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spirits were thought to remain around the corpse or its burial place, as well as haunt former living spaces and possessions. Lingering spirits were also believed to help encourage the dying to cross from the physical world to the afterlife. The fear of ghosts can be seen in the way skulls were treated, which was believed to be a source of negative spiritual contamination that invited danger to the living. Due to the fears and risks associated with death, the community's reactions were instantaneous and vicious. Families and relatives were expected to demonstrate grief through reactions such as wailing, ripping off clothes and shaving of the head. There have also been accounts of self-induced body lacerations and finger joints being cut. In the process of grief, women and the widowed spouse were expected to be more expressive in their mourning.
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could transport larger loads, hunt more game over a wider range and more easily, and travel longer and farther. The Kiowa became powerful and skilled mounted warriors who conducted long-distance raids against enemies. The Kiowa were considered among the finest horsemen on the Plains. A man's wealth was measured primarily by the size of his horse herd, with particularly wealthy individuals having herds numbering in the hundreds. Horses were targets of capture during raids. The Kiowa considered it an honor to steal horses from enemies, and such raids often served as a rite of passage for young warriors. They adorned their horses with body paint from the
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409:, born in 1897, was a noted authority on the Kiowa language, learning English only when he began school. He collaborated with John P. Harrington, who credited him as the first author of jointly published work at a time when Native consultants were seldom acknowledged. Later, he also worked with Laurel Watkins on the Kiowa language. He went on to discuss the etymology of words and insights into how the Kiowa language changed to incorporate new items of material culture. McKenzie's letters on pronunciation and grammar of the Kiowa language are in the National Anthropological Archives.
2083:
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729:. Tipis have at least one entrance flap. Smoke flaps were placed at the top so that smoke could escape from the fire pit within. The floor of the tipi was lined with animal pelts and skins for warmth and comfort. The tipi is designed to be warm inside during the cold winter months and cool inside during the warm summer. Tipis are easily collapsed and can be raised in minutes, making it an optimal structure for nomadic people like the Kiowa and other Plains Indian nations. The poles of the tipi were used to construct a
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carried out specific roles. Chiefs were chosen based on bravery and courage shown in battle as well as intelligence, generosity, experience, communication skills, and kindness to others. The Kiowa believed that the young fearless warrior was ideal. The entire tribe was structured around this individual. The warrior was the ideal to which young men aspired. Because of these factors, the Kiowa was of utmost importance in the history of the
Southern Plains.
2094:
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2013:
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78:
538:, conical lodges made from hide or later canvas, provided lightweight, portable housing. They hunted and gathered wild foods and traded with neighboring agrarian tribes for produce. The Kiowa migrated seasonally with the American bison because it was their main food source. They also hunted antelope, deer, turkeys, and other wild game. Women collected varieties of wild berries and fruit and processed them with prepared meats to make
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Native
Americans to receive international recognition for their work in the fine art world. They influenced generations of Indian artists among the Kiowa, and other Plains tribes. Traditional craft skills are not lost among the Kiowa people today and the talented fine arts and crafts produced by Kiowa Indians helped the Oklahoma Indian Arts and Crafts Cooperative flourish over its 20-year existence.
90:
50:
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There were six warrior societies among the Kiowa. The Po-Lanh-Yope (Little
Rabbits) was for boys; all young Kiowa boys were enrolled. The group mostly served social and education purposes, involving no violence or combat. The Adle-Tdow-Yope (Young Sheep), Tsain-Tanmo (Horse Headdresses), Tdien-Pei-Gah (Gourd Society), and Ton-Kon-Gah (Black Legs or Leggings) were adult warrior societies. The
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acres or 1,007,219 ha) to the United States â was to go into effect immediately upon ratification by
Congress, even though the Medicine Lodge treaty of 1867 had guaranteed Indian possession of the reservation until 1898. The Indian signers wanted their names stricken but it was too late. A'piatan, as the leader, went to Washington to protest. Chief
648:, for sustenance while the people were on the move. Pemmican is made by grinding dried lean meat into powder, then mixing a near-equal weight of melted fat or tallow and sometimes berries. The pemmican was shaped into bars and kept in pouches until ready to eat. The Kiowa sometimes ate certain parts of the bison raw. Other animals hunted included deer,
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428:
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Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte and Ado-ete led Kiowa warriors during the "Buffalo war" along the Red River, together with the
Comanche allies, in the summer (JuneâSeptember) 1874. They surrendered after the Palo Duro Canyon fight. Tene-angopte had to select 26 Kiowa chiefs and warriors to be deported; Satanta was sent to a prison in
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the dead is buried the following morning. A quick burial was believed to reduce the risk of spirits remaining around the burial site. After the burial, most of the belongings of the dead were burned along with their tipi. If their tipi or house was shared with family, the surviving relatives moved into a new house.
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The body of the deceased must be washed before burial. The washer, historically a woman, also combs the hair and paints the face of the dead. Once the body has been treated, a burial occurs promptly. When possible, the burial takes place on the same day, unless the death occurs at night. In this case
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in the north woods and edge of the great plains in
Minnesota forced the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and later the Sioux westward into Kiowa territory around the Black Hills. The Kiowa were pushed south by the invading Cheyenne who were then pushed westward out of the Black Hills by the Sioux. In their early
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Kiowa warriors used a combination of traditional and nontraditional weapons, including long lances, bows and arrows, tomahawks, knives, and war clubs, as well as the later acquired rifles, shotguns, revolvers, and cavalry swords. Shields were made from tough bison hide stretched over a wooden frame,
1707:
Documentation of the history and development of contemporary Kiowa art formulates one of the most unusual records in Native
American culture. As early as 1891, Kiowa artists were being commissioned to produce works for display at international expositions. The "Kiowa Six" were some of the earliest
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In closing years of the 18th century and in the first quarter of the 19th century, the Kiowa feared little from
European neighbors. Kiowa ranged north of the Wichita Mountains. The Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast expanse of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. The enemies of
1423:
In
September 1872, Guipago met with Satanta and Ado-ete, the visit being one of Guipago's conditions for accepting a request to travel to Washington and meet President Grant for peace talks. Guipago eventually got the two captives released in September 1873. Guipago, Satanta, Set-imkia, Zepko-ete,
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Hunting bison became far easier after the Kiowa acquired horses. Bison were hunted on horseback and the men used bows and arrows to take them down, as well as long lances to pierce the hearts of the animals. The women prepared bison meat in a variety of ways: roasted, boiled, and dried. Dried meat
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The reservation period lasted from 1868 to 1906. In 1873, the first school among the Kiowa was established by Quaker Thomas C. Battey. In 1877, the federal government built the first homes for the Indian chiefs and initiated a plan to employ
Indians. 30 Indians were hired to form the first police
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The women gain prestige through the achievements of their husbands, sons, and fathers, or through their own achievements in the arts. Kiowa women tanned, skin-sewed, painted geometric designs on parfleche and later beaded and quilled hides. The Kiowa women took care of the camp while the men were
762:
The Kiowa had a well structured tribal government like most tribes on the Northern Plains. They had a yearly Sun Dance gathering and an elected head-chief who was considered to be a symbolic leader of the entire nation. Warrior societies and religious societies were important to Kiowa society and
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The introduction of the horse to Kiowa society revolutionized their way of life. They acquired horses by raiding rancheros south of the Rio Grande into Mexico, as well as by raiding other Indian peoples who already had horses, such as the Navajo and the various Pueblo people. With the horse, they
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signed by 456 adult male Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa Apache on Sept. 28, 1892, cleared the way for the opening of the country to white settlers. The agreement provided for an allotment of 160 acres (65 ha) to every individual in the tribes and for the sale of the reservation lands (2,488,893
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In summer 1833, the Osage attacked an exposed Kiowa camp near Head Mountain, Oklahoma. The Kiowa lost many aged people, children and women. The heads were cut off and placed in kettles. During this "Cut-Throat Massacre", the Osage captured the sacred Tai-me (the Sun Dance figure of the Kiowa) as
1565:
In the early 19th, the Cheyenne and Arapaho began camping on the Arkansas River and new warfare broke out. In the south of the Kiowa and Comanche were Caddoan speakers, but the Kiowa and Comanche were friendly toward these bands. The Comanche were at war with the Apache of the Rio Grande region.
1180:
Like other Plains Indians, the Kiowa had specific warrior societies. Young men who proved their bravery, skill, or displayed their worth in battle were often invited to one of the warrior societies. In addition to warfare, the societies worked to keep peace within the camps and tribe as a whole.
2719:
Davis, Jeffrey. 2006. "A historical linguistic account of sign language among North American Indian groups." In Multilingualism and Sign Languages: From the Great Plains to Australia; Sociolinguistics of the Deaf community, C. Lucas (ed.), Vol. 12, pp. 3â35. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University
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As of 2000, more than 4,000 of 12,500 enrolled Kiowa lived near the towns of Anadarko, Fort Cobb, and Carnegie, in Caddo and Kiowa counties, Oklahoma. Kiowa also reside in urban and suburban communities throughout the United States, having moved to areas with more jobs. Each year Kiowa veterans
1248:
In Kiowa tradition, death had strong associations with dark spirits and negative forces, which meant that the death of an individual was seen as a traumatic experience. Fear of ghosts in Kiowa communities stemmed from the belief that spirits commonly resisted the end of their physical life. The
1065:
Typical of the Plains Indians during the horse culture era, the Kiowa were a warrior people. They fought frequently with enemies, both neighboring and far beyond their territory. The Kiowa were notable for their long-distance raids extending south into Mexico and north onto the Northern Plains.
