
1116:
1411:Kumaran GK, Hanukoglu I (March 2020).
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
502:. The renal corpuscle consists of the
136:
40:
655:thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
250:, which has a convoluted section the
7:
1287:Principles of anatomy and physiology
1045:(angiotensinogenase), which cleaves
946:, the first segment of which is the
651:thin ascending limb of loop of Henle
463:that processes and carries away the
1511:"Regulation of Urine Concentration"
972:(ADH). ADH affects the function of
270:, and the last part of nephron the
1544:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 743.
1285:Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH (2010).
173:and a cup-shaped structure called
25:
1097:; renal tubular diseases include
421:; renal tubular diseases include
211:—exits: it is composed of water,
162:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1141:
1119:
1082:(between ages 18–29 and 70–75).
952:countercurrent multiplier system
854:Unlike the descending limb, the
643:: one segment of equal thickness
641:Descending limb of loop of Henle
506:, and the glomerular capsule or
448:A nephron is made of two parts:
49:
1483:Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2010).
1064:extraglomerular mesangial cells
647:Ascending limb of loop of Henle
2583:Fractional excretion of sodium
1994:Extraglomerular mesangial cell
1874:Intraglomerular mesangial cell
1466:Essentials of Human Physiology
1384:Hook JB, Goldstein RS (1993).
1257:Pocock G, Richards CD (2006).
1244:Principles of Renal Physiology
358:. Substances secreted include
318:and is either passive, due to
1:
1565:Mitchell B, Sharma R (2009).
1517:. CliffsNotes. Archived from
697:superficial cortical nephrons
1854:Glomerular basement membrane
1074:Patients in early stages of
490:Glomerular basement membrane
2561:Effective renal plasma flow
2405:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
1331:Junqueira's Basic Histology
555:, and into the interior of
189:of the capillary wall, its
2640:
2510:Glomerular filtration rate
2502:Assessment and measurement
2365:Atrial natriuretic peptide
1892:Proximal convoluted tubule
1582:Nature Reviews. Nephrology
1462:"Section 7/7ch03/7ch03p16"
1390:. Raven Press. p. 8.
1030:
944:system of collecting ducts
927:
909:Atrial natriuretic peptide
887:to produce enough energy (
746:proximal convoluted tubule
625:Proximal convoluted tubule
584:simple squamous epithelium
524:
475:
396:atrial natriuretic peptide
252:proximal convoluted tubule
29:
2593:Tubuloglomerular feedback
2520:Augmented renal clearance
2477:Bicarbonate buffer system
2201:Physiology of the kidneys
2087:Internal urethral orifice
2064:Median umbilical ligament
1971:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1594:10.1038/s41581-018-0078-3
1246:(5th ed.). Springer.
1107:polycystic kidney disease
1039:juxtaglomerular apparatus
1033:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1027:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
559:, called Bowman's space.
427:polycystic kidney disease
400:brain natriuretic peptide
131:
55:Diagram (left) of a long
48:
2482:Respiratory compensation
2239:Clearance of medications
1919:Distal convoluted tubule
1515:Anatomy & Physiology
1387:Toxicology of the Kidney
1333:(14th ed.). Lange.
1052:renin–angiotensin system
881:distal convoluted tubule
875:Distal convoluted tubule
869:distal convoluted tubule
663:Distal convoluted tubule
264:distal convoluted tubule
262:("ascending loop"); the
2588:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
2323:Countercurrent exchange
1795:Peritubular capillaries
1015:, and finally into the
860:countercurrent exchange
707:Juxtamedullary nephrons
679:peritubular capillaries
569:
260:ascending loop of Henle
199:peritubular capillaries
195:podocyte foot processes
59:and (right) of a short
2020:Ureteropelvic junction
1924:Collecting duct system
1707:medullary interstitium
1103:renal tubular acidosis
1099:acute tubular necrosis
1076:chronic kidney disease
993:
939:
930:Collecting duct system
924:Collecting duct system
795:
787:
775:
742:juxtamedullary nephron
615:collecting duct system
495:
442:
423:acute tubular necrosis
394:(calcium, phosphate),
226:, which also contains
157:. It is composed of a
133:Anatomical terminology
57:juxtamedullary nephron
2525:Renal clearance ratio
2444:Darrow Yannet diagram
1984:Juxtaglomerular cells
1070:Clinical significance
1060:juxtaglomerular cells
986:
937:
899:. In the presence of
871:in the renal cortex.
793:
785:
773:
485:
440:
390:(sodium, potassium),
266:("distal loop"); the
234:unit and make up the
84:intermediate mesoderm
2550:Hemodialysis product
2530:Urea reduction ratio
2515:Creatinine clearance
2355:Antidiuretic hormone
2205:acid–base physiology
1132:, it is actually an
1087:diabetic nephropathy
1007:, emptying into the
970:antidiuretic hormone
856:thick ascending limb
701:midcortical nephrons
665:: lies in the cortex
411:diabetic nephropathy
384:antidiuretic hormone
80:Metanephric blastema
2426:Transcellular fluid
2410:Extracellular fluid
2328:Filtration fraction
2147:Lacunae of Morgagni
2092:Urethral sphincters
1329:Mescher AL (2016).
