Proprioception - Knowledge (XXG)

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Ian and Charles could move their lower body, but could not coordinate their movements. However, both individuals regained some control of their limbs and body by consciously planning their movements and relying solely on visual feedback. Interestingly, both individuals can still sense pain and temperature, indicating that they specifically lost proprioceptive feedback, but not tactile and nociceptive feedback. The impact of losing the sense of proprioception on daily life is perfectly illustrated when Ian Waterman stated, "What is an active brain without mobility".

1259:. A limb's being in a new range of motion never experienced (or at least, not for a long time since youth perhaps) can disrupt one's sense of location of that limb. Possible experiences include suddenly feeling that feet or legs are missing from one's mental self-image; needing to look down at one's limbs to be sure they are still there; and falling down while walking, especially when attention is focused upon something other than the act of walking. 33: 460:, an animal must consider the current position and velocity of its limb and use that information to adjust dynamics to target a final position. If the animal's estimate of its limb's initial position is wrong, then a deficiency in the movement can result. Furthermore, proprioception is crucial in refining the movement if it deviates from the trajectory. 1298:. The subject is required to touch his or her nose with eyes closed; people with normal proprioception may make an error of no more than 20 mm (0.79 in), while people with impaired proprioception (a symptom of moderate to severe alcohol intoxication) fail this test due to difficulty locating their limbs in space relative to their noses. 1330: 472:(i.e. each chordotonal neuron is from the chordotonal neuron lineage, although multiple lineages give rise to sensory bristles). After the last cell division, proprioceptors send out axons toward the central nervous system and are guided by hormonal gradients to reach stereotyped synapses. The mechanisms underlying 1307:

proprioceptive input, an artist would not be able to brush paint onto a canvas without looking at the hand as it moved the brush over the canvas; it would be impossible to drive an automobile because a motorist would not be able to steer or use the pedals while looking at the road ahead; a person could not

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For evaluating proprioception's contribution to motor control, a common protocol is joint position matching. The patient is blindfolded while a joint is moved to a specific angle for a given period of time and then returned to neutral. The subject is then asked to move the joint back to the specified

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Houk and Simon provided one of the first mathematical models of a Golgi tendon organ receptor, modeling the firing rate of the receptor as a function of the muscle tension force. Just as for muscle spindles, they find that, as the receptors respond linearly to sine waves of different frequencies and

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only for movement while using hearing to judge voice modulation. She eventually acquired a stiff and slow movement and nearly normal speech, which is believed to be the best possible in the absence of this sense. She could not judge effort involved in picking up objects and would grip them painfully

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For passive sensing of joint angles, recent studies have found that experiments to probe psychophysical thresholds produce more precise estimates of proprioceptive discrimination than the joint position matching task. In these experiments, the subject holds on to an object (such as an armrest) that

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In rare cases, viral infections result in a loss of proprioception. Ian Waterman and Charles Freed are two such people that lost their sense of proprioception from the neck down from supposed viral infections (i.e. gastric flu and a rare viral infection). After losing their sense of proprioception,

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To determine the load on a limb, vertebrates use sensory neurons in the Golgi tendon organs: type Ib afferents. These proprioceptors are activated at given muscle forces, which indicate the resistance that muscle is experiencing. Similarly, invertebrates have a mechanism to determine limb load: the

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Primary endings of muscle spindles "respond to the size of a muscle length change and its speed" and "contribute both to the sense of limb position and movement". Secondary endings of muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length, and thus supply information regarding only the sense of position.

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Proprioception also includes the ability to perceive force and heaviness, the history of which has been less controversial than the senses of limb position and movement. The sense of force refers to the ability to perceive the force that is generated by the muscles and its primary receptor is the

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by the organ and the subsequent driving an active straightening process are required. Being a sensing by the plant of the relative configuration of its parts, it has been called proprioception. This dual sensing and control by gravisensing and proprioception has been formalized into a unifying

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Essentially, muscle spindles are stretch receptors. It has been accepted that cutaneous receptors also contribute directly to proprioception by providing "accurate perceptual information about joint position and movement", and this knowledge is combined with information from the muscle spindles.

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An important role for proprioception is to allow an animal to stabilize itself against perturbations. For instance, for a person to walk or stand upright, they must continuously monitor their posture and adjust muscle activity as needed to provide balance. Similarly, when walking on unfamiliar

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provide information about the internal organs, and the "proprioceptors" provide information about movement derived from muscular, tendon, and articular sources. Using Sherrington's system, physiologists and anatomists search for specialised nerve endings that transmit mechanical data on joint

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Proprioception is what allows someone to learn to walk in complete darkness without losing balance. During the learning of any new skill, sport, or art, it is usually necessary to become familiar with some proprioceptive tasks specific to that activity. Without the appropriate integration of

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sensations and experience. One is the concept of "proprioceptive memory", which argues that the brain retains a memory of specific limb positions and that after amputation there is a conflict between the visual system, which actually sees that the limb is missing, and the memory system which

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The sense of proprioception is ubiquitous across mobile animals and is essential for the motor coordination of the body. Proprioceptors can form reflex circuits with motor neurons to provide rapid feedback about body and limb position. These mechanosensory circuits are important for flexibly

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expounded the idea of a "muscle sense", which is credited as one of the first descriptions of physiologic feedback mechanisms. Bell's idea was that commands are carried from the brain to the muscles, and that reports on the muscle's condition would be sent in the reverse direction.

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Bräunig P, Hustert R, Pflüger HJ (1981). "Distribution and specific central projections of mechanoreceptors in the thorax and proximal leg joints of locusts. I. Morphology, location and innervation of internal proprioceptors of pro- and metathorax and their central projections".

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Proprioceptors transfer the mechanical state of the body into patterns of neural activity. This transfer can be modeled mathematically, for example to better understand the internal workings of a proprioceptor or to provide more realistic feedback in neuromechanical simulations.

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and the joint-supporting ligaments (stance). There are specific nerve receptors for this form of perception termed "proprioceptors", just as there are specific receptors for pressure, light, temperature, sound, and other sensory experiences. Proprioceptors are sometimes known as

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More recently, Blum et al. showed that the muscle spindle firing rate is modeled better as tracking the force of the muscle, rather than the length. Furthermore, muscle spindle firing rates show history dependence which cannot be modeled by a linear time-invariant system model.

