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Ian and
Charles could move their lower body, but could not coordinate their movements. However, both individuals regained some control of their limbs and body by consciously planning their movements and relying solely on visual feedback. Interestingly, both individuals can still sense pain and temperature, indicating that they specifically lost proprioceptive feedback, but not tactile and nociceptive feedback. The impact of losing the sense of proprioception on daily life is perfectly illustrated when Ian Waterman stated, "What is an active brain without mobility".
1259:. A limb's being in a new range of motion never experienced (or at least, not for a long time since youth perhaps) can disrupt one's sense of location of that limb. Possible experiences include suddenly feeling that feet or legs are missing from one's mental self-image; needing to look down at one's limbs to be sure they are still there; and falling down while walking, especially when attention is focused upon something other than the act of walking.
33:
460:, an animal must consider the current position and velocity of its limb and use that information to adjust dynamics to target a final position. If the animal's estimate of its limb's initial position is wrong, then a deficiency in the movement can result. Furthermore, proprioception is crucial in refining the movement if it deviates from the trajectory.
1298:. The subject is required to touch his or her nose with eyes closed; people with normal proprioception may make an error of no more than 20 mm (0.79 in), while people with impaired proprioception (a symptom of moderate to severe alcohol intoxication) fail this test due to difficulty locating their limbs in space relative to their noses.
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472:(i.e. each chordotonal neuron is from the chordotonal neuron lineage, although multiple lineages give rise to sensory bristles). After the last cell division, proprioceptors send out axons toward the central nervous system and are guided by hormonal gradients to reach stereotyped synapses. The mechanisms underlying
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proprioceptive input, an artist would not be able to brush paint onto a canvas without looking at the hand as it moved the brush over the canvas; it would be impossible to drive an automobile because a motorist would not be able to steer or use the pedals while looking at the road ahead; a person could not
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For evaluating proprioception's contribution to motor control, a common protocol is joint position matching. The patient is blindfolded while a joint is moved to a specific angle for a given period of time and then returned to neutral. The subject is then asked to move the joint back to the specified
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Houk and Simon provided one of the first mathematical models of a Golgi tendon organ receptor, modeling the firing rate of the receptor as a function of the muscle tension force. Just as for muscle spindles, they find that, as the receptors respond linearly to sine waves of different frequencies and
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only for movement while using hearing to judge voice modulation. She eventually acquired a stiff and slow movement and nearly normal speech, which is believed to be the best possible in the absence of this sense. She could not judge effort involved in picking up objects and would grip them painfully
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For passive sensing of joint angles, recent studies have found that experiments to probe psychophysical thresholds produce more precise estimates of proprioceptive discrimination than the joint position matching task. In these experiments, the subject holds on to an object (such as an armrest) that
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In rare cases, viral infections result in a loss of proprioception. Ian
Waterman and Charles Freed are two such people that lost their sense of proprioception from the neck down from supposed viral infections (i.e. gastric flu and a rare viral infection). After losing their sense of proprioception,
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To determine the load on a limb, vertebrates use sensory neurons in the Golgi tendon organs: type Ib afferents. These proprioceptors are activated at given muscle forces, which indicate the resistance that muscle is experiencing. Similarly, invertebrates have a mechanism to determine limb load: the
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Primary endings of muscle spindles "respond to the size of a muscle length change and its speed" and "contribute both to the sense of limb position and movement". Secondary endings of muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length, and thus supply information regarding only the sense of position.
1990:
Proprioception also includes the ability to perceive force and heaviness, the history of which has been less controversial than the senses of limb position and movement. The sense of force refers to the ability to perceive the force that is generated by the muscles and its primary receptor is the
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by the organ and the subsequent driving an active straightening process are required. Being a sensing by the plant of the relative configuration of its parts, it has been called proprioception. This dual sensing and control by gravisensing and proprioception has been formalized into a unifying
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Essentially, muscle spindles are stretch receptors. It has been accepted that cutaneous receptors also contribute directly to proprioception by providing "accurate perceptual information about joint position and movement", and this knowledge is combined with information from the muscle spindles.
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An important role for proprioception is to allow an animal to stabilize itself against perturbations. For instance, for a person to walk or stand upright, they must continuously monitor their posture and adjust muscle activity as needed to provide balance. Similarly, when walking on unfamiliar
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provide information about the internal organs, and the "proprioceptors" provide information about movement derived from muscular, tendon, and articular sources. Using
Sherrington's system, physiologists and anatomists search for specialised nerve endings that transmit mechanical data on joint
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Proprioception is what allows someone to learn to walk in complete darkness without losing balance. During the learning of any new skill, sport, or art, it is usually necessary to become familiar with some proprioceptive tasks specific to that activity. Without the appropriate integration of
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sensations and experience. One is the concept of "proprioceptive memory", which argues that the brain retains a memory of specific limb positions and that after amputation there is a conflict between the visual system, which actually sees that the limb is missing, and the memory system which
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The sense of proprioception is ubiquitous across mobile animals and is essential for the motor coordination of the body. Proprioceptors can form reflex circuits with motor neurons to provide rapid feedback about body and limb position. These mechanosensory circuits are important for flexibly
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expounded the idea of a "muscle sense", which is credited as one of the first descriptions of physiologic feedback mechanisms. Bell's idea was that commands are carried from the brain to the muscles, and that reports on the muscle's condition would be sent in the reverse direction.
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Bräunig P, Hustert R, Pflüger HJ (1981). "Distribution and specific central projections of mechanoreceptors in the thorax and proximal leg joints of locusts. I. Morphology, location and innervation of internal proprioceptors of pro- and metathorax and their central projections".
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Proprioceptors transfer the mechanical state of the body into patterns of neural activity. This transfer can be modeled mathematically, for example to better understand the internal workings of a proprioceptor or to provide more realistic feedback in neuromechanical simulations.
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and the joint-supporting ligaments (stance). There are specific nerve receptors for this form of perception termed "proprioceptors", just as there are specific receptors for pressure, light, temperature, sound, and other sensory experiences. Proprioceptors are sometimes known as
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More recently, Blum et al. showed that the muscle spindle firing rate is modeled better as tracking the force of the muscle, rather than the length. Furthermore, muscle spindle firing rates show history dependence which cannot be modeled by a linear time-invariant system model.
1203:(pyridoxine and pyridoxamine). This is due to a reversible neuropathy. Most of the impaired function returns to normal shortly after the amount of the vitamin in the body returns to a level that is closer to that of the physiological norm. Impairment can also be caused by
768:
has little variance in response over time to the same stimulus, Golgi tendon organ receptors may be modeled as linear time-invariant systems. Specifically, they find that the firing rate of a Golgi tendon organ receptor may be modeled as a sum of 3 decaying exponentials:
520:
to model mammalian muscle spindles Ia and II afferents. They obtained a set of de-afferented muscle spindles, measured their response to a series of sinusoidal and step function stretches, and fit a transfer function to the spike rate. They found that the following
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remembers the limb as a functioning part of the body. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, such as after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain), or removal of an eye (
144:. Most animals possess multiple subtypes of proprioceptors, which detect distinct kinesthetic parameters, such as joint position, movement, and load. Although all mobile animals possess proprioceptors, the structure of the sensory organs can vary across species.
495:
Various proprioceptor models of complexity have been developed. They range from simple phenomenological models to complex structural models, in which the mathematical elements correspond to anatomical features of the proprioceptor. The focus has been on
1149:. Phantom sensations can occur as passive proprioceptive sensations of the limb's presence, or more active sensations such as perceived movement, pressure, pain, itching, or temperature. There are a variety of theories concerning the etiology of
1565:) refers to movement sense, but has been used inconsistently to refer either to proprioception alone or to the brain's integration of proprioceptive and vestibular inputs. Kinesthesia is a modern medical term composed of elements from Greek;
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281:—in the event that the body tilts in any direction, the person will cock their head back to level the eyes against the horizon. This is seen even in infants as soon as they gain control of their neck muscles. This control comes from the
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Proprioception, a sense vital for rapid and proper body coordination, can be permanently lost or impaired as a result of genetic conditions, disease, viral infections, and injuries. For instance, patients with joint hypermobility or
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are thought to play an important role to allow fast and unconscious execution of these behaviors, To make control of these behaviors efficient, proprioceptors are also thought to regulate reciprocal inhibition in muscles, leading to
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gene exhibit specific deficits in joint proprioception, as well as vibration and touch discrimination, suggesting that the PIEZO2 channel is essential for mechanosensitivity in some proprioceptors and low-threshold mechanoreceptors.
