2173:
3882:
184:
172:
1550:
and later with other linguists. The development of the orthography is detailed in
Meadows & McKenzie (2001). Parker McKenzie and Dane Poolaw reduced the number of diacritics in the 2010s. The tables below show each letter of the current Kiowa alphabet and its corresponding phonetic value (written
388:
The
Intertribal Wordpath Society, a nonprofit group dedicated to preserving native languages of Oklahoma, estimates the maximum number of fluent Kiowa speakers as of 2006 to be 400. A 2013 newspaper article estimated 100 fluent speakers. UNESCO classifies Kiowa as 'severely endangered.' It claims the
2127:
The alphabetical order is monophthong followed by diphthong; these are intercallated among the consonants as in the
English alphabet. Vowel length and tone are ignored, except when two words are otherwise spelled the same. The nasalization mark comes after the vowel but is alphabetized as a separate
2217:
system. Kiowa has four noun classes. Class I nouns are inherently singular/dual, Class II nouns are inherently dual/plural, Class III nouns are inherently dual, and Class IV nouns are mass or noncount nouns. If the number of a noun is different from its class's inherent value, the noun takes the
2342:
system expressed via prefixes, which can be followed by incorporated nouns, verbs, or adverbs. Following the main verb stem are suffixes that indicate tense/aspect and mode. A final group of suffixes that pertain to clausal relations can follow the tense-aspect-modal suffixes. These syntactic
349:
Although Kiowa is most closely related to the other Tanoan languages of the
Pueblos, the earliest historic location of its speakers is western Montana around 1700. Prior to the historic record, oral histories, archaeology, and linguistics suggest that pre-Kiowa was the northernmost dialect of
381:'s estimates that only about 400 people (mostly over the age of 50) could speak Kiowa and that only rarely were children learning the language. A more recent figure from McKenzie is 300 adult speakers of "varying degrees of fluency" reported by
1471:
Nasalization of voiced stops operates automatically only within the domain of the pronominal prefixes: voiced stops become the corresponding nasals either preceding or following a nasal. The velar nasal that is derived from
1502:
Obstruents are devoiced in two environments: in syllable-final position and following a voiceless obstruent. Voiced stops are devoiced in syllable-final position without exception. In effect, the rule applies only to
2446:
animate participant. If there is also a second participant (such as in transitive sentences), the number of the second participant is also indicated. A participant is primary in the following cases:
1331:
is realized as in syllable-initial position, as lightly affricated in syllable-final position, and slightly devoiced in utterance-final position. It occurs seldom in word-initial position.
4018:
2842:
2124:
is also not written as it is often deleted and its presence is predictable. A final convention is that pronominal prefixes are written as separate words instead of being attached to verbs.
4038:
2948:
366:
area where the Kiowa were first encountered by
Europeans. The Kiowa then later migrated to the Black Hills and the southern Plains, where the language was recorded in historic times.
362:
region of the
Colorado Plateau until sometime before 1300. Speakers then drifted northward to the northwestern Plains, arriving no later than the mid-16th century in the
4033:
3607:
1140:
Contrasts among the consonants are easily demonstrated with an abundance of minimal and near-minimal pairs. There is no contrast between the presence of an initial
2918:
194:
3920:
2850:
410:
4028:
3440:
Trager, Edith C. (1960). The Kiowa language: A grammatical study. University of
Pennsylvania. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).
389:
language had only 20 mother-tongue speakers in 2007, along with 80 second language speakers, most of whom were between the ages of 45 and 60.
3566:
769:
3600:
1269:
The ejective and aspirated stops are articulated forcefully. The unaspirated voiceless stops are tense, while the voiced stops are lax.
777:
423:
Starting in the 2010s, the Kiowa Tribe offered weekly language classes at the
Jacobson House, a nonprofit Native American art center in
2454:
participant (i.e. the doer of the action who also has control over the action) is primary if it is the only participant in the clause.
3524:
3368:
3360:
3098:
3054:
2094:, respectively) is not normally written. There are, however, a few exceptions where is not followed by a glide, in which case an
3577:
799:
Kiowa distinguishes six vowel qualities, with three distinctive levels of height and a front-back contrast. All six vowels may be
1552:
206:
3913:
3886:
3593:
3038:
and Daniel
Harbour. (2005). The syntax and syncretisms of the person-case constraint. In K. Hiraiwa & J. Sabbagh (Eds.),
3221:
2926:
3721:
3571:
3829:
719:
573:
144:
3836:
2332:
730:
685:
2898:
786:
566:
559:
4023:
3906:
2759:
2348:
748:
363:
330:
3531:
Wonderly, William; Gibson, Lornia; Kirk, Paul (1954). "Number in Kiowa: Nouns, demonstratives, and adjectives".