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has little variance in response over time to the same stimulus, Golgi tendon organ receptors may be modeled as linear time-invariant systems. Specifically, they find that the firing rate of a Golgi tendon organ receptor may be modeled as a sum of 3 decaying exponentials:

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to model mammalian muscle spindles Ia and II afferents. They obtained a set of de-afferented muscle spindles, measured their response to a series of sinusoidal and step function stretches, and fit a transfer function to the spike rate. They found that the following

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remembers the limb as a functioning part of the body. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, such as after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain), or removal of an eye (

144:. Most animals possess multiple subtypes of proprioceptors, which detect distinct kinesthetic parameters, such as joint position, movement, and load. Although all mobile animals possess proprioceptors, the structure of the sensory organs can vary across species. 495:

Various proprioceptor models of complexity have been developed. They range from simple phenomenological models to complex structural models, in which the mathematical elements correspond to anatomical features of the proprioceptor. The focus has been on

1149:. Phantom sensations can occur as passive proprioceptive sensations of the limb's presence, or more active sensations such as perceived movement, pressure, pain, itching, or temperature. There are a variety of theories concerning the etiology of 1565:) refers to movement sense, but has been used inconsistently to refer either to proprioception alone or to the brain's integration of proprioceptive and vestibular inputs. Kinesthesia is a modern medical term composed of elements from Greek; 1333: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1331: 281:—in the event that the body tilts in any direction, the person will cock their head back to level the eyes against the horizon. This is seen even in infants as soon as they gain control of their neck muscles. This control comes from the 1338: 1124:

Proprioception, a sense vital for rapid and proper body coordination, can be permanently lost or impaired as a result of genetic conditions, disease, viral infections, and injuries. For instance, patients with joint hypermobility or

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are thought to play an important role to allow fast and unconscious execution of these behaviors, To make control of these behaviors efficient, proprioceptors are also thought to regulate reciprocal inhibition in muscles, leading to

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gene exhibit specific deficits in joint proprioception, as well as vibration and touch discrimination, suggesting that the PIEZO2 channel is essential for mechanosensitivity in some proprioceptors and low-threshold mechanoreceptors.

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Temporary loss or impairment of proprioception may happen periodically during growth, mostly during adolescence. Growth that might also influence this would be large increases or drops in bodyweight/size due to fluctuations of fat

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demonstrated that, when a plant is tilted, it cannot recover a steady erected posture under the sole driving of the sensing of its angular deflection versus gravity. An additional control through the continuous sensing of its

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moves and stops at different positions. The subject must discriminate whether one position is closer to the body than another. From the subject's choices, the tester may determine the subject's discrimination thresholds.

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Proprioception is also permanently lost in people who lose a limb or body part through injury or amputation. After the removal of a limb, people may have a confused sense of that limb's existence on their body, known as

1335: 1137:. In regards to Parkinson's disease, it remains unclear whether the proprioceptive-related decline in motor function occurs due to disrupted proprioceptors in the periphery or signaling in the spinal cord or brain. 163:, to create an overall representation of body position, movement, and acceleration. In many animals, sensory feedback from proprioceptors is essential for stabilizing body posture and coordinating body movement. 1274:

is often used to assess balance. The subject must stand with feet together and eyes closed without support for 30 seconds. If the subject loses balance and falls, it is an indicator for impaired proprioception.

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Prilutsky BI, Klishko AN, Weber DJ, Lemay MA (2016). "Computing Motion Dependent Afferent Activity During Cat Locomotion Using a Forward Dynamics Musculoskeletal Model". In Prilutsky BI, Edwards DH (eds.).

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angle. Recent investigations have shown that hand dominance, participant age, active versus passive matching, and presentation time of the angle can all affect performance on joint position matching tasks.

231:), which activates a motor neuron to induce muscle contraction and oppose the stretch. During locomotion, sensory neurons can reverse their activity when stretched, to promote rather than oppose movement. 1218:

and the attendant hearing frequency-gaps masked by the perceived sounds may cause erroneous proprioceptive information to the balance and comprehension centers of the brain, precipitating mild confusion.

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Although they lack neurons, systems responding to stimuli (analogous to the sensory system in animals with a nervous system, which includes the proprioception) have also been described in some plants (

1377:. The vestibular system of the inner ear, vision and proprioception are the main three requirements for balance. Moreover, there are specific devices designed for proprioception training, such as the 1196:

involved with integrating information from different parts of the body. Proprioceptive illusions can also be induced, such as the "Pinocchio illusion", the illusion that one's nose is growing longer.

1321:. At first she could not move properly at all or even control her tone of voice (as voice modulation is primarily proprioceptive). Later she relearned by using her sight (watching her feet) and 1493:, and are so in much greater measure than are the stimulations of the surface field of the organism. Since in the deep field the stimuli to the receptors are delivered by the organism 3899: 4881:

Okamoto K, Ueda H, Shimada T, Tamura K, Kato T, Tasaka M, et al. (March 2015). "Regulation of organ straightening and plant posture by an actin-myosin XI cytoskeleton".

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to accomplish this; a field of bristles located within joints that detects the relative movement of limb segments through the deflection of the associated cuticular hairs.

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The discovery of proprioception in plants has generated an interest in the popular science and generalist media. This is because this discovery questions a long-lasting

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relies strongly on the forces experienced during touch. This research allows the creation of "virtual", illusory haptic shapes with different perceived qualities.

5156: 2889:"The architecture of the connective tissue in the musculoskeletal system-an often overlooked functional parameter as to proprioception in the locomotor apparatus" 5034: 3726:"Ehlers-danlos syndrome, hypermobility type: an underdiagnosed hereditary connective tissue disorder with mucocutaneous, articular, and systemic manifestations" 975: 333:

The initiation of proprioception is the activation of a proprioceptor in the periphery. The proprioceptive sense is believed to be composed of information from

5008: 2351: 385:, a nonselective cation channel, has been shown to underlie the mechanosensitivity of proprioceptors in mice. Humans with loss-of-function mutations in the 1668:. There is no scientific ground for such a semantic shift. Indeed, even in animals, proprioception can be unconscious; so it is thought to be in plants. 4366: 4704:

Collins DF, Refshauge KM, Todd G, Gandevia SC (September 2005). "Cutaneous receptors contribute to kinesthesia at the index finger, elbow, and knee".

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Konczak J, Corcos DM, Horak F, Poizner H, Shapiro M, Tuite P, et al. (November 2009). "Proprioception and motor control in Parkinson's disease".

1550:, to take or grasp. Thus to grasp one's own position in space, including the position of the limbs in relation to each other and the body as a whole. 418: 1649:, and seems to occur in specialized cells. Proprioception was then found to be involved in other tropisms and to be central also to the control of 534: 3219:

Mileusnic MP, Brown IE, Lan N, Loeb GE (October 2006). "Mathematical models of proprioceptors. I. Control and transduction in the muscle spindle".

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When modeling a stretch reflex, Lin and Crago improved upon this model by adding a logarithmic nonlinearity before the Houk and Simon model and a

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Hirtz, Peter, and Wlodzimierz Starosta. "Sensitive and critical periods of motor co-ordination development and its relation to motor learning."

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Today, the "exteroceptors" are the organs that provide information originating outside the body, such as the eyes, ears, mouth, and skin. The

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Maltenfort MG, Burke RE (May 2003). "Spindle model responsive to mixed fusimotor inputs and testable predictions of beta feedback effects".

