398:
228:
613:
176:
was decreed in France to be "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of the metre, and at the temperature of melting ice". The law also replaced the three names gravet, grave and bar by a single generic unit name: the gram. The new gram was equal to the
137:. Two supplemental unit names, gravet (0.001 grave), and bar (1000 grave), were added to cover the same range as the old units, resulting in the following decimal series of units: milligravet, centigravet, decigravet, gravet, centigrave, decigrave, grave, centibar, decibar, bar. As measured by the
177:
old gravet. Four new prefixes (deca, hecto, kilo, and myria) were added to the metric system to cover almost the same range of units as in 1793 (milligram, centigram, decigram, gram, decagram, hectogram, kilogram, myriagram). The brass prototype of the grave was renamed to provisional kilogram.
188:
had completed their new measurement of the meridian, and the final metre was 0.03% smaller than the provisional one. Hence the final kilogram, being the mass of one cubic decimetre of water, was 0.09% lighter than the provisional one. In addition, the temperature specification of the water was
33:
516:
446:
189:
changed from 0 °C to the point where the density of water is maximal (about 4 °C). This change of temperature added 0.01% to the final kilogram. At the same time, work was commissioned to precisely determine the mass of a cubic decimetre (one
243:
After the definitions were finalized in 1799, an all-platinum kilogram prototype was fabricated with the objective that it would equal, as close as was scientifically feasible for the day, the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at
816:
The same decree also defined the litre as follows: "Litre: the measure of volume, both for liquid and solids, for which the displacement would be that of a cube one-tenth of a metre." Original text: "
138:
490:
260:(Kilogram of the Archives) and the kilogram was defined as being equal to its mass. This standard stood for the next ninety years, until being replaced in 1889 by the platinum–iridium
217:°C. They concluded that one cubic decimetre of water at its maximum density was equal to 99.9265% of the target mass of the provisional kilogram standard made four years earlier.
112:) equal to the mass of a unit volume of water. In 1791, the Commission of Weights and Measures, appointed by the French Academy of Sciences, chose one ten-millionth of the half
37:
610:"Nouvelle instruction sur les poids et mesures, et sur le calcul décimal, adoptée par l'Agence temporaire des poids et mesures. Claude Antoine Prieur, 1795"
789:
670:
537:
The obsolete unit bar (1000 kg, used between 1793 and 1795) is not to be confused with the newer unit of pressure that was introduced in 1909 (100 kPa)
105:
822:, la mesure de capacité, tant pour les liquides que pour les matières sèches, dont la contenance sera celle du cube de la dixièrne partie du mètre.
256:
in Paris. The prototype was presented to the
Archives of the Republic in June, and on 10 December 1799, the prototype was formally ratified as the
513:"Instructions abrégée sur les mesures déduites de la grandeur de la terre et sur les calculs relatifs à leur division décimale, 1793: gravet, bar"
261:
484:
164:
of the water-based definition of mass. Accordingly, a provisional mass standard of the grave was made as a single-piece, metallic artefact.
295:
108:
called for a new system of units, including a unit of length derived from an invariable length in nature, and a unit of mass (then called
160:
Since a mass standard made of water would be inconvenient and unstable, the regulation of commerce necessitated the manufacture of a
84:, is the unit of mass used in the first metric system which was implemented in France in 1793. In 1795, the grave was renamed as the
635:
550:
419:
570:, le poids absolu d'un volume d'eau pure égal au cube de la centième partie du mètre, et à la température de la glace fondante.
468:
394:
609:
747:
695:
133:
In 1793 the commission defined the unit of mass as a cubic decimetre of distilled water at 0 °C, and gave it the name
512:
279:
181:
858:
253:
430:
721:
586:
127:
442:
786:
662:
480:
202:
863:
376:
150:
113:
97:
769:
213:
point: the temperature at which water reaches maximum density, which was measured at the time as 4
838:°C. However, the scientists at the close of the 18th century concluded that the temperature was 4
796:, (in English: Iron chest), vault built in 1790 and used to store kilogram and metre prototypes
32:
472:
236:
206:
185:
146:
101:
51:
793:
486:
Annales de chimie ou
Recueil de mémoires concernant la chimie et les arts qui en dépendent
320:
76:
774:
Revolution in
Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science
834:
Modern measurements show the temperature at which water reaches maximum density is 3.984
639:
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340:
290:
17:
852:
476:
310:
305:
352:
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154:
743:
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193:) of water. Although the decreed definition of the kilogram specified water at 0
36:
One of the original prototypes of the grave made in 1793 and now kept at the
227:
717:
285:
85:
582:
431:
Rapport 11 July 1792 Introduction of the names metre, deci-centi-milli
235:
commissioned in 1821 by the US under supervision of French physicist
226:
190:
126:
value was used, based on the meridian measurement made in 1740 by
118:
31:
300:
274:
173:
180:
In 1799 the provisional units were replaced by the final ones.