3443:
Trager-Johnson, Edith C. (1972). Kiowa and
English pronouns: Contrastive morphosemantics. In L. M. Davis (Ed.),
216:
156:
162:
4013:
1547:
612:
605:
582:
455:
351:
458:
to teach Kiowa language and culture in the district. The Kiowa do have a Kiowa Language Department in 2024
3967:
3824:
3754:
2871:
2157:
2149:
2133:
2121:
2091:
2076:
2062:
2052:
2040:
2030:
2018:
2008:
1996:
1986:
1974:
1964:
1952:
1942:
1930:
1920:
1903:
1893:
1881:
1871:
1846:
1834:
1824:
1714:
1703:
1692:
1677:
1665:
1655:
1643:
1629:
1617:
1607:
1595:
1585:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1328:
1277:
1273:
1258:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1198:
1193:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1163:
1122:
1117:
1105:
1090:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
994:
989:
984:
979:
967:
962:
957:
952:
935:
930:
925:
920:
908:
903:
898:
893:
824:
678:
671:
654:
645:
640:
402:
326:
3616:
1707:
525:
518:
20:
2355:
indicators. A skeletal representation of the Kiowa verb structure can be represented as the following:
3961:
3760:
623:
451:
434:
Alecia Gonzales (Kiowa/Apache, 1926–2011), who taught at USAO, wrote a Kiowa teaching grammar called
2994:
3867:
3766:
694:
634:
414:
398:
355:
338:
2970:
2336:
3675:
3548:
3504:
3475:
3399:
3310:
3281:
3241:
3190:
3161:
3122:
3078:
2423:
2214:
1722:
664:
490:
334:
3519:. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1422:
Certain sequences of consonant and vowel do not occur: dental and alveolar obstruents preceding
1526:, yielding a glide onset, a brief moment of coarticulation and a glide release. The laryngeals
3731:
3704:
3692:
3670:
3665:
3632:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
3520:
3364:
3356:
3094:
3050:
2804:
2490:
2431:
2331:
Kiowa verbs consist of verb stems that can be preceded by prefixes, followed by suffixes, and
598:
505:
495:
3955:
3929:
3862:
3852:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3716:
3687:
3681:
3650:
3644:
3540:
3496:
3467:
3427:
3391:
3335:
3302:
3273:
3233:
3182:
3153:
3114:
3070:
2796:
2352:
485:
480:
424:
406:
374:
276:
92:
3857:
3777:
3772:
3747:
3741:
3660:
3348:
3140:. Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 84). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
2902:
2451:
1543:
512:
500:
467:
428:
382:
378:
359:
314:
84:
3206:
1721:
following the main vowel. In the earlier orthography, nasal vowels were indicated with a
3173:
Hickerson, Nancy P. (1985). "Some Kiowa terms for currency and financial transactions".
2784:
3994:
3950:
3945:
3808:
3736:
3710:
3698:
3655:
1734:
3105:
Hale, Kenneth (1962). "Jemez and Kiowa correspondences in reference to Kiowa–Tanoan".
2172:
1729:
for a long nasal vowel. In the current orthography, these are indicated with a barred
136:
4007:
3979:
3972:
3552:
3508:
3479:
3403:
3314:
3285:
3245:
3194:
3165:
3126:
3082:
552:
3256:
Merrill, William; Hansson, Marian; Greene, Candace; & Reuss, Frederick. (1997).
3726:
3574:, John P. Harrington, 1928; full book digitized by Google, public domain in the US
2408:
2118:
1752:
1745:
1534:
are variably deleted between sonorants, which also applies across a word boundary.
1141:
589:
322:
247:
65:
3432:
3415:
3340:
3323:
3237:
3410:
Takahashi, Junichi. (1984). Case marking in Kiowa. CUNY. (Doctoral dissertation).
3487:
Watkins, Laurel J. (1993). "The discourse functions of Kiowa switch-reference".
3249:
3035:
2344:
883:
849:
812:
804:
762:
183:
149:
2463:
the non-agent is not in the first person singular or third person singular AND
2339:
2095:
1759:
1001:
854:
808:
800:
3222:"The Parker P. McKenzie Kiowa orthography: How written Kiowa came into being"
2808:
2800:
942:
816:
704:
546:
129:
113:
354:
sites. Around AD 450, they migrated northward through the territory of the
2895:
2822:
2474:
the non-agent is in the first person singular or third person singular AND
120:
3620:
3458:
Watkins, Laurel J. (1990). "Noun phrase versus zero in Kiowa discourse".
1150:
224:
212:
176:
Distribution of the Kiowa language after migration to the Southern Plains
55:
3585:
3450:
Watkins, Laurel J. (1976). Position in grammar: Sit, stand, and lie. In
2843:"Modina Waters using children's story book to keep Kiowa language alive"
3047:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
2435:
541:
220:
171:
3093:
Chickasha, OK: University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma Foundation.
2335:
other lexical stems into the verb complex. Kiowa verbs have a complex
1442:). These sequences do occur if they are the result of contraction:
191:
3898:
3544:
3500:
3471:
3395:
3306:
3277:
3186:
3157:
3118:
3074:
2213:
Kiowa, like other Tanoan languages, is characterized by an inverse
1725:
under the vowel letter, and a long vowel with a macron above, thus
420:
Kiowa hymns are sung at Mount Scott Kiowa United Methodist Church.
