Æthelwulf, King of Wessex - Knowledge (XXG)

1050:Æthelbald's rebellion was supported by Ealhstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, even though they appear to have been two of the king's most trusted advisers. According to Asser, the plot was concerted "in the western part of Selwood", and western nobles may have backed Æthelbald because they resented the patronage Æthelwulf gave to eastern Wessex. Asser also stated that Æthelwulf agreed to give up the western part of his kingdom in order to avoid a civil war. Some historians such as Keynes and Abels think that his rule was then confined to the south-east, while others such as Kirby think it is more likely that it was Wessex itself which was divided, with Æthelbald keeping Wessex west of Selwood, Æthelwulf holding the centre and east, and Æthelberht keeping the south-east. Æthelwulf insisted that Judith should sit beside him on the throne until the end of his life, and according to Asser, this was "without any disagreement or dissatisfaction on the part of his nobles". 1047:

These marks of a special status implied that a son of hers would succeed to at least part of Æthelwulf's kingdom, and explain Æthelbald's decision to rebel. The historian Michael Enright denies that an anti-Viking alliance between two such distant kingdoms could serve any useful purpose, and argues that the marriage was Æthelwulf's response to news that his son was planning to rebel; his son by an anointed Carolingian queen would be in a strong position to succeed as king of Wessex instead of the rebellious Æthelbald. Abels suggests that Æthelwulf sought Judith's hand because he needed her father's money and support to overcome his son's rebellion, but Kirby and Smyth argue that it is extremely unlikely that Charles the Bald would have agreed to marry his daughter to a ruler who was known to be in serious political difficulty. Æthelbald may also have acted out of resentment at the loss of patrimony he suffered as a result of the decimation.

1059: 1171:, but his body was later transferred to Winchester, probably by Alfred. As Æthelwulf had intended, he was succeeded by Æthelbald in Wessex and Æthelberht in Kent and the south-east. The prestige conferred by a Frankish marriage was so great that Æthelbald then wedded his step-mother, Judith, to Asser's retrospective horror; he described the marriage as a "great disgrace", and "against God's prohibition and Christian dignity". When Æthelbald died only two years later, Æthelberht became King of Wessex as well as Kent, and Æthelwulf's intention of dividing his kingdoms between his sons was thus set aside. In the view of Yorke and Abels, this was because Æthelred and Alfred were too young to rule, and Æthelberht agreed in return that his younger brothers would inherit the whole kingdom on his death, whereas Kirby and Nelson think that Æthelberht just became the trustee for his younger brothers' share of their father's bequest. 558:, in return for a promise of "firm and unbroken friendship" for himself and Æthelwulf and their heirs, and the same condition is specified in a grant to the see of Winchester. Ecgberht thus ensured support for Æthelwulf, who became the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641. At the same meeting, Kentish monasteries chose Æthelwulf as their lord, and he undertook that, after his death, they would have freedom to elect their heads. Wulfred had devoted his archiepiscopate to fighting against secular power over Kentish monasteries, but Ceolnoth now surrendered effective control to Æthelwulf, whose offer of freedom from control after his death was unlikely to be honoured by his successors. Kentish ecclesiastics and laymen now looked for protection against Viking attacks to West Saxon rather than Mercian royal power. 1239:Æthelwulf's reign has been relatively under-appreciated in modern scholarship. Yet he laid the foundations for Alfred's success. To the perennial problems of husbanding the kingdom's resources, containing conflicts within the royal family, and managing relations with neighbouring kingdoms, Æthelwulf found new as well as traditional answers. He consolidated old Wessex and extended his reach over what is now Devon and Cornwall. He ruled Kent, working with the grain of its political community. He borrowed ideological props from Mercians and Franks alike, and went to Rome, not to die there, like his predecessor Ine, ... but to return, as Charlemagne had, with enhanced prestige. Æthelwulf coped more effectively with Scandinavian attacks than did most contemporary rulers. 1199:

war and politics was an unwelcome consequence of rank". One dissenter was Finberg, who in 1964 described him as "a king whose valour in war and princely munificence recalled the figures of the heroic age", but in 1979, Enright said: "More than anything else he appears to have been an impractical religious enthusiast." Early medieval writers, especially Asser, emphasise his religiosity and his preference for consensus, seen in the concessions made to avert a civil war on his return from Rome. In Story's view, "his legacy has been clouded by accusations of excessive piety which (to modern sensibilities at least) has seemed at odds with the demands of early medieval kingship". In 839, an unnamed Anglo-Saxon king wrote to the

941:, who argues that these were the only lands the king was entitled to alienate by book. The historian Martin Ryan prefers the view that Æthelwulf freed a tenth part of the land owned by laymen from secular obligations, who could now endow churches under their own patronage. Ryan sees it as part of a campaign of religious devotion. According to the historian David Pratt, it "is best interpreted as a strategic 'tax cut', designed to encourage cooperation in defensive measures through a partial remission of royal dues". Nelson states that the decimation took place in two phases, in Wessex in 854 and Kent in 855, reflecting that they remained separate kingdoms. 810: 908:, who argued in 1964 that most are based on authentic diplomas. Finberg coined the terms the 'First Decimation' of 844, which he saw as the removal of public dues on a tenth of all bookland, and the 'Second Decimation' of 854, the donation of a tenth of "the private domain of the royal house" to the churches. He considered it unlikely that the First Decimation had been carried into effect, probably due to the threat from the Vikings. Finberg's terminology has been adopted, but his defence of the First Decimation is generally rejected. In 1994, Keynes defended the Wilton charters in group 2, and his arguments have been widely accepted. 932:, author of the standard history of Anglo-Saxon England, along with Keynes and Abels, see the Second Decimation as a donation of royal demesne. In Abels' view, Æthelwulf sought loyalty from the aristocracy and church during the king's forthcoming absence from Wessex, and displayed a sense of dynastic insecurity also evident in his father's generosity towards the Kentish church in 838, and an "avid attention" in this period to compiling and revising royal genealogies. Keynes suggests that "Æthelwulf's purpose was presumably to earn divine assistance in his struggles against the Vikings", and the mid-20th-century historian 1218:, first published in 1956, but in a new introduction to the 2003 edition, Keynes listed him among people "who have not always been accorded the attention they might be thought to deserve ... for it was he, more than any other, who secured the political fortune of his people in the ninth century, and who opened up channels of communication which led through Frankish realms and across the Alps to Rome". According to Story: "Æthelwulf acquired and cultivated a reputation both in Francia and Rome which is unparalleled in the sources since the height of Offa's and Coenwulf's power at the turn of the ninth century". 585:, on his accession "he gave to his son Æthelstan the kingdom of the people of Kent, and the kingdom of the East Saxons and of the people of Surrey and the South Saxons ". However, Æthelwulf did not give Æthelstan the same power as his father had given him, and although Æthelstan attested his father's charters As king, he does not appear to have been given the power to issue his own charters. Æthelwulf exercised authority in the south-east and made regular visits there. He governed Wessex and Kent as separate spheres, and assemblies in each kingdom were only attended by the nobility of that country. The historian 307:

two years later led to the reunification of the kingdom. In the 20th century, Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor: he was seen as excessively pious and impractical, and his pilgrimage was viewed as a desertion of his duties. Historians in the 21st century see him very differently, as a king who consolidated and extended the power of his dynasty, commanded respect on the continent, and dealt more effectively than most of his contemporaries with Viking attacks. He is regarded as one of the most successful West Saxon kings, who laid the foundations for the success of his youngest son,

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took the more generous step of "a widespread distribution of royal lands". Unlike Finberg, she believes that both decimations were carried out, although the second one may not have been completed due to opposition from Æthelwulf's son Æthelbald. She thinks that the grants of bookland to laymen in the Second Decimation were unconditional, not with reversion to religious houses as Stevenson had argued. However, Keynes is not convinced by Kelly's arguments, and thinks that the First Decimation charters were 11th or early 12th century fabrications.

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the kingship, and Kirby comments: "Such an arrangement would have led to fratricidal strife. With three older brothers, Alfred's chances of reaching adulthood would, one feels, have been minimal." Smyth describes the bequest as a provision for his youngest sons when they reached manhood. Æthelwulf's moveable wealth, such as gold and silver, was to be divided among "children, nobles and the needs of the king's soul". For the latter, he left one tenth of his hereditary land to be set aside to feed the poor, and he ordered that three hundred

49: 1042:Æthelwulf returned to Wessex to face a revolt by Æthelbald, who attempted to prevent his father from recovering his throne. Historians give varying explanations for both the rebellion and the marriage. In Nelson's view, Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith added the West Saxon king to the family of kings and princely allies which Charles was creating. Charles was under attack both from Vikings and from a rising among his own nobility, and Æthelwulf had great prestige due to his victories over the Vikings; some historians such as Kirby and 917:

customary rights of kinsmen, subject to the king's approval, whereas bookland was established by the grant of a royal charter, and could be disposed of freely by the owner. Booking land thus converted it by charter from folkland to bookland. The royal demesne was the crown's folkland, whereas the king's bookland was his own personal property which he could leave by will as he chose. In the decimation, Æthelwulf may have conveyed royal folkland by charter to become bookland, in some cases to laymen who already leased the land.

4697: 320: 766:(Rochester), and "Cant", referring to Kent, appeared on the reverse. It is possible that the Canterbury mint continued to produce portrait coins at the same time. The Canterbury issue seems to have been ended in 850–851 by Viking raids, though it is possible that Rochester was spared, and the issue may have continued there. The final issue, again at both mints, was introduced in about 852; it has an inscribed cross on the reverse and a portrait on the obverse. Æthelwulf's coinage became 571: 993:Æthelwulf set out for Rome in the spring of 855, accompanied by Alfred and a large retinue. The King left Wessex in the care of his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, and the sub-kingdom of Kent to the rule of Æthelberht, and thereby confirmed that they were to succeed to the two kingdoms. On the way the party stayed with Charles the Bald in Francia, where there were the usual banquets and exchange of gifts. Æthelwulf stayed a year in Rome, and his gifts to the 1125: 371:(796–821) maintained Mercian dominance, but it is uncertain whether Beorhtric ever accepted political subordination, and when he died in 802 Ecgberht became king, perhaps with the support of Charlemagne. For two hundred years three kindreds had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. Ecgberht's best claim was that he was the great-great-grandson of Ingild, brother of King 735: 958:." His eldest surviving sons Æthelbald and Æthelberht were then adults, while Æthelred and Alfred were still young children. In 853 Æthelwulf sent his younger sons to Rome, perhaps accompanying envoys in connection with his own forthcoming visit. Alfred, and probably Æthelred as well, were invested with the "belt of consulship". Æthelred's part in the journey is only known from a contemporary record in the 562:

agrarian resources, and to an expansion of royal income. The wealth of the West Saxon kings was also increased by the agreement in 838–839 with Archbishop Ceolnoth for the previously independent West Saxon minsters to accept the king as their secular lord in return for his protection. However, there was no certainty that the hegemony of Wessex would prove more permanent than that of Mercia.

