Kingdom of Chiang Mai - Knowledge (XXG)

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British firms. Herbert Slade suggested that, in order to gain full control over timber business, Bangkok government should take over forest ownership from Lanna lords. Northern teak forests were then transferred from traditional ownership by Lanna princes to the Forestry Department. British companies rented forest lands from Forestry Department instead of Lanna princes. Growth of Western timber companies undermined economic dominance of Lanna lords. Lanna princes had to become renters in their own ancestral lands to earn living and many princes failed in their businesses. Prince Boonwat Wongmanit of Lampang conducted his own timber operation but was outcompeted by British companies and his business had to shut down, earning him the debt of 145,000 baht.

3403: 910:, posing to be an independent ruler. Maha Hkanan faced intensive attacks from the Burmese who were eager to reconquer Kengtung. Thammalangka led Lanna forces to support Maha Hkanan in 1808 but was defeated by the Burmese. Maha Hkanan eventually decided to accept Burmese suzerainty in 1813 and Kengtung was restored as a Burmese vassal. After the death of Kawila in 1816, Lanna's northern campaigns largely ceased. It is estimated that, during this period, about 50,000 to 70,000 people were deported from northern Tai principalities into Lanna towns. These resettled people were viewed by Lanna as belonging to 'Lanna cultural zone' because they spoke mutually intelligible languages and used similar writing system. 2239:

instead. However, Kawila was unable to restore Chiang Mai right away due to inadequate population and Lampang remained the main city in Kawila's dominions. Khamsom moved the city of Lampang from the old site on eastern bank to the new town of southwestern bank. Kawila repelled two Burmese attacks on Lampang in 1786 and 1788. Khamsom died in 1794 and was succeeded by his younger brother Duangthip. In 1796, Kawila took a portion of population from Lampang to restore Chiang Mai. Lord Duangthip of Lampang joined forces in the capture of Chiang Saen in 1804 and received a population of thousands of people from Chiang Saen into Lampang, where Duangthip had them settled on eastern bank of Wang River.

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McDonald, a Presbyterian missionary, apparently did not comply. Two native Lanna Protestant converts, by the names of Noi Sunya and Nanchai, were martyred in September 1869 during the judiciary tortures. McDonald travelled to Chiang Mai in 1869 to remind Kawilorot that he could not harm American subjects but could do nothing about native Lanna converts as they were totally under the sway of autonomous Lanna lords. Kawilorot asserted that the missionaries could stay as physicians but if they preached Christianity they would be expelled. Kawilorot went to Bangkok in 1869 to attend the funeral of King Mongkut but died on his way back to Chiang Mai in June 1870.

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industry that benefitted only the elites, Lanna economy by then had still been self-sufficient and mostly barter-based. Lanna common people did not manage to conduct trade to acquire currency. Resistances arose against these Bangkok-led financial reforms. Princess Ubonwanna, daughter of Kawilorot and sister of Queen Thipkraisorn, posed herself as a shaman and spoke that ancestral spirits were against tax monopolies. In 1889, it was decreed that the fruit tax was to be levied annually at fixed rate instead of per transaction, leading to sudden increase of tax obligation by areca nut growers in

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belonged to Lanna aristocrats, were confiscated to be under control of the Forestry Department. Lanna lords found themselves transforming from landlord leasers to become renters in their own ancestral lands. Inthawichayanon died in 1897 when his son Uparaj Noi Suriya was away in Bangkok. Phraya Songsuradet took this chance to seize control of all Lanna finance, outraging the Lanna lords. Lanna lords expressed their negative opinions about Songsuradet to King Chulalongkorn, who eventually recalled Songsuradet in 1899 but the progress of integration had already taken pace.