3061:
Crowell, Edith (1949). "A preliminary report on Kiowa structure".
318:
2995:ǥáuiđòᵰ꞉gyà–tʼáukáuidóᵰ꞉gyá : Kiowa–English student glossary
385:(1999) out of a 12,242 Kiowa tribal membership (US Census 2000).
3293:
Merrifield, William R. (1959). "Classification of Kiowa nouns".
1781:(falling). The previous long nasal vowel with high tone is thus
1415:'lion'). The only consonants which may terminate a syllable are
447:, a Kiowa language book of trickster stories published in 2013.
3902:
3589:
3258:
A guide to the Kiowa collections at the Smithsonian Institution
3133:
Harbour, Daniel. (2003). The Kiowa case for feature insertion.
2303:"horse/two horses" (Class I) made plural with the addition of
2167:
1457:, except if they are together as the result of a conjunction (
2489:
here refers to semantic roles including involitional agents,
2086:
The palatal glide that is pronounced after velar consonants
337:. Like most North American indigenous languages, Kiowa is an
2419:
Kiowa verb stems are inflected with prefixes that indicate:
2407:
The pronominal prefixes and tense/aspect-modal suffixes are
2144:. The length mark appears after the nasalization mark, e.g.
1542:
The first Kiowa orthography was developed by native speaker
833:
2493:, beneficiaries, recipients, experiencers, and possessors.
427:. Dane Poolaw and Carol Williams taught the language using
297:
291:
285:
1461:'then he saw them'), or in loanwords ( 'American' >Sp.
223:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2949:"Tulsa school approves tribe's offering of Kiowa classes"
3264:
Merrifield, William R. (1959). "The Kiowa verb prefix".
3203:
The role of contextual restriction in reference-tracking
2457:
In two-participant volitional agent/non-agent clauses:
2442:
All these of the categories are indicated for only the
2184:
3207:
http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3518260
2923:
Native American Times, Today's Independent Indian News
3205:. Ph.D. thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
2836:
2834:
377:
anthropologist Laurel Watkins noted in 1984 based on
282:
3580:, Laurel J. Watkins, 1984; writing systems for Kiowa
3567:
The Power of Kiowa Song: A Collaborative Ethnography
3515:
Watkins, Laurel J.; & McKenzie, Parker. (1984).
3445:
Studies in linguistics, in honor of Raven I. McDavid
3353:
The languages of Native NorthMarianne Mithun America
3212:
McKenzie, Parker; & Harrington, John P. (1948).
1411:
may not occur word-initially outside of loan-words (
3845:
3817:
3637:
279:
261:
253:
243:
235:
155:
143:
127:
111:
106:
81:
71:
61:
50:
42:
28:
3382:Sivertsen, Eva (1956). "Pitch problems in Kiowa".
3091:Thaum khoiye tdoen gyah: Beginning Kiowa language.
190:Kiowa is classified as Severely Endangered by the
4019:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
3220:Meadows, William C.; McKenzie, Parker P. (2001).
3144:Harrington, John P. (1947). "Three Kiowa texts".
3023:This glide is written in Harrington's vocabulary.
2760:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
2471:The volitional agent participant is primary when
1765:indicates falling tone, exemplified on the vowel
2315:"bones/two bones" is made singular by suffixing
333:counties. The Kiowa tribal center is located in
4039:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
3260:. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 40.
2311:"horses". On the other hand, the Class II noun
1511:since velars are prohibited in final position.
3914:
3601:
3578:A Grammar of Kiowa: Appendix 3: Orthographies
3533:International Journal of American Linguistics
3489:International Journal of American Linguistics
3460:International Journal of American Linguistics
3384:International Journal of American Linguistics
3295:International Journal of American Linguistics
3266:International Journal of American Linguistics
3175:International Journal of American Linguistics
3146:International Journal of American Linguistics
3107:International Journal of American Linguistics
3063:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
3214:Popular account of the Kiowa Indian language
1713:. The four diphthongs indicate the offglide
1453:automatically occurs between all velars and
3216:. Santa Fe: University of New Mexico Press.
436:
307:
294:
288:
34:
3921:
3907:
3899:
3608:
3594:
3586:
2919:"Kiowa language children's book published"
2460:The non-agent participant is primary when
2411:and required to be present on every verb.
411:University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma
182:
170:
25:
3431:
3414:Trager, George L.; Trager, Edith (1959).
3355:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3339:
3324:"A note on Kiowa linguistic affiliations"
2971:"Kiowa Language Department | Kiowa Tribe"
2823:"Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma."
2785:"New Data on Kiowa Protohistoric Origins"
2947:Krehbiel-Burton, Lenzy (2 August 2022).