901:parathyroid hormone
812:solutes (primarily
748:and its associated
736:of this nephron -
392:parathyroid hormone
2487:Renal compensation
2416:Interstitial fluid
1521:on 25 October 2012
1429:10.1111/febs.15088
1365:on October 2, 2007
1091:glomerulonephritis
994:
940:
796:
788:
776:
564:efferent arteriole
545:afferent arteriole
496:
443:
415:glomerulonephritis
204:interstitial fluid
193:, and between the
2611:
2610:
2545:Dialysis adequacy
2540:Standardized Kt/V
2496:
2495:
2454:Davenport diagram
2437:Acid–base balance
2336:
2335:
2313:Renal plasma flow
2167:
2166:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1929:Connecting tubule
1551:978-1-4160-2328-9
1540:Boron WF (2005).
1496:978-0-07-166339-7
1340:978-0-07-184268-6
1296:978-0-470-23347-4
1268:978-0-19-856878-0
1113:Additional images
948:connecting tubule
915:Connecting tubule
808:and all filtered
693:Cortical nephrons
688:Length difference
669:Collecting tubule
549:renal circulation
515:renal circulation
348:calcium phosphate
308:white blood cells
268:connecting tubule
244:basement membrane
240:endothelial cells
191:basement membrane
187:endothelial cells
147:
146:
142:
32:Nephron (journal)
16:(Redirected from
2631:
2566:Extraction ratio
2469:Winters' formula
2345:
2308:Renal blood flow
2234:Pharmacokinetics
2219:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2041:Vesical arteries
1864:Filtration slits
1849:Bowman's capsule
1832:
1665:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1468:. Archived from
1457:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1423:(6): 1176–1194.
1408:
1402:
1401:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1361:. Archived from
1351:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1309:
1308:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1242:Lote CJ (2012).
1239:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1153:Bowman's capsule
1145:
1123:
990:Bowman's capsule
897:endocrine system
893:active transport
754:cortical nephron
738:near the medulla
576:Bowman's capsule
570:Bowman's capsule
557:Bowman's capsule
508:Bowman's capsule
293:. Filtration or
272:collecting ducts
179:epithelial cells
175:Bowman's capsule
139:edit on Wikidata
61:cortical nephron
53:
41:
21:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2571:
2492:
2431:
2389:
2341:Other functions
2332:
2318:Ultrafiltration
2294:
2248:
2244:Urine flow rate
2207:
2198:
2168:
2163:
2142:navicular fossa
2073:
2059:Detrusor muscle
2024:
1998:
1965:
1912:Thick ascending
1878:
1836:Renal corpuscle
1821:
1738:
1724:Cortical lobule
1654:
1650:Anatomy of the
1648:
1618:
1617:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1312:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1221:
1216:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1124:
1115:
1095:IgA nephropathy
1072:
1047:angiotensinogen
1035:
1029:
1017:urinary bladder
932:
926:
917:
877:
838:descending limb
826:
805:proximal tubule
801:
799:Proximal tubule
768:
734:renal corpuscle
690:
607:
572:
539:located at the
535:, of filtering
529:
523:
493:
487:
480:
478:Renal corpuscle
474:
472:Renal corpuscle
454:renal corpuscle
435:
419:IgA nephropathy
328:sodium chloride
304:red blood cells
295:ultrafiltration
248:proximal tubule
236:renal corpuscle
228:mesangial cells
224:glomerular tuft
213:metabolic waste
159:renal corpuscle
143:
64:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2624:Kidney anatomy
2616:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2385:Prostaglandins
2382:
2377:
2375:Erythropoietin
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2159:Urinary meatus
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:urethral gland
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:Vaginal artery
2048:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:Papillary duct
1931:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:Thin ascending
1904:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1652:urinary system
1649:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1572:
1557:
1550:
1532:
1502:
1495:
1475:
1472:on 2016-03-24.