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Bässler U, Büschges A (June 1998). "Pattern generation for stick insect walking movements--multisensory control of a locomotor program".

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Impaired proprioception may be diagnosed through a series of tests, each focusing on a different functional aspect of proprioception.

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Mileusnic MP, Loeb GE (October 2006). "Mathematical models of proprioceptors. II. Structure and function of the Golgi tendon organ".

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terrain or even tripping, the person must adjust the output of their muscles quickly based on estimated limb position and velocity.

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A third role for proprioceptors is to determine when a joint is at a specific position. In vertebrates, this is accomplished by

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receptor, Houk and Simon obtain average values of K=57 pulses/sec/kg, A=0.31, a=0.22 sec, B=0.4, b=2.17 sec, C=2.5, c=36 sec .

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In vertebrates, limb movement and velocity (muscle length and the rate of change) are encoded by one group of sensory neurons (

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Proprioception is occasionally impaired spontaneously, especially when one is tired. Similar effects can be felt during the

1129:, genetic conditions that result in weak connective tissue throughout the body, have chronic impairments to proprioception. 4117:"Where was my arm again? Memory-based matching of proprioceptive targets is enhanced by increased target presentation time" 5851: 5142: 318:. Many invertebrates, such as insects, also possess three basic proprioceptor types with analogous functional properties: 267: 4936:"The Kinematics of Plant Nutation Reveals a Simple Relation between Curvature and the Orientation of Differential Growth" 393:

Although it was known that finger kinesthesia relies on skin sensation, recent research has found that kinesthesia-based

6337: 6203: 6114: 517: 358: 263: 5066:"Mechanosensitive recruitment of stator units promotes binding of the response regulator CheY-P to the flagellar motor" 1126: 6536: 1824:

The Piezo channel receptors play key roles in the perception of pressure, touch, and proprioception (Piezo2 receptor).

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simulating the complete driving of the gravitropic movement. This model has been validated on 11 species sampling the

1419:, a Berlin neurologist, was describing unsteadiness made worse by eye closure or darkness, now known as the eponymous 1108: 5042: 5004: 4859: 3777:"Proprioceptive processing difficulties among children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities" 1365:

Standing on one leg (stork standing) and various other body-position challenges are also used in such disciplines as

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Murphy JT, Wong YC, Kwan HC (July 1975). "Afferent-efferent linkages in motor cortex for single forelimb muscles".

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Poppele RE, Bowman RJ (January 1970). "Quantitative description of linear behavior of mammalian muscle spindles".

2848: 1720: 6241: 5408: 4573: 4261:"Assessing proprioceptive function: evaluating joint position matching methods against psychophysical thresholds" 3625:

Lin CC, Crago PE (January 2002). "Neural and mechanical contributions to the stretch reflex: a model synthesis".

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are fully formed at birth. Muscle spindles continue to grow throughout post-natal development as muscles grow.

6587: 6246: 6080: 5128: 4746:"Unifying model of shoot gravitropism reveals proprioception as a central feature of posture control in plants" 4358: 1779: 1735: 2976:"The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force" 1491:

the stimulations occurring in deep field is that the stimuli are traceable to actions of the organism itself

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of the spinal cord, and suggested that the latter were involved in the coordination of movement and balance.

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Sherrington, C.S. (1906). The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. NewHaven, CT: Yale University Press.

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Chesler AT, Szczot M, Bharucha-Goebel D, Čeko M, Donkervoort S, Laubacher C, et al. (October 2016).

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or perform ballet; and people would not even be able to walk without watching where they put their feet.

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Houk J, Simon W (November 1967). "Responses of Golgi tendon organs to forces applied to muscle tendon".

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suggested a classification of kinaesthesia into three types: muscle, tendon, and articular sensitivity.

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distributed throughout an animal's body. Most vertebrates possess three basic types of proprioceptors:

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Walker RG, Willingham AT, Zuker CS (March 2000). "A Drosophila mechanosensory transduction channel".

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Chapman KM (April 1965). "Campaniform Sensilla on the Tactile Spines of the Legs of the Cockroach".

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information (back to the brain) comes from other structures, including tendons, joints, and skin.

183:. There is a similar division of encoding in invertebrates; different subgroups of neurons of the 36:

Schematics and images of types of limb proprioceptor neurons in mammals (top) and insects (bottom)

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Maier A (February 1997). "Development and regeneration of muscle spindles in mammals and birds".

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Woo SH, Lukacs V, de Nooij JC, Zaytseva D, Criddle CR, Francisco A, et al. (December 2015).

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reported the case of a young woman who lost her proprioception due to a viral infection of her

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Recent studies suggest that bacteria have control systems that may resemble proprioception.

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Further studies have shown that the cellular mechanism of proprioception in plants involves

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Sakai Y, Watanabe T, Wakao N, Matsui H, Osada N, Sugiura T, et al. (September 2022).

1928: 1878: 1767: 1582: 1516: 1189: 1130: 1091:{\displaystyle H(s)=K\left(1+{\frac {As}{s+a}}+{\frac {Bs}{s+b}}+{\frac {Cs}{s+c}}\right)} 941: 912: 480: 303: 278: 180: 1660:

that we have on plants. In some cases this has led to a shift between proprioception and

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maintaining posture and balance, especially during locomotion. For example, consider the

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Sherrington CS (1907). "On the proprioceptive system, especially in its reflex aspect".

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Temporary impairment of proprioception has also been known to occur from an overdose of

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Jan YN, Jan LY (1993). "The peripheral nervous system.". In Bate M, Arias AM (eds.).

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Understanding Age-Related Changes in Proprioception through Active and Passive Tasks

4151: 3696: 3654: 3286: 2779:"Force can overcome object geometry in the perception of shape through active touch" 2652: 2242: 2199: 2120: 310:, which lie at the interface of muscles and tendons, and joint receptors, which are 6480: 6459: 6444: 6418: 6236: 6057: 6034: 6006: 6001: 5925: 5864: 5627: 5612: 5323: 4657:"Muscle spindle signals combine with the sense of effort to indicate limb position" 4307: 3853: 3566:

Blum KP, Lamotte D'Incamps B, Zytnicki D, Ting LH (September 2017). Ayers J (ed.).

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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021: David Julius, and Ardem Patapoutian

2348:"Review of Clinical and Functional Neuroscience, Chapter 7A: Somatosensory Systems" 2315: 2020: 1609: 1507: 1397: 1314: 1232: 1208: 1204: 1188:. These effects are presumed to arise from abnormal stimulation of the part of the 1150: 1146: 469: 2471: 2053: 1839: 1536: 4970: 4672: 4623: 4531: 4457: 4135: 4022: 3918: 3592: 3498: 3384:

Prochazka A (1999). "Chapter 11 Quantifying Proprioception". In Binder MD (ed.).