753:
for ritual and spiritual purposes, such as good fortune and protection during battle. Kiowa horses were also often decorated with beaded masks (sometimes with bison horns attached to the sides) and feathers in their manes. Mules and donkeys were also used as means of transportation and wealth;
744:
Before the introduction of the horse to North America, the Kiowa and other plains peoples used domestic dogs to carry and pull their belongings. Tipis and belongings, as well as small children, were carried on travois, a frame structure using the tipi poles and pulled by dogs and later horses.
374:
is expressed by holding two straight fingers near the lower outside edge of the right eye and moving these fingers back past the ear. This corresponded to the ancient Kiowa hairstyle cut horizontally from the lower outside edge of the eyes to the back of their ears. This was a practical way to
276:
language family, is in danger of extinction, with only 20 speakers as of 2012.However the Kiowa do have a Kiowa Language Department in 2024The University of Tulsa, the University of Oklahoma in Norman, and the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma in Chickasha offer Kiowa language classes
1420:. They were arrested by United States soldiers and transported to Jacksboro, Texas. En route, near Fort Sill, Indian Territory, Satank killed a soldier with a knife and was shot by cavalry troops while trying to escape. Satanta and Big Tree were later convicted of murder by a "cowboy jury".
1542:
party while both were visiting the home of a mutual friend of both tribes. This led to a later meeting between Guikate and the head chief of the Nokoni Comanche. The two groups made an alliance to share the same hunting grounds and entered into a mutual defense pact and became the dominant
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commemorate the warlike spirit of the 19th-century leaders with dances performed by the Kiowa Gourd Clan and Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Society. Kiowa cultural identity and pride is apparent in their expressive culture and strong influence on the Gourd Dance and Southern Plains art.
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They were forced to move south of the Washita River to the Red River and Western Oklahoma with the Comanches and the Kiowa Apache Tribe. The transition from the free life of Plains people to a restricted life of the reservation was more difficult for some families than others.
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bands, with some Comanche in their company, held out in northern Mexico until the early 1880s, when Mexican and U.S. Army forces drove them onto reservations or into extinction. By the Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867, the Kiowas settled in Western Oklahoma and Kansas.
1403:
Dohasan, who is also known as Touhason, is considered by many to be the greatest Kiowa Chief (1805â1866), as he unified and ruled the Kiowa for 30 years. He signed several treaties with the United States, including the Fort Atkinson Treaty of July 27, 1852, and the
1547:(Kiowa-Apache), with the two nations sharing much of the same culture and participating in each other's annual council meetings and events. The strong alliance of southern plains nations kept the Spanish from gaining a strong colonial hold on the southern plains.
700:
people, living on the western edge of the great plains. Prior to acquiring metal pots from Europeans, Kiowa cooked boiled meat and vegetables through a process of lining a pit in the earth with animal hides, filling that with water, and adding fire-heated rocks.
635:
or buffalo. Before the introduction of horses, the Plains tribes hunted bison on foot. Hunting required the hunter to get as close as possible to the target before shooting with arrows or using the long lance. Occasionally, they wore the skins of wolves or
1750:, who was a prolific artist who chronicled his experiences before and after becoming a captive at the fort. After his release from Fort Marion, Paul Zom-tiam (Zonetime, Koba) studied theology from 1878 until 1881, when he was ordained as a deacon in the
1408:
of 1865. Guipago became the head chief of the Kiowa when Dohosan (Little Bluff) named him as his successor. Guipago and Satanta, along with old Satank, led the warring faction of the Kiowa nation, while Tene-angopte and Napawat led the peaceful party.
671:
Within Kiowa society, men did most of the hunting. Women were responsible for gathering wild edibles such as berries, tubers, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and wild fruit but could choose to hunt if they wanted to. Plants important to Kiowa cuisine include
1955:
that historically were accompanied by dance or played on the flute. Noted Kiowa composers of contemporary music include James Anquoe, noted for his contributions to Native American culture. Contemporary Kiowa musicians include Cornel Pewewardy,
557:
after acquiring horses from Spanish rancherias south of the Rio Grande, the Kiowa revolutionized their lifeways. They had much larger ranges for their seasonal hunting, and horses could carry some of their camping goods. The Kiowa and
1475:
630:
The Kiowa historically had a nomadic hunter-gatherer society. They shared a similar cuisine with their neighboring Plains tribes, such as the Comanche. The most important food source for the Kiowa and fellow plains nations was the
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in Texas, which proved futile. In 1877, the first homes were constructed for the Indian chiefs and a plan was initiated to employ Indians at the Agency. Thirty Indians were hired to form the first police force on the Reservation.
974:
had the traditional right (duty or task) to supply the Kiowa during the Sun Dance with enough bison meat and other foods. This band was particularly wealthy in horses, tipis and other goods. The famous Principal Kiowa chiefs
721:. Tipis were made from bison hides shaped and sewn together in a conical shape. Wooden poles called lodge poles from 12â25 feet (3.7â7.6 m) in length are used as support for the lodge. Lodge poles are harvested from
1814:. Lois Smoky left the group in 1927, but James Auchiah took her place in the group. The Kiowa Six gained international recognition as fine artists by exhibiting their work in the 1928 International Art Congress in
1683:, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes retain their sovereign immunity as nations from private lawsuits without their consent, even in off-reservation transactions where they do not waive that immunity.
1611:
The years from 1873 to 1878 marked a drastic change in Kiowa lifestyle. In June 1874, the Kiowa, along with a group of Comanche and Cheyenne warriors, made their last protest against the European invaders at the
1646:
force on the reservation. In 1879, the agency was moved from Ft. Sill to Anadarko. The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache.
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were responsible for conducting the war ceremonies during the Sun Dance. There were numerous famous families and leaders known for their military exploits and bravery, such as Ad-da-te ("Islandman"),
4959:
1543:
inhabitants of the Southern Plains. From that time on, the Comanche and Kiowa hunted, traveled, and made war together. In addition to the Comanche, the Kiowa formed a very close alliance with the
333:
Ancient names of the tribe were KĂștjĂ u or Kwu-da ("emerging" or "coming out rapidly") and Tep-da , relating to the tribal origin narrative of a creator pulling people out of a hollow log until a
4152:
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or they were made from the skull of bison, which made a small, strong shield. Shields and weapons were adorned with feathers, furs, and animal parts, such as eagle claws for ceremonial purposes.
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1882:, Nettie Standing, Marilyn Yeahquo, Edna Hokeah Pauahty, Leona Geimasaddle, Barry D. Belindo, Kathy Littlechief, Katherine Dickerson, Charlie Silverhorn, Paul McDaniels Jr., Eugenia McDaniels,
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After the death of the high chief DohÀsan in 1866, the Kiowa split politically into a peace faction and a war faction. War-bands and peace-bands developed primarily based on their proximity to
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On March 13, 1970, the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma drafted its constitution and bylaws, and Kiowa voters ratified them on May 23, 1970. The current constitution was approved in 2017.
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Meadows, William C. and Kenny Harragarra (2007 )"The Kiowa Drawings of Gotebo (1847â1927): A Self Portrait of Cultural and Religious Transition." Plains Anthropologist 52(202):229â244.
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1862:. Micah Wesley. Thomas Poolaw, Tennyson Reid, Sherman Chaddlesone (1947â2013), Cruz McDaniels, II (1950-2020), Robert Redbird (b. 1939), Gus Hawziptaw, Gerald Darby, Lee Tsatoke Jr.,
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The Kiowa calendar system is unique: they recorded two events each year, offering a finer-grained record and twice as many entries for any given period. Silver Horn (1860â1940), or
1185:(Qkoie-Tsain-Gah, Principal Dogs or Real Dogs) consisted of the ten most elite warriors of all the Kiowa who were elected by the members of the other four adult warrior societies.
493:
The Kiowa tribe issues its own vehicle tags. As of 2011, the tribe owns one smoke shop, the Morningstar Steakhouse and Grill, Morningstar Buffet, The Winner's Circle restaurant in
1673:
Since 1968, the Kiowa have been governed by the Kiowa Tribal Council, which presides over business related to health, education, and economic and industrial development programs.
1498:
The Kiowa emerged as a distinct people in their original homeland of the northern Missouri River Basin. Searching for more lands of their own, the Kiowa traveled southeast to the
767:
away. They gathered and prepared food for winter months, and participated in key ritual events. Kiowa men lived in the families of their wives' extended families. Local groups (
412:
Kiowa /ËkaÉȘ.ÉwÉ/ or CĂĄuijáč̱gĂ / [GĂĄui[dĂČ̱:gyĂ ("language of the CĂĄuigĂč (Kiowa)") is a Tanoan language spoken by Kiowa people, primarily in Caddo, Kiowa, and Comanche counties.
1581:
well. The Kiowa were unable to perform the Sun Dance until the return of the Tai-me in 1835. Dohasan replaced the old Kiowa chief, since he had failed to anticipate danger.
1511:
history, the Kiowa traveled with dogs pulling their belongings until horses were obtained through trade and raid with the Spanish and other Indian nations in the southwest.
359:/ËkaÉȘ.oÊ.wÉ/, KI-o-wÉ /Ëki.oÊ.wÉ/ is considered improper. The English name derives from how the Comanches would say /kÉÌjâgÊ·Ăș/ in their language. Some older Kiowas will say
713:
Four Kiowa tipis with designs, 1904. Top L to R, bison herd and pipe-smoking deer; porcupines; bottom, L to R: arms and legs with pipes and lizard; mythical water monsters.
