178:
31:
49:
526:
294:
and the largest member of the smelt-whiting family
Sillaginidae, growing to a length of 80 cm and 4.8 kg in weight. The species is readily distinguishable from other Australian whitings by its unique pattern of spots, as well as its highly elongate shape. King George whiting are often found
1000:
The King George whiting has differing size and bag limits for anglers in different states. In
Victoria, there is a minimum size limit of 27 cm and a bag limit of 20 per person. South Australia is divided into two zones concerning the taking of this species, with fish caught east of longitude
644:
The King George whiting's distinctive body shape and mouth placement is an adaptation to bottom feeding, which is the predominant method of feeding for all whiting species. All larger whiting feed by using their protrusile jaws and tube-like mouths to suck up various types of prey from in, on or
413:
was finally designated by McKay in 1985. The species has a variety of common names (many now obsolete), with the most common, "King George whiting", taken from the name of the body of water where the initial description was made. It is also often called the spotted whiting in reference to its
1001:
136° restricted to a minimum length of 32 cm and fish caught to the west of longitude 136° having a minimum length of 30 cm. In both divisions, the bag limit is 10 fish per person. Western
Australia has set a minimum legal limit of 28 cm and a bag limit of 8 per person.
842:
locality of the individual; some spawning in deeper water up to 9 m deep, others in estuaries. May and June are the most common times for spawning, with some spawning events recorded as early as
February and as late as July. Juvenile fish are recruited to areas by
618:
beds in protected bays, apparently using the seagrass as protection and for foraging purposes. Juveniles tend to form schools of varying sizes, occasionally schooling with other species, including other members of the family
Sillaginidae. Adults tend to be
497:
In situations where identification is needed quickly, the colour of the King George whiting is also very distinctive, with a pale golden brown to olive brown top colour and white to silver colour on its underside. The species also as distinct
847:, with studies showing the species is too weak a swimmer to be able to undertake long distance journeys. The location of spawning also has implications for the location of the juveniles, as with some estuary breeding individuals.
1278:
Hyndes, G.A.; Platell, M.E. & Potter, I.C. (1997). "Relationships between diet and body size, mouth morphology, habitat and movements of six sillaginid species in coastal waters: implications for resource partitioning".
1009:
Due to the King George whitings' popularity as a food fish, extensive investigations into the viability of the species as an aquaculture species have occurred, with most initial investigations indicating the long
949:
drawcard for anglers seeking a range of fish and crustacean species, but King George whiting is often the most desired catch. They are a relatively easy species to catch, with no special
834:
34 cm. These lengths are used as guides when setting minimum legal lengths for the species, allowing adequate time for an individual to reproduce before being taken.
1720:
Further development of techniques for the culture of King George whiting for commercial aquaculture or for enhancement of fish stocks in
Western Australia – Final Report
1738:
1673:
1647:
2020:
1888:
1574:
1516:
Lenanton, R.C.J. (1982). "Alternative Non estuarine
Nursery Habitats for some Commercially and Recreationally Important Fish Species of South-western Australia".
1914:
1451:
2079:
1407:
Humphries, P.; Hyndes, G.A. & Potter, I.C. (1992). "Comparisons between the diets of distant taxa (Teleost and
Cormorant) in an Australian estuary".
973:
or paternoster rigs are commonly used, with a fixed sinker employed in area of high tidal movement. As mentioned previously, molluscs, particularly the
1365:
Coleman, N. & Mobley, M. (1984). "Diets of
Commercially Exploited Fish from Bass Strait and Adjacent Victorian Waters, South-eastern Australia".
2007:
1862:
1700:
2033:
1901:
1486:
1091:
502:
positioned rows of brown spots running the length of its body, which are apparent to see even after removal from the water and after death. The
2094:
1927:
696:. This may be a function of niche partitioning, as in many areas the King George whiting's habitat overlaps with other species of the genus
2104:
2109:
2084:
742:
As previously mentioned, younger fish tend to school when foraging, and have been known to forage in groups with other species such as
1112:
993:, fish pieces and especially raw king prawn are commonly successful. The larger fish inhabiting deep reefs are often caught on whole
2099:
1630:
1228:
1159:
855:
The King George whiting is a highly rated food fish and is common in southern
Australia and so has become a major component of the
676:, which is unusual because in many parts of Southern Australia, the main bait used by recreational fishers to catch whiting is the
2046:
1953:
1049:
688:. They are better bought in the shell and peeled shortly before using, as this keeps the bait fresh. Also rare in the diet are
2089:
1735:
1677:
1651:
2038:
1906:
1083:
558:
276:
48:
1823:
1810:
1471:
517:
It is the largest member of Sillaginidae, growing to a maximum length of 72 cm long and 4.8 kg in weight.