3360: 3183: 2611:"NompC TRP channel required for vertebrate sensory hair cell mechanotransduction" 2550:

Shin JB, Adams D, Paukert M, Siba M, Sidi S, Levin M, et al. (August 2005).

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suggested "kinaesthesia" instead of "muscle sense" on the basis that some of the

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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is often used to retrain or increase proprioceptive abilities, particularly as

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trains reaction time, spatial location, and efficient movement. Standing on a

1308: 1256: 1252: 1244: 1240: 1200: 1174: 652:{\displaystyle H(s)=K_{1}{\frac {s(s+0.44)(s+11.3)(s+44)}{(s+0.04)(s+0.816)}}} 505: 327: 282: 271: 207: 4589: 4080: 3792: 3038: 2426: 2104: 1346:

The proprioceptive sense can be sharpened through study of many disciplines.

6309: 6173: 6119: 5986: 5516: 5506: 5451: 5441: 5318: 4894: 4770: 3972: 3544: 3014: 2635: 2610: 2576: 1705: 1614: 1542: 1370: 1322: 378: 223:, in which stretch across a muscle is detected by a sensory receptor (e.g., 5334: 5107: 4989: 4912: 4837: 4789: 4725: 4690: 4641: 4294: 4214: 4143: 4088: 4072: 4041: 4006:"Neural substrate of body size: illusory feeling of shrinking of the waist" 3990: 3926: 3845: 3810: 3761: 3646: 3611: 3517: 3420: 3328: 3278: 3240: 3202: 3113: 3046: 2999: 2922: 2813: 2763: 2716:(4 Oct 2021) Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021 2701: 2644: 2595: 2536: 2479: 2299: 2155: 2077: 1909: 1776: – Regulation of movement within organisms possessing a nervous system 1744: – Shooting method where the weapon's sights are not used or relied on 1487:

field constituted by the tissues of the organism beneath the surface sheet.

1479:

organs fundamentally distinguishable seem, therefore, to be two, namely, a

17: 5064:

Antani JD, Gupta R, Lee AH, Rhee KY, Manson MD, Lele PP (September 2021).

4852:"From gravitropism to dynamical posture control: proprioception in plants" 4851: 4717: 4576:(1907). "On The Proprio-ceptive System, Especially In Its Reflex Aspect". 3742: 3552: 3458: 3412: 3270: 3232: 3140: 3095: 2904: 2745: 2234: 2191: 6342: 6332: 6322: 6261: 6134: 5991: 5789: 4276: 3688: 2147: 2112: 2069: 2038: 1347: 1215: 1182: 1178: 256: 2668:"Piezo2 is the principal mechanotransduction channel for proprioception" 2518: 1569:"to set in motion; to move" (from PIE root *keie- "to set in motion") + 6511: 6365: 6317: 6279: 6183: 6124: 5456: 4903: 4181:"Handedness modulates proprioceptive drift in the rubber hand illusion" 3670:"The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments" 2183: 1803: 1635: 1602: 1374: 417:(first-order sensory neuron), reaching the mesencephalic tract and the 277:

A nonconscious reaction is seen in the human proprioceptive reflex, or

4828: 4811: 4530:

Brookhart JM, Mountcastle VB, Geiger SR (1984). Darian-Smith I (ed.).

4056: 4004:

Ehrsson HH, Kito T, Sadato N, Passingham RE, Naito E (December 2005).

3837: 3638: 3320: 1800: – Pseudoscientific heory of multiple types of human intelligence 468:

In adult fruit flies, each proprioceptor class arises from a specific

195:. These proprioceptors are active when a limb experiences resistance. 6052: 5770: 5760: 5466: 3080:"Cytoskeletal organization of axons in vertebrates and invertebrates" 2939:

Pathology and Intervention in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation - E-Book

2805: 1947: 1642: 1162: 382: 137: 133: 5134: 3568:"Force encoding in muscle spindles during stretch of passive muscle" 3159:"Force encoding in muscle spindles during stretch of passive muscle" 3157:

Blum KP, Lamotte D'Incamps B, Zytnicki D, Ting LH (September 2017).

3067:. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. 1207–1244. 3030: 2683: 405:

Proprioception of the head stems from the muscles innervated by the

4952: 5996: 5798: 5711: 5706: 5480: 5390: 5365: 3300:

Röhrle O, Yavuz UŞ, Klotz T, Negro F, Heidlauf T (November 2019).

1834: 1646: 1627: 1532: 1328: 1193: 141: 118: 31: 6531: 6284: 5231: 1366: 970:

The corresponding Laplace transfer function for this system is:

5338: 5138: 3775:

Blanche EI, Reinoso G, Chang MC, Bodison S (1 September 2012).

2849:

the MIT Technology Review article "The Cutting Edge of Haptics"

5511: 4055:

Smyth D, Kramarz C, Carr AS, Rossor AM, Lunn MP (2023-04-01).

2321:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1483:

field constituted by the surface layer of the organism, and a

262:

Nonconscious proprioception is communicated primarily via the

91: 3309:

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Systems Biology and Medicine

749:{\displaystyle H(s)=K_{2}{\frac {(s+0.44)(s+11.3)}{s+0.816}}} 3015:"Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness" 2893:

International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork

1975:

The Human Hand as an Inspiration for Robot Hand Development

1408:

highlighted important differences in the anterolateral and

1381:, which works on balancing the abdominal and back muscles. 421:. Proprioception of limbs often occurs due to receptors in 97: 82: 73: 67: 58: 4228:

Carranza E, Franovic S, Boos A, Pirondini E (2023-11-06).

2936:

Magee DJ, Zachazewski JE, Quillen WS (18 September 2008).

1573:"perception, feeling" (from PIE root *au- "to perceive"). 1389:

In 1557, the position-movement sensation was described by

88: 3898:

Weeks SR, Anderson-Barnes VC, Tsao JW (September 2010).

2258:"Mechanosensation and Adaptive Motor Control in Insects" 1696: – Postural model that keeps track of limb position 151:, where they are integrated with information from other 1746:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1725:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1716:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1161:

There is a decline in the sense of proprioception with

4744:

Bastien R, Bohr T, Moulia B, Douady S (January 2013).

2003:

Lundberg A, Malmgren K, Schomburg ED (November 1978).