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From 1821 until 1870, the Kiowa joined the Comanche in raids, primarily to obtain livestock, that extended deep into Mexico and caused the death of thousands of people.
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323:
In the Kiowa language, Kiowa call themselves , spelled variously as CĂĄuigĂș, Ka'igwu, GĂĄuigĂș, or Gaigwu, most given with the speculated meaning "Principal People."
1584:
The Kiowa traded with the Wichita south along Red River and with Mescalero Apache and New Mexicans to the southwest. After 1840, they and their former enemies the
1240:
was the most highly esteemed artist of the Kiowa tribe in the 19th and 20th centuries. He kept a calendar and was a respected religious leader in his later years.
1858:(1938â2009), Clifford Doyeto (1942â2010), Al Momaday, George Keahbone, Joe Lucero (Hobay), Ladonna Tsatoke Silverhorn, R.G. Geionty, Huzo Paddelty, Keri Ataumbi,
246:
in the 17th and 18th centuries, and eventually into the Southern Plains by the early 19th century. In 1867, the Kiowa were moved to a reservation in southwestern
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as its tribal college. In March Kiowa Tribal Historian Phil âJoe Fishâ Dupoint began offering an 8-week course in the Kiowa language online through the college.
1761:
A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow battle in 1874, a fight between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War.
664:, and bears. During times of scarce game, the Kiowa would eat small animals such as lizards, waterfowl, skunks, snakes, and armadillos. They raided ranches for
532:, where both maternal and paternal lines are significant. They do not have clans but have a complex kinship-based system and societies based on age and gender.
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2710:
A Guide to the Kiowa Collections at the Smithsonian Institution by Merrill, Hansson, Greene and Reuss, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 1997.
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5351:
5341:
4553:
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Meadows, William C. (2006) "Black Goose's Map of the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Reservation in Oklahoma Territory." Great Plains Quarterly 26(4):265â282.
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1980:(1906â1984) was one of the most prolific Native American photographers of his generation. He documented the Kiowa people living near his community in
1995:
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326:
The first part of the name is the element (spelled Kae-, CĂĄui-, GĂĄui-, or Gai-) which simply means 'Kiowa'. Its origin is lost. The second element
4088:
1330:
4546:
3167:
859:â 'Wild Mustang People', with which they were living in close proximity during the last resistance to white settlement on the Southern Plains).
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during times of travel. Hide paintings often adorn the outside and inside of the tipis, with special meanings attached to certain designs.
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1455:, is reported to have said that Chief Big Tree (Adoeette) was one of his models for the U.S. coin; it was minted from 1913 through 1938.
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1984:, beginning the 1920s. His legacy is continued today by his grandson, Thomas Poolaw, a prominent Kiowa photographer and digital artist.
1341:
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1506:, with whom they long maintained a close friendship, organized themselves into 10 bands, and numbered around 3000. Pressure from the
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1522:, on the central and southern great plains in western Kansas, eastern Colorado, most of Oklahoma including the panhandle, and the
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2012:
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The Cheyenne and Arapaho later made peace with the Kiowa. Together, they formed a powerful alliance with the Comanche and the
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were often called "Sun Dance Shields", because during the dance, they observed police duties and ensured security. The chief
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Red sandstone cliffs in the Black Hills Wyoming, former Kiowa territory which remains a sacred area to them in modern times.
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3156:, Funeral Pro Chat, 2015, www.myasd.com/blog/article-toby-blackstar-discusses-funeral-customs-native-american-communities.
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3989:
Meadows, William C. (2010) "Kiowa Military Societies: Ethnohistory and Ritual." Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
3383:
The Kiowa, U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Southern Plains Indian Museum and Crafts Center
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in present-day South Dakota and Wyoming around 1650. In the Black Hills region, the Kiowa lived peacefully alongside the
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1613:
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As the pressure on Kiowa lands increased in the 1850s, the regional divisions changed. A new regional grouping emerged:
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and horses to eat during difficult times. They also acquired horses for traveling, hunting, and fighting their enemies.
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4217:
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3619:
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1891:
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871:â 'At Medicine Bluff', lit. 'Rock Cliff Medicine At Soldiers Collective They Are') and their degree of interaction.
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5229:
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Meadows, William C. (1999) "Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Military Societies." Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
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to make garlands or wreaths for old men to wear around their heads during ceremonial dances as a symbol of health.
443:
254:
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1219:, who was the principal chief of the tribe from 1833 to 1866. Mooney also worked with two other calendar keepers,
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4232:
2581:
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4347:
2556:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
419:. Originally a trade language, it became a language in its own right that remained in use across North America.
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4357:
4312:
467:
459:
3808:
3712:
3295:
615:
3224:"The Kiowa odyssey: Evidence of historical relationships among Pueblo, Fremont, and Northwest Plains peoples"
1562:
the Kiowa were usually the enemies of the Comanche. To the east there was warfare with the Osage and Pawnee.
851:('Wild Mustang Kiowa' or 'GĂșhĂ lÄ Kiowa', they were named for the large mustang herds in the territory of the
5208:
5192:
4988:
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2839:
2003:
1981:
1973:
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1534:. The close relationship of the two tribes began in the early spring of 1790 at the place that would become
1478:
The Southern Plains territory of the Kiowa Nation at the time of European contact (see text for migrations).
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Ledger drawing depicting a meeting between a KiowaâComanche war party and a Pawnee war party (right side).
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that contained camping goods for short moves. The Kiowa tended to stay in areas for long periods of time.
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immediately filed proceedings against the act in the Supreme Court, but the Court decided against him in
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During the Sun Dance, some bands had special obligations. These were traditionally defined as follows:
591:
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As of 2022, the Kiowa Tribal Chairman is Lawrence SpottedBird, and the Vice-Chairman is Jacob Tsotigh.
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were allowed to participate equally, but had no specific duties and obligations during the Sun Dance.
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U.S. Department of the Interior (1974). "The Kiowa". Southern Plains Indian Museum and Crafts Center.
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Meadows, William C. (2013) Kiowa Ethnonymy of Other Populations. Plains Anthropologist, 58(226):3â28.
3263:
3143:, Every Culture, 2010, www.everyculture.com/North-America/Kiowa-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html.
2183:
1831:
1739:
1721:
1556:
1462:
1413:
1345:
991:
722:
685:
517:
4100:
3126:
Opler, Morris E., and William E. Bittle. "The Death Practices and Eschatology of the Kiowa Apache".
1937:
1838:, Wilson Daingkau, George Geionty, Bobby Hill (1933â1984), Harding Bigbow (1921â1997), Jim Tartsah,
1830:
Besides the Kiowa Six and Silver Horn, Kiowa painters active in the 20th and 21st centuries include
1021:(Tai-mé, Taimay) and the holy lance. Therefore, they were respected and enjoyed a special prestige.
1003:
415:
Additionally, Kiowa were one of the numerous nations across the U.S., Canada, and Mexico that spoke
5272:
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1875:
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1603:
1425:
1334:
1115:
1057:
2610:
794:
The Kiowa had two political subdivisions (particularly with regard to their relationship with the
5298:
5044:
4886:
4447:
4427:
4337:
3933:
3890:
Warrior Artists: Historic Cheyenne and Kiowa Indian Ledger Art Drawn By Making Medicine and Zotom
2394:
2358:
2243:
2071:
1957:
1920:
1839:
1803:
1448:
1143:
1111:
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579:
528:
Originally from the Northern Plains and migrating to the Southern Plains, Kiowa society follows
505:
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439:
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262:
603:
2674:
1381:
1377:
1327:
For the earliest recorded â and recounted â history of the Kiowa, see further below.
740:
Ledger drawing of Kiowas engaging in horse mounted warfare with traditional enemy forces, 1875.
4855:
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3183:
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2425:
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2093:
1859:
1273:
language family, the Kiowa at some distant time likely shared an ethnic origin with the other
1169:
to fight invading white settlers and U.S. soldiers, as well as Mexicans and the Mexican Army.
1123:
529:
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1911:
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509:
273:
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108:
2673:(First paperback ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p.
1842:(1947â1990), Herman Toppah, Ernie Keahbone, C. E. Rowell, Dixon Palmer, Roland Whitehorse,
1747:
1620:
The Kiowa agreed to settle on a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. Some bands of Kiowas
1569:
809:("Northerners", lit. 'Men of the Cold' or 'Cold People', 'northern Kiowa', lived along the
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2319:
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2144:
1969:
1933:
1879:
1843:
1819:
1700:
1527:
1436:. Tene-angopte, damned by the "medicine-man" Mamanti, died in May 1875; Satanta committed
1365:
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1155:
1095:
1067:
1018:
999:
832:
709:
563:
513:
494:
406:
402:
4045:
Law & Status Among the Kiowa Indians (American Ethnological Society Monographs; No 1)
3986:
Meadows, William C. (2008) "Kiowa Ethnogeography." Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
1297:
societies of the others. The Kiowa also had a complex ceremonial life and developed the '
905:
and some families have had Arikara kin; this is the most powerful and largest Kiowa band)
4106:
3093:
1482:
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to the north and west of Kiowa territory. East of Kiowa territory, they fought with the
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5130:
4816:
4778:
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4748:
4527:
4482:
4477:
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4372:
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3417:
2865:"Fighting Infectious Enemies: Innovative Thinking to Tackle Modern Day Health Problems"
2628:
Smithsonian Institution. 17th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Part I
2506:
2325:
2267:
2162:
2114:
2067:
1940:, Alyce Sadongei, Marian Kaulaity Hansson, Tocakut, Russell Bates, and Tristan Ahtone.