1919:
646:
361:, which itself is in the family Sillaginidae, containing all the smelt whitings. The Sillaginidae are part of the
1747:
1322:
Gunn, J.S. & Wilward, N.E. (1985). "The food, feeding habits and feeding structures of the whiting species
919:
and are generally rated as one of the very best quality Australian fish for the table, and are ubiquitous in
950:
876:
1763:
127:
680:; a mollusc, but then, it has been deshelled. An excellent bait for catching King George Whiting is raw
2074:
1828:
1704:
1568:
932:
150:
1543:
Jenkins, G.P. & Welsford, D.C. (2002). "The swimming abilities of recently settled post-larvae of
1244:
Robertson, A.I. (1977). "Ecology of Juvenile King George Whiting Sillaginodes punctatus (Cuvier &
177:
2051:
1958:
1339:
1288:
1245:
974:
884:
791:
751:
550:
227:
1392:
Kailola, P.J.; Williams, M.J.; Stewart, R.E.; et al. (1993). "Australian fisheries resources".
1502:
592:
481:
337:. The King George whiting forms the basis of one of southern Australia's most important commercial
30:
1432:
1424:
1304:
908:
903:
methods. This fishery is one of the most important in the country, reportedly worth five million
856:
807:
430:
fishes, an elongate, slightly compressed body with a tapering head and terminal mouth. The genus
398:
190:
43:
2025:
1893:
1801:
587:
scattered throughout the species' range. There is a distinct difference in habitat between the
1994:
1940:
1836:
1815:
1626:
1224:
1155:
904:
775:
542:
382:
378:
342:
308:
1945:
1752:
1556:
1525:
1416:
1374:
1347:
1296:
1257:
896:
677:
1025:
may be used in the future to hasten growth of larvae and make such ventures more feasible.
750:
and other species of whiting. Larger fish tend to occupy areas with larger species such as
1742:
1014:
is a major barrier to the successful farming of the fish. Other problems have arisen in a
912:
880:
835:
823:
779:
669:
554:
546:
284:
653:
cues when feeding, instead using a system based on the vibrations emitted by their prey.
1343:
1292:
1061:
911:. This single species alone was reported as comprising 60% of the total annual catch in
1351:
1022:
970:
962:
920:
844:
811:
803:
787:
743:
485:
370:
167:
90:
2068:
1108:
657:
580:
386:
1436:
1308:
472:
scales, and like all fishes in the family is best distinguished by the shape of its
1999:
1985:
1841:
916:
875:
The main commercial King George whiting fishery is centred on South Australia from
771:
755:
709:
685:
525:
511:
473:
469:
443:
439:
427:
264:
260:
256:
110:
672:. Unlike any of its relatives, the King George whiting does not appear to feed on
620:
1875:
1795:
864:
701:
689:
595:
fish, with the juveniles more inclined to inhabit shallower waters in protected
415:
366:
100:
1786:
990:
839:
783:
713:
681:
562:
503:
465:
435:
326:
322:
280:
1206:
Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers
484:
tapering extension and two anterolateral extensions or 'horns'. There are no
1146:
938:
937:
In Southern Australia, the King George whiting is often the sole target for
888:
611:
576:
538:
447:
410:
362:
338:
318:
272:
60:
1560:
1178:
McKay, R.J. (1985). "A Revision of the Fishes of the Family Sillaginidae".
1300:
660:
content have shown that the primary food items of King George whiting are
623:
and found in deeper water in a range of habitats including bays, offshore
499:
1979:
1849:
1780:
1121:
1015:
994:
900:
892:
887:
and south west Western Australia. Common catching practices include haul
799:
747:
725:
661:
615:
530:
507:
406:
402:
304:
268:
80:
1018:
previously unknown in the species only affecting the fish in captivity.
806:
are also common predators of the species, as are marine mammals such as
426:
The King George whiting has the same overall profile as the rest of the
2012:
1867:
1854:
1592:(2nd ed.). Adelaide: State handbook Committee, Government Printer.
1428:
1019:
982:
958:
954:
946:
942:
860:
733:
673:
665:
605:
600:
584:
490:
346:
330:
315:
1880:
1529:
1378:
1261:
649:. There is a large body of evidence that shows whiting do not rely on
831:
729:
721:
705:
650:
561:
and the furthest east King George whiting have been reported from is
514:
are usually a light brown, with some having olive green caudal fins.
468:
features. It is the largest of the Sillaginid fishes with 129 to 147
70:
1757:
1420:
565:
in New South Wales (although this appears to be a rare occurrence).