1753: – Study of body motion, and preception of motion 1732: – Concept in hypnosis and psychological research 1702: – Illusion when stepping onto a broken escalator 1247:). It can also occur in those that gain new levels of 365:

have been found to be important for proprioception in

978: 944: 915: 776: 673: 537: 294:

Proprioception is mediated by mechanically sensitive

106: 79: 49: 4391:

Management der Arthrose: Innovative Therapiekonzepte

456:

When planning complex movements such as reaching or

85: 64: 61: 55: 52: 6554: 6499: 6468: 6437: 6389: 6356: 6308: 6270: 6202: 6100: 6093: 6066: 6043: 6015: 5974: 5916: 5905: 5873: 5850: 5797: 5788: 5741: 5679: 5636: 5583: 5540: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5427: 5389: 5376: 5311: 5271: 5253: 5230: 5172: 1770: – Nausea caused by motion or perceived motion 1763:

List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

1738: – Misperception of one's location or movement 76: 4499:Choreographing Empathy: Kinesthesia in Performance 3866:The Man Who Lost His Body (1997). BBC Documentary. 3353:Neuromechanical Modeling of Posture and Locomotion 3129:The International Journal of Developmental Biology 2314: 1090: 959: 930: 899: 748: 651: 476:are similar across invertebrates and vertebrates. 4394:(in German). Deutscher Ärzteverlag. p. 107. 4259:Elangovan N, Herrmann A, Konczak J (April 2014). 2376:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 263. 1501:, and the deep field a field of proprio-ception. 661:The following equation describes the response of 4483:The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology Vol. 4 4359:"Staying on Balance, With the Help of Exercises" 2493:Li W, Feng Z, Sternberg PW, Xu XZ (March 2006). 251:Conscious proprioception is communicated by the 175:) and another type encode static muscle length ( 27:Sense of self-movement, force, and body position 4655:Winter JA, Allen TJ, Proske U (November 2005). 4536:. American Physiological Society. p. 784. 1684: – Physiological disturbance of perception 1472: 5005:"Plants can see, hear and smell – and respond" 2730:"The Role of PIEZO2 in Human Mechanosensation" 2609:Sidi S, Friedrich RW, Nicolson T (July 2003). 1972:Balasubramanian R, Santos V (3 January 2014). 1723: – Coordination between the eyes and hand 1690: – Aesthetic perception of one's own body 1519:), which play a large role in proprioception. 1362:is another method to increase proprioception. 179:). These two types of sensory neurons compose 147:Proprioceptive signals are transmitted to the 5350: 5150: 5035:"The Selfish Plant 4 – Plant Proprioception?" 4179:Dempsey-Jones H, Kritikos A (February 2019). 2777:Robles-De-La-Torre G, Hayward V (July 2001). 1714: – Physiological sense regarding posture 8: 4115:Goble DJ, Noble BC, Brown SH (August 2010). 3957:"Proprioception and Geriatric Low Back Pain" 3781:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2714:The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet 1511:capsule, tendon and muscle tension (such as 121:of self-movement, force, and body position. 3900:"Phantom limb pain: theories and therapies" 2942:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 533–. 2863:Neuroanatomical Basis of Clinical Neurology 525:describes the firing rate responses of the 70: 6097: 5913: 5794: 5494: 5485: 5386: 5357: 5343: 5335: 5157: 5143: 5135: 4057:"Toxic neuropathies: a practical approach" 2866:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 432–. 1782: – Study of senses and nervous system 1470:. He explains the terminology as follows: 479:In mammals with longer gestation periods, 285:, the part of the brain affecting balance. 5127:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 5097: 4979: 4969: 4951: 4902: 4827: 4779: 4769: 4680: 4631: 4601: 4599: 4336:. 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(online version Dartmouth college). 2256:Tuthill JC, Wilson RI (October 2016). 2215:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 1214:It has been proposed that even common 253:dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway 5575:Somatosensory system (sense of touch) 5028: 5026: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4485:. London: Longmans. pp. 585–723. 3432: 3430: 3252: 3250: 3214: 3212: 3152: 3150: 1286:Proprioception is tested by American 7: 5560:Vestibular system (sense of balance) 4934:Bastien R, Meroz Y (December 2016). 4502:. Taylor & Francis. p. 74. 4316:and his autobiographical case study 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 341:(motion and orientation) and in the 4810:Hamant O, Moulia B (October 2016). 4428:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 66. 2734:The New England Journal of Medicine 2136:The Journal of Experimental Biology 2058:The Journal of Experimental Biology 1872:Tuthill JC, Azim E (1 March 2018). 1497:, the deep receptors may be termed 187:encode limb position and velocity. 5555:Auditory system (sense of hearing) 1597:such as the light gradient or the 1462:) is attested in a publication by 1326:to be sure she did not drop them. 25: 5570:Gustatory system (sense of taste) 5565:Olfactory system (sense of smell) 1589:control the orientation of their 1175:hypnagogic state of consciousness 5822:Infrared sensing in vampire bats 3627:Annals of Biomedical Engineering 1798:Theory of multiple intelligences 1404:In 1847, the London neurologist 1231:or gain) and/or muscle content ( 45: 5550:Visual system (sense of vision) 5011:from the original on 2017-08-06 5003:Gabbatiss J (10 January 2017). 4862:from the original on 2017-08-05 4369:from the original on 2017-10-11 2887:van der Wal J (December 2009). 2394:from the original on 2013-10-05 2390:. Freedom From Pain Institute. 2354:from the original on 2008-04-05 1601:. This control has been called 452:Planning and refining movements 446:agonist-antagonist muscle pairs 411:general somatic afferent fibers 4462:. Princeton Book Co. p. 4 2021:10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012543 1929:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1342:Lower limb proprioceptive work 988: 982: 954: 948: 925: 919: 894: 888: 882: 879: 867: 852: 840: 825: 813: 795: 786: 780: 729: 717: 714: 702: 683: 677: 643: 631: 628: 616: 611: 599: 596: 584: 581: 569: 547: 541: 413:pass without synapsing in the 312:low-threshold mechanoreceptors 124:Proprioception is mediated by 1: 5692:Auditory perception (hearing) 3668:Robles-De-La-Torre G (2006). 3472:Ache JM, Dürr V (July 2015). 2472:10.1126/science.287.5461.2229 2227:10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00006-X 1624:phylogeny of land angiosperms 1352:wobble board or balance board 967:is a step function of force. 441:Proprioceptor reflex circuits 440: 268:ventral spinocerebellar tract 6338:Olfactory reference syndrome 6115:Alice in Wonderland syndrome 4971:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005238 4673:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.092619 4624:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.175372 4388:Jerosch J, Heisel J (2010). 