179: 1496: 4517: 1438:) or Northwestern Circle was established as a full-fledged Monthon to succeed the previous Monthon Lao Chiang. Direct administration by central government was imposed and indigenous institutions were simply abolished as Lanna was eventually annexed into Siam, ending centuries of tributary relationships between Lanna and Siam as well as the existence of Lanna as distinct polity itself. Establishment of Monthon Phayap was formalized in 1900 with Bangkok achieving full control of the north. Noi Suriya, son of Inthawichayanon, was appointed as Prince 3939:. McLeod then used this data to estimate the population of Lanna. McLeod proposed that there were 50,000 people in the province of Chiang Mai, 30,000 people in province of Lampang and 10,000 people in province of Lamphun. However, both McLeod himself and modern historians took critical view on this information as traditional Lanna census method was far from reliable. Lanna authorities conducted census only on able-bodied men on purpose of conscription of these men into labor and warfare. Women, children, elders and slaves were not counted. 1177:). However, abandoning Buddhism was considered sedition and punishable by death according to Lanna law. In 1869, Kawilorot executed two Lanna Protestant converts. McGilvary then filed the case to Bangkok, who was unable to interfere in Chiang Mai. Also in 1869, Kawilorot sent forces to plunder Mawkmai because the latter refused to submit to Chiang Mai. The Chiang Mai ruler traveled to Bangkok in late 1869. During Kawilorot's journey to Bangkok, however, Kolan of Mawkmai retaliated by attacking and burning down Lanna towns of 2436: 4613:(whose wife Sophia was a daughter of Bradley) to work on 'Lao' people. McGilvary and his wife Sophia then took a three-month journey from Bangkok to Chiang Mai, reaching the city in April 1867 to found a Christian mission there. McGilvary was also credited with introduction of Western medicine into Lanna. In April 1868, McGilvary announced the establishment of the First Church in Chiang Mai as the first ever Christian organization in Lanna. Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church of USA endorsed formation of the 4030:. Richardson observed that Chinese horse merchant caravans from Yunnan sold gold, silver and ironwares, carpet and dyes and, in return, purchased native products including cotton, ivory and animal skin. Cattle was the most valuable Lanna export until it was surpassed by teak in the 1860s. Salt was imported from Nan to be sold elsewhere. Imports were foreign exotic products including textile, iron, opium, beeswax and brass pans. Teak timber logging was the monopoly of Lanna royalty or 2224: 4598: 4043: 2135: 1214: 1009: 4085:, owing to precipitous rise in transactions, poured into Lanna to totally replace local currencies. The rupee became the main currency in use in Lanna and was even preferred over Central Siamese currency. Cutting fees were fixed and improvised to depend on the breadth size of the logs, from one to three rupees per log. Lanna was more connected to Lower Burma than to Central Siam. It took around two weeks for traders from Chiang Mai to go through the 4396: 3742: 1125:

was no mention about Siam's tributary states in the agreement. Kawilorot also viewed that Lanna teak forest was his personal property not subjected to free trade regulations stipulated by the treaty. Kawilorot even suggested the British to conclude a separate treaty with Chiang Mai. The British, however, chose to refer the issue to Bangkok, who was unable to coerce the ruler of Chiang Mai to accept anything.

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Songsuradet seized control of Lanna state finance, procuring animosity from Lanna lords who wrote to Chulalongkorn to express their dissatisfactions over Songsuradet. Songsuradet was eventually recalled in 1899 but his withdrawal meant the end of autonomy and political identity of Lanna as Monthon Phayap was established that year, ending tributary status and fully annexed Lanna into Siam.

2258:. In 1848, possibly out of political motives, Lord Mahawong of Chiang Mai and the ruler of Lamphun informed Bangkok that Noi-in of Lampang was disloyal. Noi-in was called to Bangkok for judiciary trial where he fell ill and died. This incident left the princely seat of Lampang vacant for eight years with Worayanrangsi, another son of Khamsom, in charge. Worayanrangsi was eventually made 2982: 1129: 1533:. Initially, there were only two princedoms: Chiang Mai and Lampang. Deportation of Tai Lue people from Mong Yawng to Lamphun in 1805 led to establishment of Lamphun as the third princedom in 1805, which was officially endorsed by Bangkok in 1814. The ruler of Chiang Mai commanded respects from all over Lanna and also sent tributes to Bangkok in traditional tributary relations per 919: 2764: 731:) as nominal governor of Chiang Mai in efforts to restore Chiang Mai as a population center and forefront citadel against Burmese invasions. After decades of warfare, however, Lanna as a whole suffered from manpower shortage. Kawila was unable to take position at Chiang Mai right away due to inadequate population so he instead established himself temporarily at 1782: 691: 4173: 843: 1279: 2274:

occurred in 1893 when Phrommaphipong decided to give powers to his own preferred heir instead of Norananthachai – a son of Worayanrangsi and the candidate endorsed by Bangkok. Bangkok forced Phrommaphipong to retire in 1893 with Norananthachai becoming the new ruler. By this time, Siamese government had exerted much control over Lanna as