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Temporary loss or impairment of proprioception may happen periodically during growth, mostly during adolescence. Growth that might also influence this would be large increases or drops in bodyweight/size due to fluctuations of fat
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demonstrated that, when a plant is tilted, it cannot recover a steady erected posture under the sole driving of the sensing of its angular deflection versus gravity. An additional control through the continuous sensing of its
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moves and stops at different positions. The subject must discriminate whether one position is closer to the body than another. From the subject's choices, the tester may determine the subject's discrimination thresholds.
657:
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Proprioception is also permanently lost in people who lose a limb or body part through injury or amputation. After the removal of a limb, people may have a confused sense of that limb's existence on their body, known as
1335:
1137:. In regards to Parkinson's disease, it remains unclear whether the proprioceptive-related decline in motor function occurs due to disrupted proprioceptors in the periphery or signaling in the spinal cord or brain.
163:, to create an overall representation of body position, movement, and acceleration. In many animals, sensory feedback from proprioceptors is essential for stabilizing body posture and coordinating body movement.
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is often used to assess balance. The subject must stand with feet together and eyes closed without support for 30 seconds. If the subject loses balance and falls, it is an indicator for impaired proprioception.
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Prilutsky BI, Klishko AN, Weber DJ, Lemay MA (2016). "Computing Motion
Dependent Afferent Activity During Cat Locomotion Using a Forward Dynamics Musculoskeletal Model". In Prilutsky BI, Edwards DH (eds.).
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angle. Recent investigations have shown that hand dominance, participant age, active versus passive matching, and presentation time of the angle can all affect performance on joint position matching tasks.
231:), which activates a motor neuron to induce muscle contraction and oppose the stretch. During locomotion, sensory neurons can reverse their activity when stretched, to promote rather than oppose movement.
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and the attendant hearing frequency-gaps masked by the perceived sounds may cause erroneous proprioceptive information to the balance and comprehension centers of the brain, precipitating mild confusion.
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Although they lack neurons, systems responding to stimuli (analogous to the sensory system in animals with a nervous system, which includes the proprioception) have also been described in some plants (
1377:. The vestibular system of the inner ear, vision and proprioception are the main three requirements for balance. Moreover, there are specific devices designed for proprioception training, such as the
1196:
involved with integrating information from different parts of the body. Proprioceptive illusions can also be induced, such as the "Pinocchio illusion", the illusion that one's nose is growing longer.
1321:. At first she could not move properly at all or even control her tone of voice (as voice modulation is primarily proprioceptive). Later she relearned by using her sight (watching her feet) and
1493:, and are so in much greater measure than are the stimulations of the surface field of the organism. Since in the deep field the stimuli to the receptors are delivered by the organism
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4881:
Okamoto K, Ueda H, Shimada T, Tamura K, Kato T, Tasaka M, et al. (March 2015). "Regulation of organ straightening and plant posture by an actin-myosin XI cytoskeleton".
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to accomplish this; a field of bristles located within joints that detects the relative movement of limb segments through the deflection of the associated cuticular hairs.
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The discovery of proprioception in plants has generated an interest in the popular science and generalist media. This is because this discovery questions a long-lasting
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1177:, during the onset of sleep. One's body may feel too large or too small, or parts of the body may feel distorted in size. Similar effects can sometimes occur during
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relies strongly on the forces experienced during touch. This research allows the creation of "virtual", illusory haptic shapes with different perceived qualities.
5156:
2889:"The architecture of the connective tissue in the musculoskeletal system-an often overlooked functional parameter as to proprioception in the locomotor apparatus"
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3726:"Ehlers-danlos syndrome, hypermobility type: an underdiagnosed hereditary connective tissue disorder with mucocutaneous, articular, and systemic manifestations"
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The initiation of proprioception is the activation of a proprioceptor in the periphery. The proprioceptive sense is believed to be composed of information from
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385:, a nonselective cation channel, has been shown to underlie the mechanosensitivity of proprioceptors in mice. Humans with loss-of-function mutations in the
1668:. There is no scientific ground for such a semantic shift. Indeed, even in animals, proprioception can be unconscious; so it is thought to be in plants.
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Collins DF, Refshauge KM, Todd G, Gandevia SC (September 2005). "Cutaneous receptors contribute to kinesthesia at the index finger, elbow, and knee".
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Konczak J, Corcos DM, Horak F, Poizner H, Shapiro M, Tuite P, et al. (November 2009). "Proprioception and motor control in
Parkinson's disease".
1550:, to take or grasp. Thus to grasp one's own position in space, including the position of the limbs in relation to each other and the body as a whole.
418:
1649:, and seems to occur in specialized cells. Proprioception was then found to be involved in other tropisms and to be central also to the control of
534:
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Mileusnic MP, Brown IE, Lan N, Loeb GE (October 2006). "Mathematical models of proprioceptors. I. Control and transduction in the muscle spindle".
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When modeling a stretch reflex, Lin and Crago improved upon this model by adding a logarithmic nonlinearity before the Houk and Simon model and a
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Hirtz, Peter, and
Wlodzimierz Starosta. "Sensitive and critical periods of motor co-ordination development and its relation to motor learning."
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Today, the "exteroceptors" are the organs that provide information originating outside the body, such as the eyes, ears, mouth, and skin. The
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206:. These proprioceptors are activated when the joint is at a threshold position, usually at the extremes of joint position. Invertebrates use
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Maltenfort MG, Burke RE (May 2003). "Spindle model responsive to mixed fusimotor inputs and testable predictions of beta feedback effects".
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Bässler U, Büschges A (June 1998). "Pattern generation for stick insect walking movements--multisensory control of a locomotor program".
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Impaired proprioception may be diagnosed through a series of tests, each focusing on a different functional aspect of proprioception.
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Mileusnic MP, Loeb GE (October 2006). "Mathematical models of proprioceptors. II. Structure and function of the Golgi tendon organ".
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terrain or even tripping, the person must adjust the output of their muscles quickly based on estimated limb position and velocity.
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A third role for proprioceptors is to determine when a joint is at a specific position. In vertebrates, this is accomplished by
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receptor, Houk and Simon obtain average values of K=57 pulses/sec/kg, A=0.31, a=0.22 sec, B=0.4, b=2.17 sec, C=2.5, c=36 sec .
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In vertebrates, limb movement and velocity (muscle length and the rate of change) are encoded by one group of sensory neurons (
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Proprioception is occasionally impaired spontaneously, especially when one is tired. Similar effects can be felt during the
1129:, genetic conditions that result in weak connective tissue throughout the body, have chronic impairments to proprioception.
4117:"Where was my arm again? Memory-based matching of proprioceptive targets is enhanced by increased target presentation time"
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318:. Many invertebrates, such as insects, also possess three basic proprioceptor types with analogous functional properties:
267:
4936:"The Kinematics of Plant Nutation Reveals a Simple Relation between Curvature and the Orientation of Differential Growth"
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Although it was known that finger kinesthesia relies on skin sensation, recent research has found that kinesthesia-based
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5066:"Mechanosensitive recruitment of stator units promotes binding of the response regulator CheY-P to the flagellar motor"
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The Piezo channel receptors play key roles in the perception of pressure, touch, and proprioception (Piezo2 receptor).
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simulating the complete driving of the gravitropic movement. This model has been validated on 11 species sampling the
1419:, a Berlin neurologist, was describing unsteadiness made worse by eye closure or darkness, now known as the eponymous
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3777:"Proprioceptive processing difficulties among children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities"
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Standing on one leg (stork standing) and various other body-position challenges are also used in such disciplines as
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Murphy JT, Wong YC, Kwan HC (July 1975). "Afferent-efferent linkages in motor cortex for single forelimb muscles".
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Poppele RE, Bowman RJ (January 1970). "Quantitative description of linear behavior of mammalian muscle spindles".
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4261:"Assessing proprioceptive function: evaluating joint position matching methods against psychophysical thresholds"
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Lin CC, Crago PE (January 2002). "Neural and mechanical contributions to the stretch reflex: a model synthesis".
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3388:. Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms in the Neural Control of Movement. Vol. 123. Elsevier. pp. 133–142.
2552:"Xenopus TRPN1 (NOMPC) localizes to microtubule-based cilia in epithelial cells, including inner-ear hair cells"
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are fully formed at birth. Muscle spindles continue to grow throughout post-natal development as muscles grow.