4357:Hanc J (15 September 2010). 4136:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.053 4023:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030412 3919:10.1097/nrl.0b013e3181edf128 3593:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005767 3499:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004263 3361:10.1007/978-1-4939-3267-2_10 3184:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005767 3019:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 1393:as a "sense of locomotion". 1358:for ankle or knee injuries. 359:transient receptor potential 264:dorsal spinocerebellar tract 6537:Sensory processing disorder 5707:Gustation (taste or flavor) 5697:Equilibrioception (balance) 4310:"The Disembodied Lady", in 4185:Experimental Brain Research 3084:The Journal of Cell Biology 2860:Arslan OE (7 August 2014). 1700:Broken escalator phenomenon 6604: 6491:Supernumerary phantom limb 5827:Infrared sensing in snakes 5687:Visual perception (vision) 5090:10.1038/s41467-021-25774-2 4940:PLOS Computational Biology 4706:Journal of Neurophysiology 3572:PLOS Computational Biology 3533:Journal of Neurophysiology 3478:PLOS Computational Biology 3439:Journal of Neurophysiology 3401:Journal of Neurophysiology 3386:Progress in Brain Research 3259:Journal of Neurophysiology 3221:Journal of Neurophysiology 3163:PLOS Computational Biology 2992:10.1152/physrev.00048.2011 2093:Journal of Neurophysiology 1605:. A quantitative study of 1599:gravitational acceleration 900:{\displaystyle r(t)=Ku(t)} 235:Conscious and nonconscious 6242:Microwave auditory effect 5409:Transduction (physiology) 4661:The Journal of Physiology 4612:The Journal of Physiology 4608:"The kinaesthetic senses" 4240:10.1101/2023.11.06.565689 4197:10.1007/s00221-018-5391-3 4103:Journal of human kinetics 3878:The Man Who Lost His Body 3826:Journal of Motor Behavior 3451:10.1152/jn.1967.30.6.1466 2282:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.070 2009:The Journal of Physiology 1978:. Springer. p. 127. 1901:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.064 1464:Charles Scott Sherrington 1415:At around the same time, 523:Laplace transfer function 516:Poppele and Bowman used 6247:Music-specific disorders 5603:Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 5129:Medical Subject Headings 5033:plantguy (28 May 2017). 3793:10.5014/ajot.2012.004234 2172:Cell and Tissue Research 2105:10.1152/jn.1975.38.4.990 1780:Multisensory integration 1736:Illusions of self-motion 1131:autism spectrum disorder 663:secondary sensory fibers 529:for a change in length: 302:, which are embedded in 6227:Auditory verbal agnosia 6081:Juxtacapillary receptor 5291:Intrafusal muscle fiber 4895:10.1038/nplants.2015.31 4856:University of Cambridge 4771:10.1073/pnas.1214301109 3973:10.22603/ssrr.2021-0269 3545:10.1152/jn.1970.33.1.59 3064:Drosophila melanogaster 3013:Blanke O (2012-07-18). 2636:10.1126/science.1084370 2577:10.1073/pnas.0502403102 1531:Proprioception is from 1423:, once synonymous with 1417:Moritz Heinrich Romberg 1127:Ehlers–Danlos syndromes 938:is the firing rate and 508:have been modeled too. 6222:Auditory hallucination 5832:Surface wave detection 5437:Multimodal integration 4590:10.1093/brain/29.4.467 4073:10.1136/pn-2022-003444 3078:Prokop A (July 2020). 2427:10.1093/brain/29.4.467 2374:Essential Neuroscience 2052:Bush BM (April 1965). 1948:OxfordDictionaries.com 1792:Spatial disorientation 1504: 1432:Henry Charlton Bastian 1391:Julius Caesar Scaliger 1343: 1292:field sobriety testing 1109:threshold nonlinearity 1092: 961: 932: 901: 750: 653: 527:primary sensory fibers 149:central nervous system 37: 6481:Phantom limb syndrome 6429:Tactile hallucination 5618:Glossopharyngeal (IX) 5419:Active sensory system 5070:Nature Communications 4718:10.1152/jn.00191.2005 3413:10.1152/jn.00869.2005 3271:10.1152/jn.00942.2002 3233:10.1152/jn.00868.2005 3096:10.1083/jcb.201912081 2980:Physiological Reviews 2905:10.3822/ijtmb.v2i4.62 2746:10.1056/NEJMoa1602812 1721:Hand–eye coordination 1341: 1147:phantom limb syndrome 1093: 962: 933: 902: 751: 654: 296:proprioceptor neurons 173:type Ia sensory fiber 35: 6290:Labyrinthine fistula 6257:Spatial hearing loss 5956:Campaniform sensilla 5671:Somatosensory cortex 4456:Dickinson J (1976). 4277:10.2522/ptj.20130103 4124:Neuroscience Letters 3961:Spine Surg Relat Res 3689:10.1109/MMUL.2006.69 2148:10.1242/jeb.42.2.191 2070:10.1242/jeb.42.2.285 1954:on September 3, 2012 1757:Kinesthetic learning 1730:Ideomotor phenomenon 1296:alcohol intoxication 1156:phantom eye syndrome 976: 960:{\displaystyle u(t)} 942: 931:{\displaystyle r(t)} 913: 774: 671: 535: 518:linear system theory 375:African clawed frogs 324:campaniform sensilla 193:campaniform sensilla 6076:Nociceptin receptor 5946:Merkel nerve ending 5931:Mechanotransduction 5296:Nuclear chain fiber 5210:Merkel nerve ending 5082:2021NatCo..12.5442A 4962:2016PLSCB..12E5238B 4816:The New Phytologist 4762:2013PNAS..110..755B 4061:Practical Neurology 3743:10.5402/2012/751768 3584:2017PLSCB..13E5767B 3490:2015PLSCB..11E4263A 3175:2017PLSCB..13E5767B 3062:The Development of 2798:2001Natur.412..445R 2672:Nature Neuroscience 2627:2003Sci...301...96S 2568:2005PNAS..10212572S 2519:10.1038/nature04538 2511:2006Natur.440..684L 2454:2000Sci...287.2229W 2274:2016CBio...26R1022T 2268:(20): R1022–R1038. 1991:Golgi tendon organ. 1892:2018CBio...28.R194T 1577:Plants and bacteria 1513:Golgi tendon organs 1443:Alfred Goldscheider 1135:Parkinson's disease 763:Golgi tendon organs 502:Golgi tendon organs 487:Mathematical models 415:trigeminal ganglion 320:chordotonal neurons 308:Golgi tendon organs 243:proprioception and 229:chordotonal neurons 204:Pacinian corpuscles 6438:Nociception (pain) 6030:Olfactory receptor 5982:Photoreceptor cell 5936:Lamellar corpuscle 5860:Photomorphogenesis 5722:nociception (pain) 5414:Sensory processing 5190:Lamellar corpuscle 5045:on 9 November 2018 4618:(Pt 17): 4139–46. 4496:Foster SL (2010). 4363:The New York Times 3724:Castori M (2012). 2184:10.1007/bf00234545 1932:. Merriam-Webster. 1742:Instinctive aiming 1666:self-consciousness 1634:) to the trunk of 1620:mathematical model 1587:Terrestrial plants 1448:In 1906, the term 1344: 1088: 957: 928: 897: 746: 649: 38: 6570: 6569: 6555:Biases and errors 6550: 6549: 6486:Somatoparaphrenia 6455:Pain dissociation 6300:Ménière's disease 6232:Cortical deafness 6110:Visual impairment 6089: 6088: 5951:Bulbous corpuscle 5941:Tactile corpuscle 5909:sensory receptors 5901: 5900: 5784: 5783: 5737: 5736: 5702:Olfaction (smell) 5656:Vestibular cortex 5638:Cerebral cortices 5475: 5474: 5462:Motion perception 5332: 5331: 5301:Nuclear bag fiber 5240:Free nerve ending 5220:Bulbous corpuscle 5200:Tactile corpuscle 5166:Sensory receptors 4829:10.1111/nph.14143 4667:(Pt 3): 1035–46. 4543:978-0-683-01108-1 4509:978-0-415-59655-8 4435:978-81-208-0804-1 4422:Singh AK (1991). 4401:978-3-7691-0599-5 4343:978-0-913028-85-8 4319:A Leg to Stand On 3838:10.3200/35-09-002 3639:10.1114/1.1432692 3370:978-1-4939-3267-2 3321:10.1002/wsbm.1457 2949:978-1-4160-6942-3 2873:978-1-4398-4834-0 2448:(5461): 2229–34. 