414:
obliquely positioned bars of brown spots, with other names used in
1011:
986:
795:
766:
King George whiting, especially juveniles, are known to be common
736:
624:
588:
524:
454:
288:
1491:) estimated from length-at-age samples of the legal size harvest"
1932:
978:
966:
827:
767:
717:
628:
569:
488:-like processes on the ventral surface unlike taxa in the genus
477:
461:
393:
based on a number or morphological characteristics and assigned
357:
The King George whiting is the only species nested in the genus
334:
311:
300:
1761:
349:, who value the whiting for its sporting and eating qualities.
345:
per year. The species is also heavily targeted by recreational
287:
in the east. The King George whiting is the only member of the
1148:
FAO Species Catalogue: Vol. 14. Sillaginid Fishes Of The World
596:
572:
296:
1452:"Cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the bottlenose dolphin
915:
during the late 1980s. The fish are sold either whole or as
867:
potential still being explored but apparently of low value.
442:
and the second dorsal fin with a single spine and 25 to 27
1588:
Scott, T.D.; Glover, C.J. & Southcott, R.V. (1990).
969:
is not necessary. Simple rigs such varieties of running
953:, rigs or techniques required and are often caught from
369:. The King George whiting was first officially named by
1330:
Whitley from Townsville, North Queensland, Australia".
1338:(4). Fisheries Society of the British Isles: 411–427.
1154:. Food and Agricultural Organisation. pp. 19–20.
907:
a year, as King George whiting fetch premium price in
1470:(1). Australian Mammal Society: 25–33. Archived from
941:
who seek it for its high quality eating. A number of
460:
and is further distinguished from any other possible
1367:
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1250:
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1248:) (Pisces: Perciformes) in Western Port, Victoria".
802:. Various species of diving birds, particularly the
1969:
1770:
1607:. Singapore: Universal Magazines. pp. 104–105.
1590:
The Marine and Freshwater Fishes of south Australia
1460:, and some dolphin prey species in South Australia"
631:, also venturing into shallower water on occasion.
603:. A favourite habitat of young fish appears to be
453:The King George whiting is the only member of the
275:, inhabiting the south coast of the country from
1450:Long, M.; Reid, R.J. & Kemper, C.M. (1997).
1208:. Melbourne: Swainston Publishing. p. 187.
692:, which are frequent prey for other species of
568:King George whiting are most commonly found in
537:The King George whiting is endemic to Southern
464:assigned to that genus by a number of distinct
883:in the east. Smaller fisheries are present in
529:Typical habitat of young King George whiting:
1625:. Hong Kong: Bacragas Pty. Ltd. p. 490.
838:occurs in a range of areas, depending on the
700:. Other minor components of the diet include
583:along the coast of the mainland and numerous
405:, apparently due to Cuvier not designating a
8:
1273:
1271:
476:. In plan view, the swim bladder has a land
1573:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
1173:
1171:
774:. The most prominent inshore predators are
1758:
1753:Sillaginodes punctatus King George Whiting
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1103:
1101:
770:for a number of larger inshore fishes and
557:. The westernmost reported capture was in
176:
29:
20:
1616:
1614:
1518:Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1487:"Seasonal growth of King George whiting (
1221:Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia
1204:Hutchins, B. & Swainston, R. (1986).
1736:Primary Industries - King George whiting
1672:Primary Industries SA (15 August 2019).
1485:McGarvey, R. & Fowler, A.J. (2002).
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1092:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1033:
997:while fishing for snapper and morwong.
945:towns rely heavily on the species as a
450:number between 42 and 44 in the genus.
1566:
1223:. U.S.A: University of Hawaii Press.
341:, reportedly worth over five million
197:
7:
826:at three to four years of age, with
377:, based on an individual taken from
1555:(4). Blackwell Synergy: 1043–1050.
977:are common bait, with varieties of
418:, especially outside of Australia.
314:during adulthood. The species is a
307:beds, also venturing out onto deep
1605:Guide to Favourite Australian Fish
1352:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb04281.x
830:reaching 30 cm in length and
14:
2080:Marine fish of Southern Australia
1415:(3). Springer New York: 327–334.
185:Range of the King George whiting
1180:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
47:
1748:Fishing for King George whiting
794:as well as various species of
1:
1722:. Fremantle: Challenger TAFE.
