Edward IV - Knowledge (XXG)

787: 1435: 876: 710: 783:. By all accounts, Elizabeth possessed considerable charm of person and intellect, while Edward was used to getting what he wanted. Historians generally accept the marriage was an impulsive decision, but differ on whether it was also a "calculated political move". One view is the low status of the Woodvilles was part of the attraction, since unlike the Nevilles, they were reliant on Edward and thus more likely to remain loyal. Others argue if this was his purpose, there were far better options available; all agree it had significant political implications that impacted the rest of Edward's reign. 891:; when it was defeated, the two fled to France in May 1470. Seeing an opportunity, Louis XI persuaded Warwick to negotiate with his enemy, Margaret of Anjou; she eventually agreed, first making him kneel before her in silence for fifteen minutes. With French support, Warwick landed in England on 9 September 1470 and announced his intention to restore Henry. By now, the Yorkist regime was deeply unpopular and the Lancastrians rapidly assembled an army of over 30,000; when John Neville switched sides, Edward narrowly escaped capture and was forced to seek refuge in 1223:". He spent large amounts on expensive status symbols to show off his power and wealth as king of England, while his collecting habits show an eye for style and an interest in scholarship, particularly history. He acquired fine clothes, jewels, and furnishings, as well as a collection of beautifully illuminated historical and literary manuscripts, many made specially for him by craftsmen in Bruges. His book purchases included books for entertainment and instruction, whose contents reveal his interests. They focus on the lives of great rulers, including 1277: 509: 4809: 644: 1130: 1208: 6064: 6008: 860:. It soon became clear there was little support for Warwick or Clarence; Edward was released in September and resumed the throne. Outwardly, the situation remained unchanged, but tensions persisted and Edward did nothing to reduce the Nevilles' sense of vulnerability. The Percys, traditional rivals of the Neville family in the North, fought for Lancaster at Towton; their titles and estates were confiscated and given to Warwick's brother John Neville. In early 1470, Edward reinstated 6269: 6038: 6028: 6018: 320: 904: 992: 6587: 841:. In early July, Clarence defied his brother by travelling to Calais, where he married Isabel in a ceremony conducted by George Neville and overseen by Warwick. The three men issued a 'remonstrance', listing alleged abuses by the Woodvilles and other advisors close to Edward and then returned to London, where they assembled an army to remove these 'evil councillors' and establish good government. 6075: 6048: 52: 598:

in 1459, his father and brother Edmund fled to Ireland, while the Earls of March, Salisbury and Warwick made their way to Calais. Edward's name appears alongside those of his father, Warwick and Salisbury in widely circulated manifestoes declaring their quarrel was only with Henry's evil counsellors.

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By mid-August, Elizabeth Woodville was certain of the deaths of her sons; after her initial grief turned to fury, she opened secret talks with Margaret Beaufort. She promised her support in return for Henry's agreement to marry her eldest daughter Elizabeth. In December 1483, Henry swore an oath to

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Commentators observe a marked difference between Edward's first period as king, and the second. The failure of attempts to reconcile former enemies like Somerset meant he was noticeably more ruthless after 1471, including the execution of his brother Clarence. In his youth, Edward was a capable and

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on 4 May. Sixteen-year-old Edward of Westminster, the heir to the throne, died on the battlefield, with surviving leaders like Somerset executed shortly afterwards. This was followed by Henry's death a few days later; a contemporary chronicle claimed this was due to "melancholy" but it is generally

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The implications of removing the legally accepted heir to the throne created substantial opposition to the Yorkist administration; in late 1460, Edward was given his first independent command and sent to deal with a Lancastrian insurgency in Wales. Warwick remained in London, while York, Salisbury,

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Estimates of the dead range from 9,000 to 20,000; figures are uncertain, as most of the mass graves were emptied or moved over the centuries, while corpses were generally stripped of clothing or armour before burial. Nevertheless, casualties among the Lancastrian nobility were enormous and explain

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in 1974, who concluded the peace and stability of his later reign was squandered in short-term aggrandisement. He further suggests that Edward "remains the only king in English history since 1066 in active possession of his throne who failed to secure the safe succession of his son. His lack of

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described him as handsome, affable, and energetic. Unusually tall for the period at 6 feet 4 inches (193 centimetres), he was an impressive sight in armour, and took care to wear splendid clothes. This was done deliberately to contrast him with King Henry VI, whose physical and mental

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and heirs to their mother's considerable inheritance. Many of the estates held by the brothers had been granted by Edward, who could also remove them, making them dependent on his favour. This was not the case with property acquired through marriage and explains the importance of this dispute.

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Economics was closely linked to foreign policy; Edward's reign was dominated by the three-sided diplomatic contest between England, France, and Burgundy, with two of the three seeking to ally against the third. As Flemish merchants were the largest buyers of English wool, Edward was generally

1072:, which allowed him to gorge himself at meals, then return after vomiting to start again. He fell fatally ill at Easter 1483, but survived long enough to add codicils to his will, the most important naming his brother as Protector after his death. He died on 9 April 1483 and was buried in 837:. Warwick responded by building an alliance with Edward's disaffected younger brother and heir, the Duke of Clarence, who held estates adjacent to the Neville heartland in the north. Concerned by this, Edward blocked a proposed marriage between Clarence and Warwick's eldest daughter 805:

One reason for this was that twelve of the new queen's siblings survived into adulthood, creating a large pool of competitors for offices and estates, as well as in the matrimony market. Resentment built when her sisters made a series of advantageous unions, including that of

760:, died at the Second Battle of St Albans. If nothing else, it was a clear demonstration he was not in control of the king, despite suggestions to the contrary. Edward's motives have been widely discussed by contemporaries and historians. Although Elizabeth's mother, 927:

faced the same issue that dominated Henry's previous reign. Mental and physical frailties made him incapable of ruling and resulted in an internal struggle for control, made worse because the coalition that put him back on the throne consisted of bitter enemies.

594:, in October 1453 created a viable Lancastrian figurehead, and the 1450s was dominated by political conflict between the two factions. By the age of 17, the Earl of March was a political and military leader in his own right; after their defeat at the 555:

as the last English possession in Northern France; Somerset, whom many held responsible for the losses, was appointed King Henry's chief minister. English politics became dominated by the struggle between the Yorkists and supporters of the

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was transferred to the Crown, where it remains today. In 1478, his staff prepared the so-called 'Black Book', a comprehensive review of government finances, still in use a century later. He invested heavily in business ventures with the

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Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.

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the enduring bitterness among those who survived. Since 1996, excavations have uncovered over 50 skeletons from the battle; an analysis of their injuries shows the brutality of the contest, including extensive post-mortem mutilations.