751:, which had been used by Ecgberht for one of his own issues. This was replaced by a portrait design in about 843, which can be subdivided further; the earliest coins have cruder designs than the later ones. At the Rochester mint, the sequence was reversed, with an initial portrait design replaced, also in about 843, by a non-portrait design carrying a cross-and-wedges pattern on the 645:

Wessex did not see a sharp decline in the standard of Latin in charters in the mid-9th century, and this may have been partly due to Felix and his continental contacts. Lupus thought that Felix had great influence over the King. Charters were mainly issued from royal estates in counties which were the heartland of ancient Wessex, namely Hampshire, Somerset, Wiltshire, and

618:, revived the Mercian mint in London; the two kingdoms appear to have struck a joint issue in the mid-840s, possibly indicating West Saxon help in reviving Mercian coinage, and showing the friendly relations between the two powers. Berkshire was still Mercian in 844, but by 849 it was part of Wessex, as Alfred was born in that year at the West Saxon royal estate in 546:

England. Nor does it seem to have been the intention of Ecgberht and his successors to maintain the supremacy of any kind over the kingdom of Mercia ... It is quite possible that Ecgberht had relinquished Mercia of his own volition; and there is no suggestion that any residual antagonism affected relations between the rulers of Wessex and Mercia thereafter.

834:"King Æthelwulf conveyed by charter the tenth part of his land throughout all his kingdom to the praise of God and to his own eternal salvation". However, Asser states that "Æthelwulf, the esteemed king, freed the tenth part of his whole kingdom from royal service and tribute, and as an everlasting inheritance he made it over on the cross of Christ to the 626:, retained his position under the West Saxon kings. Berhtwulf died in 852 and cooperation with Wessex continued under Burgred, his successor as King of Mercia, who married Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith in 853. In the same year, Æthelwulf assisted Burgred in a successful attack on Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony over the Welsh. 998:

rivalled those of Carolingian donors and the Byzantine emperor and "were clearly chosen to reflect the personal generosity and spiritual wealth of the West Saxon king; here was no Germanic "hillbilly" from the backwoods of the Christian world but, rather, a sophisticated, wealthy and utterly contemporary monarch". The post-Conquest chronicler

801:, the mints of Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia were not greatly affected by changes in political control: "the remarkable continuity of moneyers which can be seen at each of these mints suggests that the actual mint organisation was largely independent of the royal administration and was founded in the stable trading communities of each city". 593:-style family firm of plural realms, held together by his own authority as father-king, and by the consent of distinct élites." He maintained his father's policy of governing Kent through ealdormen appointed from the local nobility and advancing their interests, but gave less support to the church. In 843, Æthelwulf granted ten hides at 1039:. Although empresses had been anointed before, this is the first definitely known anointing of a Carolingian queen. In addition, West Saxon custom, described by Asser as "perverse and detestable", was that the wife of a king of Wessex could not be called queen or sit on the throne with her husband – she was just the king's wife. 726:, and in 853, ealdormen Ealhhere of Kent and Huda of Surrey were killed in a battle against the Vikings, also on Thanet. In 855, Danish Vikings stayed over the winter on Sheppey, before carrying on their pillaging of eastern England. However, during Æthelwulf's reign, Viking attacks were contained and did not present a major threat. 1328:

as stating that Æthelwulf expelled Baldred in 825, and secured the submission of the people of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Essex; however, charter evidence suggests that Beornwulf was recognised as overlord of Kent until he was killed in battle while attempting to put down a rebellion in East Anglia in

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asking for permission to travel through his territory on the way to Rome and relating an English priest's dream which foretold disaster unless Christians abandoned their sins. This is now believed to have been an unrealised project of Ecgberht at the end of his life, but it was formerly attributed to

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attributed his pilgrimage to Rome to "the unpractical piety which had led him to desert his kingdom at a time of great danger", and described his marriage to Judith as "the folly of a man senile before his time". To Stenton in the 1960s, he was "a religious and unambitious man, for whom engagement in

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argue that this meant the whole of his personal property in Wessex, and probably that the survivor was to inherit the throne of Wessex as well, while Æthelberht and his heirs ruled Kent. Other historians disagree. Nelson states that the provision regarding the personal property had nothing to do with

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see the marriage as sealing an anti-Viking alliance. The marriage gave Æthelwulf a share in Carolingian prestige, and Kirby describes the anointing of Judith as "a charismatic sanctification which enhanced her status, blessed her womb and conferred additional throne-worthiness on her male offspring."

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included a gold crown weighing 4 pounds (1.8 kg), two gold goblets, a sword bound with gold, four silver-gilt bowls, two silk tunics and two gold-interwoven veils. He also gave gold to the clergy and leading men and silver to the people of Rome. According to the historian Joanna Story, his gifts

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made Alfred his spiritual son, and thus created a spiritual link between the two "fathers". Kirby argues that the journey may indicate that Alfred was intended for the church, while Nelson, on the contrary, sees Æthelwulf's purpose as affirming his younger sons' throneworthiness, thus protecting them

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Kelly argues that most charters were based on genuine originals, including the First Decimation of 844. She says: "Commentators have been unkind the 844 version has not been given the benefit of the doubt". In her view, Æthelwulf then gave a 10% tax reduction on bookland, and ten years later he

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Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury throughout Æthelwulf's reign, also minted coins of his own at Canterbury: there were three different portrait designs, thought to be contemporary with each of the first three of Æthelwulf's Canterbury issues. These were followed by an inscribed cross design that was

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was almost the only coin used in middle and later Anglo-Saxon England. Æthelwulf's coinage came from a main mint in Canterbury and a secondary one at Rochester; both had been used by Ecgberht for his own coinage after he gained control of Kent. During Æthelwulf's reign, there were four main phases of

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In 9th-century Mercia and Kent, royal charters were produced by religious houses, each with its own style, but in Wessex, there was a single royal diplomatic tradition, probably by a single agency acting for the king. This may have originated in Ecgberht's reign, and it becomes clear in the 840s when

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witness in 841, and if, like Alfred, he began to attest when he was around six, he would have been born around 835; he was King of Wessex from 858 to 860. Æthelwulf's third son, Æthelberht, was probably born around 839 and was king from 860 to 865. The only daughter, Æthelswith, married Burgred, King

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on the Æthelwulf ring, associated with Christian immortality. The ring is inscribed "Æthelwulf Rex", firmly associating it with the King, and the inscription forms part of the design, so it cannot have been added later. Many of its features are typical of 9th-century metalwork, such as the design of

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The pilgrimage puzzles historians and Kelly comments that "it is extraordinary that an early medieval king could consider his position safe enough to abandon his kingdom in a time of extreme crisis". She suggests that Æthelwulf may have been motivated by a personal religious impulse. Ryan sees it as

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In 829, Ecgberht conquered Mercia, only for Wiglaf to recover his kingdom a year later. The scholar David Kirby sees Wiglaf's restoration in 830 as a dramatic reversal for Ecgberht, which was probably followed by his loss of control of the London mint and the Mercian recovery of Essex and Berkshire,

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When Æthelwulf returned to England, Æthelbald refused to surrender the West Saxon throne, and Æthelwulf agreed to divide the kingdom, taking the east and leaving the west in Æthelbald's hands. On Æthelwulf's death in 858, he left Wessex to Æthelbald and Kent to Æthelberht, but Æthelbald's death only

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and a protégé of Charles the Bald, wrote to Æthelwulf congratulating him on his victory over the Vikings and requesting a gift of lead to cover his church roof. Lupus also wrote to his "most beloved friend" Felix, asking him to manage the transport of the lead. Unlike Canterbury and the south-east,

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Abels is sceptical whether Æthelred accompanied Alfred to Rome as he is not mentioned in a letter from Leo to Æthelwulf reporting Alfred's reception, but Nelson argues that only a fragment of the letter survives in an 11th-century copy, and the scribe who selected excerpts from Leo's letters, like

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It conveyed a tenth of the royal demesne – the lands of the crown as opposed to the personal property of the sovereign – into the hands of churches, ecclesiastics and laymen. In Anglo-Saxon England property was either folkland or bookland. The transmission of folkland was governed by the

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After 830, Ecgberht followed a policy of maintaining good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king. London was traditionally a Mercian town, but in the 830s it was under West Saxon control; soon after Æthelwulf's accession, it reverted to Mercian control. King

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of Rochester, and Æthelwulf himself issued a charter as King of Kent in the same year. Unlike their Mercian predecessors, who alienated the Kentish people by ruling from a distance, Æthelwulf and his father successfully cultivated local support by governing through Kentish ealdormen and promoting

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to the perilous state of his kingdom as the result of the assaults of pagans and barbarians. For the sake of his soul and in return for masses for the king and ealdormen each Wednesday, "I have decided to give in perpetual liberty some portion of hereditary lands to all those ranks previously in

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It is interesting ... that both Ecgberht and his son Æthelwulf appear to have respected the separate identity of Kent and its associated provinces, as if there appears to have been no plan at this stage to absorb the southeast into an enlarged kingdom stretching across the whole of southern

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argue that the high proportion of Rochester coins means that the issue must have commenced before Ecgberht's death, but an alternative explanation is that whoever hoarded the coins simply happened to have access to more Rochester coins. No coins were issued by Æthelwulf's sons during his reign.

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Ecgberht's conquests brought him wealth far greater than his predecessors had enjoyed and enabled him to purchase the support which secured the West Saxon throne for his descendants. The stability brought by the dynastic succession of Ecgberht and Æthelwulf led to an expansion of commercial and

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None of the charters are original, and Stevenson dismissed all of them as fraudulent apart from the Kentish one of 855. Stevenson saw the decimation as a donation of royal demesne to churches and laymen, with those grants which were made to laymen being on the understanding that there would be

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in Kent to Ealdorman Eadred, with permission to transfer parts of it to local landowners; in a culture of reciprocity, this created a network of mutual friendships and obligations between the beneficiaries and the king. Archbishops of Canterbury were firmly in the West Saxon king's sphere. His

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reference to "his land" does not necessarily refer to royal property, and since the booking of land – conveying it by charter – was always regarded as a pious act, Asser's statement that he made it over to God does not necessarily mean that the charters were in favour of the church.