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However, native Lanna institutions were not entirely dismissed. In fact, both Lanna and Siamese governments 'coexisted' in this period. Bangkok government preferred gradual and reconciliatory approach over abrupt, precipitous changes. Those reforms aimed at integration of Lanna into Siam and solving economic issues including;

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Burmese and British individual timber loggers, in which the contracts were written on palm leaves. Teak cutters were obliged to pay cutting fees, which were negotiation per occasion, to Lanna prince-leasers depending on the number of logs produced. Teak logs were dumped afloat into the river to be transported to Moulmein.

2265: 3064:) to Chiang Mai to oversee the legal cases as judge and to provide security to British loggers. The treaty gave Bangkok the context to begin the decades-long process of gradual takeover of indigenous Lanna government in the course of centralization. In 1875, Phra Narintha Ratchaseni was appointed as the first 2470:. Lamphun was then restored as the third princely seat of the Chetton dynasty. Kawila appointed his younger brother Khamfan to be the ruler of Lamphun in 1806, who was officially endorsed as ruler of Lamphun by Bangkok in 1814. Lamphun was visited by both Richardson and McLeod on their way to Chiang Mai. 4562:). Unlike in Central Siam, Lanna government did not exert direct control over monastic institutions in bureaucratic hierarchy and did not attempt to purify doctrinal practices. Lanna rulers were patrons of Buddhism and the monks, who were left at much freedom. There was no single unified leader of the 4656:

himself to seek support, leading the king to issue a toleration edict in October 1878 confirming freedom of religion in Lanna. ฺ By 1880, the Protestant Church of the North had eighty-three members. The mission later expanded to Lampang (1885), Phrae (1893), Nan (1895) and Chiang Rai (1897). In 1888,

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or slaves in Lanna. Unlike 'free' Phrai who were allowed to return to their homes, slaves were always in service of their masters. Lanna slaves were either war captive slaves from resettlement campaigns or those who were unable to pay debts. Indebted slaves were freed when their debts were paid. Most

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in 1896, which Herbert Slade the British forester was appointed as the first director and other British personnel filled the positions. Forestry Department was to regulate forest renting contract terms and profit sharing between companies and the government and to possibly contain concession to large

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Chiang Mai was the second most populated city after Bangkok in the Siamese empire. As the days of warfare had been gone, Lanna experienced relative peace and stability and its population grew considerably during the course of the nineteenth century. William Couperus McLeod visited Chiang Mai in 1837,

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were left depopulated in early nineteenth century to create buffer zone with Burma until they were later restored (Chiang Rai and Phayao in 1843, Chiang Saen and Fang in 1881) by migrations from Chiang Mai and Lampang. Each of the princedoms – Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun – had their own satellite

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or heir would perform native Lanna coronation ceremony before taking journey to Bangkok to pay tributes, waiting to be endorsed. Siamese king at Bangkok would then confer rulership titles to the new ruler and his relatives in the princely college. In each princedom, there were five available princely

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even collaborated with Chiang Mai against the reforms. In 1889, Phaya Phap, a local Lanna nobleman, arose in armed rebellion against unpopular tax system. Even though the rebellion was quelled, Bangkok decided to tone down the reform pace and preceding changes were rescinded – a temporary triumph for

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the British consul at Bangkok traveled to Chiang Mai to observe political situation. Schomburgk complained to King Kawilorot of Chiang Mai that British subjects in Lanna were not treated in accordance with Bowring Treaty terms. Kawilorot replied that the Bowring Treaty did not apply to Lanna as there

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at Bangkok was determined to take Chiang Hung and ordered Mahawong to send Lanna forces of 7,500 men to capture Kengtung (Chiang Tung) in 1850 to pave way to Sipsongpanna. Mahawong sent his own son Noi Mahaphrom to attack Mong Hsat and Uparaj Phimphisan to attack Mong Yawng, in which both armies were

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but not much the case in Lanna. Kawilorot was against the preaching and, influenced by his Portuguese advisor Fonseca, asked Noah A. McDonald the acting American consul at Bangkok to remove the missionaries from Chiang Mai because their proselytism had upset natural spirits and caused crop failures.