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One effect of this was that Parliament became increasingly reluctant to approve taxes for wars which Edward failed to prosecute, then used the funds instead to finance his household expenditures. Under his rule, ownership of the

1056:, where James was being held prisoner by his nobles. Albany switched sides and without siege equipment, the English army was forced to withdraw, with little to show for an expensive campaign, apart from the capture of 1525:. The historical consensus is he and his brother Richard were killed, probably between July and September 1483; debate on who gave the orders, and why, continues, although their uncle Richard III was the beneficiary. 5025: 2498: 1252:

to Eltham Palace and that he had a yeoman "to kepe the king's bookes". More than forty of his books survive intact from the 15th century, which suggests they were carefully stored, and are in the

959:. Parr fought against the Yorkists at Edgecote in 1469 and his defection confirmed Clarence's decision to switch sides; as they marched south, more recruits came in, including 3,000 at Leicester. 1536:

argued that the alleged pre-contract of marriage between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor Talbot rendered his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville void. Both Eleanor and Edward were dead, but according to

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The cause of Edward's death is uncertain; allegations of poison were common in an era when lack of medical knowledge meant death often had no obvious explanation. Other suggestions include

919:, part of the Duchy of Burgundy, accompanied by a few hundred men, including his younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Anthony Woodville and William Hastings. The Duchy was ruled by 6636: 682:

on 17 February, the Lancastrians regaining custody of Henry VI. The two met in London, where Edward was hastily appointed king, before marching north, where the two sides met at the

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seemed to end the Lancastrian threat. This exposed internal divisions, particularly over foreign policy, which in this period largely focused on the relationship between England,

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Most of the nobility had either remained loyal to Henry or stayed neutral, forcing Edward to rely heavily on the Nevilles. Consolidating the regime initially took precedence, but

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During Edward's youth, there was economic decline in England and military defeat abroad, exacerbated by a weak and corrupt central government. Both Edward and his younger brother

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Although the Lancastrian cause seemed at an end, the regime was destabilised by a quarrel between Clarence and his brother Gloucester. The two were married to Isabel Neville and

701:. There was little point in killing him while his son remained alive since this would have transferred the Lancastrian claim from a frail captive to one who was young and free. 5018: 2545:. By modern standards, York was the senior heir, although this was less clear at the time. In practical terms, it meant both he and Edward had a legitimate claim to the throne. 4037:

A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank: But Uninvested with Heritable Honours

496:, were physically very similar, all three being tall and blonde, in contrast to their father, the Duke of York, who was short and dark. His youngest brother, who later became 737:, with two of the parties manoeuvring to form an alliance against the third. Although Edward preferred Burgundy as a partner, he allowed Warwick to negotiate a treaty with 6292: 6646: 4120: 5011: 1462:

claimed this backfired, since "albeit she were out of al array save her kyrtle only: yet went she so fair & lovely … that her great shame wan her much praise."

1175:, Edward's spending habitually exceeded income; on his death in 1483, the Crown had less than £1,200 in cash. His close relationship with the London branch of the 1260:, including the extant Great Hall, the site of a feast for 2,000 people in December 1482, shortly before his death in April. He also began great improvements to 1021:

in 1485. Clarence was widely suspected of involvement, a factor in his eventual execution in the Tower on 18 February 1478; claims he was "drowned in a butt of

1040:, plus a yearly pension of 50,000 crowns, thus allowing him to recoup the costs of his army. In 1482, Edward backed an attempt to usurp the Scottish throne by 6681: 1501:

There are claims for many others, including Mary, second wife of Henry Harman of Ellam, and Isabel Mylbery (born circa 1470), who married John Tuchet, son of

686:. Fought on 29 March in the middle of a snowstorm, it was the bloodiest battle ever to take place on English soil, and ended in a decisive Yorkist victory. 5943: 807: 6661: 6651: 6188: 5880: 4016:

Backhouse, Janet (1987). "Founders of the Royal Library: Edward IV and Henry VII as Collectors of Illuminated Manuscripts". In Williams, David (ed.).

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Prior to his succession, Richard III declared his nephews illegitimate, on the grounds his brother's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid. The

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Edward's health began to fail, and he became subject to an increasing number of ailments; his physicians attributed this in part to a habitual use of

6666: 5864: 4595: 1540:, Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells, claimed to have carried out the ceremony himself. Once secure on the throne, Henry VII annulled the 979: 610:

in July, he commanded one of three divisions in a Yorkist victory that led to the capture of Henry VI. York returned from Ireland; on entering the

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Sutherland, T. L.; Schmidt, A. (2003). "The Towton Battlefield Archaeological Survey Project: An Integrated Approach to Battlefield Archaeology".

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While the War of the Roses has been documented by numerous historians, Edward as an individual is less well known; 19th century historians like

6631: 6626: 6317: 6287: 6183: 6093: 5978: 5872: 2447: 2265: 2039: 1483: 1434: 1237: 1135: 811: 591: 576: 403: 532:, were born in Rouen, where their father, the Duke of York, served as governor of English lands in France until 1445, when he was replaced by 6671: 6208: 6158: 6153: 6098: 4981: 4942: 4749: 4718: 4672: 4633: 4575: 4533: 4514: 4490: 4471: 4412: 4384: 4365: 4337: 4271: 4252: 4224: 4205: 4175: 4156: 4137: 4104: 4072: 4053: 4025: 3979: 3914: 3858: 3723: 2966: 2659: 2378: 1073: 1041: 936:'s death in 1455, while he had executed his elder brother in 1464; Warwick and Clarence quickly found themselves isolated by the new regime. 933: 929: 908: 722: 580: 180: 875: 6347: 6342: 6297: 6113: 6108: 1560: 1413: 1393: 533: 253: 6402: 6307: 6223: 6213: 5839: 5815: 1373: 838: 772:

told Edward with unusual frankness that "she was no wife for a prince such as himself, for she was not the daughter of a duke or earl."

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charismatic military commander, who led from the front, but as he grew older, the energy noted by contemporaries became less apparent.

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Allegations of illegitimacy were discounted at the time as politically inspired, and by later historians. Edward and his siblings

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Despite this apparent resolution, the Yorkist cause continued well into the 16th century. The most famous are the pretenders

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As King he bore the royal arms undifferenced. Examples exist of several varying combinations of crest, supporters and motto.

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brought on by excess, which fits with what is known of his physical habits. Another theory is that Edward died of syphilis.

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Chibnall, Marjorie (1960). "Review; The Household of Edward IV: The Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478, by A. R. Myers".

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from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the

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Matters came to a head in August 1453 when King Henry VI collapsed into a catatonic stupor on hearing news of the loss of

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in 1477. Edward is shown receiving a manuscript copy from Woodville, accompanied by his wife Elizabeth, his eldest son

1129: 477:, giving Edward a potential claim to the throne. This was strengthened in 1447, when York became heir to the childless 6686: 6462: 6203: 6148: 6103: 5899: 5788: 5410: 3392:"'Deciphering Two Opaque Sources on the Death of King Edward IV of England.' Medieval Syphilis and Treponemal Disease" 888: 5399: 5341: 4767: 3663: 319: 4693:

The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant

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Commercial Relations of Holland and Zeeland with England from the Late 13th century to the Close of the Middle Ages

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declared his nephews illegitimate in 1483, he did so on the grounds Edward's marriage to their mother was invalid.

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It is not known where or how Edward's library was stored, but it is recorded that he transferred volumes from the

575:, an English possession for over 300 years. The Duke of York took over the government, his chief supporters being 6492: 6397: 6377: 6178: 5690: 5485: 5430: 5038: 3587: 3573: 2684:

Set sail on 2 October 1470 from England and took refuge in Burgundy; deposed as King of England on 3 October 1470

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Margaret fled to Scotland with Edward of Westminster, while the new king returned to London for his 28 June 1461

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agreed a compromise, whereby Henry remained king, but York and his descendants were designated his successors.