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records five different attacks on southern England. A Danish fleet of 350 Viking ships took London and Canterbury, and when King Berhtwulf of Mercia went to their relief he was defeated. The Vikings then moved on to Surrey, where they were defeated by Æthelwulf and his son Æthelbald at the

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make him the brother of Æthelwulf rather than his son. This has been accepted by some historians but is now generally rejected. It has also been suggested that Æthelstan was born of an unrecorded first marriage, but historians generally assume that he was Osburh's son.

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observed that: "Few things in our early history have led to so much discussion" as Æthelwulf's Decimation Charters; a hundred years later the charter expert Susan Kelly described them as "one of the most controversial groups of Anglo-Saxon diplomas". Both Asser and the

256:, where he expelled the Mercian sub-king and was himself appointed sub-king. After 830, Ecgberht maintained good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king in 839, the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641. 513:

their interests. In Abels' view, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf rewarded their friends and purged Mercian supporters. Historians take differing views on the attitude of the new regime to the Kentish church. At Canterbury in 828, Ecgberht granted privileges to the

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observes that "a lifetime of medieval studies teaches one that an early medieval king was never so political as when he was on his knees". The view that the decimation was a donation of the king's own personal estate is supported by the Anglo-Saxonist

1027:. The marriage was considered extraordinary by contemporaries and by modern historians. Carolingian princesses rarely married and were usually sent to nunneries, and it was almost unknown for them to marry foreigners. Judith was crowned queen and 870:

on Easter Day, 22 April 854. In the common text of these charters, Æthelwulf states that "for the sake of his soul and the prosperity of the kingdom and the people assigned to him by God, he has acted upon the advice given to him by his bishops,

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were only interested in recording the honour paid to Alfred. Abels see the embassy as paving the way for Æthelwulf's pilgrimage, and the presence of Alfred, his youngest and therefore most expendable son, as a gesture of goodwill to the papacy;

3743: 508:, which were then included in the sub-kingdom, until he inherited the throne of Wessex in 839. His sub-kingship is recorded in charters, in some of which King Ecgberht acted with his son's permission, such as a grant in 838 to Bishop 953:

In 855, Æthelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. According to Abels: "Æthelwulf was at the height of his power and prestige. It was a propitious time for the West Saxon king to claim a place of honour among the kings and emperors of

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The five Old Minster charters are S 309–313. Kelly states that there are six charters, but she only lists five and she states that there are fourteen in total, whereas there would be fifteen if there were six Old Minster charters.

468:. Osburh had probably died, although it is possible that she had been repudiated. There were no children from Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith, and after his death, she married his eldest surviving son and successor, Æthelbald. 923:

It was a reduction of one tenth in the secular burdens on lands already in the possession of landowners. The secular burdens would have included the provision of supplies for the king and his officials and payment of various

1132:Æthelwulf's will has not survived, but Alfred's has and it provides some information about his father's intentions. He left a bequest to be inherited by whichever of Æthelbald, Æthelred, and Alfred lived longest. Abels and 1022:

On his way back from Rome Æthelwulf again stayed with King Charles the Bald, and may have joined him on a campaign against a Viking warband. On 1 October 856, Æthelwulf married Charles's daughter, Judith, aged 12 or 13, at

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ornament would certainly fit a mid ninth-century date." In Nelson's view, "it was surely made to be a gift from this royal lord to a brawny follower: the sign of a successful ninth-century kingship". The art historian

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Historians have been divided on how to interpret the Second Decimation, and in 1994, Keynes described it as "one of the most perplexing problems" in the study of 9th-century charters. He set out three alternatives:

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frequently reported victories during Æthelwulf's reign won by levies led by ealdormen, unlike the 870s when a royal command was emphasised, reflecting a more consensual style of leadership in the earlier period.

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kept lists of patrons who had made donations to the church, and late 8th and early 9th century patrons who had been supporters of Mercian power were expunged from the lists towards the end of the 9th century.

881:. The land is granted in perpetual liberty so that it will remain free of royal services and all secular burdens. In return, there will be a liturgical commemoration of the king and his bishops and ealdormen." 1471:

Some of Æthelwulf's bones may be in Winchester Cathedral. One of six mortuary chests near the altar has his name, but the bones were mixed up when they were thrown around by parliamentary soldiers during the

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in the east. Æthelwulf's family connections seem to have been west of Selwood, but his patronage was concentrated further east, particularly on Winchester, where his father was buried, and where he appointed

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in Kent, capturing nine ships and driving off the rest. Æthelwulf granted Ealhhere a large estate in Kent, but Æthelstan is not heard of again and probably died soon afterwards. The following year the

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and Asser. The king grants to his thegn Dunn property in Rochester "on account of the decimation of lands which by God's gift I have decided to do". Dunn left the land to his wife with a reversion to

427:Æthelwulf's father Ecgberht was king of Wessex from 802 to 839. His mother's name is unknown, and he had no recorded siblings. He is known to have had two wives in succession, and so far as is known, 1376:

To attest a charter was to witness a grant of land by the king. The attesters were listed by the scribe at the end of the charter, although usually only the most high-ranking witnesses were included.

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When Æthelwulf succeeded to the throne of Wessex in 839, his experience as sub-king of Kent had given him valuable training in kingship, and he in turn made his own sons sub-kings. According to the

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was probably intentional, concealing Ecgberht's purge of Beorhtric's magnates and suppression of rival royal lines. Relations between Mercian kings and their Kentish subjects were distant. Kentish

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ealdormen enjoyed a high status and were sometimes placed higher than the king's sons in lists of witnesses to charters. His reign is the first for which there is evidence of royal priests, and

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9th-century metalwork. They appear to represent the emergence of a "court style" of West Saxon metalwork, characterised by an unusual Christian iconography, such as a pair of peacocks at the

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the coinage distinguishable at both mints, though they are not exactly parallel and it is uncertain when the transitions took place. The first issue at Canterbury carried a design known as

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an attempt to placate the divine wrath displayed by Viking attacks, whereas Nelson thinks he aimed to enhance his prestige in dealing with the demands of his adult sons. In Kirby's view:

283:. In 855, Æthelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. In preparation he gave a "decimation", donating a tenth of his personal property to his subjects; he appointed his eldest surviving son 1018:

and Ine and other Anglo-Saxon kings. It was more a display of the king's international standing and a demonstration of the prestige his dynasty enjoyed in Frankish and papal circles.

456:

was born around 848 and was king from 865 to 871, and Alfred was born around 849 and was king from 871 to 899. In 856, Æthelwulf married Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, King of

6076: 447:, was old enough to be appointed King of Kent in 839, so he must have been born by the early 820s, and he died in the early 850s. The second son, Æthelbald, is first recorded as a 1099:

with arrow-like terminals on the back. It was probably manufactured in Wessex but was typical of the uniformity of animal ornament in England in the 9th century. In the view of

1207:Æthelwulf, and seen as exhibiting what Story calls his reputation for "dramatic piety", and irresponsibility for planning to abandon his kingdom at the beginning of his reign. 1333:, never seems to have been recognised in Kent. In a charter of 828 Ecgberht refers to his son Æthelwulf "whom we have made king in Kent" as if the appointment was fairly new. 554:

in Surrey, where Æthelwulf may have been consecrated as king by the archbishop. Ecgberht restored the East Malling estate to Wulfred's successor as Archbishop of Canterbury,

415:

in Kent was ravaged. In 836, Ecgberht was defeated by the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset, but in 838, he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings at the

1263:

argues that the West Saxon regnal lists show the length of Ecgberht's reign as 37 years and 7 months, and as he acceded in 802 he is unlikely to have died before July 839.

3443: 842:, and his implication that Æthelwulf released a tenth of all land from secular burdens was probably not intended. All land could be regarded as the king's land, so the 770:

by the end of his reign, and though the problem became worse after his death it is possible that the debasement prompted the changes in coin type from as early as 850.

597:

to Æthelmod, the brother of the leading Kentish ealdorman Ealhere, and Æthelmod succeeded to the post on his brother's death in 853. In 844, Æthelwulf granted land at

3473:

Booth, James (1998). "Monetary Alliance or Technical Cooperation? The Coinage of Berhtwulf of Mercia (840–852)". In Blackburn, Mark A. S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.).

669:

as bishop in 852–853. However, he made a grant of land in Somerset to his leading ealdorman, Eanwulf, and on 26 December 846, he granted a large estate to himself in

396:

of Canterbury (805–832) over the control of Kentish monasteries; Coenwulf's primary concern seems to have been to gain access to the wealth of Kent. His successors

5198: 786:

uniform with Æthelwulf's final coinage. At Rochester, Bishop Beornmod produced only one issue, a cross-and-wedges design which was contemporary with Æthelwulf's

1079: 904:

reversion to a religious institution. Up to the 1990s, his view on the authenticity of the charters was generally accepted by scholars, except the historian

1299:

Nelson states that it is uncertain whether Osburh died or had been repudiated, but Abels argues that it is "extremely unlikely" that she was repudiated, as

4008:

Keynes, Simon (2009). "King Æthelred's Charter for Eynsham Abbey (1005)". In Baxter, Stephen; Karkov, Catherine; Nelson, Janet L.; Pelteret, David (eds.).

3572: 1075: 4952: 758:

In about 848, both mints switched to a common design known as Dor¯b¯/Cant – the characters "Dor¯b¯" on the obverse of these coins indicate either

6056: 5191: 4760: 6107: 1320:

date Baldred's removal and the start of Æthelwulf's sub-kingship to 825, but David Kirby states that Baldred was probably not driven out until 826.

1146: 275:

in 851. In 853, he joined a successful Mercian expedition to Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony, and in the same year, his daughter

6137: 1223: 1014:Æthelwulf's journey to Rome is of great interest for it did not signify abdication and a retreat from the world as their journeys to Rome had for 838:

God, for the redemption of his soul and those of his predecessors." According to Keynes, Asser's version may just be a "loose translation" of the

529:

from the Canterbury church on the ground that it had only been granted by Baldred when he was in flight from the West Saxon forces; the issue of

1303:

of Rheims, who played a prominent role in Æthelwulf's and Judith's marriage ceremony, was a strong advocate of the indissolubility of marriage.