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However, the forest-leasing system led by Lanna aristocrats was not perfect. Owing to ill-defined nature of land ownership, sometimes Lanna lords granted duplicated and conflicting land leases such as granting land that was not theirs or issuing to more than one renters at the same time. This led to

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in 1826 led to British economic interest in Lanna over valuable teak forestry and subsequent entrance of British entrepreneurs into Lanna. Lanna rulers were the hereditary owners of vast northern teak forests. Starting around 1835 or 1840, Lanna rulers and princes began to lease teak forest lands to

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to the north and Siam to the south, Chiang Mai had been an important trade entrepôt and served as the place for commodity exchanges between regions. There was no indigenous merchant class as all non-elite Lanna men were subjected to periodic corvée obligations. Long-distance trades were conducted by

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in 1881 in order to push the border proclamations against the Shans. Mae Hong Son became ambiguous contesting area between Chiang Mai and Mawkmai. Kolan of Mawkmai gave Mae Hong Son to his niece Lady Nang Mya, while Chiang Mai appointed a Shan man named Taikdaga Sa as governor of Mae Hong Son at the

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to the south of Chiang Mai as his temporary headquarters. Kawila spent a decade clearing the forests, rebuilding fortifications in Chiang Mai and accumulating people. Eventually in 1797, King Rama I ordered Kawila to take some population from Lampang to found Chiang Mai right away. After two decades

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Chiangmai Treaty of 1874 provided context for Siam to interfere with Lanna administration. Siamese intervention in Lanna was to preserve the kingdom's sovereignty but also put strain on relations between Bangkok and Chiang Mai, who viewed their traditional powers and privileges as being compromised.

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with British India (despite the name, the treaty was concluded in Calcutta not in Chiang Mai and no Lanna delegates was present in negotiations). Siam and Lanna were obliged to pose police forces at Salween frontiers to prevent 'dacoity and heinous crimes', in which the British indirectly recognized

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on his state visit to British India in 1872. In 1873, British India urged Siamese government to ensure safety in the frontiers lest they would take matter into their own hands by occupying those areas. Both Siam and the British agreed that Lanna autonomy was the cause of these problems. Chiang Mai's

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to the British in Siam, meaning that legal cases concerning any British subjects in Siam would be under jurisdiction of British consular court at Bangkok rather than indigenous court and law. Question about whether the Bowring Treaty affected the autonomous Lanna was, however, subjected to political

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or palace as his predecessors and constructed his own palace. Political reconciliation took place as Phimphisan eventually returned to Chiang Mai. Tenure of Phutthawong was largely peaceful, earning him the epithet 'Lord of the Peaceful Reign'. Only military mobilization in his time was in 1827 when

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laid in the hands of his anti-Western younger brother Prince Chao Uparaj Bunthawong. Charles W. Vrooman arrived in 1872 as surgeon-pastor and he was noted for his exploration of Lanna lands to expand the mission. In 1878, Nan Inta was to marry his daughter to another native-convert man in the first

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tribes. In 1809, remaining people of Kengtung and Mong Yawng were again deported into Lanna. On many occasions, the princely ruler of that state was deported along with his subjects as a whole to resettle in Lanna, where a whole community was set up to imitate the town that he came from, reflecting

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of Chiang Mai wrote to King Chulalongkorn to rescind the reforms in Chiang Mai because it 'upset the ancestral spirits'. Princess Ubonwanna, younger sister of Queen Thipkraisorn, even posed herself as a shaman and spoke, by the words of the spirit of her late father King Kawilorot, that Chinese tax

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of Chiang Mai in 1892 to cede 'Thirteen Shan and Karenni Towns' of the Trans-Salween area to British Burma. Siam sent its own officials to join with British commissioner Arthur H. Hildebrand to demarcate Anglo-Siamese Trans-Salween borders in January 1894, taking the same line previously defined by

3021:) and sent forces to occupy this area in 1889. However, the British viewed these towns as belonging to Shan states of Mongpan and Mawkmai, which were under British control. In 1889, the British Government of India requested Bangkok to settle the Trans-Salween boundaries and sent a commission led by 2273:

After being ruled by sons of Khamsom for four decades, the rulership of Lampang went to Phrommaphipong, a son of Duangthip, in 1873. Lampang, like Chiang Mai, was subjected to Bangkok-led centralization reforms in late nineteenth century aimed at integration of Lanna into Siam. A succession dispute