2372:Siegel A (2010). 2332:978-0-7817-2829-4 1985:978-3-319-03017-3 1712:Equilibrioception 1563:kinesthetic sense 1410:posterior columns 1339: 1237:anabolic steroids 1081: 1055: 1029: 744: 647: 423:connective tissue 395:haptic perception 343:stretch receptors 185:chordotonal organ 161:vestibular system 157:the visual system 132:, located within 130:sensory receptors 114:-shən, -⁠ə- 16:(Redirected from 6595: 6217:Auditory agnosia 6149:Optic neuropathy 6098: 5966:Stretch receptor 5914: 5812:Magnetoreception 5807:Electroreception 5795: 5717:mechanoreception 5666:Gustatory cortex 5661:Olfactory cortex 5495: 5486: 5404:Sensory receptor 5387: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5336: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5136: 5112: 5111: 5101: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5041:. 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Archived from 3904: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3804: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3755: 3745: 3730:ISRN Dermatology 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3699:. Archived from 3674: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3605: 3595: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3501: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3196: 3186: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3107: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2916: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2824:. Archived from 2806:10.1038/35086588 2792:(6845): 445–48. 2783: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2757: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2695: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2638: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2589: 2579: 2562:(35): 12572–77. 2547: 2541: 2540: 2530: 2505:(7084): 684–87. 2490: 2484: 2483: 2465: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2320: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2293: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2032: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1950:. Archived from 1944:"proprioceptive" 1940: 1934: 1933: 1924:"proprioception" 1920: 1914: 1913: 1903: 1886:(5): R194–R203. 1874:"Proprioception" 1869: 1843: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1747: 1726: 1717: 1682:Balance disorder 1385:History of study 1356:physical therapy 1340: 1207:factors such as 1097: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1080: 1069: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1043: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1017: 1009: 966: 964: 963: 958: 937: 935: 934: 929: 906: 904: 903: 898: 755: 753: 752: 747: 745: 743: 732: 700: 698: 697: 658: 656: 655: 650: 648: 646: 614: 564: 562: 561: 407:trigeminal nerve 352:adequate stimuli 304:skeletal muscles 247:proprioception: 177:group II neurons 113: 109: 104: 103: 100: 99: 94: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 60: 57: 54: 51: 21: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6588:Sensory systems 6573: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6546: 6495: 6464: 6433: 6385: 6352: 6304: 6266: 6198: 6189:Stereoblindness 6130:Color blindness 6085: 6062: 6039: 6011: 5970: 5918:Mechanoreceptor 5907: 5897: 5893:Machine hearing 5888:Computer vision 5883:Robotic sensing 5869: 5846: 5780: 5733: 5675: 5651:Auditory cortex 5632: 5579: 5542:Sensory systems 5536: 5471: 5423: 5381: 5379: 5372: 5363: 5333: 5328: 5307: 5267: 5263:Thermoreceptors 5249: 5226: 5182:Mechanoreceptor 5168: 5163: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5039:How Plants Work 5032: 5031: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4809: 4808: 4797: 4743: 4742: 4733: 4712:(3): 1699–706. 4703: 4702: 4698: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4334:T'ai Chi Ch'uan 4331: 4330: 4326: 4306: 4302: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4096: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3907:The Neurologist 3902: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3677:IEEE MultiMedia 3672: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3578:(9): e1005767. 3565: 3564: 3560: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3484:(7): e1004263. 3471: 3470: 3466: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3407:(4): 1789–802. 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3265:(5): 2797–809. 3256: 3255: 3248: 3218: 3217: 3210: 3169:(9): e1005767. 3156: 3155: 3148: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3031:10.1038/nrn3292 3012: 3011: 3007: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2950: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2740:(14): 1355–64. 2727: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2709: 2684:10.1038/nn.4162 2678:(12): 1756–62. 2665: 2664: 2660: 2621:(5629): 96–99. 2608: 2607: 2603: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2463:10.1.1.646.2497 2439: 2438: 2434: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2313:Fix JD (2002). 2312: 2311: 2307: 2262:Current Biology 2255: 2254: 2250: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2099:(4): 990–1014. 2090: 2089: 2085: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1986: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1879:Current Biology 1871: 1870: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1768:Motion sickness 1745: 1724: 1715: 1677: 1579: 1529: 1517:muscle spindles 1503: 1499:proprio-ceptors 1489: 1488: 1450:proprio-ception 1387: 1329: 1304: 1288:police officers 1265: 1190:parietal cortex 1171: 1122: 1117: 1070: 1062: 1044: 1036: 1018: 1010: 1001: 997: 974: 973: 940: 939: 911: 910: 772: 771: 765: 733: 701: 689: 669: 668: 615: 565: 553: 533: 532: 514: 512:Muscle spindles 498:muscle spindles 489: 481:muscle spindles 466: 454: 436: 431: 403: 357:Members of the 345:located in the 337:located in the 335:sensory neurons 300:muscle spindles 292: 279:righting reflex 237: 216: 200:Ruffini endings 181:muscle spindles 169: 167:System overview 153:sensory systems 111: 107: 96: 48: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6601: 6599: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6583:Proprioception 6575: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6469:Proprioception 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6045:Thermoreceptor 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6025:Taste receptor 6021: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5911: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5751:Proprioception 5747: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5623:Trigeminal (V) 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5499:Sensory organs 5492: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5374: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5286:Muscle spindle 5283: 5277: 5275: 5273:Proprioception 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5125:Proprioception 5120: 5119:External links 5117: 5114: 5113: 5056: 5022: 4995: 4926: 4873: 4843: 4795: 4731: 4696: 4647: 4595: 4584:(4): 467–482. 