1925:
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824:
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665:
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388:
307:
269:
112:
2864:
2458:
1126:(whom the Kiowa called the Doâ-koânsenĂ€âgo, "People of the turned-up moccasins"), and
5320:
5001:
4896:
4650:
4352:
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2129:
1977:
1972:
and his wife Nettie Odlety, whose photographs from 1913 are in the collection of the
1899:
1847:
1783:
1738:, which also is known as the Southern Plains Indian War. Ledger art emerges from the
1735:
1544:
1298:
1286:
1278:
1166:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1014:
697:
657:
623:
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479:
376:
83:
1061:
Ledger drawings by Silver Horn featuring a collection of Kiowa shield designs, 1904.
5135:
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1929:
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1369:
1320:
1270:
1212:
1206:
1091:
995:
946:
784:
750:
136:
3407:
The Kiowa by U.S. Department of the Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994.
3242:
2754:
2652:
Catlin, George. 1861/1869. "Four Kiowa Indians." National Gallery of Art. Online,
1316:
688:, acorns, plums, and wild onions. They acquired cultivated crops, such as squash,
375:
prevent their hair from getting tangled while shooting an arrow from a bowstring.
3761:
Visions for the Future: A Celebration of Young Native American Artists, Volume 1.
3656:
3581:
2792:
2419:
5177:
5085:
5016:
4972:
3329:
2388:
2377:
2307:
2189:
2038:
1948:
1787:
1727:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1393:
1306:
661:
345:
4060:
Crafting an Indigenous Nation: Kiowa Expressive Culture in the Progressive Era.
2769:
49:
5277:
5125:
4660:
4267:
3641:
The Kiowa by U.S. Department of Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994.
2821:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 51.
2108:
1775:
1717:
1531:
1353:
1274:
1192:
1099:
1079:
1066:
Almost all warfare took place on horseback. The Kiowa''s enemies included the
976:
3537:
2888:
2171:(c.1785â1866), chief of Kata band and Principal Chief of the Kiowas, artist,
397:
language family. The relationship was first proposed by Smithsonian linguist
5095:
5090:
5080:
4865:
3928:
3560:
3448:"Constitution and Bylaws of the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma,, March 1970"
2382:
2329:
2316:(Set-Tank, Set-Angia, called Satank) (c.1800â1871), warrior and medicine man
2271:
2214:
2193:
2133:
2124:
1771:
1726:
Early Kiowa ledger artists were those held in captivity by the U.S. Army at
1629:
1577:
They warred with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, Pawnee, Sac and Fox, and Osages.
1373:
1364:(Gui-pah-gho, Lone Wolf The Elder, alias Guibayhawgu, Rescued From Wolves),
1356:(Tauhawsin, Over-Hanging Butte, alias Little Mountain, alias Little Bluff);
1182:
1159:
1119:
1052:
879:
875:
864:
653:
596:
547:
427:
334:
132:
17:
4070:
In the Courts of the Conqueror: The 10 Worst Indian Law Cases Ever Decided
3515:
3032:
2501:
1592:, fought and raided the Eastern natives moving into the Indian Territory.
1428:, while Guipago, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte, and others were sent to
431:
J.T. Goombi, former Kiowa tribal chairman and first vice-president of the
4996:
4635:
4581:
4571:
4237:
4172:
4163:
4125:
3735:"Renowned Kiowa Tribal member to teach language course at Bacone College"
3130:, vol. 17, no. 4, 1961, pp. 383â394., doi:10.1086/soutjanth.17.4.3628949.
2944:, by U.S. Department of the Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994
2231:
2020:
1807:
1585:
1539:
1515:
1147:
795:
681:
645:
539:
247:
243:
226:
95:
2826:
1233:. Other Plains tribes kept pictorial records, known as "winter counts".
348:", before they met Southern Plains tribes or before they met white men.
5011:
5006:
4980:
4625:
4362:
3833:
2294:
2225:
2168:
2102:
1757:
1538:, a Kiowa party led by war leader Guikate, made an offer of peace to a
1474:
1441:
1437:
1397:
1389:
1361:
1151:
1127:
980:
902:
730:
693:
677:
637:
543:
239:
4502:
4332:
1589:
1507:
1357:
673:
3180:
10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-27
2928:
Dick Swift, "Introduction to the Study of North American Indians",
1573:
Cut-Throat Massacre, 1833. A picture from the Dohasan winter count.
1215:
that the first calendar keeper in their tribe was Little Bluff, or
813:
and the Kansas border, comprising the more numerous northern bands)
4207:
2730:
1602:
1568:
1489:
1481:
1340:
1329:
1315:
1310:
1260:
1191:
1171:
1103:
1056:
823:("Southerners", lit. 'Hot People', 'southern Kiowa', lived in the
735:
708:
696:, by trading with and raiding various Indian peoples, such as the
689:
614:
602:
590:
2264:(1934â2024), Pulitzer Prize Winner, author, painter, and activist
2201:(1931â2010), women's and Native rights administrator and activist
1952:
1440:
at Huntsville in October 1878. Guipago, having fallen sick with
1282:
1196:
Calendar of 37 months, 1889â92, kept on a skin by Anko, ca. 1895
718:
535:
342:
4941:
4542:
4134:
1932:) was a published poet. Other Kiowa authors include playwright
1289:, and others. By historic times, however, the Kiowa lived in a
1130:. The Kiowa also clashed with American Indian nations from the
3856:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
3286:"Betty Nixon dies; helped found Mid-America All-Indian Center"
649:
608:
341:(KĂČmfĂ ubĂźÌ±dĂ u) (tipi flap+bigâplural) for "people with large
4082:
3654:
Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Online preview at
2626:
Mooney, James (1898): Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians.
2611:
Kiowa Tribe Kiowa Language Department retrieved 8 August 2024
1494:
Southern plains of the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle.
1309:. They knew that they were driven south by pressure from the
183:
3516:"Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc"
1834:, Homer Buffalo, Charley Oheltoint, Michael C. Satoe Brown,
1416:(translated in some documents as Addo-etta) helped lead the
1301:' as calendars. The Kiowa recount their origins as near the
3826:
American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas.
1681:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
945:('Stealers' or 'Thieves', Kiowa name for their allies, the
238:
of the United States. They migrated southward from western
195:
171:
165:
159:
3652:
Horace Poolaw, Photographer of American Indian Modernity.
855:
of the Comanche, this Comanche Band was known to them as
3658:
Horace Poolaw: Photographer of American Indian Modernity
3350:
Kiowa Voices. Ceremonial Dance, Ritual and Song. Part I.
2459:
2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.
4917:
List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado
3315:"Which Indian Really Modeled?" by Robert R. Van Ryzin,
2554:
Bureau of Indian Affairs, Interior. (28 January 2022).
438:
The Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in
574:
drainage of the Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma.
3715:. Bacone College, February 20, 2020. 20 February 2020
3713:"Kiowa Tribe becomes fifth to charter Bacone College"
3582:
Jacobson House Native Art Center: About the Kiowa Six
2213:(1907â1981), beadwork artist and painter, one of the
901:, because they had a strong trading history with the
204:
192:
189:
180:
177:
168:
156:
4062:
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
3764:
Boulder, CO: Native American Rights Fund, 2007: 82.
3474:"Kiowa Indian Tribe of OklahomaâTribal Constitution"
1742:
tradition. These Fort Marion artists include Kiowas
570:
in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas and the
5265:
5222:
5201:
5170:
5154:
5118:
5073:
5037:
5030:
4987:
4909:
4874:
4825:
4787:
4739:
4730:
4690:
4669:
4618:
4609:
4588:
4386:
4179:
3828:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968.
3418:"Frontier Forts > The Passing of the Indian Era"
2930:
A History and Culture of the Southern Plains Tribes
2424:. University of Arizona Press: Tucson. p. 62.
717:The main form of shelter used by the Kiowa was the
313:
303:
295:
287:
153:
122:
102:
69:
59:
3947:Fort Worth, TX: Texas Christian University Press.
3361:Kiowa History by Evans R. Satepauhoodle, TU, 2004
2924:
2922:
2916:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. 89.
2817:Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939,
2391:, 1901 Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache grazing reserve
2207:(b. 1952), bead artist, clothing and regalia maker
1703:, and Josephine Parker, Kiowa, with their beadwork
1444:, was jailed in Fort Sill, where he died in 1879.
1229:(In the Middle of Many Tracks), commonly known as
504:The tribe owns three casinos, the Kiowa Casino in
4032:Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
3969:. Boulder, CO: The University Press of Colorado.
3960:The Kiowa Indians, their history and life stories
3810:Kiowa Voices: Ceremonial Dance, Ritual, and Song.
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
2697:McKenzie, Parker P. and John P. Harrington. 1948
2582:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
5337:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
5295:History of Native Americans in the United States
3613:Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder, Tahnee (Fall 2017).
2541:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
2097:Micah Wesley, 2008, enrolled Kiowa artist and DJ
595:Ledger drawing of mounted Kiowa hunters hunting
2976:"Kiowa Ethnohistory and Historical Ethnography"
1774:, or, as they have been known in the past, the
1588:, as well as their allies the Comanche and the
640:to hide their approach toward the bison herds.
3843:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
3813:Fort Worth: Texas Christian University, 1981.
3370:Smith, Ralph A. "The Comanches' Foreign War."