2925:. Norman, OK. 2013-04-13. Archived from
2754:
2752:
2576:
2497:
2224:
1793:
1737:, thus the same long nasal vowel is now
1559:
1407:All consonants may begin a syllable but
1382:
1333:
1281:
1146:
1064:
853:
848:
839:
819:with a high front off-glide of the form
474:
313:("language of the Cáuigù (Kiowa)") is a
195:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4034:Native American language revitalization
2872:"Kiowa United Methodists share culture"
2748:
2585:Volitional Agent Primary Person-Number
1744:Tone is indicated with diacritics. The
445:Saynday Kiowa Indian Children’s Stories
358:and Great Basin, occupying the eastern
217:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3374:Palmer, Jr., Gus (Pánthâidè). (2004).
2299:Mithun (1999:445) gives as an example
232:
3049:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1633:
845:
443:. Modina Toppah Water (Kiowa) edited
7:
3452:Kansas working papers in linguistics
2477:the volitional agent is non-singular
3727:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
3089:Gonzales, Alecia Keahbone. (2001).
2908:16 May 2011 (retrieved 26 Aug 2011)
2783:Meadows, William C. (2016-07-01).
16:North American aboriginal language
14:
3040:MIT working papers in linguistics
1487:surfaces in alternating forms as
1272:The voiceless alveolar fricative
785:
776:
768:
747:
729:
718:
693:
684:
677:
670:
622:
611:
604:
588:
581:
572:
565:
558:
524:
517:
3881:
3880:
3572:Vocabulary of the Kiowa Language
3138:Vocabulary of the Kiowa language
2466:the volitional agent is singular
2359:
2171:
1499:if accompanied by falling tone.
275:
3014:pending proper Unicode support.
2109:. Thus, there is, for example,
1682:⟨ǥu, gu, kʼu, ku⟩
4029:Languages of the United States
3447:. University of Alabama Press.
1518:spreads across the laryngeals
815:. Four of the vowels occur as
417:offer Kiowa language classes.
350:Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan, spoken at
1:
3433:10.1525/aa.1959.61.6.02a00140
3376:Telling stories the Kiowa way
3341:10.1525/aa.1959.61.1.02a00130
3238:10.1080/2052546.2001.11932030
2826:Intertribal Wordpath Society.
454:signed an agreement with the
3830:Black American Sign Language
3136:Harrington, John P. (1928).
1758:indicates low tone, and the
1394:
1384:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1251:
1236:
1221:
1206:
1191:
1176:
1161:
1121:
1116:
1104:
1089:
1076:
1073:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
993:
988:
983:
978:
966:
961:
956:
951:
934:
929:
924:
919:
907:
902:
897:
892:
875:
870:
865:
860:
3722:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
2876:The United Methodist Church
2088:⟨ǥ, g, kʼ, k⟩
4055:
3201:McKenzie, Andrew. (2012).
2349:subordinating conjunctions
2117:which is pronounced . The
1751:represents high tone, the
465:
441:: beginning Kiowa language
437:
18:
3988:
3936:
3876:
3627:
2828:(retrieved 24 April 2011)
2584:
2568:
2505:
2113:which is pronounced and
2068:
1495:following labials and as
1000:
941:
882:
761:
703:
540:
511:
477:
472:There are 23 consonants:
203:
181:
169:
33:
3322:Miller, Wick R. (1959).
3045:Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
3006:May be substituted with
2801:10.1215/00141801-3496827
2090:(which are phonetically
1783:⟨ṓ̱⟩
1727:⟨ō̱⟩
1476:is deleted; there is no
19:Not to be confused with
3682:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
3420:American Anthropologist
3328:American Anthropologist
2896:"Kiowa Language Class."
2578:Agent transitive verbs
1376:are palatalized before
456:Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma
438:Thaum khoiye tdoen gyah
352:Late Basketmaker II Era
319:Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma
308:
35:
3825:American Sign Language
2821:Anderton, Alice, Phd.
2376:(adverb + noun + verb)
1546:, who had worked with
1276:is pronounced before
403:University of Oklahoma
393:Revitalization efforts
205:This article contains
3226:Plains Anthropologist
2847:The Norman Transcript
2415:Pronominal inflection
2372:incorporated elements
2101:is written after the
1491:following velars, as
1368:The dental resonants
830:There are 24 vowels:
21:Kiowa Apache language
2154:⟨aiñ꞉⟩
2146:⟨auñ꞉⟩
2130:⟨auiñ⟩
1787:⟨ón̶꞉⟩
1739:⟨on̶꞉⟩
1188:'fire; hill; heavy'
452:Tulsa Public Schools
3454:(Vol. 1). Lawrence.