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4746:"Unifying model of shoot gravitropism reveals proprioception as a central feature of posture control in plants"
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2976:"The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force"
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the stimulations occurring in deep field is that the stimuli are traceable to actions of the organism itself
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of the spinal cord, and suggested that the latter were involved in the coordination of movement and balance.
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Sherrington, C.S. (1906). The
Integrative Action of the Nervous System. NewHaven, CT: Yale University Press.
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3302:"Multiscale modeling of the neuromuscular system: Coupling neurophysiology and skeletal muscle mechanics"
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Chesler AT, Szczot M, Bharucha-Goebel D, Čeko M, Donkervoort S, Laubacher C, et al. (October 2016).
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or perform ballet; and people would not even be able to walk without watching where they put their feet.
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Houk J, Simon W (November 1967). "Responses of Golgi tendon organs to forces applied to muscle tendon".
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suggested a classification of kinaesthesia into three types: muscle, tendon, and articular sensitivity.
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distributed throughout an animal's body. Most vertebrates possess three basic types of proprioceptors:
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2005:"Role of joint afferents in motor control exemplified by effects on reflex pathways from Ib afferents"
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Walker RG, Willingham AT, Zuker CS (March 2000). "A Drosophila mechanosensory transduction channel".
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Chapman KM (April 1965). "Campaniform
Sensilla on the Tactile Spines of the Legs of the Cockroach".
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information (back to the brain) comes from other structures, including tendons, joints, and skin.
183:. There is a similar division of encoding in invertebrates; different subgroups of neurons of the
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Schematics and images of types of limb proprioceptor neurons in mammals (top) and insects (bottom)
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3474:"A Computational Model of a Descending Mechanosensory Pathway Involved in Active Tactile Sensing"
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Maier A (February 1997). "Development and regeneration of muscle spindles in mammals and birds".
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Woo SH, Lukacs V, de Nooij JC, Zaytseva D, Criddle CR, Francisco A, et al. (December 2015).
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reported the case of a young woman who lost her proprioception due to a viral infection of her
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2054:"Proprioception by the Coxo-Basal Chordotonal Organ, Cb, in Legs of the Crab, Carcinus Maenas"
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1165:. This can often result in chronic lower back pain, and be the cause of falls in the elderly.
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Recent studies suggest that bacteria have control systems that may resemble proprioception.
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Further studies have shown that the cellular mechanism of proprioception in plants involves
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2495:"A C. elegans stretch receptor neuron revealed by a mechanosensitive TRP channel homologue"
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Sakai Y, Watanabe T, Wakao N, Matsui H, Osada N, Sugiura T, et al. (September 2022).
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1091:{\displaystyle H(s)=K\left(1+{\frac {As}{s+a}}+{\frac {Bs}{s+b}}+{\frac {Cs}{s+c}}\right)}
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that we have on plants. In some cases this has led to a shift between proprioception and
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maintaining posture and balance, especially during locomotion. For example, consider the
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Sherrington CS (1907). "On the proprioceptive system, especially in its reflex aspect".
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Temporary impairment of proprioception has also been known to occur from an overdose of
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3355:. Springer Series in Computational Neuroscience. New York: Springer. pp. 273–307.
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2729:
2692:
2667:
2586:
2551:
2527:
2494:
2290:
2257:
2029:
2004:
1661:
1606:
1590:
1424:
1287:
1185:
497:
346:
334:
299:
224:
220:
199:
2226:
6576:
6526:
6521:
6475:
6413:
6398:
6294:
6016:
5960:
5775:
5742:
5726:
5645:
5589:
5549:
5498:
5489:
5446:
3934:
3336:
3060:
Jan YN, Jan LY (1993). "The peripheral nervous system.". In Bate M, Arias AM (eds.).
1773:
1750:
1708: – Neurological condition causing impairment in spatial perception and stability
1454:
1378:
1351:
1101:
473:
315:
4920:
4231:
Understanding Age-Related
Changes in Proprioception through Active and Passive Tasks
4151:
3696:
3654:
3286:
2779:"Force can overcome object geometry in the perception of shape through active touch"
2652:
2242:
2199:
2120:
310:, which lie at the interface of muscles and tendons, and joint receptors, which are
6480:
6459:
6444:
6418:
6236:
6057:
6034:
6006:
6001:
5925:
5864:
5627:
5612:
5323:
4657:"Muscle spindle signals combine with the sense of effort to indicate limb position"
4307:
3853:
3566:
Blum KP, Lamotte D'Incamps B, Zytnicki D, Ting LH (September 2017). Ayers J (ed.).
2821:
2718:
The Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine 2021: David Julius, and Ardem Patapoutian
2348:"Review of Clinical and Functional Neuroscience, Chapter 7A: Somatosensory Systems"
2315:
2020:
1609:
1507:
1397:
1314:
1232:
1208:
1204:
1188:. These effects are presumed to arise from abnormal stimulation of the part of the
1150:
1146:
469:
2471:
2053:
1839:
1536:
4970:
4672:
4623:
4531:
4457:
4135:
4022:
3918:
3592:
3498:
3384:
Prochazka A (1999). "Chapter 11 Quantifying Proprioception". In Binder MD (ed.).
3360:
3183:
2611:"NompC TRP channel required for vertebrate sensory hair cell mechanotransduction"
2550:
Shin JB, Adams D, Paukert M, Siba M, Sidi S, Levin M, et al. (August 2005).
1794: – Inability of a person to correctly determine their body position in space
1434:
suggested "kinaesthesia" instead of "muscle sense" on the basis that some of the
6541:
6449:
6423:
6408:
6370:
6193:
6168:
6163:
6153:
6139:
5765:
5721:
5597:
5526:
5254:
1785:
1693:
1626:, and on organs of very contrasted sizes, ranging from the small germination of
1427:, that became recognised as common to all proprioceptive disorders of the legs.
1359:
1318:
1228:
1224:
362:
5089:
4750:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2991:
2556:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1354:
is often used to retrain or increase proprioceptive abilities, particularly as
6561:
6516:
6380:
6375:
6347:
6327:
6251:
6211:
6158:
6143:
6067:
5531:
5521:
5428:
5369:
5244:
4239:
4196:
3450:
2957:
2281:
1900:
1873:
1687:
1631:
1350:
trains reaction time, spatial location, and efficient movement. Standing on a
1308:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1200:
1174:
652:{\displaystyle H(s)=K_{1}{\frac {s(s+0.44)(s+11.3)(s+44)}{(s+0.04)(s+0.816)}}}
505:
327:
282:
271:
207:
4589:
4080:
3792:
3038:
2426:
2104:
1346:
The proprioceptive sense can be sharpened through study of many disciplines.
6309:
6173:
6119:
5986:
5516:
5506:
5451:
5441:
5318:
4894:
4770:
3972:
3544:
3014:
2635:
2610:
2576:
1705:
1614:
1542:
1370:
1322:
378:
223:, in which stretch across a muscle is detected by a sensory receptor (e.g.,
17:
5334:
5107:
4989:
4912:
4837:
4789:
4725:
4690:
4641:
4294:
4214:
4143:
4088:
4072:
4041:
4006:"Neural substrate of body size: illusory feeling of shrinking of the waist"
3990:
3926:
3845:
3810:
3761:
3646:
3611:
3517:
3420:
3328:
3278:
3240:
3202:
3113:
3046:
2999:
2922:
2813:
2763:
2716:(4 Oct 2021) Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021
2701:
2644:
2595:
2536:
2479:
2299:
2155:
2077:
1909:
1776: – Regulation of movement within organisms possessing a nervous system
1744: – Shooting method where the weapon's sights are not used or relied on
1487:
field constituted by the tissues of the organism beneath the surface sheet.
1479:
organs fundamentally distinguishable seem, therefore, to be two, namely, a
5064:
Antani JD, Gupta R, Lee AH, Rhee KY, Manson MD, Lele PP (September 2021).
4852:"From gravitropism to dynamical posture control: proprioception in plants"
4851:
4717:
4576:(1907). "On The Proprio-ceptive System, Especially In Its Reflex Aspect".