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departments were established. More effective and stringent taxation were imposed to raise revenue. Prince Bunthawong died in 1882, leaving Thipkraisorn in power. Bangkok favored Thipkraisorn as capable and cooperative leader but her abrupt death in 1884 left Inthawichayanon broken. Other successive

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of Chiang Mai but also inherited 466,000-rupee compensation debt to British loggers from his predecessor that was obliged to be paid in seven years. Inthawichayanon was considered inexperienced and actual handling of government affairs laid in the hands of competing factions led by his conservative

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became the main trade center connecting inland trade from Chiang Mai to the British-Burmese port. However, Lanna rulers sometimes granted overlapping and conflicting patents to loggers owing to ill-defined nature of land ownership and contracting terms. This led to legal disputes between individual

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After decades of Burmese-Siamese Wars, Lanna, as the frontline battlegrounds, was ravaged by warfare and faced manpower shortage. After reestablishment of Chiang Mai in 1797, Kawila and other Lanna lords pursued the policy of "putting vegetables into baskets, putting people into towns" to wage wars

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These taxes, however, affected Lanna common folk because they had to pay more taxes while earning the same income. Moreover, these taxes were to be paid in currency money not in commodities. Unlike Central Siam, whose economy was monetized due to trade liberalization, in spite of burgeoning timber

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polities, economy of Lanna before arrival of Western entrepreneurs mainly involved self-subsistence rice agriculture and forest products gathering with limited trade contacts with outside world. Lanna court levied tax from common people in form of commodity and shares of their produces. There were

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appointed Kawila as Phraya Wachiraprakarn the new governor of Chiang Mai and tasked him with restoration of Chiang Mai as political center of Lanna and as frontline defense against Burma. However, due to inadequate population, Kawila was not able to take his position in Chiang Mai right away so he

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Khamfan succeeded his elder brother Thammalangka as ruler of Chiang Mai in 1822 and there began political conflicts between branches of Chetton dynasty that would plague the Chiang Mai polity for several decades. Khamfan faced political opposition from his cousin Khammoon and his brother Duangthip

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s at many temples in Lanna but they were not more than local spiritual leaders. Buddhist knowledge and strict observation of monastic rules made a Lanna monk respectable. However, there was no examination to testify and qualify doctrinal knowledge of the monks, who were chosen from popularity and

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or Dynasty of Seven Princes who were sons of Chaikaew including Kawila himself and his siblings. In 1804, combined allied forces from Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Nan and Vientiane attacked Chiang Saen, the last Burmese stronghold in Lanna, to eliminate all Burmese influence on Lanna. Chiang Mai

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who managed treasury and distributed 'salaries' to Lanna princes and aristocrats. King Inthawichayanon of Chiang Mai was accorded the annual stipend of 80,000 rupees, while Prince Norananthachai the ruler of Lampang received 30,000 rupees annually and the ruler of Lamphun received 30,000 rupees.

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in 1896 to regulate forest leasing in Northern Siam. Herbert Slade, a British forestry expert, was hired as the first director of Forestry Department. Slade suggested that Siamese government should end traditional ownership of Lanna princes over the forests. So, northern teak forests, previously

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sent armies of 15,000 men to reclaim Lanna. Phaya Chaban Boonma the governor of Chiang Mai was eventually compelled to abandon the city due to overwhelming Burmese forces. Inhabitants of Chiang Mai fled into the jungles and authorities collapsed. Due to Burmese military pressure, Chiang Mai was

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The Burmese were keen on reclaiming Lanna. In 1777, Burmese forces invaded Chiang Mai. Phaya Chaban had to abandon his city in the face of the Burmese invasion due to numerical inferiority of his defense forces. Chiang Mai was, therefore, abandoned, ceased to exist as a functional city with its

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or commissioner at Chiang Mai in 1884. Prince Phichit Prichakorn had more powers than his predecessors as he introduced sweeping reforms that imposed Central Siamese governance onto Lanna. Traditional powers and prestige of Lanna rulers eroded and diminished in the face of integration reforms.