1770:Following in Silver Horn's footsteps were the
512:, and the Kiowa Casino and Hotel Red River in
27:Nation of American Indians of the Great Plains
4953:
4554:
4146:
4015:Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill
3841:Silver Horn: Master Illustrator of the Kiowas
3737:. Bacone College, March 3, 2020. 3 March 2020
3403:
3401:
3115:One Hundred Summers: A Kiowa Calendar Record.
2701:Santa Fe, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
2622:
2620:
2618:
620:Elk and Buffalo Grazing among Prairie Flowers
478:. Enrollment in the tribe requires a minimum
8:
4017:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
3795:8 November 2007 (retrieved 25 February 2010)
3782:"Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup"
3391:
3389:
3207:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
3117:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
2367:(1947â2013), muralist, sculptor, and painter
1352:Following A'date, famous Kiowa leaders were
401:in 1910 and was definitively established by
379:painted Kiowa warriors with this hairstyle.
40:
3945:Kiowa Voices: Myths, Legends and Folktales.
3222:Ortman, Scott G.; McNeil, Lynda D. (2018).
3172:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
3139:"Kiowa - Religion and Expressive Culture".
2228:(Lone Wolf ) (c.1820â1879) Principal Chief
963:('Under-the-Sun-Men') (smallest Kiowa band)
330:(or in older Kiowa) is a plural marker.
265:. As of 2011, there were 12,000 members.
162:
5214:Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion
5034:
4960:
4946:
4938:
4736:
4615:
4561:
4547:
4539:
4153:
4139:
4131:
3437:B.R. Kracht by Oklahoma Historical Society
3433:
3431:
1665:Agents were assigned to the Kiowa people.
599:antelope with bows and lance, c.1875â1877.
48:
39:
5193:Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876)
4000:Rank and Warfare Among The Plains Indians
3967:The Kiowas and the Legend of Kicking Bird
3870:Rollings, William H; Deer, Ada E (2004).
3279:
3277:
337:got stuck. Later, they called themselves
5246:United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians
2914:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians
2819:The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians
2699:A Popular Account of the Kiowa Language.
2413:
2411:
2409:
2252:(1897â1999), traditionalist and linguist
2092:
2081:
1756:
1694:
1473:
1457:
426:
3858:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
2405:
2310:(1860â1940), artist and calendar keeper
2234:(Mama'nte) (c. 1835â1875), medicine man
1991:
1277:nations of this small language family:
3200:
3059:"Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Society"
2643:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2349:(b. 1978), curator, artist, and dancer
2222:(Tene-angop'te) (1835â1875), war chief
1734:(1875â1878), at the conclusion of the
393:The Kiowa language is a member of the
284:
225:
4922:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado
3700:American Indian Journalism Institute.
3057:Attocknie, Dana (November 11, 2010).
2863:Janik-Marusov, Laura L. (2010â2012).
2669:The Languages of Native North America
2530:
2528:
2526:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2285:(1922â1967), Native American war hero
2165:(1944â1988), Kiowa-Comanche guitarist
2141:(Zepkoâette) (1833âc.1900), war chief
2066:The tribe in February 2020 chartered
1874:Noted Kiowa beadwork artists include
1679:In 1998, in the landmark decision of
1514:Eventually the Kiowa shared with the
1114:. To the south, they fought with the
433:National Congress of American Indians
236:Indigenous people of the Great Plains
7:
4097:, National Museum of Natural History
3264:"TSHA | Warren Wagontrain Raid"
3128:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
754:however, they were not as esteemed.
70:Regions with significant populations
2469:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
2105:(Big Tree) (c.1850â1929), war chief
1036:(Manyi-ten) belonged to this band.
949:, during the Sun Dance also called
516:(approximately 20 minutes north of
5352:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
5342:Native American tribes in Colorado
4468:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
4126:Kiowa Comanche Apache Indian Lands
4113:Jane Richardson Hanks Kiowa Papers
3661:. U of Nebraska Press. June 2016.
2355:(b. 1997), professional NBA player
1968:Early Kiowa photographers include
1211:The Kiowa people told ethnologist
25:
4103:, Oklahoma Digital Map Collection
3592:Jacobson House Native Art Center.
2965:, Kiowa Homeland, pages 122 â 123
2343:, U.S. professional soccer player
2270:(1898â1974), painter, one of the
2240:(Lone Wolf ) (c. 1843â1923) chief
2186:(b. 1945), painter, ledger artist
2147:(1921â1980), painter and sculptor
2117:(1953â2022), bead artist and poet
1470:Early history and migration south
957:Soy-hay-talpupé / Såuhédau-talyóp
779:, which merged to become a band (
5347:Native American tribes in Kansas
4570:
4162:
3004:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
2957:University of Texas Press 2008,
2881:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2010.00966.x
2840:"Buffalo and the Plains Indians"
2047:
2029:
2011:
1994:
1699:Donna Standing Steinberg, Kiowa/
149:
88:
76:
5357:Native American tribes in Texas
4677:Southern Ute Indian Reservation
3892:. National Geographic Society.
3793:University of New Mexico Today.
2932:, Carnegie Public Schools, 1972
2471:2011: 20. Retrieved 4 Jan 2012.
1810:, these artists studied at the
131:, traditional tribal religion,
5240:The Journey Museum and Gardens
4596:Outline of Colorado prehistory
3166:Harbour, Daniel (2017-03-29),
3096:. The Handbook of Texas Online
3063:Oklahoma Native Times Magazine
2487:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2337:(Tsen-tainte) (d. 1892), chief
2322:, professional football player
2159:, drum group and NAMMY winners
1802:. Coming from the area around
935:('Big Shield'), also known as
562:established a homeland in the
259:Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
1:
5188:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
5183:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
4091:, Oklahoma Historical Society
4058:Tone-Pah-Hote, Jenny (2019).
3480:. Native American Rights Fund
3243:10.1080/00320447.2017.1335533
3152:Fowler, Jess. âJess Fowler.â
3033:"The Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma"
2421:Telling Stories the Kiowa Way
2298:
1866:, and Barthell Little Chief.
1818:and then participated in the
1412:In 1871, Satank, Satanta and
1293:economy unlike the sedentary
1138:who were forcibly removed to
953:â 'Sitting (at the) Outside')
783:). These bands were led by a
5257:Republic of Lakotah proposal
3934:Resources in other libraries
3874:. Chelsea House Publishers.
3534:"Southern Plains Indian war"
3374:Vol. 24â25, 1985â1986, p. 21
3284:Tanner, Beccy (2013-02-05).
3141:Countries and Their Cultures
2869:International Studies Review
1712:Ledger art and hide painting
1622:remained at large until 1875
1432:, at what was then known as
705:Transportation and dwellings
242:into the Rocky Mountains in
4989:Historic and present tribes
3756:Native American Rights Fund
3620:First American Art Magazine
3478:National Indian Law Library
3454:. Oklahoma State University
3037:Spottedbird Publishing, LLC
2901:Rollings (2004), pp. 22-28.
2205:Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings
2002:Kiowa parfleche, ca. 1890,
1892:Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings
1649:An agreement made with the
1465:, a Kiowa chief and warrior
1360:(Set-ankea, Sitting Bear),
1047:Enemies and warrior culture
983:were members of this band.
961:Pahy-dome-gaw / PĂĄi-dome-gĂș
929:Kinep / KĂ̱bi̱dau / KĂbĂŹdĂ u
758:Sociopolitical organization
368:Plains Indian Sign Language
5378:
5293:For more information, see
5252:Lakota Nation Invitational
5230:Seizure of the Black Hills
5178:History of the Black Hills
4030:The Way to Rainy Mountain.
4028:Momaday, N. Scott (1977).
4013:Nye, Colonel W.S. (1983).
3694:November 23, 2010, at the
3422:www.texasbeyondhistory.net
2844:World History Encyclopedia
2055:Kiowa ledger art, ca. 1874
1715:
1554:
1368:(Set-tainte, White Bear),
1204:
1050:
1013:were the guardians of the
835:, allies of the Comanche).
611:on horseback, c. 1875â1877
444:tribal jurisdictional area
386:
29:
5291:
4043:Richardson, Jane (1988).
3998:Mishkin, Bernard (1988).
3929:Resources in your library
2775:October 18, 2011, at the
2755:"Kiowa Red River Casino."
2665:Mithun, Marianne (2001).
2655:. Accessed March 1, 2022.
2507:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2291:(d. 1849), traditionalist
2279:(1906â1984), photographer
937:KĂĄugyabĂźÌ±dau / KÄugĂ bĂźdÄu
542:. Dogs were used to pull
270:Kiowa language (CĂĄuijĂČgĂ )
127:
107:
74:
64:
47:
5223:Modern events and places
4698:Battle of Beecher Island
4101:1901 U.S. Government Map
3594:(retrieved 21 July 2020)
3168:"Kiowa-Tanoan Languages"
2797:Kiowa Casino & Hotel
2153:, painter and printmaker
1894:, Leatrice Geimasaddle,
1518:a vast territory called
5209:Great Sioux Reservation
4433:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
3650:Smith, Laura. E. 2016.
3182:(inactive 2024-06-07),
2639:Watkins, Laurel. 1984.
2601:Retrieved 21 June 2012.
2464:April 24, 2012, at the
2385:, Kiowa warrior society
2089:, Kiowa chief, ca. 1907
2004:Oklahoma History Center
1982:Mountain View, Oklahoma
1974:Oklahoma History Center
1951:often is noted for its
1944:Musicians and composers
1418:Warren Wagon Train Raid
1082:, and occasionally the
933:Khe-ate / KĂ̱Ëet / KĂĂšt
874:Kiowa bands within the
497:, and Kiowa Bingo near
54:Three Kiowa men in 1898
5155:Traditional narratives
4882:Cynthia Irwin-Williams
4682:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
4601:Prehistory of Colorado
4169:Native American tribes
3943:Boyd, Maurice (1983).