3742:
3552:
3458:
3412:
3270:
3232:
3140:
3095:
2904:
2745:
2234:
2191:
6342:
6332:
6322:
6261:
6134:
5991:
5789:
4276:
3688:
2147:
2112:
2069:
2038:
1347:
1215:
1182:
1178:
256:
2668:"Piezo2 is the principal mechanotransduction channel for proprioception"
2518:
1569:"to set in motion; to move" (from PIE root *keie- "to set in motion") +
6511:
6365:
6317:
6279:
6183:
6124:
5456:
4903:
4181:"Handedness modulates proprioceptive drift in the rubber hand illusion"
3670:"The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments"
2183:
1803:
1635:
1602:
1374:
417:(first-order sensory neuron), reaching the mesencephalic tract and the
277:
A nonconscious reaction is seen in the human proprioceptive reflex, or
4828:
4811:
4530:
Brookhart JM, Mountcastle VB, Geiger SR (1984). Darian-Smith I (ed.).
4056:
4004:
Ehrsson HH, Kito T, Sadato N, Passingham RE, Naito E (December 2005).
3837:
3638:
3320:
1800: – Pseudoscientific heory of multiple types of human intelligence
468:
In adult fruit flies, each proprioceptor class arises from a specific
195:. These proprioceptors are active when a limb experiences resistance.
6052:
5770:
5760:
5466:
3080:"Cytoskeletal organization of axons in vertebrates and invertebrates"
2939:
Pathology and Intervention in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation - E-Book
2805:
1947:
1642:
1162:
382:
137:
133:
5134:
3568:"Force encoding in muscle spindles during stretch of passive muscle"
3159:"Force encoding in muscle spindles during stretch of passive muscle"
3157:
Blum KP, Lamotte D'Incamps B, Zytnicki D, Ting LH (September 2017).
3067:. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. 1207–1244.
3030:
2683:
405:
Proprioception of the head stems from the muscles innervated by the
4952:
5996:
5798:
5711:
5706:
5480:
5390:
5365:
3300:
Röhrle O, Yavuz UŞ, Klotz T, Negro F, Heidlauf T (November 2019).
1834:
1646:
1627:
1532:
1328:
1193:
141:
118:
31:
6531:
6284:
5231:
1366:
970:
The corresponding Laplace transfer function for this system is:
5338:
5138:
3775:
Blanche EI, Reinoso G, Chang MC, Bodison S (1 September 2012).
2849:
the MIT Technology Review article "The Cutting Edge of Haptics"
5511:
4055:
Smyth D, Kramarz C, Carr AS, Rossor AM, Lunn MP (2023-04-01).
2321:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
1483:
field constituted by the surface layer of the organism, and a
262:
Nonconscious proprioception is communicated primarily via the
91:
3309:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Systems Biology and Medicine
749:{\displaystyle H(s)=K_{2}{\frac {(s+0.44)(s+11.3)}{s+0.816}}}
3015:"Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness"
2893:
International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork
1975:
The Human Hand as an Inspiration for Robot Hand Development
1408:
highlighted important differences in the anterolateral and
1381:, which works on balancing the abdominal and back muscles.
421:. Proprioception of limbs often occurs due to receptors in
97:
82:
73:
67:
58:
4228:
Carranza E, Franovic S, Boos A, Pirondini E (2023-11-06).
2936:
Magee DJ, Zachazewski JE, Quillen WS (18 September 2008).
1573:"perception, feeling" (from PIE root *au- "to perceive").
1389:
In 1557, the position-movement sensation was described by
88:
3898:
Weeks SR, Anderson-Barnes VC, Tsao JW (September 2010).
2258:"Mechanosensation and Adaptive Motor Control in Insects"
1696: – Postural model that keeps track of limb position
151:, where they are integrated with information from other
1746:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1725:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1716:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1161:
There is a decline in the sense of proprioception with
4744:
Bastien R, Bohr T, Moulia B, Douady S (January 2013).
2003:
Lundberg A, Malmgren K, Schomburg ED (November 1978).
1753: – Study of body motion, and preception of motion
1732: – Concept in hypnosis and psychological research
1702: – Illusion when stepping onto a broken escalator
1247:). It can also occur in those that gain new levels of
365:
have been found to be important for proprioception in
978:
944:
915:
776:
673:
537:
294:
Proprioception is mediated by mechanically sensitive
106:
79:
49:
4391:
Management der Arthrose: Innovative Therapiekonzepte
456:
When planning complex movements such as reaching or
85:
64:
61:
55:
52:
6554:
6499:
6468:
6437:
6389:
6356:
6308:
6270:
6202:
6100:
6093:
6066:
6043:
6015:
5974:
5916:
5905:
5873:
5850:
5797:
5788:
5741:
5679:
5636:
5583:
5540:
5497:
5488:
5479:
5427:
5389:
5376:
5311:
5271:
5253:
5230:
5172:
1770: – Nausea caused by motion or perceived motion
1763:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
1738: – Misperception of one's location or movement
76:
4499:Choreographing Empathy: Kinesthesia in Performance
3866:The Man Who Lost His Body (1997). BBC Documentary.
3353:Neuromechanical Modeling of Posture and Locomotion
3129:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
2314:
1090:
959:
930:
899:
748:
651:
476:are similar across invertebrates and vertebrates.
4394:(in German). Deutscher Ärzteverlag. p. 107.
4259:Elangovan N, Herrmann A, Konczak J (April 2014).
2376:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 263.
1501:, and the deep field a field of proprio-ception.
661:The following equation describes the response of
4483:The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology Vol. 4
4359:"Staying on Balance, With the Help of Exercises"
2493:Li W, Feng Z, Sternberg PW, Xu XZ (March 2006).
251:Conscious proprioception is communicated by the
175:) and another type encode static muscle length (
27:Sense of self-movement, force, and body position
4655:Winter JA, Allen TJ, Proske U (November 2005).
4536:. American Physiological Society. p. 784.
1684: – Physiological disturbance of perception
1472:
5005:"Plants can see, hear and smell – and respond"
2730:"The Role of PIEZO2 in Human Mechanosensation"
2609:Sidi S, Friedrich RW, Nicolson T (July 2003).
1972:Balasubramanian R, Santos V (3 January 2014).
1723: – Coordination between the eyes and hand
1690: – Aesthetic perception of one's own body
1519:), which play a large role in proprioception.
1362:is another method to increase proprioception.
179:). These two types of sensory neurons compose
147:Proprioceptive signals are transmitted to the
5350:
5150:
5035:"The Selfish Plant 4 – Plant Proprioception?"
4179:Dempsey-Jones H, Kritikos A (February 2019).
2777:Robles-De-La-Torre G, Hayward V (July 2001).
1714: – Physiological sense regarding posture
8:
4115:Goble DJ, Noble BC, Brown SH (August 2010).
3957:"Proprioception and Geriatric Low Back Pain"
3781:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2714:The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet
1511:capsule, tendon and muscle tension (such as
121:of self-movement, force, and body position.
3900:"Phantom limb pain: theories and therapies"
2942:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 533–.
2863:Neuroanatomical Basis of Clinical Neurology
525:describes the firing rate responses of the
70:
6097:
5913:
5794:
5494:
5485:
5386:
5357:
5343:
5335:
5157:
5143:
5135:
4057:"Toxic neuropathies: a practical approach"
2866:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 432–.
1782: – Study of senses and nervous system
1470:. He explains the terminology as follows:
479:In mammals with longer gestation periods,
285:, the part of the brain affecting balance.
5127:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
5097:
4979:
4969:
4951:
4902:
4827:
4779:
4769:
4680:
4631:
4601:
4599:
4336:. Blue Snake Books usa. pp. 86, 88.
4284:
4204:
4031:
4021:
3980:
3800:
3751:
3741:
3601:
3591:
3507:
3497:
3192:
3182:
3103:
2969:
2967:
2912:
2753:
2691:
2634:
2585:
2575:
2526:
2461:
2388:"TMJ, Forward Head Posture and Neck Pain"
2289:
2028:
1899:
1593:through the sensing of several vectorial
1540:, meaning "one's own", "individual", and
1060:
1034:
1008:
977:
943:
914:
775:
699:
693:
672:
563:
557:
536:
419:mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
239:In humans, a distinction is made between
4606:Proske U, Gandevia SC (September 2009).
4459:Proprioceptive control of human movement
1788: – Motion sickness occurring at sea
4425:The Comprehensive History of Psychology
1855:
1817:
1759: – Learning by physical activities
1475:The main fields of distribution of the
4812:"How do plants read their own shapes?"
4533:The Nervous system: Sensory processes;
4313:The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
2974:Proske U, Gandevia SC (October 2012).
2350:. (online version Dartmouth college).