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After expeditions, the British realized that Tenasserim–Yunnan trade route operated on relatively low scale not enough to sustain the economy. The British were then poised to promote the Yunnanese commerce themselves. In late 1836, Blundell sent William C. McLeod, accompanied by Richardson, on

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or Central Siamese royal commissioner to oversee Chiang Mai government and to act as judge. Phra Narin sent forces to expel Kengtung occupying forces from Chiang Saen. Anglo-Siamese system postulated by 1874 Treaty to govern British subjects in Lanna was proven to be ineffective due to lack of

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recognized the Salween as the Burmese-Lanna border in 1847 and sent delegates to put up boundaries markers along the Salween. Under this definition, trans-Salween states on eastern side of Salween including Kengtung, Mong Yawng and Mong Hsat were to be territories of Chiang Mai. However, with

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was spared from abandonment and depopulation in late eighteenth century and stood as frontline citadel against Burmese attacks. Kawila the governor of Lampang was made Phraya Wicharaprakarn the nominal governor of Chiang Mai in 1782 and his younger brother Khamsom was made governor of Lampang

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Protestant mission in Chiang Mai took a negative turn in September 1869. In pre-modern Thailand, religion was closely tied with ethnicity. Westerners were allowed to practice their religion freely but conversion of native people was viewed by government as being seditious. Negative stance on

3775:, took Chiang Saen the last Burmese power center in Lanna. The 23,000 inhabitants of Chiang Saen were divided equally into five portions and given to each victor party. Northern Lanna inhabitants from Chiang Saen were settled on the eastern outskirts of Chiang Mai. Northern Lanna area around 1000:. In 1847, the British asked Chiang Mai court to put on boundaries markers at the Salween. Chiang Mai told the British to do right away because it was British concern not theirs. The British then took the liberty to explore upstream the Salween river between 1847 and 1849 to survey the area. 3241:

or the Supreme Commissioner. Phraya Songsuradet took absolute control over government personnel appointment, manpower control and taxation in Lanna. Lanna rulers and their government became largely powerless and ceremonial. At the death of King Inthawichayanon of Chiang Mai in 1897, Phraya

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Buddhist monks were of a special social class and commanded respects from all classes of the society. Monks were spared from corvée obligations and taxes, serving as social mobility pathway. Lanna women were also conscripted, albeit rarely, to produce some kinds of commodities and even in

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allowed Westerners to handle logging directly without having to buy from the natives. In 1882–84, Siam-Lanna exported 20,000 tons of teak, worth 130,000 pounds, generating the revenue of 686,000 baht annually in 1886. Teak became a major export commodity of Siamese kingdom as a whole.

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British legation in Chiang Mai. In 1878, Nan Inta was to marry his daughter away in the first Christian marriage in Lanna but faced opposition from Prince Uparat Bunthawong. McGilvary sought assistance from King Chulalongkorn, prompting the king to issue an edict in 1878 guaranteeing

2725:, they saw Yunnan as their economic savior. Edward Blundell the Commissioner of British Tenasserim dispatched David Richardson in 1834 from Moulmein to explore Tai-Shan States on the highlands to navigate Chinese trade routes to Yunnan, which apparently had to pass through Lanna. In 3025:

for the task. However, Siamese representatives did not show up at the place so Elias was obliged to conduct frontier exploration in December 1889 without Siamese participation. During the expedition, Elias met with Siamese garrisons who agreed to leave the area at Elias' requests.

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or royal commissioner in Chiang Mai. Phra Narin introduced financial reforms. In order to pay debts owed to the British, more taxes were needed to generate revenue. Central-Siamese style taxes were introduced including land tax, alcohol tax, swine tax, lacquer tax and fruits tax.

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in 1825, met with 'Western Lao chiefs' at Bangkok – purportedly Lord Phutthawong of Chiang Mai and Lord Bunma of Lamphun, who were on visit to Bangkok to pay tributes at the time. Phutthawong sent another letter in 1828 and the ruler of Lamphun sent one in December 1829. In 1829,

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of Burma sent Burmese forces of 30,000 men from Burmese-held Chiang Saen to lay siege on Lampang. Kawila held out Burmese besiegers for four months until Bangkokian forces arrived to relieve the siege. Again, in 1788, the Burmese forces of 45,000 men attacked Lampang and Pasang.