863:

possession, both to God's servants and handmaidens serving God and to laymen, always the tenth hide, and where it is less, then the tenth part."

4090:

The Preservation and Transmission of Anglo-Saxon Culture: Selected Papers from the 1991 Meeting of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists

484:

against King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending the long Mercian ascendancy over southern England. Ecgberht followed it up by sending Æthelwulf with

378:

Almost nothing is recorded of the first twenty years of Ecgberht's reign, apart from campaigns against the Cornish in the 810s. The historian

6127: 4602: 4560: 4541: 4522: 4436: 4314: 4295: 4225: 4017: 3873: 3843: 3824: 3763: 3526: 3463: 1221:

Nelson describes him as "one of the great underrated among Anglo-Saxons", and complains that she was only allowed 2,500 words for him in the

3708:

Medieval European Coinage, With A Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries)

1385:

The scholar James Booth suggests that the part of Berkshire where Alfred was born may have been West Saxon territory throughout the period.

5214: 4683: 3960: 693:, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated by the companies of 35 Danish ships at Carhampton in Somerset. In 850 sub-king Æthelstan and Ealdorman 496:, with a large army into Kent to expel sub-king Baldred. Æthelwulf was descended from kings of Kent, and he was sub-king of Kent, and of 1183: 809: 681:, which could be transferred as the owner pleased, so he could make land grants to followers to improve security in a frontier zone. 4692: 4662: 4643: 4621: 4500: 4474: 4414: 4392: 4206: 4101: 4039: 3998: 3979: 3805: 3715: 3692: 3562: 3504: 3482: 3427: 3388: 5311: 4107: 1448:

Smyth dismisses all the Decimation Charters as spurious, with what the scholar David Pratt describes as "unwarranted scepticism".

877:, and all his nobles. He has granted the tenth part of the lands throughout his kingdom, not only to the churches but also to his 5336: 4612:

Wormald, Patrick (2001). "Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).

4275: 630:Æthelwulf had a Frankish secretary called Felix. There were strong contacts between the West Saxon and Carolingian courts. The 714:

the West Saxon levies, "there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen that we have heard tell of up to the present day". The

541:

and the historian Heather Edwards states that his "immense conquest could not be maintained". However, in the view of Keynes:

4945: 4484: 1100: 3627:

Enright, Michael J. (1979). "Charles the Bald and Æthelwulf of Wessex: Alliance of 856 and Strategies of Royal Succession".

159: 1394:"Decimation" is used here in the sense of a donation of a tenth part. This usually means a payment to the ruler or church ( 6112: 5856: 5145: 4908: 4753: 1179: 400:(821–823) and Beornwulf (823–826) restored relations with Archbishop Wulfred, and Beornwulf appointed a sub-king of Kent, 174: 169: 31: 4087:(1997). "The Franks and the English in the Ninth Century Reconsidered". In Szarmach, Paul E.; Rosenthal, Joel T. (eds.). 1276:) was a distinguished one, and its holders were likely to have been important figures in the royal court and household". 6117: 6012: 4903: 4360: 4305:

Ryan, Martin J. (2013). "The Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings, c. 825–900". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.).

3703: 1175: 798: 164: 263:

were not a major threat to Wessex during Æthelwulf's reign. In 843, he was defeated in a battle against the Vikings at

6036: 4235: 3492: 1398:), but it is used here to mean a donation of a tenth part by the king. Historians do not agree what it was a tenth of. 1360: 522: 1174:

After Æthelbald's death, Judith sold her possessions and returned to her father, but two years later she eloped with

1142: 4324: 1489:" was written in about 856 as a satire on Æthelwulf and a "mocking reflection" on Æthelbald's attitude towards him. 5865: 5835: 5580: 4769: 4720: 1113: 154: 4532:

Williams, Ann (1991b). "Ecgberht King of Wessex 802–39". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.).

3989:

Keynes, Simon (2003) . "Introduction: Changing Perceptions of Anglo-Saxon History". In Blair, Peter Hunter (ed.).

1086:

in 1829. The ring, together with a similar ring of Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith, is one of two key examples of

5895: 5456: 4938: 623: 533:

coinage was suspended for several years; and the only estate Wulfred was granted after 825 he received from King

3576: 1210:

In the twenty-first century, he is seen very differently by historians. Æthelwulf is not listed in the index of

652:

An ancient division between east and west Wessex continued to be important in the 9th century; the boundary was

6132: 5769: 5739: 5330: 5262: 4961: 4893: 4746: 4713: 4510: 1317: 352: 327:

At the beginning of the 9th century, England was almost completely under the control of the Anglo-Saxons, with

233: 204: 80: 656:

on the borders of Somerset, Dorset and Wiltshire. The two bishoprics of Wessex were Sherborne in the west and

465: 435:, biographer of their son Alfred the Great, as "King Æthelwulf's famous butler", a man who was descended from 4551:

Williams, Ann (2014). "Land Tenure". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

830:

say that Æthelwulf gave a decimation, in 855, shortly before leaving on pilgrimage to Rome. According to the

335:

the most important southern kingdoms. Mercia was dominant until the 820s, and it exercised overlordship over

5658: 5574: 5253: 5070: 4868: 885: 416: 288: 3970:

Keynes, Simon (1998). "King Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, Mark A. S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.).

777:

in London, contained 22 coins from Rochester and two from Canterbury of the first issue of each mint. Some

5978: 5241: 4730: 3514: 3451: 1232: 965: 606:

regarded him as an important benefactor, who is said to have been the donor of a shrine for the relics of

336: 284: 90: 4197:

Nelson, Janet L. (2006). "The Queen in Ninth-Century Wessex". In Keynes, Simon; Smyth, Alfred P. (eds.).

920:

It was the booking of a tenth of folkland to its owners, who would then be free to convey it to a church.

431:, the senior of the two, was the mother of all his children. She was the daughter of Oslac, described by 5829: 5626: 5474: 5468: 3773: 3437: 1195: 999: 384: 5364: 4997: 4858: 3593: 525:

argues that Wulfred's Mercian origin and connections proved a liability. Æthelwulf seized an estate in

453: 319: 4688: 4096:. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 141–58. 1259:, "there may be grounds for arguing that Æthelwulf's succession actually took place late in 838", but 347:, king of Mercia from 757 to 796, was the dominant figure of the second half of the 8th century. King 48: 5781: 5751: 5733: 5670: 5634: 5620: 5140: 5125: 5110: 4848: 4513:(1991a). "Æthelwulf King of Wessex 839-58". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). 4188:

Nelson, Janet L. (2004c). "England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: III, Rights and Rituals".

3942: 1342: 1228: 1036: 657: 615: 551: 448: 444: 397: 220: 4679: 570: 375:(688–726), and in 802 it would have seemed very unlikely that he would establish a lasting dynasty. 6122: 5787: 5775: 5757: 5745: 5430: 5418: 5100: 5010: 4888: 4878: 4216:

Nelson, Janet L. (2013). "Britain, Ireland, and Europe, c. 750–c.900". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.).

3952: 896: 752: 514: 489: 348: 245: 237: 5412: 1194:Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor in the twentieth century. In 1935, the historian 6086: 6046: 5870: 5841: 5714: 5690: 5610: 5497: 5120: 4883: 4853: 4833: 4823: 4813: 1211: 1200: 1159: 960: 632: 590: 477: 461: 368: 292: 136: 641: 291:

to rule Kent and the south-east. Æthelwulf spent a year in Rome, and on his way back he married

1285:Æthelstan was sub-king of Kent ten years before Alfred was born, and some late versions of the 6006: 5929: 5889: 5646: 5640: 5527: 5491: 5462: 5424: 5247: 5065: 5025: 5015: 4992: 4972: 4873: 4828: 4803: 4658: 4639: 4617: 4598: 4578: 4556: 4537: 4518: 4496: 4470: 4453: 4432: 4410: 4405:(1981). "Charles the Bald, Judith and England". In Gibson, Margaret; Nelson, Janet L. (eds.). 4388: 4310: 4291: 4267: 4221: 4202: 4097: 4035: 4027: 4013: 3994: 3975: 3956: 3929: 3900: 3869: 3839: 3820: 3801: 3781: 3759: 3735: 3711: 3688: 3664: 3644: 3558: 3541: 3522: 3500: 3478: 3459: 3423: 3384: 1473: 867: 501: 280: 241: 146: 3411: 3399: 6081: 5935: 5823: 5817: 5676: 5652: 5280: 5274: 5105: 5095: 5075: 5020: 4918: 4839: 4793: 4402: 4162: 4127: 4058: 3921: 3892: 3656: 3636: 3601: 3415: 1408: 1330: 1104: 1091: 1043: 905: 603: 534: 505: 364: 308: 300: 179: 6061: 3972:

Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century

3475:

Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century

1124: 891:

One from Kent dated 855, the only one to have the same date as the decimation according to

5960: 5880: 5763: 5592: 5568: 5448: 5381: 5159: 5130: 5115: 5090: 5085: 5055: 5002: 4780: 4590: 4570: 4488: 4380: 4154: 3857: 1356: 1203: 1109: 994: 938: 822: 794: 707: 690: 521:, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf took steps to secure the support of Archbishop Wulfred. However, 412: 401: 340: 272: 253: 194: 5324: 3912:

Keynes, Simon (November 1994). "The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his sons".

411:

raids in the late 8th century, but no attacks were recorded between 794 and 835 when the

4696: 1255:

Ecgberht's death and Æthelwulf's accession are dated by historians to 839. According to

1070:

in Wiltshire in about August 1780 by one William Petty, who sold it to a silversmith in

6071: 6041: 5387: 5235: 5050: 5030: 4808: 4088: 3896: 3862: 1256: 1083: 1003: 723: 698: 678: 653: 637: 351:(786–802), married Offa's daughter in 789. Beorhtric and Offa drove Æthelwulf's father 62: 4252: 4119: 4050: 6101: 6051: 5946: 5406: 5060: 4913: 4863: 4631: 4424: 3676: 3640: 1133: 929: 774: 674: 440: 379: 372: 343:, but Wessex was able to maintain its independence from its more powerful neighbour. 296: 276: 1407:

The charters are S 294, 294a and 294b. Kelly treats 294a and b, which are both from

734: 5183: 4987: 4982: 4084: 3853: 1364: 1321: 1313: 1260: 978: 858:

on 5 November 844. In a charter in the Malmesbury archive, Æthelwulf refers in the

743: 594: 586: 526: 518: 457: 5286: 5135: 5045: 5040: 4180: 4145: 4076: 3619: 4447: 4363:. The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Archived from 4327:. The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Archived from 3993:(Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. xvii–xxxv. 3419: 990:

by their elder brothers, which would have rendered them ineligible for kingship.