2256:Tuthill JC, Wilson RI (October 2016).
2215:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
1214:It has been proposed that even common
253:dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
5575:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
5028:
5026:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4485:. London: Longmans. pp. 585–723.
3432:
3430:
3252:
3250:
3214:
3212:
3152:
3150:
1286:Proprioception is tested by American
7:
5560:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
4934:Bastien R, Meroz Y (December 2016).
4502:. Taylor & Francis. p. 74.
4316:and his autobiographical case study
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
341:(motion and orientation) and in the
4810:Hamant O, Moulia B (October 2016).
4428:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 66.
2734:The New England Journal of Medicine
2136:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2058:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1872:Tuthill JC, Azim E (1 March 2018).
1497:, the deep receptors may be termed
187:encode limb position and velocity.
5555:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
1597:such as the light gradient or the
1462:) is attested in a publication by
1326:to be sure she did not drop them.
25:
5570:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
5565:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
1589:control the orientation of their
1175:hypnagogic state of consciousness
5822:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
3627:Annals of Biomedical Engineering
1798:Theory of multiple intelligences
1404:In 1847, the London neurologist
1231:or gain) and/or muscle content (
45:
5550:Visual system (sense of vision)
5011:from the original on 2017-08-06
5003:Gabbatiss J (10 January 2017).
4862:from the original on 2017-08-05
4369:from the original on 2017-10-11
2887:van der Wal J (December 2009).
2394:from the original on 2013-10-05
2390:. Freedom From Pain Institute.
2354:from the original on 2008-04-05
1601:. This control has been called
452:Planning and refining movements
446:agonist-antagonist muscle pairs
411:general somatic afferent fibers
4462:. Princeton Book Co. p. 4
2021:10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012543
1929:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1342:Lower limb proprioceptive work
988:
982:
954:
948:
925:
919:
894:
888:
882:
879:
867:
852:
840:
825:
813:
795:
786:
780:
729:
717:
714:
702:
683:
677:
643:
631:
628:
616:
611:
599:
596:
584:
581:
569:
547:
541:
413:pass without synapsing in the
312:low-threshold mechanoreceptors
124:Proprioception is mediated by
1:
5692:Auditory perception (hearing)
3668:Robles-De-La-Torre G (2006).
3472:Ache JM, Dürr V (July 2015).
2472:10.1126/science.287.5461.2229
2227:10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00006-X
1624:phylogeny of land angiosperms
1352:wobble board or balance board
967:is a step function of force.
441:Proprioceptor reflex circuits
440:
268:ventral spinocerebellar tract
6338:Olfactory reference syndrome
6115:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
4971:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005238
4673:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.092619
4624:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.175372
4388:Jerosch J, Heisel J (2010).
4357:Hanc J (15 September 2010).
4136:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.053
4023:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030412
3919:10.1097/nrl.0b013e3181edf128
3593:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005767
3499:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004263
3361:10.1007/978-1-4939-3267-2_10
3184:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005767
3019:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1393:as a "sense of locomotion".
1358:for ankle or knee injuries.
359:transient receptor potential
264:dorsal spinocerebellar tract
6537:Sensory processing disorder
5707:Gustation (taste or flavor)
5697:Equilibrioception (balance)
4310:"The Disembodied Lady", in
4185:Experimental Brain Research
3084:The Journal of Cell Biology
2860:Arslan OE (7 August 2014).
1700:Broken escalator phenomenon
6604:
6491:Supernumerary phantom limb
5827:Infrared sensing in snakes
5687:Visual perception (vision)
5090:10.1038/s41467-021-25774-2
4940:PLOS Computational Biology
4706:Journal of Neurophysiology
3572:PLOS Computational Biology
3533:Journal of Neurophysiology
3478:PLOS Computational Biology
3439:Journal of Neurophysiology
3401:Journal of Neurophysiology
3386:Progress in Brain Research
3259:Journal of Neurophysiology
3221:Journal of Neurophysiology
3163:PLOS Computational Biology
2992:10.1152/physrev.00048.2011
2093:Journal of Neurophysiology
1605:. A quantitative study of
1599:gravitational acceleration
900:{\displaystyle r(t)=Ku(t)}
235:Conscious and nonconscious
6242:Microwave auditory effect
5409:Transduction (physiology)
4661:The Journal of Physiology
4612:The Journal of Physiology
4608:"The kinaesthetic senses"
4240:10.1101/2023.11.06.565689
4197:10.1007/s00221-018-5391-3
4103:Journal of human kinetics
3878:The Man Who Lost His Body
3826:Journal of Motor Behavior
3451:10.1152/jn.1967.30.6.1466
2282:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.070
2009:The Journal of Physiology
1978:. Springer. p. 127.
1901:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.064
1464:Charles Scott Sherrington
1415:At around the same time,
523:Laplace transfer function
516:Poppele and Bowman used
6247:Music-specific disorders
5603:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
5129:Medical Subject Headings
5033:plantguy (28 May 2017).
3793:10.5014/ajot.2012.004234
2172:Cell and Tissue Research
2105:10.1152/jn.1975.38.4.990
1780:Multisensory integration
1736:Illusions of self-motion
1131:autism spectrum disorder
663:secondary sensory fibers
529:for a change in length:
302:, which are embedded in
6227:Auditory verbal agnosia
6081:Juxtacapillary receptor
5291:Intrafusal muscle fiber
4895:10.1038/nplants.2015.31
4856:University of Cambridge
4771:10.1073/pnas.1214301109
3973:10.22603/ssrr.2021-0269
3545:10.1152/jn.1970.33.1.59
3064:Drosophila melanogaster
3013:Blanke O (2012-07-18).
2636:10.1126/science.1084370
2577:10.1073/pnas.0502403102
1531:Proprioception is from
1423:, once synonymous with
1417:Moritz Heinrich Romberg
1127:Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
938:is the firing rate and
508:have been modeled too.
6222:Auditory hallucination
5832:Surface wave detection
5437:Multimodal integration
4590:10.1093/brain/29.4.467
4073:10.1136/pn-2022-003444
3078:Prokop A (July 2020).
2427:10.1093/brain/29.4.467
2374:Essential Neuroscience
2052:Bush BM (April 1965).
1948:OxfordDictionaries.com
1792:Spatial disorientation
1504:
1432:Henry Charlton Bastian
1391:Julius Caesar Scaliger
1343:
1292:field sobriety testing
1109:threshold nonlinearity
1092:
961:
932:
901:
750:
653:
527:primary sensory fibers
149:central nervous system
37:
6481:Phantom limb syndrome
6429:Tactile hallucination
5618:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
5419:Active sensory system
5070:Nature Communications
4718:10.1152/jn.00191.2005
3413:10.1152/jn.00869.2005
3271:10.1152/jn.00942.2002
3233:10.1152/jn.00868.2005
3096:10.1083/jcb.201912081
2980:Physiological Reviews
2905:10.3822/ijtmb.v2i4.62
2746:10.1056/NEJMoa1602812
1721:Hand–eye coordination
1341:
1147:phantom limb syndrome
1093:
962:
933:
902:
751:
654:
296:proprioceptor neurons
173:type Ia sensory fiber
35:
6290:Labyrinthine fistula
6257:Spatial hearing loss
5956:Campaniform sensilla
5671:Somatosensory cortex
4456:Dickinson J (1976).
4277:10.2522/ptj.20130103
4124:Neuroscience Letters
3961:Spine Surg Relat Res
3689:10.1109/MMUL.2006.69
2148:10.1242/jeb.42.2.191
2070:10.1242/jeb.42.2.285
1954:on September 3, 2012
1757:Kinesthetic learning
1730:Ideomotor phenomenon
1296:alcohol intoxication
1156:phantom eye syndrome
976:
960:{\displaystyle u(t)}
942:
931:{\displaystyle r(t)}
913:
774:
671:
535:
518:linear system theory
375:African clawed frogs
324:campaniform sensilla
193:campaniform sensilla
6076:Nociceptin receptor
5946:Merkel nerve ending
5931:Mechanotransduction
5296:Nuclear chain fiber
5210:Merkel nerve ending
5082:2021NatCo..12.5442A
4962:2016PLSCB..12E5238B
4816:The New Phytologist
4762:2013PNAS..110..755B
4061:Practical Neurology
3743:10.5402/2012/751768
3584:2017PLSCB..13E5767B
3490:2015PLSCB..11E4263A
3175:2017PLSCB..13E5767B
3062:The Development of
2798:2001Natur.412..445R
2672:Nature Neuroscience
2627:2003Sci...301...96S
2568:2005PNAS..10212572S
2519:10.1038/nature04538
2511:2006Natur.440..684L
2454:2000Sci...287.2229W
2274:2016CBio...26R1022T
2268:(20): R1022–R1038.