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generally dismissed him as a bloodthirsty nonentity. The most comprehensive modern biography was written by

834: 761: 529: 6548: 1521:, he was supervised by his uncle, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, who also acted as his regent for the 943:, close to his estates in Yorkshire. Supporters were reluctant to join him; the important northern city of 6641: 6487: 6472: 6392: 6243: 6033: 5781: 5639: 5524: 5470: 5445: 5420: 5405: 5277: 5112: 4644: 1563:, daughter of the Duke of Clarence, while a number of attempts were made on the life of her son, Cardinal 1276: 1192: 1188: 924: 865: 551:, although he did not take up the post until 1449. Most of Normandy was recaptured by the French, leaving 442: 387: 268: 6507: 6432: 6387: 6063: 6007: 5963: 5629: 5539: 5519: 5450: 5388: 5378: 5368: 5247: 5242: 5215: 5176: 5171: 3713: 3414: 2324: 1183:

pro-Burgundian, although Duke Charles' reluctance to support him in 1471 cooled their relationship. The

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Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis

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Constitutional History of England in the Fifteenth Century (1399–1485): With Illustrative Documents

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In 1475, Edward allied with Burgundy and declared war on France. With Duke Charles busy with the

940: 757: 738: 557: 394:, where he gathered support and invaded England in March 1471; after victories at the battles of 344: 167: 3712:

Hicks, M. (27 October 2008). "A Story of Failure: The Minority of Edward V". In Beem, C. (ed.).

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Edward entered London unopposed and took Henry prisoner; Warwick was defeated and killed at the

923:, husband of his sister Margaret; he provided minimal help, something Edward never forgot. The 6457: 6442: 6412: 6083: 5952: 5304: 5165: 5117: 4953: 4745: 4714: 4668: 4629: 4571: 4529: 4510: 4486: 4467: 4408: 4380: 4361: 4333: 4267: 4248: 4220: 4201: 4171: 4152: 4133: 4100: 4068: 4049: 4021: 3994: 3975: 3910: 3887: 3864: 3854: 3719: 2962: 2655: 2542: 2300: 1409: 1305: 1285: 1232: 1196: 1179:

ended in its bankruptcy; in 1517, the Medicis were still seeking repayment of Edward's debts.

845: 734: 730: 565: 336: 258: 233: 217: 151: 147: 1264:, where he was buried in 1483; later completed by Henry VII, it was badly damaged during the 951:

seventy years earlier. The first significant contingent to join was a group of 600 men under

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In October 1464, Warwick was enraged to discover that on 1 May, Edward had secretly married

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The marriage was certainly unwise and unusual, although not unheard of; Henry VI's mother,

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in 1453. Following his sudden death in April 1483, Edward was briefly succeeded by his son

6218: 5617: 5362: 5192: 5144: 5134: 5128: 4896: 4892: 4821: 4181: 4004: 3427: 1514: 1423: 1419: 1184: 830: 698: 603: 474: 429:. This treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War, which had been in abeyance since the 407: 406:, were killed), he resumed the throne. Shortly afterwards, Henry VI was found dead in the 332: 263: 68: 5003: 1455: 441:

of England for the duration of the new king's minority, but quickly seized the throne as

4808: 1095:, although both were well-known and easy to describe. One contemporary attributed it to 903: 6563: 6558: 6533: 6382: 6069: 5715: 5602: 5559: 5513: 5298: 4988: 4502: 2590: 2331: 1578:

Edward IV's position in relation to the houses of York and Lancaster (selective chart)

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when he was seven months old and given his own household at the age of three. Based in

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Edward's court was described by a visitor from Europe as "the most splendid ... in all

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political foresight is largely to blame for the unhappy aftermath of his early death."

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and France acquired the rest. Edward and his successors lost much of their imfluence.

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from the senior line. The Duke of York's claim derived from Edward III's fourth son,

2522: 2151: 1564: 1518: 1309: 1257: 1224: 1212: 746: 667: 615: 583:. In January 1454, 12-year-old Edward accompanied his father to London to attend the 541: 537: 478: 470: 371: 351: 288: 4349:

An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County of Northumberland..

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Now the generally accepted date, although others suggest it was fought on 3 February

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Grace Plantagenet, recorded as attending the funeral of Elizabeth Woodville in 1492.

1450:, possibly daughter of Thomas Waite (or Wayte), of Southampton. The most famous was 1032:, Louis opened negotiations. Soon after Edward landed at Calais, the two signed the 947:

opened its gates only when he claimed to be seeking the return of his dukedom, like

6277: 6238: 5804: 5740: 5497: 4949: 1487: 1477: 1323: 975: 697:. Henry VI remained at large for over a year, but was caught and imprisoned in the 614:, he declared himself king, a claim greeted by the assembled lords in silence. The 5092: 4300: 1490:, an important historical source for the Tudor period. From his first marriage to 1476:), possibly daughter of Elizabeth Lucy, who married Thomas, son of George Lumley, 844:

With Edward still in the north, the royal army was defeated by a Neville force at

382:, known as the "Kingmaker". In 1470, a revolt led by Warwick and Edward's brother 4356:

McKendrick, Scot (2011). McKendrick, Scot; Lowden, John; Doyle, Kathleen (eds.).

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Edward IV, England's Forgotten Warrior King: His Life, His People, and His Legacy

2956: 1555:, but Yorkist challengers remained a concern for Henry VII and his son. In 1541, 1301:, an act repealed by Henry VII, who married Edward's eldest daughter, Elizabeth. 5745: 5730: 5315: 4737: 4147:

Doyle, Kathleen (2011). McKendrick, Scot; Lowden, John; Doyle, Kathleen (eds.).

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wine" appears to have been a joke by Edward, referring to his favourite drink.

852:; on 12 August, his father-in-law Richard Woodville and Richard's younger son, 6248: 6074: 6047: 5973: 5845: 5720: 5710: 5700: 5287: 5149: 3868: 3848: 2530: 2526: 1893: 1595: 1556: 1451: 1317: 857: 780: 17: 4046:

The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509

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England in the Fifteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1986 Harlaxton Symposium

1295:, seven of whom survived him; they were declared illegitimate under the 1484 5893: 5735: 5705: 5292: 3399: 3391: 1088: 1049: 1013:

The last significant rebellion ended in February 1474 with the surrender of

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In March 1470, Warwick and Clarence exploited a private feud to start the

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Privy Purse expenses of Elizabeth of York: Wardrobe Accounts of Edward IV

3886:(2015 Endeavour Press Ltd ed.). Alan Sutton Publishing. p. 78. 1333: 1227:, historical chronicles, and instructional and religious works. In 1476, 1144: 1096: 1077: 916: 458: 434: 422: 391: 127: 4422:

Rorke, Martin (2006). "English and Scottish Overseas Trade, 1300–1600".

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do so, which he duly carried out after his coronation in October 1485.