2993:Dane Poolaw (2023)
2579:
2500:
2499:Intransitive verbs
2115:⟨g’a⟩
1796:
1702:The mid-back vowel
1562:
1428:tʼi,tʰi,ti,di,si,zi
1067:
842:
399:University of Tulsa
356:Ancestral Puebloans
339:endangered language
309:Cáuijògà/Cáuijò꞉gyà
36:Cáuijògà/Cáuijò꞉gyà
3517:A grammar of Kiowa
3416:"Kiowa and Tanoan"
2975:www.kiowatribe.org
2901:2011-11-14 at the
2577:
2498:
2428:grammatical number
2424:grammatical person
2389:tense/aspect-modal
2183:. You can help by
2111:⟨ga⟩
2107:⟨g’⟩
1794:
1711:⟨au⟩
1706:is indicated by a
1560:
1514:The palatal glide
1352:'be red, painted'
1173:'female's sister'
1074: Front
1065:
840:
4001:
4000:
3995:extinct languages
3896:
3895:
3705:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
2738:
2737:
2573:
2572:
2403:
2402:
2377:
2343:suffixes include
2297:
2296:
2209:Number inflection
2201:
2200:
2099:⟨’⟩
2082:
2081:
1779:⟨ô⟩
1775:⟨ò⟩
1771:⟨ó⟩
1763:⟨ˆ⟩
1756:⟨`⟩
1749:⟨´⟩
1719:⟨i⟩
1698:
1697:
1446:'then he got up'
1405:
1404:
1366:
1365:
1325:
1324:
1267:
1266:
1144:and its absence.
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1077: Back
1059:
1058:
1035:
1008:
976:
949:
917:
890:
878:
873:
868:
863:
797:
796:
740:
711:
667:
637:
601:
555:
269:
268:
231:
230:
213:rendering support
209:phonetic symbols.
4046:
4024:Tanoan languages
3930:Tanoan languages
3923:
3916:
3909:
3900:
3884:
3883:
3837:Plains Sign Talk
3610:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3556:
3512:
3483:
3437:
3435:
3426:(6): 1078–1083.
3407:
3349:Mithun, Marianne
3345:
3343:
3318:
3289:
3253:
3248:. Archived from
3232:(176): 233–248.
3198:
3169:
3130:
3086:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2915:
2909:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2849:. Archived from
2838:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2580:
2501:
2375:
2360:
2353:switch-reference
2225:
2222:(or a variant).
2196:
2193:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2078:
2064:
2054:
2042:
2032:
2020:
2010:
1998:
1988:
1976:
1966:
1954:
1944:
1932:
1922:
1905:
1895:
1883:
1873:
1848:
1836:
1826:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1740:
1728:
1720:
1717:with the letter
1716:
1712:
1705:
1694:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1657:
1645:
1631:
1619:
1609:
1597:
1587:
1563:
1548:J. P. Harrington
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1440:kʼe,kʰe,ke,ɡe,je
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1334:
1330:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1147:
1124:
1119:
1107:
1092:
1068:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1006:
996:
991:
986:
981:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
947:
937:
932:
927:
922:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
888:
876:
871:
866:
861:
843:
834:
826:
789:
780:
772:
751:
738:
733:
722:
709:
697:
688:
681:
674:
663:
656:
647:
642:
633:
626:
615:
608:
597:
592:
585:
576:
569:
562:
551:
528:
521:
475:
440:
439:
425:Norman, Oklahoma
375:Colorado College
311:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
233:
197:
186:
174:
165:
139:
123:
116:
87:
38:
26:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3984:
3932:
3927:
3897:
3892:
3872:
3841:
3813:
3633:
3623:
3614:
3563:
3530:
3486:
3457:
3413:
3381:
3321:
3292:
3263:
3219:
3172:
3143:
3104:
3060:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2903:Wayback Machine
2894:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2820:
2816:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2673:èj-
2667:è̱-
2617:
2591:
2417:
2398:
2390:
2374:
2364:
2329:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2181:needs expansion
2166:
2153:
2145:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2087:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1681:
1544:Parker McKenzie
1540:
1138:
545:
470:
468:Kiowa phonology
464:
429:Parker McKenzie
395:
379:Parker McKenzie
372:
360:Fremont culture
347:
315:Tanoan language
278:
274:
211:Without proper
199:
198:
189:
177:
161:
135:
119:
112:
102:
88:
85:Language family
83:
74:
73:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4052:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4014:Kiowa language
4006:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3958:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3846:Non-Indigenous
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3821:
3819:
3818:Sign languages
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3569:
3562:
3561:External links
3559:
3558:
3557:
3545:10.1086/464244
3528:
3513:
3501:10.1086/466193
3495:(2): 137–164.
3484:
3472:10.1086/466165
3466:(3): 410–426.
3455:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3411:
3408:
3396:10.1086/464356
3379:
3372:
3346:
3319:
3307:10.1086/464544
3301:(4): 269–271.
3290:
3278:10.1086/464523
3272:(3): 168–176.
3261:
3254:
3252:on 2012-11-05.
3217:
3210:
3199:
3187:10.1086/465926
3181:(4): 446–449.
3170:
3158:10.1086/463919
3152:(4): 237–242.
3141:
3134:
3131:
3119:10.1086/464664
3102:
3087:
3075:10.1086/464040
3069:(3): 163–167.
3058:
3043:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3016:
2999:
2986:
2962:
2939:
2910:
2888:
2863:
2841:Cruz, Hannah.
2830:
2814:
2795:(3): 541–570.