3888:Viola, Herman (1998).
3702:(retrieved 7 Oct 2010)
3348:Boyd, Maurice (1981):
2731:"Government: Chairman"
2328:, painter, one of the
2192:, painter, one of the
2180:(b. 1970), bead artist
2132:, painter, one of the
2123:, painter, one of the
2098:
2090:
2037:Detail of painting by
1878:, Donna Jean Tsatoke,
1826:Painters and sculptors
1812:University of Oklahoma
1762:
1732:St. Augustine, Florida
1704:
1660:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
1608:
1574:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1466:
1430:St. Augustine, Florida
1406:Little Arkansas Treaty
1349:
1338:
1324:
1266:
1197:
1177:
1146:period, including the
1136:Northeastern Woodlands
1062:
979:(Little Mountain) and
853:Kwahadi (Quohada) Band
741:
714:
627:
612:
600:
435:
363:as KI-wah /ËkaÉȘ.wÉË/.
129:Native American Church
32:Kiowa (disambiguation)
4927:Trail of the Ancients
3787:July 3, 2012, at the
3689:"Urban 5 Show at USD"
3561:"About the Kiowa Six"
3372:Great Plains Journal.
3231:Plains Anthropologist
2955:Kiowa Ethnogeography,
2782:Retrieved 4 Jan 2011.
2760:Retrieved 4 Jan 2011.
2246:, musician and dancer
2096:
2085:
1976:. Kiowa photographer
1960:, and Terry Tsotigh.
1936:, poet and filmmaker
1760:
1716:Further information:
1698:
1656:Lone Wolf the Younger
1614:Battle of Adobe Walls
1606:
1572:
1536:Las Vegas, New Mexico
1493:
1485:
1477:
1461:
1344:
1333:
1319:
1264:
1205:Further information:
1195:
1175:
1060:
998:, and the war chiefs
939:('Big Hides / Robes')
739:
712:
618:
606:
594:
430:
261:with headquarters in
5283:Charmaine White Face
5235:Crazy Horse Memorial
4875:Noted archaeologists
4846:Dismal River culture
4807:Mount Albion complex
4610:Contemporary peoples
4463:Mescalero-Chiricahua
4218:Cheyenne and Arapaho
3958:Corwin, Hugh (1958).
3092:Mayhall, Mildred P.
2953:William C. Meadows:
2793:"About Kiowa Casino"
2535:Kracht, Benjamin R.
2418:Palmer, Gus (2003).
2361:(1947â1990), painter
2184:Sharron Ahtone Harjo
1832:Sharron Ahtone Harjo
1740:Plains hide painting
1722:Plains hide painting
1557:Comanche-Mexico Wars
1447:The sculptor of the
992:Satanta (White Bear)
807:ThĂłqĂ hyĂČp /ThĂłqĂ hyĂČi
622:1846â48, painted by
518:Wichita Falls, Texas
489:Economic development
482:of ΠKiowa descent.
255:federally recognized
30:For other uses, see
5273:Charlotte Black Elk
5141:Inyan Kara Mountain
4892:Waldo Rudolph Wedel
4836:Ancestral Puebloans
4802:Basketmaker culture
4731:Precontact cultures
4718:Sand Creek massacre
3965:Hoig, Stan (2000).
3854:Pritzker, Barry M.
3839:Greene, Candace S.
3540:on August 30, 2006.
3503:NARF Annual Report,
3395:Swift, Dick. 1972.
3330:"The Kiowa Indians"
3113:Greene, Candace S.
2641:A Grammar of Kiowa.
2562:. National Archives
2365:Sherman Chaddlesone
2211:Lois Smoky Kaulaity
1886:, Grace Tsontekoy,
1876:Lois Smoky Kaulaity
1852:Parker Boyiddle Jr.
1796:Lois Smoky Kaulaity
1651:Cherokee Commission
1599:Colonial Transition
1426:Huntsville, Alabama
981:Guipago (Lone Wolf)
931:('Big Shields') or
44:
4887:Paul Sidney Martin
4612:native to Colorado
4578:Indigenous peoples
4233:Citizen Potawatomi
4122:, Newberry Library
4118:2015-10-22 at the
4085:, official website
4068:Walter Echo-Hawk,
3615:"Seven Directions"
3587:2020-07-21 at the
3268:www.tshaonline.org
2988:on March 30, 2013.
2490:. Merriam-Webster.
2395:Kiowa Peak (Texas)
2359:Mirac Creepingbear
2244:Tom Mauchahty-Ware
2111:(1856â1931), chief
2099:
2091:
2072:Muskogee, Oklahoma
1958:Tom Mauchahty-Ware
1921:House Made of Dawn
1840:Mirac Creepingbear
1763:
1705:
1641:Reservation period
1609:
1575:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1467:
1453:James Earle Fraser
1449:Indian Head nickel
1380:(Stumbling Bear),
1350:
1339:
1325:
1269:As members of the
1267:
1198:
1178:
1063:
878:during the annual
829:Oklahoma Panhandle
775:) were led by the
742:
719:tipi or skin lodge
715:
644:was prepared into
628:
613:
601:
580:Plantago virginica
566:, adjacent to the
553:When they adopted
499:Carnegie, Oklahoma
440:Carnegie, Oklahoma
436:
399:John P. Harrington
263:Carnegie, Oklahoma
227:[kÉÌj-gÊ·Ăș]
5332:Comanche campaign
5314:
5313:
5114:
5113:
4935:
4934:
4905:
4904:
4856:Panhandle culture
4774:Plainview complex
4726:
4725:
4708:Comanche Campaign
4536:
4535:
4458:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
4198:Alabama-Quassarte
3910:Library resources
3881:978-0-7910-8349-9
3864:978-0-19-513877-1
3819:978-0-912646-67-1
3770:978-1-55591-655-8
3189:978-0-19-938465-5
2963:978-0-292-71878-4
2911:Wishart, David J.
2341:Chris Wondolowski
2304:â1878), war chief
2041:(Kiowa), ca. 1880
1860:David E. Williams
1392:(Walking-above),
1384:(Woman's Heart),
1244:Funeral practices
1223:Little Bear) and
1124:Chiricahua Apache
959:('Blue Boys') or
827:(Staked Plains),
530:bilateral descent
321:
320:
142:
141:
16:(Redirected from
5369:
5297:. Nearby modern
5146:Six Grandfathers
5119:Spiritual places
5050:Sherman Coolidge
5035:
5031:Historic figures
4969:Native Americans
4962:
4955:
4948:
4939:
4910:Related articles
4841:Apishapa culture
4812:Oshara tradition
4769:Hell Gap complex
4759:Folsom tradition
4737:
4641:Jicarilla Apache
4616:
4575:
4574:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4540:
4388:Tribal languages
4368:United Keetoowah
4298:Muscogee (Creek)
4258:Fort Sill Apache
4193:Absentee Shawnee
4167:
4166:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4107:2019 Map of area
3885:
3796:
3779:
3773:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3709:
3703:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3563:. Jacobson House
3557:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3536:. Archived from
3530:
3524:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3499:Walter Echo-Hawk
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3396:
3393:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3320:
3317:Numismatic News,
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3294:. Archived from
3281:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3247:
3246:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3163:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2981:. Archived from
2980:
2972:
2966:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2838:Mark, Joshua J.
2835:
2829:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2789:
2783:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2672:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2560:Federal Register
2551:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2478:
2472:
2456:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2415:
2353:Lindy Waters III
2303:
2300:
2262:N. Scott Momaday
2051:
2033:
2015:
1998:
1912:N. Scott Momaday
1884:Kiowa J. Taryole
1870:Beadwork artists
1864:N. Scott Momaday
1752:Episcopal church
1744:Etadleuh Doanmoe
1630:Mescalero Apache
1372:(Kicking Bird),
1226:Ankopaaingyadete
1140:Indian Territory
1120:Mescalero Apache
1002:(Zepko-ete) and
925:('Kiowa Proper')
897:('Biters', lit.
791:('main chief').
417:Plains Sign Talk
285:
253:Today, they are
229:
224:
215:
211:
207:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
186:
185:
182:
179:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
117:Plains Sign Talk
94:
92:
91:
82:
80:
79:
60:Total population
52:
45:
21:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5287:
5261:
5218:
5202:Historic places
5197:
5171:Historic events
5166:
5150:
5110:
5069:
5065:Margaret Poisal
5026:
4983:
4966:
4936:
4931:
4901:
4870:
4851:Fremont culture
4821:
4783:
4732:
4722:
4713:Meeker Massacre
4686:
4665:
4611:
4605:
4584:
4569:
4567:
4537:
4532:
4390:
4382:
4253:Eastern Shawnee
4243:Delaware Nation
4184:
4182:
4175:
4161:
4159:
4120:Wayback Machine
4109:, OpenStreetMap
4079:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3904:Further reading
3882:
3869:
3824:Dunn, Dorothy.
3807:Boyd, Maurice.