1092: 1069: 1022: 1009:–1475; it shows signs of the corpulence that affected him in later life 643: 340: 283: 4568:

The Royal Palaces of Tudor England: A Social and Architectural History

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Backed by wealthy Flemish merchants, in March 1471 Edward landed near

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Everyday Life in Medieval London: From the Anglo-Saxons to the Tudors

1494:, he had three daughters, Frances, Elizabeth and Bridget Plantagenet. 1412:(14 August 1479 – 15 November 1527), Countess of Devon; married 892: 630:

on 30 December, leaving Edward as the new head of the Yorkist party.

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DeBretts Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, 147th Year

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As Duke of York, Edward bore the royal arms quartered with those of

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established the first English printing press in the outbuildings of

421:, following his invasion of France in 1475, but he was assuaged by 5355: 4360:. Royal Manuscripts: The Genius of Illumination. British Library. 4151:. Royal Manuscripts: The Genius of Illumination. British Library. 1433: 1383:); one of the Princes in the Tower; disappeared, assumed murdered 1275: 1206: 1128: 990: 966:

on 14 April, while a second Lancastrian army was destroyed at the

902: 874: 785: 708: 670:. The battle was preceded by a meteorological phenomenon known as 642: 507: 454: 143: 4785: 2589:

This resurfaced in the 17th century contest between England, the

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List of earls in the reigns of Henry VI and Edward IV of England

1427: 1396:(2 November 1475 – 23 November 1511), Lady Howard; married 944: 5925: 5777: 5007: 1454:, later compelled by Richard III to perform public penance at 749:, respectively daughter and sister-in-law of the French king. 4396:

Royal visits and progresses to Wales, and the border counties

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On 2 February 1461, Edward won a hard-fought victory at the

872:, but this was a significant demotion for a key supporter. 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 1256:, held by the British Library. Edward spent large sums on 3715:

The Royal Minorities of Medieval and Early Modern England

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that supported these claims was subsequently discredited.

1357:; disappeared, assumed murdered prior to his coronation, 741:, which included a suggested marriage between Edward and 606:

with Warwick and Salisbury, and marched into London. At

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in December 1460. After defeating Lancastrian armies at

4645:"Was Edward IV Illegitimate?: The Case for the Defence" 1465:

Edward had several acknowledged illegitimate children;

883:, 1885, of King Edward IV's reception to Exeter in 1470 678:". However, this was offset by Warwick's defeat at the 339:, a series of civil wars in England fought between the 2541:

was the senior descendant of Edward III's second son,

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and arrested Stillington, who died in prison in 1491.

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on 24 July 1469. After the battle, Edward was held in

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At this stage of Edward's career, contemporaries like

2721: 2719: 1505:. However, the evidence for these is circumstantial. 544:, where the Duke of York was the dominant landowner. 4815:

British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts

4603:. University of East Anglia, School of History PHD. 3853:. Penguin monarchs. London: Allen Lane. p. 38. 3588:"Jean de Wavrin, Recueil des croniques d'Engleterre" 2794: 2792: 2706: 2704: 1513:

Edward IV's eldest son, also named Edward, was made

1168:, which he used as an additional source of funding. 756:, a widow with two sons, whose Lancastrian husband, 647:

Towton Cross, commemorating Edward's victory at the

6516: 6370: 6262: 6057: 5994: 5987: 4836:

for details and images of Edward IV's manuscripts).

