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result from repeated stimulations. With further seizures, the accompanying behavior intensifies, for example progressing from freezing in early stimulations to convulsions in later ones. The lengthening of duration and intensification of behavioral accompaniment eventually reaches a plateau after repeated stimulation. Even if animals are left unstimulated for as long as 12 weeks, the effect remains; the response to stimulation remains higher than it had been before.
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could lead to progressive increase of electrically evoked seizure activity. Yet, it was not until the late 1960s that Graham
Goddard recognized the potential importance of this phenomenon and coined the term 'kindling'. Further research by Goddard on the characteristics of the kindling phenomenon led
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is a metaphor: the increase in response to small stimuli is similar to the way small burning twigs can produce a large fire. It is used by scientists to study the effects of repeated seizures on the brain. A seizure may increase the likelihood that more seizures will occur; an old saying in epilepsy
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are repeatedly stimulated, usually with electricity, to induce the seizures. Chemicals may also be used to induce seizures. The seizure that occurs after the first such electrical stimulation lasts a short time and is accompanied by a small amount of behavioral effects compared with seizures that
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It has been reported that repeated seizure stimulation can result in spontaneous seizures, but studies have had conflicting findings on this question. In humans, some seizure disorders come to an end by themselves even after large numbers of seizures. However, in both human epilepsy and in some
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in which the duration and behavioral involvement of induced seizures increases after seizures are induced repeatedly. Kindling is also referred as an animal visual model of epilepsy that can be produced by focal electrical stimulation in the brain. This is mainly used in visualising epilepsy in
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was developed using optogenetics (light) instead of passing electrical current. In 2021, "optokindling" by activating pyramidal cells in the piriform cortex has shown to disrupt the GABA production of feedback inhibitory cells, which led to the progression of seizure severity in mice.
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humans. The kindling model was first proposed in the late 1960s by Graham V. Goddard and colleagues. Although kindling is a widely used model, its applicability to human epilepsy is controversial.
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Already in the 1950s and 1960s, numerous authors recognized the seizure-inducing potential of focal stimulation. Here, Delgado and
Sevillano demonstrated that repeated low-intensity stimuli to the
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Ryu, Brendan; Nagappan, Shivathmihai; Santos-Valencia, Fernando; Lee, Psyche; Rodriguez, Erica; Lackie, Meredith; Takatoh, Jun; Franks, Kevin M. (April 2021).
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Abel MS, McCandless DW (1992). "The kindling model of epilepsy". In Adams RN, Baker GB, Baker JM, Bateson AN, Boisvert DP, Boulton AA, et al. (eds.).
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to his conclusion that kindling can be used to model human epileptogenesis, learning and memory. The publication of these results opened a completely new
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Cela, Elvis; McFarlan, Amanda R.; Chung, Andrew J.; Wang, Taiji; Chierzi, Sabrina; Murai, Keith K.; Sjöström, P. Jesper (December 2019).
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for epilepsy research and has stimulated a significant number of studies on the subject of kindling and its relevance to human epilepsy.
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Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK (1969). "A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation".
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Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ (May 2004). "Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: Rewiring the brain".
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research is "seizures beget seizures". Repeated stimulation "lowers the threshold" for more seizures to occur.
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Goddard GV (1967). "Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity".
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McNamara JO; Byrne MC; Dasheiff RM; JG Fitz (1980). "The
Kindling Model of Epilepsy; a Review".
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628:"Chronic loss of inhibition in piriform cortex following brief, daily optogenetic stimulation"
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Delgado JM, Sevillano M (1961). "Evolution of repeated hippocampal seizures in the cat".
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animal models, evidence suggests that a process like that found in kindling does occur.
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316:, Jarell AD, Anderson GD (2001). "Antiepileptogenic agents: how close are we?".
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563:"An Optogenetic Kindling Model of Neocortical Epilepsy"
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272:PK Sahoo; KI Mathai; GV Ramdas; MN Swamy (2007).
274:"The pathophysiology of post traumatic epilepsy"
96:In 2019, a new model to develop kindling in the
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161:"The relevance of kindling for human epilepsy"
202:"Kindling: An experimental model of epilepsy"
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27:Model for the development of seizures
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221:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1982.tb03123.x
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330:10.2165/00003495-200161080-00002
178:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01068.x
373:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009
450:Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophys
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281:Indian Journal of Neurotrauma
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419:10.1016/0301-0082(80)90006-4
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407:Progress in Neurobiology
171:(Supplement 2): 65–74.
37:for the development of
691:Neurological disorders
75:Historical perspective
64:experimental animals
579:2019NatSR...9.5236C
489:1967Natur.214.1020G
33:is a commonly used
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159:Bertram E (2007).
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528:Exp Neurol
128:References
696:Neurology
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595:2045-2322
314:Temkin NR
301:144797725
229:146513524
165:Epilepsia
98:neocortex
54:The word
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389:36849482
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338:11465868
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105:See also
56:kindling
43:epilepsy
39:seizures
31:Kindling
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604:6437216
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318:Drugs
308:(PDF)
297:S2CID
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86:niche
35:model
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650:ISSN
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