3804:
3799:
3789:Wayback Machine
3780:
3776:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3696:Wayback Machine
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3589:Wayback Machine
3580:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3250:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3094:"Kiowa Indians"
3091:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2920:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2777:Wayback Machine
2768:
2764:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2466:Wayback Machine
2457:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2374:
2320:Kendal Thompson
2301:
2250:Parker McKenzie
2173:calendar keeper
2145:Blackbear Bosin
2080:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2023:, ca. 1920, OHS
2016:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1970:Parker McKenzie
1966:
1946:
1934:Hanay Geiogamah
1908:
1890:, Judy Beaver,
1880:Alice Littleman
1872:
1844:Blackbear Bosin
1828:
1820:Venice Biennale
1768:
1724:
1714:
1693:
1671:
1643:
1601:
1559:
1553:
1528:Texas Panhandle
1472:
1396:(White Horse),
1388:(No Mocassin),
1291:hunter-gatherer
1265:1865 Treaty Map
1259:
1246:
1209:
1203:
1201:Kiowa calendars
1055:
1049:
1019:Medicine bundle
833:Texas Panhandle
760:
707:
666:Longhorn cattle
589:
564:Southern Plains
526:
495:Devol, Oklahoma
491:
476:Harmon Counties
425:
407:Parker McKenzie
391:
385:
283:
232:Native American
230:) people are a
222:
213:
209:
208:-É-wÉ, -
205:
188:
176:
152:
148:
89:
87:
77:
75:
55:
42:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5375:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5319:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5199:
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5195:
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5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5131:Black Elk Peak
5128:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
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5098:
5093:
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4902:
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4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4817:Picosa culture
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4779:Plano cultures
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:Goshen complex
4761:
4756:
4751:
4749:Clovis culture
4745:
4743:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
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4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4391:(still spoken)
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4308:Otoe-Missouria
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4248:Delaware Tribe
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4177:
4176:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4095:Kiowa Drawings
4092:
4086:
4078:
4077:External links
4075:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4056:
4041:
4026:
4011:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3963:
3956:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3886:
3880:
3867:
3852:
3837:
3822:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3774:
3748:
3726:
3704:
3681:
3667:
3643:
3634:
3605:
3596:
3574:
3552:
3543:
3525:
3507:
3491:
3465:
3439:
3427:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3376:
3363:
3354:
3341:
3321:
3308:
3273:
3248:
3214:
3188:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3084:
3075:
3049:
3024:
3015:
2991:
2967:
2946:
2934:
2918:
2903:
2894:
2875:(4): 610â618.
2855:
2830:
2810:
2784:
2770:"Kiowa Bingo."
2762:
2747:
2722:
2712:
2703:
2690:
2683:
2657:
2645:
2632:
2614:
2603:
2595:"Kiowa Tanoan"
2587:
2573:
2546:
2522:
2513:
2510:(Online). n.d.
2493:
2473:
2444:
2430:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:Monroe Tsatoke
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2297:(Set'tainte) (
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:Stephen Mopope
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2163:Jesse Ed Davis
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2115:Richard Aitson
2112:
2106:
2079:
2078:Notable Kiowas
2076:
2068:Bacone College
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1965:
1962:
1945:
1942:
1938:Gus Palmer Jr.
1926:Richard Aitson
1918:for his novel
1916:Pulitzer Prize
1907:
1904:
1888:Richard Aitson
1871:
1868:
1856:Dennis Belindo
1827:
1824:
1816:Czechoslovakia
1800:Monroe Tsatoke
1792:Stephen Mopope
1767:
1764:
1713:
1710:
1692:
1689:
1670:
1667:
1642:
1639:
1624:. Some of the
1600:
1597:
1552:
1549:
1524:Llano Estacado
1471:
1468:
1303:Missouri River
1258:
1255:
1245:
1242:
1202:
1199:
1144:Indian Removal
1048:
1045:
1004:Stumbling Bear
965:
964:
954:
943:Semat / SĂ©mhĂĄt
940:
926:
916:
906:
903:Arikara people
861:
860:
837:
836:
825:Llano Estacado
814:
811:Arkansas River
759:
756:
727:lodgepole pine
706:
703:
633:American bison
607:Kiowa hunting
588:
585:
577:The Kiowa use
568:Arkansas River
525:
522:
490:
487:
424:
421:
389:Kiowa language
384:
381:
355:is pronounced
335:pregnant woman
319:
318:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
297:
293:
292:
289:
282:
279:
272:, part of the
140:
139:
125:
124:
120:
119:
105:
104:
100:
99:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5374:
5363:
5362:Plains tribes
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:Modern people
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4897:Joe Ben Wheat
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Seneca-Cayuga
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:0-404-62901-6
4050:
4047:. AMS Press.
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:0-8263-0436-2
4035:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4023:0-8061-1856-3
4020:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:0-404-62903-2
4005:
4002:. AMS Press.
4001:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3975:0-87081-564-4
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:0-912646-76-4
3950:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3898:0-7922-7370-2
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:0-8061-3307-4
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3670:
3668:9780803237858
3664:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3298:on 2013-02-14
3297:
3293:
3292:
3291:Wichita Eagle
3287:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2799:. Kiowa Tribe
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2684:0-521-23228-7
2680:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2630:. Washington.
2629:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2433:
2431:9780816544806
2427:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:Tahnee Ahtone
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:Red Warbonnet
2287:
2284:
2283:Pascal Poolaw
2281:
2278:
2277:Horace Poolaw
2275:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:Arvo Mikkanen
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:Beverly Horse
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:Cozad Singers
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:James Auchiah
2128:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2019:Kiowa beaded
2014:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1988:Image gallery
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:Horace Poolaw
1975:
1971:
1964:Photographers
1963:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1914:won the 1969
1913:
1910:Kiowa author
1905:
1903:
1901:
1900:Tahnee Ahtone
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:(1947â2007),
1853:
1850:(1914â1988),
1849:
1848:Woody Big Bow
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:James Auchiah
1781:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:Red River War
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1669:Modern period
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1545:Plains Apache
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:, Kiowa chief
1347:
1343:
1337:, Kiowa chief
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:, Kiowa chief
1322:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Winter counts
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:Plains Apache
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1034:Woman's Heart
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1006:(Set-imkia).
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
973:
968:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
944:
941:
938:
934:
930:
927:
924:
920:
917:
915:('Elks Band')
914:
910:
907:
904:
900:
896:
892:
889:
888:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:
840:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
812:
808:
804:
801:
800:
799:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
764:
757:
755:
752:
746:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
711:
704:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
641:
639:
634:
625:
624:George Catlin
621:
617:
610:
605:
598:
593:
586:
584:
582:
581:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Plains Apache
556:
555:horse culture
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
531:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:blood quantum
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:
429:
422:
420:
418:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
382:
380:
378:
377:George Catlin
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
344:
340:
339:Kom-pa-bianta
336:
331:
329:
324:
316:
312:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
280:
278:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:tribe and an
233:
228:
221:
217:
216:
200:
146:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
85:
84:United States
73:
68:
65:12,000 (2011)
63:
58:
51:
46:
33:
19:
5299:reservations
5244:
5136:Devils Tower
5106:Spotted Tail
5101:Sitting Bull
5021:
4977:South Dakota
4861:Sopris phase
4797:Apex complex
4754:Cody complex
4741:Paleo-Indian
4703:Colorado War
4691:Major events
4670:Reservations
4358:Thlopthlocco
4282:
4069:
4059:
4044:
4029:
4014:
3999:
3966:
3959:
3944:
3924:Online books
3914:
3889:
3872:The Comanche
3871:
3855:
3840:
3825:
3809:
3792:
3777:
3760:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3707:
3699:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3657:
3651:
3646:
3637:
3625:. Retrieved
3618:
3608:
3599:
3591:
3577:
3565:. Retrieved
3555:
3546:
3538:the original
3528:
3519:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3482:. Retrieved
3477:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3452:OSU Archives
3451:
3442:
3421:
3412:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3333:. Retrieved
3324:
3316:
3311:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3289:
3267:
3237:(246): 169.
3234:
3230:
3217:
3193:, retrieved
3171:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3098:. Retrieved
3087:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3036:
3027:
3018:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:
2994:
2983:the original
2970:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2847:. Retrieved
2843:
2833:
2818:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2796:
2787:
2780:500 Nations.
2779:
2765:
2758:500 Nations.
2757:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:
2725:
2715:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2668:
2660:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2559:
2549:
2540:
2520:Pritzker 326
2516:
2505:
2496:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2435:. Retrieved
2420:
2314:Sitting Bear
2238:Mamay-day-te
2220:Kicking Bird
2178:Teri Greeves
2151:T. C. Cannon
2121:Spencer Asah
2065:
1967:
1947:
1930:Kiowa Apache
1919:
1909:
1896:Teri Greeves
1873:
1836:T. C. Cannon
1829:
1780:Spencer Asah
1769:
1725:
1706:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1626:Lipan Apache
1619:
1610:
1607:Mamay-day-te
1594:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1530:and eastern
1513:
1504:Crow Indians
1497:
1446:
1422:
1411:
1402:
1400:(Big Tree).
1370:Tene-angopte
1351:
1326:
1321:Sitting Bear
1294:
1271:Kiowa-Tanoan
1268:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:James Mooney
1210:
1207:Winter count
1187:
1179:
1164:
1132:Southeastern
1116:Lipan Apache
1064:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1010:
1008:
996:Kicking Bird
987:
985:
971:
969:
966:
960:
956:
950:
947:Kiowa Apache
942:
936:
932:
928:
922:
918:
912:
908:
898:
894:
890:
883:
873:
869:XĂłqĂĄudĂĄuhĂĄga
868:
862:
856:
852:
849:GĂșhĂ lÄcĂĄuigĂș
848:
844:
838:
820:
816:
806:
803:To-kinah-yup
802:
793:
788:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
751:medicine man
747:
743:
716:
678:prickly pear
670:
642:
629:
619:
578:
576:
552:
546:and rawhide
534:
527:
503:
492:
484:
437:
414:
411:
395:Kiowa-Tanoan
392:
371:
365:
360:
352:
351:In English,
350:
338:
332:
327:
325:
322:
267:
258:
252:
219:
144:
143:
137:Christianity
37:Ethnic group
18:Kiowa people
5086:Crazy Horse
4973:Black Hills
4733:in Colorado
4338:Sac and Fox
4083:Kiowa Tribe
3627:17 February
3623:(16): 16â17
3352:Fort Worth.