1305:, although this arrangement was not found in British documents. The rumor alarmed Chulalongkorn and Bangkok government as it invoked their biggest fear of Lanna being incorporated into British Burma. Dararasami was engaged to be Chulalongkorn's future consort in 1882. Siam and 2811:

to the northwest. However, in reality, Chetton dynasty had powers in core Lanna territories centered around Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun. Kengtung and Salween Shan States were under Burmese suzerainty. Chetton dynasty did not have authorities over 'Eastern Lanna' including

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the ruler of Lampang marched to Chiang Mai in attempts to capitalize the conflicts. When Khamfan died in 1825, Duangthip of Lampang marched to seize Chiang Mai, prompting Khamfan's son Phimphisan to flee and take refuge in Bangkok. Eventually, rulership of Chiang Mai went to

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forces under Thammalangka managed to capture Chiang Saen in 1804 with its inhabi,tants deported and distributed among the victors. With the conquest and destruction of Chiang Saen in 1804, the Burmese were finally driven out from Lanna and Burmese incursions virtually ended.

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of Kengtung had earlier broken free from Lanna rule and returned to Burmese suzerainty in 1813.), the King of Siam had forbidden all communications with Chiang Tung. After difficulties, McLeod managed to reach Chiang Tung, meeting with Maha Hkanan and later proceeded to

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that confirmed implementation of existing Bowring Treaty in Lanna, stipulated establishment of Anglo-Siamese mixed judicial court and appointment of British Vice-Consul in Chiang Mai. Second Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 escalated Anglo-Siamese efforts to end Lanna autonomy.

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abandoned for twenty years from 1777 to 1797. Chiang Mai Chronicle describes the deserted city of Chiang Mai in this period as being overgrown by forests and filled with wild animals. Other Southern Lanna cities and towns suffered similar fate. Lampang or Lakhon under

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from Bangkok court. There were three vassal rulers, each of them in Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun, who were from the Chetton dynasty. Chiang Mai ruler presided over Lanna lords and, in turn, owed tributary obligations to Chakri kings of Bangkok in alignment with the

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planned to converge on Kengtung. However, Phimphisan and Noi Mahaphrom failed to cooperate due to political resentment, resulting in failure of the campaign. Bangkok resumed another campaign against Kengtung in late 1852. This time Bangkok sent its own troops under

4338:, at eligible age, were drafted into government services including crop production in princely lands, construction works and military, which they were obliged to serve in alternating periods of time, allowing some free time to return to their normal life. Lanna 876:

had political and cultural affinity towards Lanna and centers other than Burma. These states were the main victims of Lanna's subjugations and subsequent forced resettlements into Lanna towns previously damaged and depopulated. In 1805, Thammalangka captured

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of that time even sided with Chiang Mai aristocrats. Therefore, these reforms gave away, culminating in the Phaya Phap Rebellion in 1889. The event shocked Bangkok, who chose to postpone further reforms for some years – a temporary triumph for Lanna rulers.

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the British consul that Bowring Treaty did not apply to Lanna and his teak business was not subjected to free trade agreement. The most famous case was a dispute between a Burmese logger and Kawilorot himself. Kawilorot was called to Bangkok in 1863, where

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retook control of Chiang Mai in 1763, nearly the whole inhabitants of Chiang Mai were deported to Burma. Due to chronic warfare in the late eighteenth century, Lanna as a whole suffered from depopulation and manpower shortage. Southern Lanna, including

2733:

as boundaries between Lanna and British Burma, in which Phutthawong eagerly agreed, without Bangkok's knowledge, as the Salween had already been traditionally considered to be border between Lanna and Burmese areas of influence. Richardson also visited

2282:

Phraya Songsuradet. Norananthachai died in 1896 and was succeeded by his son Boonwat Wongmanit in 1898. With annexation of Lanna into Monthon Phayap under Siam in 1899, like the rest of Lanna, the Prince of Lampang became a powerless figurehead prince.

4342:

served in periods of ten days with ten days in government services and other ten days at their homes, except for during warfare when they were conscripted on faraway campaigns. Comparing to Central Siam, manpower control of Lanna was decentralized.