3786: 1048:. Gloucester invaded Scotland and took the town of 674:, or three suns, which he took as his emblem, the " 314: 304: 294: 282: 216: 187: 173: 157: 137: 133: 123: 113: 103: 92: 81: 67: 44: 4732:. Vol. III (107th ed.). Burke's Peerage. 1017:, who survived to command the Lancastrian army at 2930: 1486:(1460s/1470s – 3 March 1542), author of the 1036:. Edward received an immediate payment of 75,000 560:, or Lancastrians, notably the Duke of Somerset, 4742:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 4597:The Historical Reputation of Edward IV 1461–1725 4358:A European Heritage, Books of Continental Origin 2736: 2734: 622:and Edmund marched north to suppress another in 536:. Edward and Edmund were probably brought up at 469:. Until his father's death, he was known as the 378:in 1464 led to conflict with his chief advisor, 3604:. Digitised Manuscripts. British Library. 1470. 3590:. Digitised Manuscripts. British Library. 1471. 3576:. Digitised Manuscripts. British Library. 1479. 2652:Britain's Royal Family: the Complete Genealogy 1191:; Flanders, along with the lands known as the 1080:, was never crowned, Gloucester becoming King 978:, respectively, the daughters of the Earl and 822:; and Eleanor Woodville with Anthony, heir to 473:. Both his parents were direct descendants of 437:; his younger brother, Richard, was appointed 6692:Children of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 6637:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 5937: 5789: 5019: 4377:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy 4281:—— (2004). "Shore , Elizabeth ". 2529:'s third surviving son. Henry IV had deposed 768:, was a middle-ranking provincial baron. The 8: 4330:Philippe de Commynes: Memory, Betrayal, Text 4119:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3798: 1308:(11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503), 764:, came from the upper nobility, her father, 626:; all three were killed following defeat at 5586:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 4730:Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage 1268:, and little of the original work remains. 907:Edward IV (left) watching the execution of 5991: 5944: 5930: 5922: 5796: 5782: 5774: 5763:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 5662: 5578: 5056: 5051: 5026: 5012: 5004: 4839: 4807: 3560: 3137: 2846: 2822: 1574: 1442:Edward had numerous mistresses, including 971:assumed he was killed on Edward's orders. 223: 50: 41: 3774: 3602:"Guyart des Moulins, La Bible historiale" 3548: 3089: 3077: 3929: 3884:Richard III and the Princes in the Tower 3834: 3488: 2752: 1370:(10 April 1472 – 11 December 1472). 1241:, translated into English for Edward by 1171:Although the economy recovered from the 354:at the age of eighteen when his father, 331:(28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was 6647:English pretenders to the French throne 6174:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 6169:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 4284:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4217:Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle 3907:Richard III: a ruler and his reputation 3626: 3524: 3464: 3185: 3161: 2961:. Amberley Publishing Ltd. p. 42. 2918: 2882: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2614: 2510: 1422:(10 November 1480 – 1507), nun at 1332:(20 March 1469 – 24 August 1507), 562:William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk 413:Despite facing an overseas threat from 6094:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 4665:Henry VI (The English Monarchs Series) 4610:from the original on 17 December 2019. 4198:The Royal Bastards of Medieval England 4130:The Yorkists: The History of a Dynasty 4112: 3941: 3750: 3738: 3699: 3687: 3638: 3423: 3412: 3245: 3173: 2894: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2266:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury 1484:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle 1136:Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers 868:; John was compensated with the title 812:Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham 592:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 577:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury 410:, possibly killed on Edward's orders. 404:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 6189:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 6164:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg 6104:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 6099:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 6089:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England 3810: 3762: 3650: 3614: 3512: 3394:. Arc Humanities Press, 2022: 23–52. 3329: 3269: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2382: 2379:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2191: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2112: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1042:Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany 930:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 909:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 581:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 374:and took the throne. His marriage to 7: 6343:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence 3953: 3822: 3536: 3500: 3476: 3452: 3440: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3257: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3149: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2942: 2906: 2870: 2858: 2834: 2810: 2798: 2783: 2771: 2725: 2710: 2695: 1561:Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 1414:William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon 1326:(11 August 1467 – 23 May 1482). 1002:, posthumous portrait from original 534:Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset 453:Edward was born on 28 April 1442 at 402:(where both the Earl of Warwick and 272: 6338:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland 6224:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford 6084:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England 4628:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4526:Richard III: England's Black Legend 3909:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 162. 1235:; on 18 November 1477, he produced 659:frailties undermined his position. 547:In 1447, the Duke of York was made 6318:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury 6288:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond 6184:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 4466:. University of California Press. 2740: 1074:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 835:George Neville, Archbishop of York 820:Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex 794:, from the illuminated manuscript 590:The birth of King Henry VI's son, 500:, closely resembled their father. 206: 181:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 27:King of England (1461–70, 1471–83) 25: 6293:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 6209:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 6154:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu 4805:National Portrait Gallery, London 4700:Hankinson, C. F. J., ed. (1949). 2017:Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March 1015:John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford 796:Anciennes Chroniques d'Angleterre 717:coin of Edward IV, minted in 1464 514:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 299:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 6682:People of the Hundred Years' War 6662:Earls of Rutland (1385 creation) 6652:English people of French descent 6586: 6585: 6348:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon 6298:William Hastings, Baron Hastings 6283:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 6267: 6159:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 6114:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 6109:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont 6073: 6062: 6046: 6036: 6026: 6016: 6006: 4436:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00346.x 1523:Council of Wales and the Marches 1338:John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles 380:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 347:factions between 1455 and 1487. 318: 6667:Earls of Ulster (1264 creation) 6569:Second Cornish uprising of 1497 6308:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell 6214:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 5063:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 4788:at the official website of the 4713:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 4626:The Life and Times of Henry VII 4332:. University of Toronto Press. 4319:Kerling, Nelly Johanna (1954). 4287:(online ed.). Oxford DNB. 4264:Richard III: A Study of Service 4084:The Journal of Economic History 3787:Given-Wilson & Curteis 1984 2958:Edward IV: Glorious Son of York 1406:(March 1477 – March 1479). 