2803:29 December
2735:Kiowa Tribe
2599:Ethnologue.
2437:11 February
2389:Big Pasture
2378:Gourd Dance
2335:White Horse
2308:Silver Horn
2302: 1815
2190:Jack Hokeah
2039:Silver Horn
1949:Kiowa music
1788:Jack Hokeah
1778:. They are
1728:Fort Marion
1551:Indian wars
1520:Comancheria
1500:Black Hills
1434:Fort Marion
1394:Tsen-tainte
1376:(Big Bow),
1307:Black Hills
1142:during the
1112:Sac and Fox
723:red juniper
662:wild turkey
5321:Categories
5303:Pine Ridge
5278:JoAnn Tall
5162:Great Race
5126:Bear Butte
5060:Little Owl
5045:Black Bear
4498:Potawatomi
4183:recognized
3834:B000X7A1T0
3802:References
3335:2013-06-23
3302:2013-02-09
3195:2024-06-04
3100:2008-01-17
3009:2013-06-23
2849:2024-06-04
2740:18 January
2258:, attorney
2109:Ahpeahtone
1776:Kiowa Five
1718:Ledger art
1691:Humanities
1555:See also:
1532:New Mexico
1305:, and the
1275:Amerindian
1238:Haungooah,
1051:See also:
845:Gwa-kelega
769:jĆfĂ ujĆgĂĄu
686:persimmons
682:mulberries
423:Government
387:See also:
317:CĂĄuidĂ umgĂ
212:, -
5096:Red Cloud
5091:Lone Horn
5081:Black Elk
4866:Tipi ring
4428:Chickasaw
4378:Wyandotte
4223:Chickasaw
4181:Federally
3567:8 January
2942:The Kiowa
2889:1521-9488
2383:Koitsenko
2330:Kiowa Six
2272:Kiowa Six
2215:Kiowa Six
2194:Kiowa Six
2134:Kiowa Six
2125:Kiowa Six
2087:Lone Wolf
2021:moccasins
1822:in 1932.
1772:Kiowa Six
1766:Kiowa Six
1382:Manyi-ten
1378:Set-imkia
1374:Zepko-ete
1183:Koitsenko
1160:Chickasaw
1053:Koitsenko
880:Sun Dance
876:tipi ring
865:Fort Sill
857:GĂșhĂ lÄgĂĄu
821:SĂĄlqĂĄhyĂłi
817:SĂĄlqĂĄhyĂłp
789:Topadok'i
777:jĆfĂ ujĆqĂŹ
654:pronghorn
626:in Texas.
597:pronghorn
572:Red River
548:parfleche
446:includes
405:in 1967.
133:Sun Dance
103:Languages
4997:Cheyenne
4656:Shoshone
4636:Comanche
4631:Cheyenne
4589:Overview
4582:Colorado
4473:Muscogee
4448:Delaware
4443:Comanche
4423:Cheyenne
4418:Cherokee
4343:Seminole
4278:Kickapoo
4273:Kialegee
4238:Comanche
4213:Cherokee
4173:Oklahoma
4116:Archived
3785:Archived
3692:Archived
3603:Dunn 240
3585:Archived
3550:Viola 16
3203:citation
3082:Boyd, 73
3068:1 August
3042:1 August
3022:Boyd, 71
3000:"Kiowas"
2773:Archived
2566:18 April
2462:Archived
2372:See also
1808:Oklahoma
1804:Anadarko
1662:(1903).
1586:Cheyenne
1540:Comanche
1516:Comanche
1463:Big Tree
1414:Big Tree
1221:Settan (
1217:Tohausan
1156:Muskogee
1148:Cherokee
1096:Kickapoo
1068:Cheyenne
882:(called
796:Comanche
781:topadoga
646:pemmican
540:pemmican
506:Carnegie
452:Comanche
442:. Their
403:Ken Hale
383:Language
308:CĂĄuijĂČgĂ
304:Language
248:Oklahoma
244:Colorado
123:Religion
96:Oklahoma
5307:Rosebud
5038:Arapaho
5012:Arikara
5007:Arapaho
4981:Wyoming
4971:in the
4828:Archaic
4789:Archaic
4626:Arapaho
4576:
4523:Wyandot
4518:Wichita
4513:Shawnee
4453:Koasati
4438:Choctaw
4403:Arapaho
4398:Alabama
4373:Wichita
4363:Tonkawa
4353:Shawnee
4228:Choctaw
4072:(2010).
3674:2 March
3484:12 July
3458:12 July
2827:1862648
2537:"Kiowa"
2502:"Kiowa"
2482:"Kiowa"
2295:Satanta
2232:Mamanti
2226:Guipago
2169:DohÀsan
2139:Big Bow
2103:Ado-ete
2062:College
1928:(Kiowa/
1906:Authors
1701:Wichita
1526:in the
1442:malaria
1438:suicide
1398:Ado-ete
1390:Mamanti
1386:Napawat
1366:Satanta
1362:Guipago
1354:DohÀsan
1346:Satanta
1335:Guipago
1257:History
1152:Choctaw
1128:Tonkawa
1108:Wichita
1072:Arapaho
1030:Khe-ate
1000:Big Bow
977:DohÀsan
899:Arikara
895:QĂĄutjĂĄu
731:travois
694:pumpkin
658:mustang
656:, wild
638:coyotes
587:Cuisine
544:travois
524:Culture
468:Tillman
460:Jackson
357:KI-o-wa
328:-gua/gĂș
314:Country
240:Montana
109:English
5074:Lakota
5055:Friday
5002:Lakota
4651:Pawnee
4619:People
4508:Seneca
4503:Quapaw
4488:Pawnee
4483:Ottawa
4413:Cayuga
4333:Quapaw
4323:Peoria
4318:Pawnee
4313:Ottawa
4203:Apache
4185:tribes
4051:
4036:
4021:
4006:
3973:
3951:
3912:about
3896:
3878:
3862:
3847:
3832:
3817:
3768:
3741:May 4,
3719:May 3,
3665:
3186:
2961:
2887:
2825:
2681:
2428:
1898:, and
1798:, and
1590:Apache
1508:Ojibwe
1358:Satank
1295:pueblo
1158:, and
1110:, and
1088:Pawnee
1084:Lakota
1076:Navajo
1015:Sacred
1011:Kaigwu
994:, and
951:Taugûi
923:CĂĄuigĂș
919:Kaigwa
787:, the
698:Pawnee
692:, and
674:pecans
510:Verden
456:Cotton
299:CĂĄuigĂș
296:People
288:Person
274:Tanoan
220:CĂĄuigĂș
218:) or
93:
81:
43:CĂĄuigĂș
5327:Kiowa
5022:Kiowa
4826:Post-
4646:Kiowa
4528:Yuchi
4493:Ponca
4478:Osage
4408:Caddo
4328:Ponca
4303:Osage
4293:Modoc
4288:Miami
4283:Kiowa
4208:Caddo
4089:Kiowa
3915:Kiowa
3319:1990.
3227:(PDF)
3154:Myasd
2986:(PDF)
2979:(PDF)
2720:Press
2401:Notes
1953:hymns
1748:Zotom
1311:Sioux
1104:Caddo
1092:Osage
1041:Semat
1026:Kinep
988:Kogui
913:Qógûi
909:Kogui
884:Kc-to
785:chief
773:jĆdĂĄu
690:maize
536:Tipis
514:Devol
508:, in
472:Greer
464:Kiowa
448:Caddo
372:Kiowa
361:Kiowa
353:Kiowa
346:flaps
145:Kiowa
113:Kiowa
41:Kiowa
5305:and
5301:are
5017:Crow
4979:and
4263:Iowa
4049:ISBN
4034:ISBN
4019:ISBN
4004:ISBN
3971:ISBN
3949:ISBN
3894:ISBN
3876:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3845:ISBN
3830:ASIN
3815:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3743:2020
3721:2020
3676:2022
3663:ISBN
3629:2019
3569:2017
3520:Oyez
3505:1998
3486:2020
3460:2020
3209:link
3184:ISBN
3070:2017
3044:2017
2959:ISBN
2885:ISSN
2823:OCLC
2805:2020
2742:2020
2679:ISBN
2568:2022
2439:2024
2426:ISBN
1746:and
1720:and
1628:and
1287:Towa
1283:Tewa
1279:Tiwa
1231:Anko
1134:and
1039:The
1024:The
1009:The
986:The
972:KĂątĂĄ
970:The
891:KĂątĂĄ
843:the
831:and
725:and
474:and
343:tipi
291:CĂĄui
281:Name
268:The
223:IPA:
4975:of
4661:Ute
4580:of
4268:Kaw
4171:in
3239:doi
3176:doi
2877:doi
2675:441
2070:in
1730:in
1162:.
1100:Kaw
1080:Ute
1028:or
1017:or
921:or
911:or
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886:):
847:or
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798:):
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366:In
257:as
214:WAY
210:WAH
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