1452:
1403:
1396:
1376:
1346:
1339:
1310:
1295:
1274:
1267:
1249:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1071:
1068:
1031:Main article:
1028:
1025:
1005:renal papillae
928:Main article:
925:
922:
916:
913:
876:
873:
825:
822:
800:
797:
767:
764:
724:refers to the
689:
686:
672:
671:
666:
660:
659:
658:
644:
632:
606:
603:
586:. Fluids from
571:
568:
525:Main article:
522:
519:
476:Main article:
473:
470:
469:
468:
465:filtered fluid
457:
434:
431:
378:. Some of the
300:blood proteins
145:
144:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
100:
99:
97:Urinary system
94:
88:
87:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
18:Kidney tubules
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2636:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:PAH clearance
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2395:Fluid balance
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Oligopeptides
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:pre-prostatic
2120:
2119:
2118:Male urethra
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Vesical veins
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Renal papilla
1944:
1942:
1941:Tubular fluid
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:Loop of Henle
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Medullary ray
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1397:0-88167-885-6
1393:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1167:Kidney tissue
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:renal calyces
1006:
1001:
999:
991:
985:
981:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
936:
931:
923:
921:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
874:
872:
870:
866:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
843:
839:
834:
831:
830:loop of Henle
824:Loop of Henle
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
798:
792:
784:
780:
772:
765:
763:
760:
757:
755:
751:
750:loop of Henle
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:renal medulla
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
687:
685:
682:
680:
675:
670:
667:
664:
661:
656:
652:
648:
645:
642:
639:
638:
636:
635:Loop of Henle
633:
630:
629:brush borders
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
616:
612:
611:tubular fluid
604:
602:
600:
599:tubular fluid
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
567:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:vascular pole
538:
534:
528:
520:
518:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
491:
484:
479:
471:
466:
462:
458:
455:
451:
450:
449:
446:
439:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
404:renal medulla
401:
398:(sodium) and
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:renal tubules
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:loop of Henle
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
140:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
76:
72:
67:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2260:Solvent drag
2253:Reabsorption
2132:intermediate
2037:Circulation
1979:Macula densa
1961:Renal pelvis
1884:Renal tubule
1826:
1775:interlobular
1755:Renal artery
1733:
1588:(1): 27–44.
1585:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1541:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1514:
1505:
1485:
1478:
1470:the original
1465:
1455:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1386:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1358:
1349:
1330:
1286:
1258:
1252:
1243:
1127:
1084:
1073:
1056:macula densa
1036:
1013:renal pelvis
1002:
995:
967:
963:ureteric bud
956:
941:
918:
885:mitochondria
878:
853:
845:interstitium
835:
827:
802:
777:
761:
758:
741:
737:
729:
721:
719:
706:
705:
700:
696:
692:
691:
683:
676:
673:
619:
608:
605:Renal tubule
592:
573:
561:
553:blood plasma
532:
530:
512:
500:blood plasma
497:
461:renal tubule
447:
444:
408:
283:reabsorption
276:
221:
163:renal tubule
150:
148:
60:
56:
2598:Natriuresis
2463:Delta ratio
2449:Base excess
2360:Aldosterone
1956:Major calyx
1951:Minor calyx
1744:Circulation
1525:27 November
978:dehydration
905:aldosterone
818:amino acids
537:capillaries
388:aldosterone
356:bicarbonate
336:amino acids
167:capillaries
103:Identifiers
36:Epinephrine
2473:Buffering
2401:Body water
2380:Calcitriol
2300:Filtration
1902:Descending
1844:Glomerulus
1810:interlobar
1800:Vasa recta
1790:Renal vein
1765:interlobar
1567:Embriology
1460:Nosek TM.
1214:References
1203:Nephrology
1179:Glomerulus
1149:Glomerulus
974:aquaporins
842:hypertonic
711:vasa recta
527:Glomerulus
521:Glomerulus
504:glomerulus
364:creatinine
279:filtration
232:filtration
171:glomerulus
2459:Anion gap
2229:Clearance
2222:Secretion
2212:Creating
2127:prostatic
2096:External
1989:Mesangium
1869:Mesangium
1760:segmental
1751:Arteries
1305:192027371
1155:is white.
1134:arteriole
865:hypotonic
766:Functions
722:medullary
580:podocytes
433:Structure
386:(water),
376:uric acid
368:potassium
352:uric acid
344:magnesium
320:diffusion
312:platelets
291:excretion
287:secretion
169:called a
75:Precursor
2618:Category
2348:Hormones
2270:Chloride
2112:Internal
2053:(female)
1859:Podocyte
1815:efferent
1780:afferent
1702:pyramids
1610:53872296
1602:30455427
1447:31605441
1369:March 6,
1197:See also
1151:is red;
1019:via the
728:, while
380:hormones
372:hydrogen
2290:Protein
2280:Glucose
2079:Urethra
2069:Trigone
2030:Bladder
2012:Ureters
1827:Nephron
1805:arcuate
1770:arcuate
1734:Nephron
1697:Medulla
1680:Capsule
1660:Kidneys
1438:7384063
1208:Urology
988:lining
849:osmosis
814:glucose
810:organic
547:of the
340:lactate
332:glucose
181:with a
151:nephron
114:D009399
69:Details
44:Nephron
2421:Plasma
2265:Sodium
2137:spongy
2105:female
1786:Veins
1690:column
1685:Cortex
1675:Fascia
1668:Layers
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207:fluid—
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2603:Urine
2576:Other
2370:Renin
2214:urine
1714:Sinus
1606:S2CID
1080:aging
1043:renin
730:juxta
715:urine
595:urine
588:blood
324:water
209:urine
183:lumen
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2203:and
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1598:PMID
1546:ISBN
1527:2012
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1392:ISBN
1371:2007
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1301:OCLC
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1263:ISBN
1129:vein
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