1254:Royal Collection of manuscripts 932:, held Warwick responsible for 202: 6657:Earls of March (1328 creation) 6529:Issue of Edward III of England 6278:Anne Neville, Queen of England 6239:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke 6234:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond 5060:Monarchs of England until 1603 4312:Louis XI, the Universal Spider 4266:. Cambridge University Press. 4200:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 4065:Richard III: The Maligned King 4048:. Cambridge University Press. 4039:. Vol. II. Henry Colburn. 2654:. Vintage Books. p. 135. 829:In 1467, Edward dismissed his 766:Richard Woodville, Lord Rivers 579:, and Salisbury's eldest son, 516:, the father of Edward IV and 1: 6632:15th-century English nobility 6627:15th-century English monarchs 6503:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 6328:William Neville, Earl of Kent 6313:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk 6254:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales 6199:George Stanley, Baron Strange 6194:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby 6144:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter 6139:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon 6134:John Clifford, Baron Clifford 6119:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 4728:Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). 4323:. University of Leiden–Brill. 4310:Kendall, Paul Murray (1970). 4215:Gravett, Christopher (2003). 4170:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4044:Carpenter, Christine (1997). 3972:The Private Life of Edward IV 2931:Sutherland & Schmidt 2003 1503:John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley 1470: 1384: 1377: 1358: 1347: 1003: 996: 824:Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent 790:The marriage of Edward IV to 521: 494:Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy 57: 6672:Knights of the Golden Fleece 6403:Siege of the Tower of London 6303:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk 6124:James Butler, Earl of Ormond 4301:UK public library membership 4238:. London: William Pickering. 4095:Corbet, Anthony, Dr (2015). 1901:Philippa, Countess of Ulster 1469:Elizabeth Plantagenet (born 1400:(later 3rd Duke of Norfolk). 1238:Sayengis of the Philosophres 1133:Presentation miniature from 602:In 1460, Edward crossed the 564:, and King Henry VI's wife, 483:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 259:Catherine, Countess of Devon 6463:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion 6149:John Neville, Baron Neville 6129:John Butler, Earl of Ormond 5670:British monarchs after the 4801:Portraits of King Edward IV 4768:"Eltham Palace and Gardens" 4744:. London: The Bodley Head. 4424:The Economic History Review 4328:Kleiman, Irit Ruth (2013). 3970:Ashdown-Hill, John (2016). 3850:Richard III: a failed king? 3664:"Eltham Palace and Gardens" 1340:, then Thomas Kyme or Keme. 1291:Edward had ten children by 1262:St George's Chapel, Windsor 1076:. His twelve-year-old son, 925:restored Lancastrian regime 889:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion 779:, married her chamberlain, 352:Yorkist claim to the throne 234:Elizabeth, Queen of England 6708: 6229:James Tuchet, Baron Audley 4624:Williams, Neville (1973). 4615:Wilkinson, Bertie (1964). 4166:Gillingham, John (2001) . 3991:British Kings & Queens 3574:"La Grande histoire César" 2193:Richard, Earl of Cambridge 1173:depression of 1450 to 1470 1125:Great Slump (15th century) 1118: 680:Second Battle of St Albans 664:Battle of Mortimer's Cross 461:, eldest surviving son of 370:in early 1461, he deposed 239:Cecily, Viscountess Welles 29: 6579: 5959: 5909: 5811: 5758: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5598: 5581: 5577: 5054: 5050: 4986: 4978: 4971: 4947: 4939: 4932: 4922: 4913: 4903: 4890: 4882: 4877: 4842: 4570:. Yale University Press. 4347:Mackenzie, Eneas (1825). 4262:Horrox, Rosemary (1989). 4234:Harris, Nicholas (1830). 4196:; Curteis, Alice (1984). 3847:Horrox, Rosemary (2020). 3718:. Springer. p. 196. 2428: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2367: 2365: 2328: 2317: 2315: 2304: 2285: 2283: 2275: 2273: 2258: 2256: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2200: 2198: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2073: 2071: 2055: 2053: 2026: 2024: 2001: 1999: 1985: 1983: 1962: 1960: 1942: 1940: 1926: 1924: 1910: 1908: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1822: 1820: 1812: 1810: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1599: 1215:in southeast London, 2018 549:chief governor of Ireland 463:Richard, 3rd Duke of York 49: 5913:Dukes of York and Albany 4820:6 September 2014 at the 4594:Whittle, Andrew (2017). 4063:Carson, Annette (2009). 3905:Horspool, David (2017). 3789:, pp. 158, 161–174. 2535:Edmund, 1st Duke of York 2517:Henry's grandfather was 2472:George, Duke of Clarence 1745:Lionel, Duke of Clarence 1346:(2 November 1470 – 1187:in 1477 led to the 1482 1139:, printed in England by 596:Battle of Ludford Bridge 490:George, Duke of Clarence 384:George, Duke of Clarence 6544:Bonville–Courtenay feud 4704:. London: Odhams Press. 4691:Cokayne, G. E. (2000). 4663:Wolfe, Bertram (1981). 4566:Thurley, Simon (1993). 4524:—— (2014). 4481:—— (1981). 4243:Hicks, Michael (2011). 4128:Crawford, Anne (2008). 2955:James, Jeffrey (2015). 2448:Edward, Prince of Wales 1758:John, Duke of Lancaster 1738:Edward, Prince of Wales 1404:George, Duke of Bedford 1376:(17 August 1473 – 1266:First English Civil War 1211:Edward's Great Hall at 762:Jacquetta of Luxembourg 725:'s victory at the 1464 639:Accession to the throne 530:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 6493:Buckingham's rebellion 6473:Readeption of Henry VI 4394:Parry, Edward (1851). 4375:Panton, James (2011). 4293:10.1093/ref:odnb/25451 3993:. Carroll & Graf. 3882:Pollard, A.J. (1991). 3551:, pp. 26, 28, 39. 3422:Cite journal requires 2556:television documentary 1439: 1288: 1216: 1193:Burgundian Netherlands 1151: 1010: 915:Edward took refuge in 912: 884: 866:Earl of Northumberland 802: 718: 651: 525: 269:Arthur, Viscount Lisle 161:9 April 1483 (aged 40) 6179:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros 5964:Red Rose of Lancaster 5840:Richard of Shrewsbury 4403:Penn, Thomas (2019). 4351:. Mackenzie and Dent. 4219:. Osprey Publishing. 4168:The Wars of the Roses 4149:The Old Royal Library 3989:Ashley, Mike (2002). 2325:Richard, Duke of York 1437: 1374:Richard, Duke of York 1279: 1272:Marriage and children 1210: 1195:, became part of the 1132: 1046:James III of Scotland 994: 911:, at Tewkesbury, 1471 906: 899:Exile and restoration 878: 789: 712: 646: 612:Palace of Westminster 511: 388:re-installed Henry VI 356:Richard, Duke of York 350:Edward inherited the 249:Richard, Duke of York 96:11 April 1471 – 56:Posthumous portrait, 6554:Neville–Neville feud 6539:Princes in the Tower 5640:William III & II 5205:Henry the Young King 5155:Edward the Confessor 5123:Æthelred the Unready 4857:House of Plantagenet 4854:Cadet branch of the 4709:Mount, Toni (2014). 4585:Timbs, John (1855). 4035:Burke, John (1836). 1779:Edmund, Duke of York 1603:Philippa of Hainault 1567:, who died in 1558. 1538:Philippe de Commines 1355:Princes in the Tower 1314:Henry VII of England 1312:of England; married 1121:Great Bullion Famine 968:Battle of Tewkesbury 833:, Warwick's brother 818:to William, heir to 656:Philippe de Commines 358:, was killed at the 85:4 March 1461 – 6333:Sir Richard Herbert 5828:Richard Plantagenet 5588:Union of the Crowns 4982:Richard Plantagenet 4943:Richard Plantagenet 4379:. Scarecrow Press. 4194:Given-Wilson, Chris 3944:, pp. 316–320. 3690:, pp. 431–432. 3539:, pp. 270–277. 3491:, pp. 340–341. 3380:, pp. 414–415. 3344:, pp. 434–435. 3320:, pp. 364–365. 3296:, pp. 306–307. 3236:, pp. 260–261. 3224:, pp. 256–258. 3200:, pp. 152–153. 3152:, pp. 135–136. 3128:, pp. 210–211. 3116:, pp. 203–205. 3068:, pp. 112–113. 2774:, pp. 504–505. 2755:, pp. 173–178. 2593:, and France under 2519:Henry IV of England 1444:Lady Eleanor Talbot 1344:Edward V of England 1293:Elizabeth Woodville 1034:Treaty of Picquigny 980:Countess of Warwick 870:Marquess of Montagu 856:, were executed at 808:Catherine Woodville 792:Elizabeth Woodville 777:Catherine of Valois 754:Elizabeth Woodville 431:Battle of Castillon 427:Treaty of Picquigny 376:Elizabeth Woodville 360:Battle of Wakefield 244:Edward V of England 194:Elizabeth Woodville 6687:Earls of Cambridge 6549:Percy–Neville feud 6428:St Albans (Second) 6323:Sir Thomas Neville 5969:White Rose of York 5672:Acts of Union 1707 5635:James II & VII 5328:Kenneth I MacAlpin 5113:Edgar the Peaceful 4973:Peerage of Ireland 4934:Peerage of England 3956:, pp. 34, 44. 3409:– via JSTOR. 3390:Salmon, Marylynn. 