4574:Sherrington CS 4565: 4556: 4542: 4522: 4508: 4488: 4473: 4448: 4434: 4414: 4400: 4380: 4349: 4342: 4324: 4300: 4271:(4): 553–561. 4251: 4220: 4191:(2): 351–361. 4171: 4107: 4094: 4067:(2): 120–130. 4047: 3996: 3967:(5): 422–432. 3947: 3944:on 2011-08-12. 3890: 3868: 3859: 3816: 3787:(5): 621–624. 3767: 3716: 3660: 3617: 3558: 3523: 3464: 3445:(6): 1466–81. 3426: 3391: 3376: 3369: 3342: 3292: 3246: 3227:(4): 1772–88. 3208: 3146: 3119: 3070: 3052: 3025:(8): 556–571. 3005: 2986:(4): 1651–97. 2963: 2948: 2928: 2879: 2872: 2852: 2841: 2769: 2720: 2707: 2658: 2601: 2542: 2485: 2432: 2405: 2379: 2364: 2338: 2331: 2305: 2248: 2205: 2161: 2142:(2): 191–203. 2126: 2083: 2044: 1995: 1984: 1964: 1935: 1915: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1826: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1662:self-awareness 1591:primary growth 1578: 1575: 1528: 1525: 1473: 1460:extero-ception 1455:intero-ception 1425:tabes dorsalis 1421:Romberg's sign 1386: 1383: 1303: 1300: 1272:Romberg's test 1264: 1261: 1170: 1167: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1086: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 956: 953: 950: 947: 927: 924: 921: 918: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 764: 761: 742: 739: 736: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 696: 692: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 560: 556: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 513: 510: 488: 485: 465: 462: 453: 450: 435: 432: 430: 427: 402: 399: 371:nematode worms 316:joint capsules 291: 288: 287: 286: 275: 260: 236: 233: 225:muscle spindle 221:stretch reflex 215: 212: 168: 165: 126:proprioceptors 41:Proprioception 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6600: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:Hallucination 6525: 6523: 6522:Derealization 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476:Asomatognosia 6474: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6414:Hyperesthesia 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6399:Astereognosis 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295:Labyrinthitis 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6017:Chemoreceptor 6014: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975:Photoreceptor 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:Slit sensilla 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5776:Visceral pain 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5728: 5727:thermoception 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Visual cortex 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608:Olfactory (I) 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5590:spinal nerves 5587: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447:Consciousness 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5148: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4883:Nature Plants 4877: 4874: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4822:(2): 333–37. 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4756:(2): 755–60. 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4523: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4461: 4460: 4452: 4449: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4415: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4384: 4381: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4252: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4172: 4161:on 2014-12-19 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3913:(5): 277–86. 3912: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3832:(6): 543–52. 3831: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3717: 3706:on 2014-01-24 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 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image 1632:coleoptile 1466:involving 1452:(and also 1309:touch type 1290:using the 1257:contortion 1253:stretching 1245:starvation 1201:vitamin B6 1115:Impairment 361:family of 290:Mechanisms 283:cerebellum 272:cerebellum 155:, such as 6358:Gustatory 6310:Olfactory 6174:Photopsia 6120:Amaurosis 6094:Disorders 5987:Cone cell 5906:Types of 5517:Inner ear 5452:Cognition 5442:Awareness 5391:Sensation 5366:Sensation 5206:Pressure 4308:Sacks, O. 4081:1474-7758 3935:205894711 3337:195354352 3039:1471-0048 2458:CiteSeerX 2398:3 October 1706:Dizziness 1615:curvature 1571:aisthesis 1553:The word 1527:Etymology 1468:receptors 1441:In 1889, 1430:In 1880, 1396:In 1826, 1371:Wing Chun 1323:inner ear 1263:Diagnosis 1205:cytotoxic 871:− 865:⁡ 844:− 838:⁡ 817:− 811:⁡ 434:Stability 379:zebrafish 339:inner ear 270:, to the 241:conscious 117:) is the 110:-pree-oh- 6343:Parosmia 6333:Hyposmia 6323:Dysosmia 6262:Tinnitus 6204:Auditory 6179:Polyopia 6135:Diplopia 5992:Rod cell 5790:Nonhuman 5743:Internal 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loss 1227:, rapid 1216:tinnitus 1183:migraine 1179:epilepsy 458:grooming 429:Function 257:cerebrum 214:Reflexes 159:and the 6512:Agnosia 6391:Tactile 6366:Ageusia 6318:Anosmia 6280:Vertigo 6184:Scotoma 6125:Anopsia 5586:cranial 5457:Feeling 5099:8440544 5078:Bibcode 4981:5140061 4958:Bibcode 4781:3545775 4758:Bibcode 4682:1464181 4633:2754351 4549:8 April 4515:8 April 4466:8 April 4441:8 April 4407:8 April 4286:6281037 4206:6373180 4033:1287503 3982:9605761 3854:5775266 3802:3754787 3753:3512326 3603:5634630 3580:Bibcode 3553:4243791 3509:4497639 3486:Bibcode 3459:6066449 3194:5634630 3171:Bibcode 3141:9074933 3105:7337489 2914:3091473 2822:4413295 2794:Bibcode 2755:5911918 2693:4661126 2623:Bibcode 2615:Science 2587:1194908 2564:Bibcode 2528:2865900 2507:Bibcode 2450:Bibcode 2442:Science 2291:5120761 2270:Bibcode 2235:9639677 2192:7226209 2030:1282824 1888:Bibcode 1840:propriō 1804:Vertigo 1603:tropism 1595:stimuli 1481:surface 1375:tai chi 1192:of the 1120:Chronic 1111:after. 401:Anatomy 347:muscles 255:to the 138:tendons 134:muscles 6102:Visual 6053:Cilium 5799:Animal 5771:Nausea 5761:Thirst 5756:Hunger 5628:Spinal 5467:Qualia 5131:(MeSH) 5106: 5096: 4988: 4978: 4919: 4911: 4836: 4788: 4778: 4724: 4689: 4679: 4640: 4630: 4540: 4506: 4432: 4398: 4340: 4293: 4283: 4213: 4203: 4150: 4142: 4087: 4079: 4040: 4030: 3989: 3979: 3933: 3925: 3852: 3844: 3809: 3799: 3760: 3750: 3695: 3653: 3645: 3610: 3600: 3551: 3516: 3506: 3457: 3419: 3367: 3335: 3327: 3285: 3277: 3239: 3201: 3191: 3139: 3112: 3102: 3045: 3037: 2998: 2956: 2946: 2921: 2911: 2870: 2820: 2812: 2786:Nature 2762: 2752: 2700: 2690: 2651: 2643: 2594: 2584: 2535: 2525: 2499:Nature 2478: 2460: 2329: 2298: 2288: 2241: 2233: 2198: 2190: 2154: 2119: 2113:125786 2111: 2076: 2039:215758 2037: 2027: 1982: 1908: 1643:myosin 1567:kinein 1548:capere 1495:itself 1255:, and 1163:ageing 1133:, and 1102:soleus 1100:For a 909:where 500:, but 387:PIEZO2 383:PIEZO2 377:, and 326:, and 142:joints 140:, and 5997:ipRGC 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