2775:
2764:www.unesco.org
2747:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:è-
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2455:
2440:
2439:
2432:semantic roles
2429:
2426:
2416:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2369:
2366:
2337:active–stative
2328:
2325:
2321:tṓ̱sègau
2309:chē̱̂gau
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2178:
2176:
2165:
2162:
2136:comes between
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1856:(nasal vowel)
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1809:Pronunciation
1807:
1804:
1803:Pronunciation
1801:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1575:Pronunciation
1573:
1570:
1569:Pronunciation
1567:
1539:
1536:
1430:); velars and
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:Pronunciation
1286:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1203:'food eating'
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
857:
852:
847:
832:
795:
794:
792:
790:
783:
781:
774:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
752:
745:
743:
741:
735:
734:
727:
725:
723:
716:
714:
712:
707:
701:
700:
698:
691:
689:
682:
675:
668:
660:
659:
657:
652:
650:
648:
643:
638:
630:
629:
627:
620:
618:
616:
609:
602:
594:
593:
586:
579:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
538:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
522:
515:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
466:Main article:
463:
460:
394:
391:
371:
368:
346:
343:
317:spoken by the
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
237:
229:
228:
215:, you may see
201:
200:
188:
187:
179:
178:
175:
167:
166:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
133:
125:
124:
117:
109:
108:
107:Language codes
104:
103:
101:
100:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
77:20 (2007)
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
47:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4051:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Southern Tiwa
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3755:Plains Apache
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3525:0-8032-4727-3
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:(2): 117–30.
3389:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:0-521-29875-X
3366:
3362:
3361:0-521-23228-7
3358:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3099:0-9713894-0-3
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3055:0-19-509427-1
3052:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2951:. Tulsa World
2950:
2943:
2940:
2929:on 2016-03-07
2928:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2853:on 2013-06-30
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:A volitional
2449:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2179:This section
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2143:
2139:
2128:letter, e.g.
2125:
2120:
2104:
2097:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1709:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1512:
1500:
1481:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1447:
1420:
1417:/p,t,m,n,l,j/
1400:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1032:
1031:
1005:
1003:
999:
973:
972:
946:
944:
940:
914:
913:
887:
885:
881:
859:
856:
851:
844:
841:Monophthongs
838:
837:
836:
835:
831:
828:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
793:
791:
788:
784:
782:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
757:
755:
753:
750:
746:
744:
742:
737:
736:
732:
728:
726:
724:
721:
717:
715:
713:
708:
706:
702:
699:
696:
692:
690:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
653:
651:
649:
644:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
621:
619:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
578:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
550:
548:
543:
539:
536:
534:
532:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
514:
510:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
476:
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
432:
430:
426:
421:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
392:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:in primarily
320:
316:
312:
310:
302:
273:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
208:
202:
196:
193:
185:
180:
173:
168:
164:
160:
158:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
115:
110:
105:
99:
96:
95:
94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
46:United States
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3990:
3960:
3946:Jemez (Towa)
3940:
3885:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3765:
3753:
3746:
3709:
3697:
3680:
3629:
3536:
3532:
3516:
3492:
3488:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3444:
3423:
3419:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3352:
3331:
3327:
3298:
3294:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3250:the original
3229:
3225:
3213:
3202:
3178:
3174:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3110:
3106:
3090:
3066:
3062:
3046:
3039:
3036:Adger, David
3030:Bibliography
3019:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2989:
2978:. Retrieved
2974:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2942:
2931:. Retrieved
2927:the original
2922:
2913:
2906:Kiowa Tribe.
2905:
2891:
2880:. Retrieved
2878:. 2007-10-11
2875:
2866:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2846:
2825:
2817:
2792:
2789:Ethnohistory
2788:
2778:
2767:. Retrieved
2763:
2739:
2618:3rd-Inverse
2616:1st-Dual/Pl.
2486:
2484:
2443:
2441:
2438:participants
2418:
2409:inflectional
2406:
2371:
2345:relativizers
2330:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2219:
2212:
2189:
2185:adding to it
2180:
2141:
2137:
2126:
2119:glottal stop
2102:
2085:
2071:
2057:
2047:
2035:
2025:
2013:
2003:
1991:
1981:
1969:
1959:
1947:
1937:
1925:
1914:
1910:
1898:
1888:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1829:
1818:
1814:
1766:
1753:grave accent
1746:acute accent
1743:
1730:
1701:
1687:
1672:
1660:
1650:
1638:
1624:
1612:
1602:
1590:
1580:
1541:
1513:
1501:
1482:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1448:
1421:
1406:
1367:
1327:The lateral
1326:
1285:Orthography
1271:
1268:
1142:glottal stop
1139:
1131:
1112:
1097:
1082:
829:
820:
798:
471:
449:
444:
435:
433:
422:
419:
396:
387:
373:
370:Demographics
348:
306:
271:
270:
204:
157:Linguasphere
128:
97:
66:Kiowa people
3334:: 102–105.
2333:incorporate
2313:tṓ̱sè
2301:chē̱̂
2092:/ɡ,k,kʰ,kʼ/
1806:Orthography
1800:Orthography
1795:Consonants
1572:Orthography
1566:Orthography
1538:Orthography
1483:Underlying
1311:'be small'
1066:Diphthongs
763:Approximant
431:'s method.