1991:Golgi tendon organ.
1892:2018CBio...28.R194T
1577:Plants and bacteria
1513:Golgi tendon organs
1443:Alfred Goldscheider
1135:Parkinson's disease
763:Golgi tendon organs
502:Golgi tendon organs
487:Mathematical models
415:trigeminal ganglion
320:chordotonal neurons
308:Golgi tendon organs
243:proprioception and
229:chordotonal neurons
204:Pacinian corpuscles
6438:Nociception (pain)
6030:Olfactory receptor
5982:Photoreceptor cell
5936:Lamellar corpuscle
5860:Photomorphogenesis
5722:nociception (pain)
5414:Sensory processing
5190:Lamellar corpuscle
5045:on 9 November 2018
4618:(Pt 17): 4139–46.
4496:Foster SL (2010).
4363:The New York Times
3724:Castori M (2012).
2184:10.1007/bf00234545
1932:. Merriam-Webster.
1742:Instinctive aiming
1666:self-consciousness
1634:) to the trunk of
1620:mathematical model
1587:Terrestrial plants
1448:In 1906, the term
1344:
1088:
957:
928:
897:
746:
649:
38:
6570:
6569:
6555:Biases and errors
6550:
6549:
6486:Somatoparaphrenia
6455:Pain dissociation
6300:Ménière's disease
6232:Cortical deafness
6110:Visual impairment
6089:
6088:
5951:Bulbous corpuscle
5941:Tactile corpuscle
5909:sensory receptors
5901:
5900:
5784:
5783:
5737:
5736:
5702:Olfaction (smell)
5656:Vestibular cortex
5638:Cerebral cortices
5475:
5474:
5462:Motion perception
5332:
5331:
5301:Nuclear bag fiber
5240:Free nerve ending
5220:Bulbous corpuscle
5200:Tactile corpuscle
5166:Sensory receptors
4829:10.1111/nph.14143
4667:(Pt 3): 1035–46.
4543:978-0-683-01108-1
4509:978-0-415-59655-8
4435:978-81-208-0804-1
4422:Singh AK (1991).
4401:978-3-7691-0599-5
4343:978-0-913028-85-8
4319:A Leg to Stand On
3838:10.3200/35-09-002
3639:10.1114/1.1432692
3370:978-1-4939-3267-2
3321:10.1002/wsbm.1457
2949:978-1-4160-6942-3
2873:978-1-4398-4834-0
2448:(5461): 2229–34.
2372:Siegel A (2010).
2332:978-0-7817-2829-4
1985:978-3-319-03017-3
1712:Equilibrioception
1563:kinesthetic sense
1410:posterior columns
1339:
1237:anabolic steroids
1081:
1055:
1029:
744:
647:
423:connective tissue
395:haptic perception
343:stretch receptors
185:chordotonal organ
161:vestibular system
157:the visual system
132:, located within
130:sensory receptors
114:-shən, -ə-
16:(Redirected from
6595:
6217:Auditory agnosia
6149:Optic neuropathy
6098:
5966:Stretch receptor
5914:
5812:Magnetoreception
5807:Electroreception
5795:
5717:mechanoreception
5666:Gustatory cortex
5661:Olfactory cortex
5495:
5486:
5404:Sensory receptor
5387:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5336:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5136:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5041:. Archived from
5030:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4955:
4946:(12): e1005238.
4931:
4925:
4924:
4906:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4807:
4794:
4793:
4783:
4773:
4741:
4730:
4729:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4481:Todd RB (1847).
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4332:Cheng M (1981).
4329:
4323:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4265:Physical Therapy
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4154:. Archived from
4121:
4112:
4106:
4105:7 (2002): 19-28.
4099:
4093:
4092:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4025:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3937:. Archived from
3904:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3730:ISRN Dermatology
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3699:. Archived from
3674:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3186:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2824:. Archived from
2806:10.1038/35086588
2792:(6845): 445–48.
2783:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2638:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2562:(35): 12572–77.
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2505:(7084): 684–87.
2490:
2484:
2483:
2465:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1950:. Archived from
1944:"proprioceptive"
1940:
1934:
1933:
1924:"proprioception"
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1886:(5): R194–R203.
1874:"Proprioception"
1869:
1843:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1747:
1726:
1717:
1682:Balance disorder
1385:History of study
1356:physical therapy
1340:
1207:factors such as
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1009:
966:
964:
963:
958:
937:
935:
934:
929:
906:
904:
903:
898:
755:
753:
752:
747:
745:
743:
732:
700:
698:
697:
658:
656:
655:
650:
648:
646:
614:
564:
562:
561:
407:trigeminal nerve
352:adequate stimuli
304:skeletal muscles
247:proprioception:
177:group II neurons
113:
109:
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
21:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6588:Sensory systems
6573:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6546:
6495:
6464:
6433:
6385:
6352:
6304:
6266:
6198:
6189:Stereoblindness
6130:Color blindness
6085:
6062:
6039:
6011:
5970:
5918:Mechanoreceptor
5907:
5897:
5893:Machine hearing
5888:Computer vision
5883:Robotic sensing
5869:
5846:
5780:
5733:
5675:
5651:Auditory cortex
5632:
5579:
5542:Sensory systems
5536:
5471:
5423:
5381:
5379:
5372:
5363:
5333:
5328:
5307:
5267:
5263:Thermoreceptors
5249:
5226:
5182:Mechanoreceptor
5168:
5163:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5039:How Plants Work
5032:
5031:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4809:
4808:
4797:
4743:
4742:
4733:
4712:(3): 1699–706.
4703:
4702:
4698:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4334:T'ai Chi Ch'uan
4331:
4330:
4326:
4306:
4302:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4100:
4096:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3941:
3907:The Neurologist
3902:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3677:IEEE MultiMedia
3672:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3578:(9): e1005767.
3565:
3564:
3560:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3484:(7): e1004263.
3471:
3470:
3466:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3407:(4): 1789–802.
3398:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3265:(5): 2797–809.
3256:
3255:
3248:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3169:(9): e1005767.
3156:
3155:
3148:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3031:10.1038/nrn3292
3012:
3011:
3007:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2950:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2740:(14): 1355–64.
2727:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2684:10.1038/nn.4162
2678:(12): 1756–62.
2665:
2664:
2660:
2621:(5629): 96–99.
2608:
2607:
2603:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2463:10.1.1.646.2497
2439:
2438:
2434:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2313:Fix JD (2002).
2312:
2311:
2307:
2262:Current Biology
2255:
2254:
2250:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2099:(4): 990–1014.
2090:
2089:
2085:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1879:Current Biology
1871:
1870:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1768:Motion sickness
1745:
1724:
1715:
1677:
1579:
1529:
1517:muscle spindles
1503:
1499:proprio-ceptors
1489:
1488:
1450:proprio-ception
1387:
1329:
1304:
1288:police officers
1265:
1190:parietal cortex
1171:
1122:
1117:
1070:
1062:
1044:
1036:
1018:
1010:
1001:
997:
974:
973:
940:
939:
911:
910:
772:
771:
765:
733:
701:
689:
669:
668:
615:
565:
553:
533:
532:
514:
512:Muscle spindles
498:muscle spindles
489:
481:muscle spindles
466:
454:
436:
431:
403:
357:Members of the
345:located in the
337:located in the
335:sensory neurons
300:muscle spindles
292:
279:righting reflex
237:
216:
200:Ruffini endings
181:muscle spindles
169:
167:System overview
153:sensory systems
111:
107:
96:
48:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6601:
6599:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6583:Proprioception
6575:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6469:Proprioception
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6049:
6047:
6045:Thermoreceptor
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6025:Taste receptor
6021:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5922:
5920:
5911:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5751:Proprioception
5747:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5623:Trigeminal (V)
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5499:Sensory organs
5492:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5384:
5374:
5373:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5286:Muscle spindle
5283:
5277:
5275:
5273:Proprioception
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5125:Proprioception
5120:
5119:External links
5117:
5114:
5113:
5056:
5022:
4995:
4926:
4873:
4843:
4795:
4731:
4696:
4647:
4595:
4584:(4): 467–482.