1571:Genealogical table 1440: 1289: 1217: 1161:Duchy of Lancaster 1152: 1147:, and his brother 1011: 913: 885: 803: 758:John Grey of Groby 739:Louis XI of France 719: 652: 558:House of Lancaster 526: 449:Birth and ancestry 419:Hundred Years' War 30:For the play, see 6677:People from Rouen 6599: 6598: 6378:St Albans (First) 6366: 6365: 6244:Margaret Beaufort 5953:Wars of the Roses 5919: 5918: 5822:Edward of Norwich 5816:Edmund of Langley 5771: 5770: 5754: 5753: 5657: 5656: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5118:Edward the Martyr 5002: 5001: 4954:Earl of Cambridge 4923:Succeeded by 4904:Succeeded by 4824:(SEARCH: Keyword 4751:978-0-0995-3973-5 4720:978-1-4456-1564-6 4674:978-0-4133-2080-3 4635:978-0-2977-6517-2 4577:978-0-3000-5420-0 4535:978-1-6059-8603-6 4528:. Pegasus Books. 4516:978-0-0947-7300-4 4507:Wars of the Roses 4492:978-0-4132-9530-9 4473:978-0-5200-2781-7 4414:978-1-8461-4690-9 4405:The Brothers York 4386:978-0-8108-5779-7 4367:978-0-7123-5816-3 4339:978-1-4426-6324-4 4299:(Subscription or 4273:978-0-5214-0726-7 4254:978-0-7524-7326-0 4247:. History Press. 4226:978-1-8417-6513-6 4207:978-0-7102-0025-9 4177:978-0-2978-2016-1 4158:978-0-7123-5816-3 4139:978-1-8472-5197-8 4132:. A&C Black. 4106:978-1-4917-4635-6 4074:978-0-7524-5208-1 4067:. History Press. 4055:978-0-5213-1874-7 4027:978-0-8511-5475-6 4020:. Boydell Press. 3981:978-1-4456-5245-0 3916:978-1-4729-4619-5 3860:978-0-14-197893-2 3799:Ashdown-Hill 2016 3725:978-0-230-61618-9 3563:, pp. 42–65. 3527:, pp. 51–57. 3467:, pp. 22–24. 3284:, pp. 26–27. 3032:, pp. 85–86. 2968:978-1-4456-4622-0 2945:, pp. 54–55. 2933:, pp. 15–25. 2921:, pp. 85–89. 2873:, pp. 29–30. 2861:, pp. 28–29. 2837:, pp. 25–27. 2682:. 14 March 2010. 2661:978-0-0995-3973-5 2543:Lionel of Antwerp 2537:, but his mother 2490: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2301:Margaret of Anjou 1410:Catherine of York 1316:, mother of King 1306:Elizabeth of York 1243:Anthony Woodville 1233:Westminster Abbey 1197:Holy Roman Empire 1064:Illness and death 735:Duchy of Burgundy 566:Margaret of Anjou 390:. Edward fled to 337:Wars of the Roses 326: 325: 254:Anne, Lady Howard 16:(Redirected from 6699: 6589: 6588: 6423:Mortimer's Cross 6353:Margaret of York 6271: 6077: 6066: 6050: 6040: 6030: 6020: 6010: 5992: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5923: 5860:(1633/1644–1685) 5798: 5791: 5784: 5775: 5663: 5623:Richard Cromwell 5613:The Protectorate 5603:James I & VI 5579: 5160:Harold Godwinson 5080:Edward the Elder 5073:Alfred the Great 5057: 5052: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5005: 4997:Merged in Crown 4979:Preceded by 4966:Merged in Crown 4940:Preceded by 4917:Lord of Ireland 4883:Preceded by 4873: 4866: 4840: 4811: 4790:British monarchy 4782: 4780: 4778: 4772:English Heritage 4755: 4733: 4724: 4705: 4696: 4678: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4639: 4620: 4611: 4609: 4602: 4590: 4581: 4562: 4539: 4520: 4496: 4485:. Eyre Methuen. 4477: 4455: 4418: 4399: 4390: 4371: 4352: 4343: 4324: 4315: 4304: 4296: 4277: 4258: 4239: 4230: 4211: 4189: 4162: 4143: 4124: 4118: 4110: 4091: 4078: 4059: 4040: 4031: 4012: 3985: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3668:English Heritage 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 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of 364:Mortimer’s Cross 322: 274: 227: 210: 208: 204: 99: 88: 62: 59: 54: 42: 21: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6575: 6512: 6488:Siege of London 6362: 6358:Richard of York 6266: 6258: 6219:Andrew Trollope 6204:William Stanley 6072: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6053: 5983: 5955: 5950: 5920: 5915: 5911:italics denote 5905: 5865:Ernest Augustus 5807: 5802: 5772: 5767: 5750: 5677: 5653: 5618:Oliver Cromwell 5594: 5569: 5564: 5411:Constantine III 5320: 5145:Harold Harefoot 5135:Edmund Ironside 5046: 5041: and 5032: 4992: 4984: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4928: 4919: 4916: 4915:King of England 4909: 4900: 4897:Lord of Ireland 4895: 4893:King of England 4888: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4852: 4845: 4822:Wayback Machine 4776: 4774: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4736: 4727: 4721: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4686: 4684:Further reading 4681: 4675: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4643:Wilson, Trish. 4642: 4636: 4623: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4584: 4578: 4565: 4544: 4536: 4523: 4517: 4503:Seward, Desmond 4501: 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5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5514:Edward Balliol 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5374:Constantine II 5371: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5166:Edgar Ætheling 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5055: 5048: 5047: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989:Earl of Ulster 4985: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4878:Regnal titles 4875: 4874: 4853: 4846: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4812: 4798: 4797:at BBC History 4792: 4783: 4762: 4761:External links 4759: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4734: 4725: 4719: 4706: 4697: 4695:. Alan Sutton. 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4660: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4612: 4591: 4582: 4576: 4563: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4515: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4472: 4456: 4430:(2): 265–288. 4419: 4413: 4407:. Allen Lane. 4400: 4391: 4385: 4372: 4366: 4353: 4344: 4338: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4272: 4259: 4253: 4240: 4231: 4225: 4212: 4206: 4190: 4176: 4163: 4157: 4144: 4138: 4125: 4105: 4092: 4079: 4073: 4060: 4054: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4013: 3999: 3986: 3980: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3932:, p. 130. 3922: 3915: 3897: 3874: 3859: 3839: 3827: 3825:, p. 497. 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3777:, p. 136. 3775:Mackenzie 1825 3767: 3765:, p. 290. 3755: 3753:, p. 316. 3743: 3731: 3724: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3655: 3643: 3641:, p. 125. 3631: 3629:, p. 141. 3619: 3607: 3593: 3579: 3565: 3553: 3549:Backhouse 1987 3541: 3529: 3517: 3515:, p. 270. 3505: 3503:, p. 351. 3493: 3481: 3479:, p. 370. 3469: 3457: 3455:, p. 451. 3445: 3433: 3424:|journal= 3382: 3370: 3368:, p. 494. 3358: 3356:, p. 431. 3346: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3308:, p. 406. 3298: 3286: 3274: 3272:, p. 347. 3262: 3260:, p. 263. 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3212:, p. 243. 3202: 3190: 3188:, p. 236. 3178: 3176:, p. 170. 3166: 3164:, p. 228. 3154: 3142: 3140:, p. 160. 3130: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3092:, p. 170. 3090:Carpenter 1997 3082: 3080:, p. 146. 3078:Wilkinson 1964 3070: 3058: 3046: 3044:, p. 114. 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2967: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2849:, p. 117. 2839: 2827: 2825:, p. 110. 2815: 2803: 2788: 2776: 2757: 2745: 2730: 2715: 2700: 2688: 2667: 2660: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2591:Dutch Republic 2582: 2573: 2560: 2547: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332:Cecily Neville 2329: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 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90: 89: 87:3 October 1470 83: 79: 78: 71: 65: 64: 55: 47: 46: 26: 24: 18:King Edward IV 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6704: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:Dukes of York 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6592: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524:Act of Accord 6522: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:Hedgeley Moor 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 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5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5805:Dukes of York 5799: 5794: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5486:Alexander III 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5342:Constantine I 5339: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5006: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4958:Earl of March 4955: 4951: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4865:28 April 1442 4864: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4850: 4849:House of York 4841: 4835: 4831: 4828:, Start year 4827: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4650: 4649:History Files 4646: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4509:. Constable. 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460:Ross, Charles 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4108: 4102: 4099:. iUniverse. 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4000:0-7867-1104-3 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3930:Crawford 2008 3926: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3843: 3840: 3837:, p. 25. 3836: 3835:Williams 1973 3831: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3813:, p. 11. 3812: 3807: 3804: 3801:, Chapter 28. 