5966: 5562: 5395: 5080: 5035: 4467:

Carolingian Connections: Anglo-Saxon England and Carolingian Francia, c. 750–870

3400:"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex" 1015: 982: 955: 814: 778: 356: 225: 4166: 4131: 3925: 5586: 5369: 4062: 3605: 1067: 855: 767: 670: 530: 264: 117: 17: 4364: 4344: 4328: 4271: 3933: 3904: 3739: 3648: 6066: 3946: 3864:

Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources

3793: 3545: 1141:

be sent to Rome each year, one hundred to be spent on lighting the lamps in

1071: 933: 493: 481: 389: 4487:(1991). "The Age of Alfred: Metalwork, Wood and Bone". In Webster, Leslie; 4457: 3785: 3668: 4582: 1112:

sees it as a survival of the pagan tradition of the generous king as the "

392:

did not attend the court of King Coenwulf, who quarrelled with Archbishop

5509: 4818: 3205: 1164: 1024: 694: 666: 598: 555: 509: 485: 367:, who had briefly been King of Kent in 784. Following Offa's death, King 268: 113: 4220:(paperback ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 231–47. 5923: 5809: 5725: 5708: 5664: 5521: 5515: 5400: 3815:

Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.).

1300: 1096: 1032: 987: 969: 873: 835: 662: 622:, then in Berkshire. However, the local Mercian ealdorman, also called 619: 607: 393: 360: 260: 189: 4218:

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c.500–c.1100

3728:

A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Series

888:, connected with the Wilton meeting but generally considered spurious. 5972: 5954: 5702: 5696: 5292: 4798: 4738: 1168: 1138: 1087: 1028: 850:

The Decimation Charters are divided by Susan Kelly into four groups:

646: 497: 428: 408: 332: 328: 249: 229: 131: 4930: 4495:. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. pp. 268–83. 4051:"Æthelred I [Ethelred I] (d. 871), King of the West Saxons" 1006:, which had recently been destroyed by fire, for English pilgrims. 476:Æthelwulf was first recorded in 825, when Ecgberht won the crucial 4977: 4555:(2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 282–83. 4309:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 232–70. 3883:

Keynes, Simon (1993). "The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century".

3381:

Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England

2363: 1395: 1123: 878: 859: 808: 733: 636:

took particular interest in Viking attacks on Britain, and in 852

569: 436: 432: 318: 4347:. The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters 738:

Coin of King Æthelwulf: "EĐELVVLF REX", moneyer Manna, Canterbury

5503: 5375: 1486: 344: 5187: 4934: 4742: 4575:

Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork 700–1100 in the British Museum

677:, which he was obliged to pass on to his successor as king, to 4266:(2). Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University: 35–36. 1485:

The historian Richard North argues that the Old English poem "

689:

Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the

4493:

The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600–900

3734:. Vol. 2. London, UK: Printed by Order of the Trustees. 3710:(corr. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3679:(1995). "History and Liturgy at Pre-Conquest Christ Church". 3594:"Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839), king of the West Saxons" 3819:(18th ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2619: 2617: 813:

Charter S 316 dated 855, in which Æthelwulf granted land at

3540:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1971 . p. 661. 1355:

The authenticity of the Winchester charter is accepted by

697:

of Kent won a naval victory over a large Viking fleet off

287:

to act as King of Wessex in his absence, and his next son

3948:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 2, c.700–c.900

2476: 452:

of Mercia, in 853. The other two sons were much younger:

3681:

The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History

3404:

The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History

1420:

The six charters are S 302, 303, 304, 305, 307 and 308.

1002:

stated that he helped to pay for the restoration of the

4593:(1982). "The Ninth Century". In Campbell, James (ed.). 4553:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

3756:

Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions in the Dark Ages

2901: 2899: 2726: 2724: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1272:

Keynes and Lapidge comment: "The office of the butler (

419:, reducing Cornwall to the status of a client kingdom. 355:

into exile, and he spent several years at the court of

6077:

Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom

4201:. Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press. pp. 69–77. 4192:(14). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 1–24. 3477:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 63–103. 2460: 2458: 2456: 1871: 1869: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 4431:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3920:(434). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 1109–49. 3635:(1). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland: 291–302. 1589: 1587: 1585: 3974:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–45. 3780:. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3725:

Grueber, Herbert A.; Keary, Charles Francis (1893).

3538:

The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary

443:. Æthelwulf had six known children. His eldest son, 6029: 5999: 5944: 5916: 5909: 5879: 5855: 5808: 5801: 5724: 5609: 5602: 5555: 5548: 5484: 5357: 5350: 5304: 5228: 5221: 4010:

Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald

3557:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 1157:Æthelwulf died on 13 January 858. According to the 323:

Southern Britain in the middle of the ninth century

228:for "Noble Wolf"; died 13 January 858) was King of 200: 188: 145: 124: 108: 100: 96: 86: 76: 68: 61: 41: 4577:. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. 3951:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3861: 3555:The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire 4199:Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Cyril Roy Hart 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 1066:King Æthelwulf's ring was found in a cart rut in 5171:Also monarch of Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Mercia 4238:. Winchester Cathedral. Church Monuments Society 614:Wiglaf of Mercia died in 839 and his successor, 574:Depiction of Æthelwulf in the late-13th-century 4689:Portraits of Ethelwulf, King of the West Saxons 4636:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England 4236:"Notes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests" 3800:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 3575:. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Archived from 3398:Abels, Richard (2002). Morillo, Stephen (ed.). 1653: 1237: 1012: 543: 4597:. London, UK: Penguin Books. pp. 132–59. 4288:The Political Thought of King Alfred the Great 1095:two birds, beaded and speckled borders, and a 5199: 4946: 4754: 4534:A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain 4515:A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain 4290:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4120:"Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons" 3941:Keynes, Simon (1995). "England, 700–900". In 3663:. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. 3499:. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. 3497:The Early History of the Church of Canterbury 3442:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 3217: 3206:Notes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests 3093: 2635: 2364:Early Medieval Coins & Fitzwilliam Museum 1665: 8: 4616:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 264–79. 4190:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3687:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press: 67–83. 3573:"Early Medieval Coins: EMC number 2001.0016" 3309: 2359: 4251:O'Keeffe, Katherine O'Brien (Winter 1996). 4034:(Revised ed.). London, UK: Routledge. 576:Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings 5913: 5805: 5721: 5606: 5552: 5354: 5225: 5206: 5192: 5184: 4953: 4939: 4931: 4761: 4747: 4739: 4702: 4695: 4657:. London, UK: Leicester University Press. 550:In 838, King Ecgberht held an assembly at 252:. Ecgberht sent Æthelwulf with an army to 232:from 839 to 858. In 825, his father, King 53:Æthelwulf in the early fourteenth-century 47: 38: 6057:List of English words of Old Norse origin 4012:. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. pp. 451–73. 2552: 2447: 1828: 1792: 1560: 1145:at Easter, one hundred for the lights of 271:, but he achieved a major victory at the 55:Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England 3817:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 3410:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer: 2985: 2953: 2596: 2259: 1057: 4387:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 4161:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 4159:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4126:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 4124:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4057:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 4055:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3838:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3758:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3598:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3521:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3458:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3361: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3113: 3013: 2997: 2842: 2754: 2647: 2608: 2600: 2576: 2568: 2331: 2315: 2303: 2299: 2243: 2095: 2003: 1987: 1963: 1927: 1887: 1832: 1788: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1716: 1704: 1649: 1637: 1593: 1520: 1501: 1248: 1224:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1103:, an expert on medieval art: "Its fine 673:in west Devon. He thus changed it from 5168:Also monarch of East Anglia and Mercia 4409:. Oxford, UK: B A R. pp. 137–51. 3991:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England 3435: 3337: 3325: 3129: 3109: 3097: 3065: 2969: 2917: 2838: 2778: 2667: 2655: 2623: 2604: 2592: 2572: 2500: 2362:, pp. 9, 17 no. 19, Plate III.4; 2255: 2239: 2187: 2171: 2107: 2091: 2011: 2007: 1991: 1971: 1967: 1951: 1915: 1903: 1899: 1860: 1816: 1764: 1621: 1617: 1556: 1329:826. His successor as king of Mercia, 1216:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England 219: 4517:. London, UK: Seaby. pp. 35–36. 3349: 3321: 3245: 3233: 3229: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3141: 3117: 3081: 3069: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3025: 3009: 2981: 2957: 2941: 2929: 2905: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2766: 2742: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2651: 2580: 2564: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2488: 2464: 2335: 2319: 2295: 2283: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2183: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2119: 2079: 2067: 2055: 2043: 2031: 2019: 2015: 1939: 1875: 1848: 1836: 1804: 1776: 1752: 1736: 1605: 1576: 1564: 1544: 1532: 1508: 1178:. In the 890s their son, also called 7: 4684:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 4155:"Osburh [Osburga] (fl. 839)" 4113:from the original on 3 January 2017. 3891:(2). Oxford, UK: Blackwell: 111–31. 2730: 2679: 2347: 2271: 1633: 4407:Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom 3749:from the original on 22 March 2012. 4536:. London, UK: Seaby. p. 121. 3897:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x 722:In 850, a Danish army wintered on 25: 4693:National Portrait Gallery, London 4446:Stevenson, William Henry (1904). 4281:from the original on 29 May 2015. 3456:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 2435: 2123: 1975: 1462:, was only interested in Alfred. 1074:. The silversmith sold it to the 949:Pilgrimage to Rome and later life 821:The early 20th-century historian 517:, and according to the historian 5337:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire 5327:, Lady of the Mercians (911–918) 5215:Viking activity in Great Britain 3868:. London, UK: Penguin Classics. 1149:, and one hundred for the pope. 817:in Kent to his minister Ealdhere 793:In the view of the numismatists 6108:Burials at Winchester Cathedral 4655:Wessex in the Early Middle Ages 4452:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 3798:Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England 2539:, pp. 65–67, 73–74, 80–81. 972:, as later records such as the 382:argues that the silence of the 6138:Husbands of Judith of Flanders 5312:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 3519:Wales and the Britons 350–1064 3096:, pp. 71, 235–36, n. 28; 2477:Oxford English Dictionary 1933 1128:A page from King Alfred's will 492:, and Wulfheard, Ealdorman of 1: 6037:"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem) 6016: 5982: 5531: 5434: 5315: 3778:A History of the Anglo-Saxons 2424:Grierson & Blackburn 2006 2412:Grierson & Blackburn 2006 2400:Grierson & Blackburn 2006 2388:Grierson & Blackburn 2006 2376:Grierson & Blackburn 2006 1182:, married Alfred's daughter, 6128:9th-century English monarchs 6013:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum 4181:UK public library membership 4146:UK public library membership 4077:UK public library membership 3836:Charters of Malmesbury Abbey 3661:The Early Charters of Wessex 3641:10.1016/0304-4181(79)90003-4 3620:UK public library membership 3553:Dutton, Paul Edward (1994). 3420:10.1017/upo9781846150852.006 4449:Asser's Life of King Alfred 3629:Journal of Medieval History 3600:. Oxford University Press. 3112:, pp. 2, 22, 34, 142; 1439:The Kent charter is S 315. 1227:, compared with 15,000 for 928:Some scholars, for example 589:says that "Æthelwulf ran a 160:Æthelswith, Queen of Mercia 6154: 4469:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. 4153:Nelson, Janet L. (2004b). 4118:Nelson, Janet L. (2004a). 4032:The Earliest English Kings 3422:(inactive 18 April 2024). 2706:, pp. 376–78, 382–83. 2390:, pp. 287–91, 307–08. 1176:Baldwin, Count of Flanders 363:. Ecgberht was the son of 175:Æthelred I, King of Wessex 170:Æthelberht, King of Wessex 32:Æthelwulf (disambiguation) 29: 27:9th-century King of Wessex 5802:Second invasion: 980–1012 5457:Ecgberht I of Northumbria 5158:Existence uncertain (See 5154: 4968: 4789: 4776: 4727: 4718: 4710: 4705: 4638:. London, UK: Routledge. 3914:English Historical Review 3592:Edwards, Heather (2004). 3218:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 3094:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 2636:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 2298:, pp. 23–24, 98–99; 1666:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 1343:Christ Church, Canterbury 165:Æthelbald, King of Wessex 46: 5331:Odda, Ealdorman of Devon 5250:of East Anglia (855–869) 4614:Edward the Elder 899–924 3926:10.1093/ehr/cix.434.1109 2360:Grueber & Keary 1893 205:Ecgberht, King of Wessex 5665:Sea Battle near Swanage 5575:Battle of Hingston Down 4653:Yorke, Barbara (1995). 3383:. Harlow, UK: Longman. 3379:Abels, Richard (1998). 2402:, pp. 271, 287–91. 2378:, pp. 270, 287–91. 886:Old Minster, Winchester 417:Battle of Hingston Down 155:Æthelstan, King of Kent 5603:First invasion 865–896 5174:Also monarch of Wessex 5165:Also monarch of Mercia 4465:Story, Joanna (2003). 4260:Old English Newsletter 4167:10.1093/ref:odnb/20887 4132:10.1093/ref:odnb/39264 3515:Charles-Edwards, T. M. 1559:, pp. 22, 30–37; 1241: 1129: 1078:, and the earl's son, 1063: 1020: 818: 739: 649:, with a few in Kent. 578: 548: 515:bishopric of Rochester 324: 295:, the daughter of the 5556:Viking raids: 793–850 5475:Eohric of East Anglia 5469:Ceolwulf II of Mercia 5256:(978–1013, 1014–1016) 4385:King Alfred the Great 4307:The Anglo-Saxon World 4286:Pratt, David (2007). 4063:10.1093/ref:odnb/8913 4049:Miller, Sean (2004). 3943:McKitterick, Rosamond 3885:Early Medieval Europe 3834:Kelly, Susan (2005). 3754:Halsall, Guy (2013). 3606:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581 3196:, p. 674, n. 81. 1974:, p. 1114 n. 3; 1851:, p. 673, n. 63. 1735:, p. 236, n. 1; 1731:, pp. 497, 721; 1547:, p. 222, n. 39. 1460:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1326:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1287:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1127: 1062:King Æthelwulf's ring 1061: 1054:King Æthelwulf's ring 1000:William of Malmesbury 974:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 828:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 812: 737: 712:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 703:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 583:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 573: 407:England had suffered 385:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 322: 6113:Anglo-Saxon warriors 5709:Battle of Fearnhamme 5671:Battle of Chippenham 5635:Battle of Englefield 5254:Æthelred the Unready 2817:, p. 67, n. 57. 2718:, p. 66, n. 20. 2595:, pp. 1119–21; 2575:, pp. 1102–22; 2571:, pp. 187–206; 2242:, pp. 1109–23; 2014:, pp. 197–201; 1779:, p. 71, n. 69. 1654:Charles-Edwards 2013 1153:Death and succession 1119: 1082:, donated it to the 1053: 1037:Archbishop of Rheims 30:For other uses, see 6118:West Saxon monarchs 5627:Siege of Nottingham 5581:Battle of Rochester 5242:Ælla of Northumbria 4429:Anglo-Saxon England 3324:, pp. 218–28; 3248:, pp. 167–69; 3232:, pp. 149–50; 3116:, pp. 268–69; 3016:, pp. 291–302. 