209:
chose to redefine the standard in 1799 to water's most stable
489:. Vol. 15–16. Paris: Chez Joseph de Boffe. p. 277.
744:"L'histoire du mètre, la détermination de l'unité de poids"
692:"L'Histoire Du Mètre, La Détermination De L'Unité De Poids"
60:
54:
239:
that served as the US's first kilogram standard of mass.
383:
et sur les calculs relatifs à leur division décimale"
377:"Instruction sur les poids et mesures républicaines:
63:
57:
139:
customary unit of mass in use in France at the time
636:"Decree relating to the weights and measurements"
420:Rapport 17 March 1791 Ten millionth of meridian
8:
817:
141:, the mass of the new unit volume (1 dm
663:"Pirates of the Caribbean (Metric Edition)"
96:The modern kilogram has its origins in the
145:) of water at 0 °C was determined by
545:
543:
809:
333:
262:International Prototype of the Kilogram
104:. In 1790 an influential proposal by
75:
7:
616:from the original on 15 January 2023
519:from the original on 15 January 2023
493:from the original on 15 January 2023
449:from the original on 15 January 2023
401:from the original on 15 January 2023
379:déduites de la grandeur de la terre,
341:"World's Roundest Object! - YouTube"
296:List of unusual units of measurement
116:as the unit of length, and named it
724:from the original on 21 August 2013
381:uniformes pour toute la République,
673:from the original on 15 April 2021
661:Keith Martin (19 September 2017),
231:The Arago kilogram, a copy of the
25:
750:from the original on 25 July 2013
698:from the original on 25 July 2013
589:from the original on 11 July 2006
551:"Decree on weights and measures"
50:
608:Prieur, Claude Antoine (1795).
357:Wiktionary, the free dictionary
583:"The 7 April 1795 Act: gramme"
553:. 7 April 1795. Archived from
395:"May 1790 Proposal Talleyrand"
1:
280:International System of Units
205:and the Italian naturalist
27:Predecessor to the kilogram
880:
168:Transition to the kilogram
818:
718:"History of the kilogram"
443:"Decree of 1 August 1793"
201:point—the French chemist
252:as it was stored in the
258:Kilogramme des Archives
250:Kilogramme des Archives
248:°C. It was called the
233:Kilogramme des Archives
222:Kilogramme des Archives
18:Kilogramme des Archives
483:; et al. (1792).
240:
41:
230:
197:°C—its highly stable
172:On 7 April 1795, the
162:practical realisation
35:
770:Zupko, Ronald Edward
203:Louis Lefèvre-Gineau
98:Age of Enlightenment
859:Non-SI metric units
776:. DIANE Publishing.
642:on 25 February 2013
557:on 25 February 2013
254:Archives Nationales
792:2021-04-14 at the
359:, 15 February 2024
241:
42:
207:Giovanni Fabbroni
102:French Revolution
16:(Redirected from
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291:Kilogram-force
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237:François Arago
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122:. Initially a
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77:[ɡʁav]
26:
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864:Units of mass
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311:Metric system
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306:Metric prefix
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47:
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830:
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675:, retrieved
666:
656:
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640:the original
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559:. Retrieved
555:the original
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495:. Retrieved
485:
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437:
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403:. Retrieved
389:
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361:, retrieved
356:
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232:
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210:
198:
179:
171:
161:
159:
153:to be 18841
134:
132:
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117:
109:
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45:
43:
29:
754:5 September
728:5 September
702:5 September
646:5 September
561:5 September
363:26 February
199:temperature
143:provisional
124:provisional
853:Categories
620:23 January
481:Berthollet
328:References
106:Talleyrand
497:2 October
473:Lavoisier
147:Lavoisier
790:Archived
772:(1990).
748:Archived
722:Archived
696:Archived
677:14 April
671:archived
614:Archived
587:Archived
517:Archived
515:. 1793.
491:Archived
447:Archived
445:. 1869.
399:Archived
397:. 1790.
286:Kilogram
268:See also
182:Delambre
128:Lacaille
114:meridian
100:and the
86:kilogram
353:"grave"
264:(IPK).
211:density
186:Méchain
73:French:
840:
836:
568:Gramme
469:Guyton
246:
215:
195:
155:grains
110:weight
92:Origin
40:Museum
820:Litre
804:Notes
593:6 May
523:6 May
477:Monge
453:6 May
405:6 May
191:litre
135:grave
119:metre
46:grave
756:2007
730:2007
704:2007
679:2021
667:NIST
648:2007
622:2016
595:2016
563:2007
525:2016
499:2020
455:2016
407:2016
365:2024
301:Mass
282:(SI)
275:Gram
184:and
174:gram
151:Haüy
149:and
44:The
38:NIST
842:°C.
855::
746:.
720:.
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