4574:Sherrington CS
4565:
4556:
4542:
4522:
4508:
4488:
4473:
4448:
4434:
4414:
4400:
4380:
4349:
4342:
4324:
4300:
4271:(4): 553–561.
4251:
4220:
4191:(2): 351–361.
4171:
4107:
4094:
4067:(2): 120–130.
4047:
3996:
3967:(5): 422–432.
3947:
3944:on 2011-08-12.
3890:
3868:
3859:
3816:
3787:(5): 621–624.
3767:
3716:
3660:
3617:
3558:
3523:
3464:
3445:(6): 1466–81.
3426:
3391:
3376:
3369:
3342:
3292:
3246:
3227:(4): 1772–88.
3208:
3146:
3119:
3070:
3052:
3025:(8): 556–571.
3005:
2986:(4): 1651–97.
2963:
2948:
2928:
2879:
2872:
2852:
2841:
2769:
2720:
2707:
2658:
2601:
2542:
2485:
2432:
2405:
2379:
2364:
2338:
2331:
2305:
2248:
2205:
2161:
2142:(2): 191–203.
2126:
2083:
2044:
1995:
1984:
1964:
1935:
1915:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1662:self-awareness
1591:primary growth
1578:
1575:
1528:
1525:
1473:
1460:extero-ception
1455:intero-ception
1425:tabes dorsalis
1421:Romberg's sign
1386:
1383:
1303:
1300:
1272:Romberg's test
1264:
1261:
1170:
1167:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
956:
953:
950:
947:
927:
924:
921:
918:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
764:
761:
742:
739:
736:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
696:
692:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
513:
510:
488:
485:
465:
462:
453:
450:
435:
432:
430:
427:
402:
399:
371:nematode worms
316:joint capsules
291:
288:
287:
286:
275:
260:
236:
233:
225:muscle spindle
221:stretch reflex
215:
212:
168:
165:
126:proprioceptors
41:Proprioception
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6600:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6527:Hallucination
6525:
6523:
6522:Derealization
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6476:Asomatognosia
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6414:Hyperesthesia
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6399:Astereognosis
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6295:Labyrinthitis
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6017:Chemoreceptor
6014:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:Photoreceptor
5973:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5961:Slit sensilla
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5776:Visceral pain
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5728:
5727:thermoception
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5646:Visual cortex
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:Olfactory (I)
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5590:spinal nerves
5587:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Consciousness
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5348:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5148:
5146:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5057:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4883:Nature Plants
4877:
4874:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4822:(2): 333–37.
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:(2): 755–60.
4755:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4523:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4492:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4474:
4461:
4460:
4452:
4449:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4418:
4415:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4384:
4381:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4252:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4161:on 2014-12-19
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3913:(5): 277–86.
3912:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3832:(6): 543–52.
3831:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3706:on 2014-01-24
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2831:on 2006-10-03
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2421:(4): 467–85.
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:(2): 285–97.
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
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1775:
1774:Motor control
1772:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:Kinaesthetics
1749:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
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1526:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1508:interoceptors
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
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1418:
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1407:
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1399:
1394:
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1384:
1382:
1380:
1379:exercise ball
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1327:
1324:
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1316:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1294:to check for
1293:
1289:
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1246:
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1128:
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849:
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837:
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566:
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530:
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524:
519:
511:
509:
507:
504:and insects'
503:
499:
493:
486:
484:
482:
477:
475:
474:axon guidance
471:
463:
461:
459:
451:
449:
447:
442:
433:
428:
426:
425:near joints.
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
400:
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384:
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139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
115:
102:
42:
34:
30:
19:
6460:Phantom pain
6445:Hyperalgesia
6419:Hypoesthesia
6237:Hearing loss
6058:TRP channels
6035:Osmoreceptor
6002:Photopigment
5926:Baroreceptor
5865:Gravitropism
5837:Frog hearing
5817:Echolocation
5750:
5613:Facial (VII)
5324:Baroreceptor
5272:
5196:Light touch
5073:
5069:
5059:
5047:. Retrieved
5043:the original
5038:
5013:. Retrieved
4998:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4889:(4): 15031.
4886:
4882:
4876:
4864:. Retrieved
4846:
4819:
4815:
4753:
4749:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4615:
4611:
4581:
4577:
4568:
4559:
4547:. Retrieved
4532:
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
4498:
4491:
4482:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4458:
4451:
4439:. Retrieved
4424:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4390:
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4362:
4352:
4333:
4327:
4317:
4311:
4303:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4243:. Retrieved
4230:
4223:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4163:. Retrieved
4156:the original
4130:(1): 54–58.
4127:
4123:
4110:
4102:
4097:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4016:(12): e412.
4013:
4010:PLOS Biology
4009:
3999:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3939:the original
3910:
3906:
3893:
3882:. Retrieved
3877:
3871:
3862:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3708:. Retrieved
3701:the original
3683:(3): 24–30.
3680:
3676:
3663:
3633:(1): 54–67.
3630:
3626:
3620:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3539:(1): 59–72.
3536:
3532:
3526:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3442:
3438:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3385:
3379:
3352:
3345:
3315:(6): e1457.
3312:
3308:
3295:
3262:
3258:
3224:
3220:
3166:
3162:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3022:
3018:
3008:
2983:
2979:
2938:
2931:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2862:
2855:
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2826:the original
2789:
2785:
2772:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2710:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2382:
2373:
2367:
2356:. Retrieved
2346:Swenson RS.
2341:
2317:Neuroanatomy
2316:
2308:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2221:(1): 65–88.
2218:
2214:
2208:
2178:(1): 57–77.
2175:
2171:
2164:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1989:
1974:
1967:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1938:
1927:
1918:
1883:
1877:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1670:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1636:poplar trees
1610:gravitropism
1580:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1429:
1414:
1403:
1398:Charles Bell
1395:
1388:
1364:
1345:
1315:Oliver Sacks
1313:
1305:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1233:bodybuilding
1221:
1213:
1209:chemotherapy
1198:
1172:
1160:
1151:phantom limb
1143:
1139:
1123:
1106:
1099:
972:
969:
908:
770:
766:
757:
667:
660:
531:
515:
494:
490:
478:
470:cell lineage
467:
455:
437:
409:, where the
404:
392:
386:
363:ion channels
356:
332:
314:embedded in
295:
293:
245:nonconscious
244:
240:
238:
217:
197:
189:
170:
146:
125:
123:
40:
39:
29:
18:Kinaesthetic
6542:Synesthesia
6450:Hypoalgesia
6424:Paresthesia
6409:Formication
6404:CMT disease
6371:Hypergeusia
6194:Visual snow
6169:Photophobia
6164:Papilledema
6154:Oscillopsia
6140:Hemeralopia
6007:Aureochrome
5842:Toad vision
5766:Suffocation
5680:Perceptions
5281:Golgi organ
5255:Temperature
5245:Nociceptors
5076:(1): 5442.
4904:2433/197219
3135:(1): 1–17.
2899:(4): 9–23.
1786:Seasickness
1694:Body schema
1583:angiosperms
1559:kinæsthesia
1555:kinesthesia
1406:Robert Todd
1360:Slacklining
1319:spinal cord
1249:flexibility
1241:catabolisis
1225:liposuction
506:hair plates
464:Development
367:fruit flies
354:receptors.
328:hair plates
208:hair plates
6577:Categories
6562:Pareidolia
6517:Allochiria
6500:Multimodal
6381:Parageusia
6376:Hypogeusia
6348:Phantosmia
6328:Hyperosmia
6272:Vestibular
6252:Palinopsia
6212:Amblyaudia
6159:Palinopsia
6144:Nyctalopia
6068:Nociceptor
5875:Artificial
5598:Optic (II)
5429:Perception
5378:Processes
5370:perception
5319:Hair cells
5186:Vibration
4953:1603.00459
4373:11 October
4245:2024-07-04
4165:2013-03-15
3884:2023-02-21
3736:: 751768.
3710:2006-10-07
2958:1017975705
2835:2006-10-03
2358:2008-04-10
2015:: 327–43.
1958:2016-01-20
1850:References
1688:Body image
1632:coleoptile
1466:involving
1452:(and also
1309:touch type
1290:using the
1257:contortion
1253:stretching
1245:starvation
1201:vitamin B6
1115:Impairment
361:family of
290:Mechanisms
283:cerebellum
272:cerebellum
155:, such as
6358:Gustatory
6310:Olfactory
6174:Photopsia
6120:Amaurosis
6094:Disorders
5987:Cone cell
5906:Types of
5517:Inner ear
5452:Cognition
5442:Awareness
5391:Sensation
5366:Sensation
5206:Pressure
4308:Sacks, O.