3000:, pp. 291–301. 2984:, pp. 165–66; 2956:, pp. 139–42; 2841:, pp. 144–46; 2626:, pp. 1119–21. 2527:, pp. 65, 188. 2515:, pp. 65, 180. 2503:, pp. 1119–20. 2258:, pp. 236–38; 2186:, pp. 160–61; 2162:, pp. 13, 102. 2094:, pp. 124–27; 1994:, pp. 1112–13. 1902:, pp. 120–21; 1620:, pp. 113–19; 1458:the editors of the 1163:, he was buried at 897:Rochester Cathedral 805:Decimation Charters 710:. According to the 633:Annals of St Bertin 490:Bishop of Sherborne 462:Carolingian Emperor 349:Beorhtric of Wessex 246:Anglo-Saxon England 238:Beornwulf of Mercia 221:[ˈæðelwuɫf] 6087:Vale of York Hoard 6047:England runestones 5917:Viking settlements 5715:Battle of Benfleet 5691:Battle of Edington 5611:Great Heathen Army 5498:Halfdan Ragnarsson 5409:(947–948, 952–954) 4770:Monarchs of Wessex 3702:Grierson, Philip; 3328:, pp. 107–09. 3264:, pp. 514–15. 3172:, pp. 416–17. 3148:, pp. 149–50. 3144:, pp. 89–91; 3084:, pp. 166–67. 3032:, pp. 191–92. 3012:, pp. 80–82; 2960:, pp. 240–42. 2881:, pp. 238–39. 2869:, pp. 73, 75. 2829:, pp. 164–65. 2805:, pp. 62, 67. 2781:, pp. 464–67. 2654:, pp. 88–89; 2567:, pp. 65–67; 2555:, pp. 186–91. 2414:, pp. 287–91. 2174:, pp. 127–28. 2122:, pp. 32–33; 2110:, pp. 147–49. 2082:, pp. 168–69. 2034:, pp. 148–49. 1930:, pp. 232–33. 1918:, pp. 136–37. 1863:, pp. 112–20. 1839:, pp. 155–56. 1819:, pp. 120–21. 1807:, pp. 155–56. 1668:, pp. 229–30. 1624:, pp. 132–36. 1212:Peter Hunter Blair 1201:Holy Roman Emperor 1160:Annals of St Neots 1130: 1064: 819: 740: 579: 478:Battle of Ellandun 439:who had ruled the 369:Coenwulf of Mercia 325: 137:Judith of Flanders 6095: 6094: 6007:Treaty of Wedmore 5995: 5994: 5905: 5904: 5881:Harald's invasion 5851: 5850: 5797: 5796: 5686: 5685: 5659:Battle of Reading 5647:Battle of Meretun 5641:Battle of Ashdown 5544: 5543: 5528:Thorkell the Tall 5492:Ivar the Boneless 5463:Burgred of Mercia 5425:Olaf Guthfrithson 5346: 5345: 5248:Edmund the Martyr 5181: 5180: 5111:Eadberht III Præn 4928: 4927: 4844: 4737: 4736: 4728:Succeeded by 4604:978-0-7148-2149-8 4562:978-0-631-22492-1 4543:978-1-85264-047-7 4524:978-1-85264-047-7 4438:978-0-19-280139-5 4425:Stenton, Frank M. 4403:Stafford, Pauline 4367:on 31 August 2018 4316:978-0-300-12534-4 4297:978-0-521-12644-1 4227:978-1-118-42513-8 4179:(subscription or 4144:(subscription or 4075:(subscription or 4019:978-0-7546-6331-7 3875:978-0-14-044409-4 3845:978-0-19-726317-4 3826:978-0-521-15255-6 3765:978-0-19-870084-5 3657:Finberg, H. P. R. 3618:(subscription or 3528:978-0-19-821731-2 3465:978-0-19-921117-3 3340:, p. xxxiii. 3312:, pp. 35–36. 3236:, pp. 90–91. 3100:, pp. 70–71. 3056:, pp. 98–99. 2769:, pp. 67–91. 2757:, pp. 15–16. 2682:, pp. 71–72. 2491:, pp. 65–66. 1954:, pp. 40–41. 1608:, pp. 86–87. 1474:English Civil War 281:Burgred of Mercia 242:Mercian dominance 210: 209: 16:(Redirected from 6145: 6082:Silverdale Hoard 6021: 6018: 5987: 5984: 5936:North Sea Empire 5914: 5824:Battle of Pinhoe 5806: 5722: 5697:Battle of London 5677:Battle of Cynwit 5653:Battle of Basing 5607: 5553: 5536: 5533: 5439: 5436: 5431:Ragnall ua Ímair 5419:Gofraid ua Ímair 5355: 5320: 5317: 5281:Edward the Elder 5275:Alfred the Great 5226: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5185: 4962:Monarchs of Kent 4955: 4948: 4941: 4932: 4919:Alfred the Great 4842: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4740: 4711:Preceded by 4703: 4699: 4668: 4649: 4627: 4608: 4595:The Anglo-Saxons 4591:Wormald, Patrick 4586: 4571:Wilson, David M. 4566: 4547: 4528: 4506: 4489:Backhouse, Janet 4480: 4461: 4442: 4420: 4398: 4381:Smyth, Alfred P. 4376: 4374: 4372: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4331:on 8 August 2016 4320: 4301: 4282: 4280: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4231: 4212: 4193: 4184: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4149: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4114: 4112: 4095: 4085:Nelson, Janet L. 4080: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4045: 4023: 4004: 3985: 3966: 3962:978-1-13905571-0 3937: 3908: 3879: 3867: 3858:Lapidge, Michael 3849: 3830: 3811: 3789: 3769: 3750: 3748: 3733: 3721: 3698: 3672: 3652: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3568: 3549: 3532: 3510: 3493:Brooks, Nicholas 3488: 3469: 3447: 3441: 3433: 3394: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3243: 3237: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3107: 3101: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3023: 3017: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2612: 2590: 2584: 2562: 2556: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2329: 2323: 2313: 2307: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2253: 2247: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2001: 1995: 1985: 1979: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1647: 1641: 1631: 1625: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1490: 1483: 1477: 1469: 1463: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1409:Malmesbury Abbey 1405: 1399: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1363:but disputed by 1353: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1310: 1304: 1297: 1291: 1283: 1277: 1270: 1264: 1253: 1120:Æthelwulf's will 1105:Trewhiddle style 1092:Fountain of Life 1044:Pauline Stafford 906:H. P. R. Finberg 762:(Canterbury) or 604:Malmesbury Abbey 535:Wiglaf of Mercia 309:Alfred the Great 301:Charles the Bald 240:, ending a long 236:, defeated King 223: 218: 180:Alfred the Great 51: 39: 21: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6133:House of Wessex 6098: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6025: 6019: 5991: 5985: 5940: 5901: 5896:Stamford Bridge 5875: 5857:Cnut's invasion 5847: 5793: 5770:Second Stamford 5720: 5703:Siege of Exeter 5682: 5613: 5598: 5593:Battle of Aclea 5569:Isle of Sheppey 5540: 5534: 5480: 5449:Sweyn Forkbeard 5437: 5382:Harold Harefoot 5342: 5318: 5300: 5217: 5212: 5182: 5177: 5150: 4964: 4959: 4929: 4924: 4785: 4781:House of Wessex 4772: 4767: 4733: 4724: 4716: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4652: 4646: 4630: 4624: 4611: 4605: 4589: 4569: 4563: 4550: 4544: 4531: 4525: 4509: 4503: 4485:Webster, Leslie 4483: 4477: 4464: 4445: 4439: 4423: 4417: 4401: 4395: 4379: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4317: 4304: 4298: 4285: 4278: 4255: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4215: 4209: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4171: 4169: 4152: 4143: 4136: 4134: 4117: 4110: 4104: 4093: 4083: 4074: 4067: 4065: 4048: 4042: 4026: 4020: 4007: 4001: 3988: 3982: 3969: 3963: 3940: 3911: 3882: 3876: 3860:, eds. (1983). 3852: 3846: 3833: 3827: 3814: 3808: 3792: 3772: 3766: 3753: 3746: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3704:Blackburn, Mark 3701: 3695: 3675: 3655: 3626: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3579:on 12 July 2015 3571: 3565: 3552: 3535: 3529: 3513: 3507: 3491: 3485: 3472: 3466: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3397: 3391: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3244: 3240: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3108: 3104: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028:, p. 166; 3024: 3020: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2650:, p. 308; 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2615: 2607:, p. 467; 2603:, p. 267; 2591: 2587: 2563: 2559: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334:, p. 243; 2330: 2326: 2314: 2310: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2254: 2250: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018:, p. 223; 2010:, p. 124; 2002: 1998: 1990:, p. 140; 1986: 1982: 1970:, p. 200; 1966:, p. 140; 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1835:, p. 231; 1827: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1652:, p. 235; 1648: 1644: 1636:, p. 258; 1632: 1628: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411:, as one text. 1406: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1361:Nicholas Brooks 1357:Patrick Wormald 1354: 1350: 1341: 1337: 1312:The historians 1311: 1307: 1298: 1294: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1267: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1231:and 35,000 for 1204:Louis the Pious 1192: 1155: 1122: 1056: 995:Diocese of Rome 951: 939:Alfred P. Smyth 823:W. H. Stevenson 807: 795:Philip Grierson 732: 708:Battle of Aclea 691:English Channel 687: 640:, the Abbot of 568: 523:Nicholas Brooks 474: 464:, and his wife 425: 413:Isle of Sheppey 317: 273:Battle of Aclea 216: 184: 141: 120: 57: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6151: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6100: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6072:Ragnar Lodbrok 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6042:Cuerdale Hoard 6039: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6010: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5951: 5949: 5947:petty kingdoms 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5920: 5918: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5884: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5836:St Brice's Day 5833: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5812: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5740:First Stamford 5737: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5630: 5624: 5621:Battle of York 5617: 5615: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5557: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388:Svein Knutsson 5385: 5379: 5373: 5361: 5359: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5236:Offa of Mercia 5232: 5230: 5229:Major monarchs 5223: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4921:(until c. 886) 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4721:King of Wessex 4717: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4706:Regnal titles 4701: 4700: 4686: 4675: 4674:External links 4672: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4650: 4644: 4632:Yorke, Barbara 4628: 4622: 4609: 4603: 4587: 4567: 4561: 4548: 4542: 4529: 4523: 4507: 4501: 4481: 4475: 4462: 4443: 4437: 4421: 4415: 4399: 4393: 4377: 4357: 4341: 4321: 4315: 4302: 4296: 4283: 4248: 4232: 4226: 4213: 4207: 4194: 4185: 4150: 4115: 4102: 4081: 4046: 4040: 4024: 4018: 4005: 3999: 3986: 3980: 3967: 3961: 3938: 3909: 3880: 3874: 3850: 3844: 3831: 3825: 3812: 3806: 3790: 3774:Hodgkin, R. H. 3770: 3764: 3751: 3722: 3716: 3699: 3693: 3677:Fleming, Robin 3673: 3653: 3624: 3589: 3569: 3563: 3550: 3536:"Decimation". 3533: 3527: 3511: 3505: 3489: 3483: 3470: 3464: 3448: 3428: 3395: 3389: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3354: 3352:, p. 225. 3342: 3330: 3314: 3302: 3300:, p. 295. 3290: 3288:, p. 193. 3278: 3276:, p. 245. 3266: 3254: 3238: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3160:, p. 167. 3150: 3134: 3122: 3102: 3086: 3074: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3018: 3002: 2990: 2988:, p. 139. 2974: 2972:, p. 143. 2962: 2946: 2934: 2932:, p. 164. 2922: 2920:, p. 240. 2910: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2733:, p. 255. 2720: 2708: 2696: 2694:, p. 403. 2684: 2672: 2670:, p. 467. 2660: 2658:, p. 467. 2640: 2638:, p. 232. 2628: 2613: 2585: 2579:, p. 15; 2557: 2553:Stevenson 1904 2551:, p. 65; 2541: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2452: 2450:, p. 186. 2448:Stevenson 1904 2440: 2428: 2426:, p. 275. 2416: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2352: 2350:, p. 258. 2340: 2324: 2322:, p. 227. 2308: 2306:, p. 189. 2288: 2276: 2274:, p. 252. 2264: 2262:, p. 137. 2248: 2232: 2230:, p. 161. 2220: 2208: 2196: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2138:, p. 271. 2128: 2112: 2100: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2024: 2022:, p. 124. 