299:and protected waterways over
277:Jurien Bay, Western Australia
267:. The King George whiting is
2095:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
1501:(3): 545–558. Archived from
553:and occasionally even lower
434:is distinguished by a first
401:have been applied after the
389:created the monotypic genus
2105:Cuisine of Victoria (state)
1623:The Australian Fishing Book
1394:Bureau of Resource Sciences
2126:
2110:Western Australian cuisine
2085:Endemic fauna of Australia
930:
822:King George whiting reach
732:as well as other fish and
365:, a suborder of the order
627:, broken bottom and deep
533:beds amongst sand patches
480:-like appearance, with a
321:, consuming a variety of
196:
189:
184:
175:
156:
149:
44:Scientific classification
42:
37:
28:
23:
2100:South Australian cuisine
1125:. November 2014 version.
1111:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
521:Distribution and habitat
438:with twelve or thirteen
1549:Journal of Fish Biology
1332:Journal of Fish Biology
2090:Fish described in 1829
1816:Sillaginodes_punctatus
1772:Sillaginodes punctatus
1718:Partridge, G. (2000).
1648:"Whiting, King George"
1563:(inactive 2024-05-24).
1561:10.1006/jfbi.2002.1914
1115:Sillaginodes punctatus
1086:Sillaginodes punctatus
1050:"King George Whiting,
861:recreational fisheries
851:Relationship to humans
534:
409:, or it being lost. A
403:initial correct naming
245:Sillaginodes punctatus
160:Sillaginodes punctatus
1701:"King George whiting"
1674:"King George whiting"
1621:Starling, S. (1988).
1603:Horrobin, P. (1997).
1545:Sillaginodes punctata
1524:(5). CSIRO: 881–900.
1489:Sillaginodes punctata
1456:, the common dolphin
1373:(5). CSIRO: 549–560.
1301:10.1007/s002270050125
1219:Kuiter, R.H. (1993).
1052:Sillaginodes punctata
933:Smelt-whiting fishing
863:in this region, with
758:and larger trevally.
528:
247:), also known as the
200:Sillaginodes punctata
1464:Australian Mammalogy
1145:McKay, R.J. (1992).
927:Recreational fishery
752:Australasian snapper
24:King George whiting
1344:1985JFBio..26..411G
1293:1997MarBi.128..585H
1256:(1). CSIRO: 35–43.
1058:Fishes of Australia
397:to it. A number of
353:Taxonomy and naming
257:coastal marine fish
241:King George whiting
224:Isosillago maculata
216:Isosillago punctata
1741:2007-08-30 at the
1454:Tursiops truncatus
905:Australian dollars
871:Commercial fishery
535:
343:Australian dollars
2062:
2061:
1941:Open Tree of Life
1764:Taxon identifiers
1680:on 30 August 2007
1530:10.1071/mf9820881
1474:on July 19, 2008.
1458:Delphinus delphis
1379:10.1071/mf9840549
1262:10.1071/mf9770035
778:, members of the
776:Australian salmon
543:Western Australia
383:Western Australia
379:King George Sound
309:continental shelf
237:
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142:S. punctatus
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1703:. Archived from
1699:Western angler.
1696:
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1676:. Archived from
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1064:on 11 March 2020
1060:. Archived from
1045:
670:polychaete worms
645:above the ocean
541:, ranging lower
375:Sillago punctata
226:
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208:Sillago punctata
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1326:(Forsskål) and
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1023:growth hormones
1007:
935:
929:
913:South Australia
881:Gulf St Vincent
879:in the west to
873:
853:
824:sexual maturity
820:
812:common dolphins
764:
744:silver trevally
642:
637:
555:New South Wales
547:South Australia
523:
424:
355:
285:New South Wales
253:spotted sillago
249:spotted whiting
171:
164:
158:
145:
125:
46:
17:
16:Species of fish
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1730:External links
1728:
1726:
1725:
1710:
1707:on 2007-09-09.
1691:
1664:
1646:FishVictoria.
1638:
1631:
1610:
1595:
1580:
1535:
1508:
1505:on 2006-02-09.
1477:
1442:
1399:
1384:
1357:
1328:Sillago analis
1324:Sillago sihama
1314:
1287:(4): 585–598.