364:Yellowstone
219:instead of
4008:Categories
3868:Vietnamese
3767:Potawatomi
3638:Indigenous
3351:. (1999).
2980:2024-08-22
2933:2013-04-13
2882:2014-10-26
2857:2013-04-25
2769:2018-05-24
2734:éj-
2722:béj-
2676:èj-
2664:bèj-
2661:mén-
2644:á-`-
2383:VERB STEM
2363:pronominal
2340:pronominal
2164:Morphology
2096:apostrophe
1760:circumflex
1480:in Kiowa.
1459:/hègɔábõ꞉/
1449:The glide
1444:/hègɔèmhâ/
1434:preceding
817:diphthongs
409:, and the
265:Cáuidàumgà
3993:indicate
3676:Chickasaw
3617:Languages
3553:144480683
3509:143325129
3480:145426325
3404:144110239
3315:144369971
3286:144102437
3246:164090335
3195:144081589
3166:144483038
3127:144694575
3083:143640379
3042:(No. 50).
2809:0014-1801
2728:én-
2716:bé-
2670:én-
2590:Non-agent
2487:non-agent
2485:The term
2399:suffixes
2397:syntactic
2391:suffixes
1362:'be hot'
710:voiceless
705:Fricative
635:aspirated
553:voiceless
547:Affricate
462:Phonology
450:In 2022,
415:Chickasha
130:Glottolog
114:ISO 639-3
62:Ethnicity
3887:Category
3732:Muscogee
3699:Delaware
3693:Comanche
3671:Cheyenne
3666:Cherokee
3621:Oklahoma
2955:2 August
2899:Archived
2725:é-
2710:Inverse
2629:à-
2610:3rd-Dual
2601:2nd-Dual
2566:Inverse
2514:Singular
2491:patients
2323:"bone."
2231:singular
2192:May 2008
1917:variant)
1868:variant)
1821:variant)
1773:(high),
1413:/la.yãn/
1321:'child'
1291:Meaning
1218:'foggy'
1158:Meaning
1155:Example
665:ejective
491:Alveolar
335:Carnegie
331:Comanche
257:Cáuijògà
254:Language
225:Help:IPA
163:64-CBB-a
137:kiow1266
56:Oklahoma
54:western
3991:Italics
3956:Picuris
3863:Spanish
3853:English
3803:Wyandot
3796:Wichita
3789:Tonkawa
3783:Shawnee
3717:Koasati
3688:Choctaw
3651:Arapaho
3645:Alabama
3630:Italics
3539:: 1–7.
3363:(hbk);
3113:: 1–5.
2613:3rd-Pl.
2607:3rd-Sg.
2604:2nd-Pl.
2598:2nd-Sg.
2595:1st-Sg.
2520:Plural
2506:Number
2444:primary
2436:animate
2365:prefix
2237:plural
2218:suffix
1777:(low),
1708:digraph
1561:Vowels
1301:'bear'
1233:'deer'
1102:
1087:
1071:
846:
542:Plosive
506:Glottal
496:Palatal
345:Origins
262:Country
221:Unicode
3858:German
3778:Seneca
3773:Quapaw
3748:Pawnee
3742:Ottawa
3661:Cayuga
3551:
3523:
3507:
3478:
3402:
3367:
3359:
3313:
3284:
3244:
3193:
3164:
3125:
3097:
3081:
3053:
2807:
2719:mén-`-
2705:éj-`-
2693:báj-`-
2690:mán-`-
2592:Number
2511:Person
2351:, and
2215:number
2158:/ãːi̯/
2134:/ɔ̃i̯/
1733:and a
1723:macron
1485://ia//
1401:'see'
1391:'boy'
1342:'set'
1263:'eye'
1248:'dry'
1244:/tʰáp/
1229:/tʼáp/
1132:
739:voiced
599:voiced
486:Dental
481:Labial
407:Norman
401:, the
383:Mithun
329:, and
248:Cáuigú
244:People
236:Person
192:UNESCO
93:Tanoan
51:Region
3941:Kiowa
3809:Yuchi
3761:Ponca
3737:Osage
3711:Kansa
3656:Caddo
3549:S2CID
3505:S2CID
3476:S2CID
3400:S2CID
3311:S2CID
3282:S2CID
3242:S2CID
3191:S2CID
3162:S2CID
3123:S2CID
3079:S2CID
2744:Notes
2702:gá-`-
2699:én-`-
2652:Dual
2647:é-`-
2641:é̲-`-
2635:bá-`-
2632:má-`-
2452:agent
2327:Verbs
2279:-gau
2251:-gau
2228:class
2204:Nouns
2150:/ɔ̃ː/
1735:colon
1463:Ameri
1386:tʰàlí
1347:gúldɔ
1184:/pʰí/
1169:/pʼí/
1034:nasal
975:nasal
916:nasal
884:Close
872:short
862:short
850:Front
821:vowel
813:nasal
805:short
513:Nasal
501:Velar
327:Kiowa
323:Caddo
272:Kiowa
150:Kiowa
98:Kiowa
29:Kiowa
3980:Tewa
3973:Taos
3962:Piro
3951:Tiwa
3521:ISBN
3365:ISBN
3357:ISBN
3095:ISBN
3051:ISBN
2957:2022
2805:ISSN
2687:bàj-
2684:gàj-
2681:Pl.