4081:1474-7758
3935:205894711
3337:195354352
3039:1471-0048
2458:CiteSeerX
2398:3 October
1706:Dizziness
1615:curvature
1571:aisthesis
1553:The word
1527:Etymology
1468:receptors
1441:In 1889,
1430:In 1880,
1396:In 1826,
1371:Wing Chun
1323:inner ear
1263:Diagnosis
1205:cytotoxic
871:−
865:
844:−
838:
817:−
811:
434:Stability
379:zebrafish
339:inner ear
270:, to the
241:conscious
117:) is the
110:-pree-oh-
6343:Parosmia
6333:Hyposmia
6323:Dysosmia
6262:Tinnitus
6204:Auditory
6179:Polyopia
6135:Diplopia
5992:Rod cell
5790:Nonhuman
5743:Internal
5584:Sensory
5490:External
5399:Stimulus
5382:concepts
5216:Stretch
5108:34521846
5049:5 August
5015:5 August
5009:Archived
4990:27923062
4921:22432635
4913:27247032
4866:5 August
4860:Archived
4838:27532273
4790:23236182
4726:15917323
4691:16109730
4642:19581378
4367:Archived
4295:24262599
4215:30411222
4152:24385107
4144:20600603
4089:36697225
4042:16336049
3991:36348676
3927:20827116
3846:19592360
3811:22917129
3762:23227356
3697:16153497
3655:13015209
3647:11874142
3612:28945740
3518:26158851
3421:16672300
3329:31237041
3287:18253128
3279:12740414
3241:16672301
3203:28945740
3114:32369543
3047:22805909
3000:23073629
2923:21589740
2814:11473320
2764:27653382
2702:26551544
2653:23882972
2645:12805553
2596:16116094
2537:16572173
2480:10744543
2392:Archived
2352:Archived
2300:27780045
2243:16673654
2200:29439820
2156:14323763
2121:20111229
2078:14323766
1910:29510103
1675:See also
1658:a priori
1651:nutation
1537:proprius
1477:receptor
1436:afferent
1348:Juggling
1302:Training
1229:fat loss
1227:, rapid
1216:tinnitus
1183:migraine
1179:epilepsy
458:grooming
429:Function
257:cerebrum
214:Reflexes
159:and the
6512:Agnosia
6391:Tactile
6366:Ageusia
6318:Anosmia
6280:Vertigo
6184:Scotoma
6125:Anopsia
5586:cranial
5457:Feeling
5099:8440544
5078:Bibcode
4981:5140061
4958:Bibcode
4781:3545775
4758:Bibcode
4682:1464181
4633:2754351
4549:8 April
4515:8 April
4466:8 April
4441:8 April
4407:8 April
4286:6281037
4206:6373180
4033:1287503
3982:9605761
3854:5775266
3802:3754787
3753:3512326
3603:5634630
3580:Bibcode
3553:4243791
3509:4497639
3486:Bibcode
3459:6066449
3194:5634630
3171:Bibcode
3141:9074933
3105:7337489
2914:3091473
2822:4413295
2794:Bibcode
2755:5911918
2693:4661126
2623:Bibcode
2615:Science
2587:1194908
2564:Bibcode
2528:2865900
2507:Bibcode
2450:Bibcode
2442:Science
2291:5120761
2270:Bibcode
2235:9639677
2192:7226209
2030:1282824
1888:Bibcode
1840:propriō
1804:Vertigo
1603:tropism
1595:stimuli
1481:surface
1375:tai chi
1192:of the
1120:Chronic
1111:after.
401:Anatomy
347:muscles
255:to the
138:tendons
134:muscles
6102:Visual
6053:Cilium
5799:Animal
5771:Nausea
5761:Thirst
5756:Hunger
5628:Spinal
5467:Qualia
5131:(MeSH)
5106:
5096:
4988:
4978:
4919:
4911:
4836:
4788:
4778:
4724:
4689:
4679:
4640:
4630:
4540:
4506:
4432:
4398:
4340:
4293:
4283:
4213:
4203:
4150:
4142:
4087:
4079:
4040:
4030:
3989:
3979:
3933:
3925:
3852:
3844:
3809:
3799:
3760:
3750:
3695:
3653:
3645:
3610:
3600:
3551:
3516:
3506:
3457:
3419:
3367:
3335:
3327:
3285:
3277:
3239:
3201:
3191:
3139:
3112:
3102:
3045:
3037:
2998:
2956:
2946:
2921:
2911:
2870:
2820:
2812:
2786:Nature
2762:
2752:
2700:
2690:
2651:
2643:
2594:
2584:
2535:
2525:
2499:Nature
2478:
2460:
2329:
2298:
2288:
2241:
2233:
2198:
2190:
2154:
2119:
2113:125786
2111:
2076:
2039:215758
2037:
2027:
1982:
1908:
1643:myosin
1567:kinein
1548:capere
1495:itself
1255:, and
1163:ageing
1133:, and
1102:soleus
1100:For a
909:where
500:, but
387:PIEZO2
383:PIEZO2
377:, and
326:, and
142:joints
140:, and
5997:ipRGC
5852:Plant
5712:Touch
5527:Mouth
5481:Human
5312:Other
5174:Touch
4948:arXiv
4917:S2CID
4578:Brain
4159:(PDF)
4148:S2CID
4120:(PDF)
3942:(PDF)
3931:S2CID
3903:(PDF)
3850:S2CID
3704:(PDF)
3693:S2CID
3673:(PDF)
3651:S2CID
3333:S2CID
3305:(PDF)
3283:S2CID
3090:(7).
2829:(PDF)
2818:S2CID
2782:(PDF)
2649:S2CID
2415:Brain
2239:S2CID
2196:S2CID
2117:S2CID
1835:Latin
1812:Notes
1647:actin
1628:wheat
1607:shoot
1543:capio
1533:Latin
1194:brain
1186:auras
1169:Acute
741:0.816
641:0.816
119:sense
6532:HSAN
6507:Aura
6285:BPPV
6142:and
5588:and
5532:Skin
5522:Nose
5512:Ears
5507:Eyes
5380:and
5368:and
5232:Pain
5104:PMID
5051:2017
5017:2017
4986:PMID
4909:PMID
4868:2017
4834:PMID
4786:PMID
4722:PMID
4687:PMID
4638:PMID
4551:2011
4538:ISBN
4517:2011
4504:ISBN
4468:2011
4443:2011
4430:ISBN
4409:2011
4396:ISBN
4375:2017
4338:ISBN
4291:PMID
4211:PMID
4140:PMID
4085:PMID
4077:ISSN
4038:PMID
3987:PMID
3923:PMID
3842:PMID
3807:PMID
3758:PMID
3734:2012
3643:PMID
3608:PMID
3549:PMID
3514:PMID
3455:PMID
3417:PMID
3365:ISBN
3325:PMID
3275:PMID
3237:PMID
3199:PMID
3137:PMID
3110:PMID
3043:PMID
3035:ISSN
2996:PMID
2954:OCLC
2944:ISBN
2919:PMID
2868:ISBN
2810:PMID
2760:PMID
2698:PMID
2641:PMID
2592:PMID
2533:PMID
2476:PMID
2400:2013
2327:ISBN
2296:PMID
2231:PMID
2188:PMID
2152:PMID
2109:PMID
2074:PMID
2035:PMID
1980:ISBN
1906:PMID
1645:and
1515:and
1485:deep
1458:and
1373:and
1367:yoga
1270:The
727:11.3
712:0.44
626:0.04
594:11.3
579:0.44
266:and
202:and
108:PROH
5094:PMC
5086:doi
4976:PMC
4966:doi
4899:hdl
4891:doi
4824:doi
4820:212
4776:PMC
4766:doi
4754:110
4714:doi
4677:PMC
4669:doi
4665:568
4628:PMC
4620:doi
4616:587
4586:doi
4281:PMC
4273:doi
4236:doi
4201:PMC
4193:doi
4189:237
4132:doi
4128:481
4069:doi
4028:PMC
4018:doi
3977:PMC
3969:doi
3915:doi
3834:doi
3797:PMC
3789:doi
3748:PMC
3738:doi
3685:doi
3635:doi
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