1996: 1980: 1956: 1944: 1942:, p. 157. 1932: 1920: 1908: 1892: 1880: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1829:Williams 1991a 1821: 1809: 1797: 1793:Williams 1991a 1781: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1739:, p. 50; 1721: 1709: 1670: 1658: 1656:, p. 431. 1642: 1640:, p. 241. 1626: 1610: 1598: 1581: 1569: 1567:, p. 152. 1561:Williams 1991b 1549: 1537: 1535:, p. 178. 1525: 1523:, p. 288. 1513: 1511:, p. 171. 1500: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1478: 1464: 1450: 1441: 1432: 1422: 1413: 1400: 1387: 1378: 1369: 1348: 1335: 1305: 1292: 1278: 1265: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1191: 1190:Historiography 1188: 1154: 1151: 1121: 1118: 1101:Leslie Webster 1084:British Museum 1076:Earl of Radnor 1055: 1052: 986:against being 950: 947: 926: 925: 921: 918: 901: 900: 889: 882: 864: 806: 803: 799:Mark Blackburn 731: 728: 686: 683: 654:Selwood Forest 567: 566:King of Wessex 564: 531:archiepiscopal 473: 470: 424: 421: 316: 313: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 183: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 151: 149: 143: 142: 140: 139: 134: 128: 126: 122: 121: 112: 110: 106: 105: 104:13 January 858 102: 98: 97: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 63:King of Wessex 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 18:King Æthelwulf 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6150: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Furness Hoard 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485:Major leaders 5483: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5413:Amlaíb Cuarán 5411: 5408: 5407:Eric Bloodaxe 5405: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305:Major leaders 5303: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4759: 4757: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4664:0-7185-1856-X 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4645:0-415-16639-X 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4623:0-415-21497-1 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4511:Williams, Ann 4508: 4504: 4502:0-7141-0555-4 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4476:0-7546-0124-2 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4416:0-86054-115-0 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4394:0-19-822989-5 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4346: 4342: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4208:1-85182-932-6 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4105: 4103:1-879288-90-7 4099: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4041:0-415-24211-8 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 4000:0-521-83085-0 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3981:0-85115-598-7 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3866: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3854:Keynes, Simon 3851: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3807:0-7190-5053-7 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3717:0-521-03177-X 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3694:0-85115-604-5 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3564:0-8032-1653-X 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3506:0-7185-1182-4 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3484:0-85115-598-7 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3431: 3429:1-84383-008-6 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3390:0-582-04047-7 3386: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3310:O'Keeffe 1996 3306: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3220:, p. 72. 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3184:, p. 87. 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3132:, p. 22. 3131: 3126: 3123: 3120:, p. 65. 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3072:, p. 89. 3071: 3068:, p. 7; 3067: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3044:, p. 81. 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2986:Stafford 1981 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954:Stafford 1981 2950: 2947: 2944:, p. 79. 2943: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2908:, p. 91. 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2893:, p. 77. 2892: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2857:, p. 72. 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2793:, p. 62. 2792: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2745:, p. 68. 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:Williams 2014 2594: 2589: 2586: 2583:, p. 66. 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2467:, p. 65. 2466: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2338:, p. 88. 2337: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2286:, p. 52. 2285: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2260:Stafford 1981 2257: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2218:, p. 29. 2217: 2212: 2209: 2206:, p. 66. 2205: 2200: 2197: 2194:, p. 65. 2193: 2190:, p. 6; 2189: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2150:, p. 64. 2149: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2070:, p. 28. 2069: 2064: 2061: 2058:, p. 89. 2057: 2052: 2049: 2046:, p. 17. 2045: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1906:, p. 40. 1905: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1890:, p. 75. 1889: 1884: 1881: 1878:, p. 88. 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1755:, p. 50. 1754: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1579:, p. 85. 1578: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1495: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 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H. 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4914:Æthelred I 4909:Æthelberht 4869:Æthelheard 4843:(disputed) 4335:21 October 3794:John, Eric 3350:Story 2003 3322:Story 2003 3246:Kirby 2000 3234:Abels 2002 3230:Yorke 1990 3194:Smyth 1995 3182:Abels 1998 3170:Smyth 1995 3158:Kirby 2000 3146:Yorke 1990 3142:Abels 2002 3118:Pratt 2007 3082:Kirby 2000 3070:Abels 2002 3054:Yorke 1995 3042:Abels 1998 3030:Smyth 1995 3026:Kirby 2000 3010:Abels 1998 2982:Kirby 2000 2958:Story 2003 2942:Abels 1998 2930:Kirby 2000 2906:Kelly 2005 2891:Abels 1998 2879:Story 2003 2867:Abels 1998 2855:Abels 1998 2827:Kirby 2000 2815:Abels 1998 2803:Abels 1998 2791:Abels 1998 2767:Kelly 2005 2743:Pratt 2007 2716:Pratt 2007 2704:Smyth 1995 2692:Smyth 1995 2652:Abels 2002 2581:Pratt 2007 2565:Kelly 2005 2549:Kelly 2005 2537:Kelly 2005 2525:Kelly 2005 2513:Kelly 2005 2489:Kelly 2005 2465:Kelly 2005 2336:Abels 1998 2320:Story 2003 2296:Yorke 1995 2284:Abels 1998 2228:Kirby 2000 2216:Abels 1998 2204:Booth 1998 2192:Booth 1998 2184:Kirby 2000 2160:Kelly 2005 2148:Pratt 2007 2136:Abels 1998 2120:Abels 1998 2080:Yorke 1990 2068:Abels 1998 2056:Kelly 2005 2044:Pratt 2007 2032:Yorke 1990 2020:Blair 2005 2016:Story 2003 1940:Kirby 2000 1876:Abels 2002 1849:Smyth 1995 1837:Kirby 2000 1805:Kirby 2000 1777:Abels 1998 1753:Abels 1998 1737:Abels 1998 1606:Abels 2002 1577:Abels 2002 1565:Kirby 2000 1545:Story 2003 1533:Kelly 2005 1509:Jones 2011 1496:References 1324:cites the 1143:St Peter's 1114:ring-giver 1068:Laverstock 884:Five from 856:Winchester 788:Saxoniorum 764:Dorobrevia 760:Dorobernia 749:Saxoniorum 671:South Hams 658:Winchester 472:Early life 466:Ermentrude 398:Ceolwulf I 315:Background 289:Æthelberht 277:Æthelswith 265:Carhampton 118:Winchester 6067:Old Norse 5975:(527–918) 5969:(653–954) 5963:(410–825) 5957:(519–927) 5932:(866–954) 5926:(865–896) 5866:Brentford 5788:Stainmore 5776:Corbridge 5758:Tempsford 5746:The Holme 5524:(892–896) 5518:(874–890) 5512:(865–870) 5506:(865–878) 5500:(865–877) 5494:(865–870) 5477:(917–927) 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6000:Treaties 5945:English 5871:Assandun 5842:Ringmere 5614:(865–78) 5510:Hvitserk 5445:England 5358:Monarchs 5295:(946–954 5263:Ecgberht 5259:Wessex: 5121:Coenwulf 5106:Ealhmund 5096:Heaberht 5076:Eardwulf 4894:Ecgberht 4884:Cynewulf 4859:Cædwalla 4854:Centwine 4834:Seaxburh 4824:Cwichelm 4819:Cynegils 4814:Ceolwulf 4725:839–858 4714:Ecgberht 4634:(1990). 4573:(1964). 4491:(eds.). 4427:(1971). 4383:(1995). 4276:Archived 4108:Archived 4068:24 March 4030:(2000). 3796:(1996). 3776:(1935). 3744:Archived 3659:(1964). 3546:67218777 3517:(2013). 3495:(1984). 3454:(2005). 1274:pincerna 1165:Steyning 1139:mancuses 1088:nielloed 1029:anointed 1025:Verberie 1016:Cædwalla 988:tonsured 699:Sandwich 695:Ealhhere 679:bookland 667:Helmstan 556:Ceolnoth 552:Kingston 510:Beornmod 486:Eahlstan 454:Æthelred 365:Ealhmund 353:Ecgberht 269:Somerset 234:Ecgberht 114:Steyning 81:Ecgberht 6030:Culture 5924:Danelaw 5890:Fulford 5549:Battles 5522:Hastein 5516:Guthrum 5401:Guthred 5160:Eadbald 5131:Baldred 5116:Cuthred 5091:Eanmund 5086:Sigered 5056:Wihtred 5003:Eadbald 4973:Hengest 4874:Cuthred 4849:Æscwine 4829:Cenwalh 4804:Ceawlin 4691:at the 4458:1354216 4361:"S 319" 4351:10 July 4345:"S 316" 4325:"S 281" 4172:8 March 4137:8 March 3945:(ed.). 3786:1350966 3669:3977243 3611:5 April 3583:11 July 3372:Sources 1301:Hincmar 1180:Baldwin 1097:saltire 1080:William 1033:Hincmar 970:Brescia 874:comites 790:issue. 768:debased 753:obverse 730:Coinage 663:Swithun 620:Wantage 449:charter 402:Baldred 394:Wulfred 361:Francia 261:Vikings 72:839–858 5973:Mercia 5955:Wessex 5930:Jorvik 5910:Places 5898:(1066) 5892:(1066) 5883:(1066) 5844:(1010) 5838:(1002) 5832:(1001) 5826:(1001) 5818:Maldon 5537:–1024) 5351:Viking 5293:Eadred 5051:Oswine 5031:Eadric 4840:Cenfus 4799:Cynric 4794:Cerdic 4661: 4642: 4620: 4601: 4583:183495 4581: 4559: 4540: 4521: 4499: 4473: 4456: 4435: 4413: 4391: 4371:2 July 4313: 4294: 4270: 4253:"Deor" 4224: 4205: 4100: 4038: 4016: 3997: 3978: 3959: 3932: 3903: 3872: 3842: 3823: 3804: 3784: 3762: 3738: 3714: 3691: 3667: 3647: 3561: 3544: 3525: 3503: 3481: 3462: 3426: 3387: 1331:Ludeca 1169:Sussex 924:taxes. 879:thegns 868:Wilton 836:triune 815:Ulaham 724:Thanet 647:Dorset 599:Horton 502:Sussex 498:Surrey 429:Osburh 423:Family 409:Viking 333:Wessex 329:Mercia 293:Judith 250:Humber 230:Wessex 201:Father 195:Wessex 132:Osburh 125:Spouse 109:Burial 6009:(886) 5988:–918) 5820:(991) 5790:(954) 5784:(937) 5778:(918) 5772:(918) 5766:(917) 5764:Derby 5760:(917) 5754:(910) 5748:(902) 5742:(894) 5736:(893) 5717:(894) 5711:(893) 5699:(886) 5693:(878) 5679:(878) 5673:(878) 5667:(877) 5661:(871) 5655:(871) 5649:(871) 5643:(871) 5637:(870) 5629:(867) 5623:(867) 5595:(851) 5589:(843) 5583:(842) 5577:(838) 5571:(835) 5565:(793) 5440:–921) 5333:(878) 5321:–911) 5061:Alric 4978:Horsa 4279:(PDF) 4256:(PDF) 4111:(PDF) 4094:(PDF) 3955:–42. 3747:(PDF) 3732:(PDF) 3412:83–97 2436:S 316 2124:S 319 1976:S 281 1396:tithe 1244:Notes 1134:Yorke 860:proem 638:Lupus 506:Essex 437:Jutes 433:Asser 299:king 244:over 190:House 147:Issue 116:then 69:Reign 5961:Kent 5504:Ubba 5376:Cnut 4988:Octa 4983:Oisc 4809:Ceol 4659:ISBN 4640:ISBN 4618:ISBN 4599:ISBN 4579:OCLC 4557:ISBN 4538:ISBN 4519:ISBN 4497:ISBN 4471:ISBN 4454:OCLC 4433:ISBN 4411:ISBN 4389:ISBN 4373:2015 4353:2015 4337:2015 4311:ISBN 4292:ISBN 4268:ISSN 4244:2022 4222:ISBN 4203:ISBN 4174:2015 4139:2015 4098:ISBN 4070:2014 4036:ISBN 4014:ISBN 3995:ISBN 3976:ISBN 3957:ISBN 3930:ISSN 3901:ISSN 3870:ISBN 3840:ISBN 3821:ISBN 3802:ISBN 3782:OCLC 3760:ISBN 3736:OCLC 3712:ISBN 3689:ISBN 3665:OCLC 3645:ISSN 3613:2015 3585:2015 3559:ISBN 3542:OCLC 3523:ISBN 3501:ISBN 3479:ISBN 3460:ISBN 3444:link 3424:ISBN 3385:ISBN 1487:Deor 1359:and 1316:and 797:and 742:The 504:and 345:Offa 341:Kent 339:and 331:and 259:The 254:Kent 101:Died 5036:Mul 4864:Ine 4682:at 4163:doi 4128:doi 4059:doi 3922:doi 3918:109 3893:doi 3637:doi 3602:doi 3416:doi 1214:'s 1167:in 1116:". 1031:by 981:by 964:of 480:in 373:Ine 359:in 267:in 6104:: 6017:c. 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