3800: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3681: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3653:, p. 69. 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489:Chibnall 1960 3485: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3416: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3332:, p. 18. 3331: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3248:, p. 41. 3247: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3104:, p. 93. 3103: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3056:, p. 85. 3055: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3020:, p. 91. 3019: 3014: 3011: 3008:, p. 60. 3007: 3002: 2999: 2996:, p. 61. 2995: 2990: 2987: 2984:, p. 62. 2983: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2897:, p. 97. 2896: 2891: 2888: 2885:, p. 83. 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2813:, p. 11. 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753:Crawford 2008 2749: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2713:, p. 14. 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523:John of Gaunt 2520: 2514: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2480: 2473: 2466: 2449: 2433: 2430: 2422: 2420: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2309: 2302: 2290: 2288: 2267: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2224: 2222: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2171: 2169: 2161: 2159: 2153: 2152:Anne Mortimer 2141: 2138: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2060: 2058: 2041: 2040:Joan Beaufort 2018: 2006: 2004: 1971: 1949: 1947: 1902: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1848: 1840: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1807: 1805: 1780: 1759: 1746: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1710: 1708: 1694: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1670: 1638: 1636: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1604: 1597: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1565:Reginald Pole 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1519:Ludlow Castle 1516: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1436: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1398:Thomas Howard 1395: 1392: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1356: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:Queen consort 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:Eltham Palace 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:Julius Caesar 1222: 1214: 1213:Eltham Palace 1209: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044:, brother of 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 993: 986: 984: 981: 977: 972: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 926: 922: 918: 910: 905: 898: 896: 894: 890: 882: 877: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846:Edgecote Moor 842: 840: 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 801: 797: 793: 788: 784: 782: 778: 773: 771: 770:Privy Council 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 747:Bona of Savoy 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 716: 711: 704: 702: 700: 696: 691: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668:Herefordshire 665: 660: 657: 650: 645: 638: 633: 631: 629: 625: 619: 617: 616:Act of Accord 613: 609: 605: 600: 597: 593: 588: 586: 585:Great Council 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 554: 550: 545: 543: 542:Welsh Marches 539: 538:Ludlow Castle 535: 531: 519: 515: 510: 503: 501: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 479:King Henry VI 476: 472: 471:Earl of March 468: 464: 460: 456: 448: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 372:King Henry VI 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 321: 317: 313: 310: 307: 303: 300: 297: 293: 290: 287: 285: 281: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 229: 226: 225: 219: 215: 195: 190: 186: 182: 177:18 April 1483 176: 172: 169: 166:, Middlesex, 165: 160: 156: 153: 149: 145: 141:28 April 1442 140: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 108: 106: 102: 95: 91: 84: 80: 75: 70: 66: 53: 48: 43: 40: 36: 34: 19: 6013: 5879: 5871: 5863: 5833: 5762: 5741:Elizabeth II 5669: 5585: 5512: 5490: 5481:Alexander II 5398: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5308: 5297: 5267: 5220: 5203: 5191: 5164: 5127: 5085: 5078: 5071: 4996: 4987: 4965: 4950:Duke of York 4948: 4914: 4891: 4872:9 April 1483 4869: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4775:. Retrieved 4771: 4741: 4738:Weir, Alison 4729: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4664: 4652:. Retrieved 4648: 4625: 4616: 4596: 4586: 4567: 4550: 4546: 4525: 4506: 4482: 4463: 4427: 4423: 4404: 4395: 4376: 4357: 4348: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4282: 4263: 4244: 4235: 4216: 4197: 4167: 4148: 4129: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4064: 4045: 4036: 4017: 3990: 3974:. Amberley. 3971: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3906: 3900: 3883: 3877: 3849: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3714: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671:. Retrieved 3667: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3627:Thurley 1993 3622: 3617:, p. 4. 3610: 3596: 3582: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3525:Kerling 1954 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3465:Whittle 2017 3460: 3448: 3436: 3415:cite journal 3403:. Retrieved 3400:j.ctv2z0vvkm 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3186:Kendall 1970 3181: 3169: 3162:Kendall 1970 3157: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2957: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2919:Gravett 2003 2914: 2909:, p. 4. 2902: 2890: 2883:Kleiman 2013 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2801:, p. 9. 2779: 2748: 2698:, p. 8. 2691: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2651: 2648:Weir, Alison 2585: 2576: 2563: 2550: 2513: 2464: 1546: 1541: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1512: 1500: 1488:Lisle Papers 1478:Baron Lumley 1464: 1456:Paul's Cross 1441: 1394:Anne of York 1324:Mary of York 1296: 1290: 1247: 1236: 1218: 1181: 1170: 1157: 1153: 1134: 1108:Charles Ross 1101: 1086: 1067: 1027: 1012: 987:1471 to 1483 976:Anne Neville 973: 961: 953:William Parr 938: 914: 886: 843: 828: 804: 795: 774: 751: 723:John Neville 720: 705:1461 to 1470 692: 688: 661: 653: 620: 601: 589: 570: 546: 527: 487: 452: 412: 349: 328: 327: 222: 109:28 June 1461 98:9 April 1483 39: 32: 6622:1483 deaths 6617:1442 births 6508:Stoke Field 6433:Ferrybridge 6408:Northampton 6388:Blore Heath 6034:Richard III 5988:Key figures 5979:Family tree 5896:(1920–1936) 5890:(1892–1910) 5883:(1784–1827) 5875:(1760–1767) 5867:(1716–1728) 5854:(1605–1625) 5848:(1494–1509) 5842:(1474–1483) 5836:(1460–1461) 5830:(1415–1460) 5824:(1402–1415) 5818:(1385–1402) 5746:Charles III 5731:Edward VIII 5461:Alexander I 5441:Malcolm III 5416:Kenneth III 5316:Elizabeth I 5278:Richard III 4832:, End year 4777:17 December 4667:. Methuen. 4654:17 December 4619:. Longmans. 4589:. D. Bogue. 4483:Richard III 4245:Richard III 3963:Works cited 3942:Seward 2014 3751:Corbet 2015 3739:Horrox 2004 3700:Carson 2009 3688:Panton 2011 3673:17 December 3639:Harris 1830 3246:Horrox 1989 3174:Ashley 2002 2895:Seward 1997 2676:"Edward IV" 2569:Richard III 2479:Richard III 1474: 1464 1460:Thomas More 1388: 1483 1381: 1483 1362: 1483 1351: 1483 1334:Viscountess 1221:Christendom 1177:Medici Bank 1082:Richard III 1007: 1470 1000: 1520 862:Henry Percy 608:Northampton 518:Richard III 512:Drawing of 443:Richard III 415:Henry Tudor 345:Lancastrian 164:Westminster 114:Predecessor 61: 1540 6606:Categories 6483:Tewkesbury 6249:Owen Tudor 5974:Tudor rose 5721:Edward VII 5711:William IV 5701:George III 5630:Charles II 5525:Robert III 5471:Malcolm IV 5446:Donald III 5421:Malcolm II 5406:Kenneth II 5288:Henry VIII 5248:Richard II 5243:Edward III 5177:William II 5150:Harthacnut 4993:1460–1461 4962:1460–1461 4920:1471–1483 4901:1461–1470 4844:Edward IV 4547:Landscapes 4303:required.) 3892:B00SBBRGIE 3869:1180238601 3811:Parry 1851 3763:Burke 1836 3651:Doyle 2011 3615:Timbs 1855 3513:Rorke 2006 3330:Hicks 2011 3270:Wolfe 1981 2610:References 2531:Richard II 2527:Edward III 1894:Richard II 1596:Edward III 1557:Henry VIII 1452:Jane Shore 1318:Henry VIII 1052:, but not 995:Edward IV 934:his father 858:Kenilworth 781:Owen Tudor 695:coronation 504:Early life 400:Tewkesbury 386:, briefly 105:Coronation 6612:Edward IV 6418:Wakefield 6059:Lancaster 6044:Henry VII 6014:Edward IV 5881:Frederick 5736:George VI 5706:George IV 5696:George II 5608:Charles I 5590:from 1603 5540:James III 5520:Robert II 5476:William I 5451:Duncan II 5379:Malcolm I 5369:Donald II 5293:Edward VI 5283:Henry VII 5268:Edward IV 5238:Edward II 5228:Henry III 5211:Richard I 5172:William I 5093:Æthelstan 4826:Edward IV 4795:Edward IV 4786:Edward IV 4464:Edward IV 4452:153762480 4314:. 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