2658:mèn-
2655:nèn-
2623:Sg.
2552:3rd
2547:bà-
2538:2nd
2525:1st
2517:Dual
2317:-gau
2305:-gau
2273:-gau
2270:III
2259:-gau
2234:dual
2220:-gau
2156:for
2152:and
2148:for
2142:auio
2140:and
2138:auin
2132:for
2031:l,dɮ
1953:t͜sʼ
1680:(in
1530:and
1522:and
1507:and
1497:/iː/
1489:/ja/
1465:cano
1396:bõnî
1372:and
1337:célê
1306:syân
1259:/tá/
1239:/tʰ/
1224:/tʼ/
1214:/bĩ/
1199:/pĩ/
1179:/pʰ/
1164:/pʼ/
1083:High
1007:oral
1002:Open
948:oral
889:oral
877:long
867:long
855:Back
809:oral
801:long
686:t͜sʼ
397:The
239:Cáui
3619:of
3541:doi
3497:doi
3468:doi
3428:doi
3392:doi
3336:doi
3303:doi
3274:doi
3234:doi
3183:doi
3154:doi
3115:doi
3071:doi
3010:or
2797:doi
2713:dé-
2696:gà-
2626:gà-
2569:è-
2561:á-
2558:è̲-
2544:mà-
2541:èm-
2533:è-
2528:à-
2434:of
2284:IV
2256:II
2187:.
2122:/ʔ/
2105:as
1975:t͜s
1948:tsʼ
1785:or
1769:as
1741:.
1715:/j/
1704:/ɔ/
1591:aui
1555:).
1553:IPA
1532:/ʔ/
1528:/h/
1524:/ʔ/
1520:/h/
1516:/j/
1509:/d/
1505:/b/
1493:/a/
1478:/ŋ/
1474:/ɡ/
1468:).
1455:/a/
1451:/j/
1436:/e/
1432:/j/
1424:/i/
1409:/l/
1378:/i/
1374:/n/
1370:/l/
1357:sál
1329:/l/
1316:sân
1296:sét
1278:/j/
1274:/s/
1254:/t/
1209:/b/
1194:/p/
1151:IPA
1113:Low
1098:Mid
1054:ɔ̃ː
943:Mid
825:/j/
811:or
803:or
574:t͜s
413:in
405:in
305:or
207:IPA
145:ELP
121:kio
4010::
3547:.
3537:20
3535:.
3503:.
3493:59
3491:.
3474:.
3464:56
3462:.
3424:61
3422:.
3418:.
3398:.
3388:22
3386:.
3332:61
3330:.
3326:.
3309:.
3299:25
3297:.
3280:.
3270:25
3268:.
3240:.
3230:46
3228:.
3224:.
3189:.
3179:51
3177:.
3160:.
3150:12
3148:.
3121:.
3111:28
3109:.
3077:.
3067:15
3065:.
2973:.
2921:.
2874:.
2845:.
2833:^
2803:.
2793:63
2791:.
2787:.
2762:.
2751:^
2394:-
2386:-
2380:-
2368:-
2347:,
2319::
2307::
2293:—
2265:–
2242:I
2160:.
2019:tʰ
2009:kʰ
1997:tʼ
1992:tʼ
1987:kʼ
1982:kʼ
1970:ts
1915:g̶
1904:pʰ
1882:pʼ
1877:pʼ
1866:d̶
1852:n̶
1819:b̶
1789:.
1693:uj
1688:ui
1684:)
1666:oj
1661:oi
1618:aj
1613:ai
1596:ɔj
1581:au
1438:(*
1426:(*
1419:.
1380:.
1123:ɔj
1118:aj
1106:oj
1091:uj
1049:ɔ̃
1044:ãː
1027:ɔː
1017:aː
995:õː
985:ẽː
968:oː
958:eː
936:ũː
926:ĩː
909:uː
899:iː
827:.
823:+
807:,
773:)
695:kʼ
679:tʼ
672:pʼ
655:kʰ
646:tʰ
641:pʰ
341:.
325:,
292:oʊ
286:aɪ
3922:e
3915:t
3908:v
3647:*
3609:e
3602:t
3595:v
3555:.
3543::
3527:.
3511:.
3499::
3482:.
3470::
3436:.
3430::
3406:.
3394::
3378:.
3371:.
3344:.
3338::
3317:.
3305::
3288:.
3276::
3236::
3209:.
3197:.
3185::
3168:.
3156::
3129:.
3117::
3101:.
3085:.
3073::
3057:.
3012:ᵰ
3008:ñ
2997:.
2983:.
2959:.
2936:.
2885:.
2860:.
2811:.
2799::
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2638:–
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