1281:Marine Biology
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1236:
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1109:Froese, Rainer
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928:
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921:Fish and chips
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845:ocean currents
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804:pied cormorant
788:snake mackerel
763:
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519:
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512:pectoral fins
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387:Theodore Gill
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27:
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2075:Sillaginidae
1970:
1802:Sillaginodes
1771:
1719:
1713:
1705:the original
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1641:
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1569:cite journal
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1498:
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1472:the original
1467:
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1062:the original
1057:
1051:
1012:larval cycle
1008:
999:
965:; meaning a
936:
874:
854:
821:
818:Reproduction
782:family, the
772:wading birds
765:
756:blue morwong
741:
697:
693:
686:banana prawn
655:
643:
625:surf gutters
610:
604:
567:
536:
516:
496:
489:
474:swim bladder
470:lateral line
458:Sillaginodes
457:
452:
432:Sillaginodes
431:
425:
395:S. punctatus
394:
391:Sillaginodes
390:
374:
359:Sillaginodes
358:
356:
292:Sillaginodes
291:
265:Sillaginidae
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
223:
215:
207:
199:
159:
157:
141:
140:
122:Sillaginodes
121:
120:
111:Sillaginidae
18:
1876:iNaturalist
1796:Wikispecies
1005:Aquaculture
971:ball sinker
895:as well as
865:aquaculture
714:stomatopods
702:crustaceans
690:echinoderms
656:Studies of
482:posteriorly
422:Description
385:. In 1861,
373:in 1829 as
367:Perciformes
323:crustaceans
101:Spariformes
2069:Categories
1986:Q106420384
1658:2020-02-17
1186:(1): 1–73.
1029:References
991:cuttlefish
931:See also:
889:seine nets
857:commercial
840:geographic
808:bottlenose
784:barracouta
684:, such as
682:king prawn
563:Botany Bay
559:Jurien Bay
466:anatomical
436:dorsal fin
428:sillaginid
327:polychaete
281:Botany Bay
128:T. N. Gill
1409:Estuaries
1068:26 August
1048:Bray, D.
995:pilchards
939:fishermen
893:gill nets
762:Predators
726:cumaceans
662:amphipods
647:substrate
612:Posidonia
601:estuaries
577:estuaries
539:Australia
500:obliquely
448:vertebrae
444:soft rays
411:lectotype
363:Percoidei
339:fisheries
319:carnivore
273:Australia
136:Species:
67:Kingdom:
61:Eukaryota
38:Juvenile
2026:10923874
1980:Wikidata
1894:11071579
1850:FishBase
1787:Q2333864
1781:Wikidata
1739:Archived
1437:84801870
1309:84171376
1122:FishBase
1016:parasite
901:handline
897:longline
885:Victoria
836:Spawning
780:flathead
748:tarwhine
704:such as
674:molluscs
666:copepods
621:solitary
616:seagrass
593:juvenile
551:Victoria
531:seagrass
407:holotype
399:synonyms
331:molluscs
305:seagrass
191:Synonyms
107:Family:
81:Chordata
77:Phylum:
71:Animalia
57:Domain:
2013:2391985
1946:1065084
1868:2391982
1684:21 July
1429:1352780
1340:Bibcode
1289:Bibcode
1020:Thyroid
959:beaches
955:jetties
947:tourism
943:coastal
923:shops.
917:fillets
909:markets
832:females
734:benthic
730:isopods
722:tanaids
698:Sillago
694:Sillago
635:Biology
606:Zostera
585:islands
491:Sillago
416:markets
347:anglers
329:worms,
316:benthic
269:endemic
263:family
259:of the
255:, is a
230:, 1878
228:Macleay
170:, 1829)
117:Genus:
97:Order:
87:Class:
2052:305104
2039:168533
1959:282791
1933:282791
1920:135776
1907:551124
1881:321999
1629:
1435:
1427:
1307:
1227:
1158:
877:Ceduna
796:sharks
706:carids
678:cockle
651:visual
581:creeks
504:caudal
446:. The
440:spines
371:Cuvier
168:Cuvier
130:, 1861
2047:WoRMS
2021:IRMNG
2000:4XDQD
1954:WoRMS
1889:IRMNG
1842:6Z2HP
1829:11288
1433:S2CID
1425:JSTOR
1305:S2CID
1152:(PDF)
987:squid
983:gents
979:worms
963:rocks
951:baits
828:males
792:snook
737:algae
718:crabs
589:adult
570:tidal
455:genus
312:reefs
289:genus
2034:ITIS
2008:GBIF
1928:OBIS
1915:NCBI
1902:ITIS
1863:GBIF
1855:8489
1824:BOLD
1686:2007
1627:ISBN
1575:link
1225:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1070:2014
967:boat
961:and
899:and
859:and
810:and
800:rays
798:and
768:prey
728:and
668:and
640:Diet
629:reef
609:and
597:bays
591:and
579:and
573:bays
510:and
508:anal
486:duct
478:slug
462:taxa
335:fish
333:and
303:and
301:sand
297:bays
239:The
1995:CoL
1837:CoL
1811:AFD
1557:doi
1547:".
1526:doi
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1417:doi
1375:doi
1348:doi
1297:doi
1285:128
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786:(a
658:gut
381:in
295:in
279:to
271:to
251:or
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