4196:

Demand on teak in Lanna was on the rise in the 1880s when teak resources in Burma faced shortage as Burmese teak forest was depleted. Teak was to replace oak in British constructions of railroad sleepers in India and in shipbuilding. Anglo-Siamese

3836:

took on the policy of 'Gathering vegetables and putting them into baskets, gathering people and putting them into towns' – a metaphor of waging military campaigns against other smaller Tai states to capture those Tai population to resettle in

3960:, who visited Chiang Mai in 1860, estimated that the population of Chiang Mai was 'less than 50,000'. An indigenous Thai report in 1859 told that there were 30,000 able-bodied men in Chiang Mai, 32,000 men in Lampang and 8,000 men in Lamphun. 3942:

As the Burmese threats subsided, Lanna princes commanded people to repopulate Northern Lanna, which had previously been left depopulated. Chiang Mai took its own population to restore Chiang Rai in 1843 and Lampang also founded Phayao and

2688:

In the early nineteenth century, the Chiang Mai Kingdom was so autonomous that it was able to conduct its own diplomatic overtures with the British, who called Lanna as 'Western Laos'. In March 1825, when the British had just conquered

2996:

in 1885, as the British took control of Shan States by 1889, they began to take eyes on these teak-rich trans-Salween states. Siam took quick action by laying claims on trans-Salween Shans towns. In 1884, Prince Phichit Prichakorn the

3906:

in modern place names. It is estimated that the total of 50,000 to 70,000 people from northern Tai states were deported to settle in Lanna during this period. These resettlement campaigns also shaped ethnolinguistic profile of modern

899:, respectively, leading to foundation of Lamphun as the third princely seat in 1806. These major events were accompanied by minor rounds of deportation that gradually transferred population from northernmost Tai states into Lanna. 3173:

After an optimistic year in Chiang Mai, Prince Phichit Prichakorn returned to Bangkok in 1885. His reforms were the foundation for later commissioners to follow. However, after Phichit Prichakorn, there were hardly any effective

2742:

expedition to Lanna to find the way to Yunnan. Passing through Labong (Lamphun), McLeod reached Zimme (Chiang Mai) in January 1837 and Richardson in April, where McLeod asked for permission from Phutthawong to go to Chiang Tung (

1639:) and constituted five highest-ranking princes in each princedom. These five titles existed separately in Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun. Initially, the five princes of each princedom were ranked relatively lower by Bangkok as 3984:

same time. Nevertheless, Nang Mya and Taikdaga Sa had been married to each other. Taikdaga Sa died in 1884, leaving his wife Nang Mya as the sole governess of Mae Hong Son and she eventually chose to be under Siamese control.

3845:

river valleys of Southern Lanna in order to serve as manpower force in defense against Burma, to work as government labor forces and to sustain economy. Major deportation events conducted by the rulers of Chetton dynasty were:

1350:

in 1889, however, the British also claimed this area, leading to Anglo–Siamese dispute over Trans-Salween frontiers. Eventually, Siam officially acceded to British acquisition of this teak-abundant Trans-Salween area in 1892.

3955:

but were not able to take Kengtung itself. In spite of campaign failures, Lanna managed to deport another up to 5,000 people from these towns into Chiang Mai. By 1850, the total population of Lanna probably exceeded 500,000.

4152:

auction was also introduced from Bangkok, in which mostly-Chinese merchants from Central Siam competed for tax monopolies granted by the government. The most prominent Chinese entrepreneur in Chiang Mai was Tio Teng (張丁), a

608:

weakened, Chiang Mai was able to exert independence from Burma in 1727 and the rest of Lanna followed but Lanna became fragmented into city-states, descending into anarchy. A local man named Thipchang was declared ruler of

628:

or Burmese governor of Chiang Mai. His rule was marked by oppression and cultural assimilation policies. Thado Mindin also held Chaikaew in political hostage in Chiang Mai, leaving Lampang under the rule of Chaikaew's son

668:, retaining northern parts of Lanna. Kawila's sister, Sri Anocha, was married to Chaophraya Surasi. King Taksin appointed Phaya Chaban as governor of Chiang Mai and Kawila as governor of Lampang in 1775 as vassal rulers. 4347:

i were registered at cities and towns and were conscripted to work only for their cities. There was no central authority to organize and control manpower as a whole. Manpower control belonged to individual cities. Lanna

4270:. Native Siamese entrepreneurs did not favor timber industry as it was considered dangerous and labor-consuming. The whole process was under control of British companies, from cutting to transportation and distribution. 4097:

and Shan laborers were hired instead in saw mills for the wood to be cut into pieces. By 1851, Chiang Mai court received annual income of 150,000 rupees from timber leasing, not including bribes forced onto the loggers.

1340:

s were either corrupted or ineffective. In 1885, Dararasami left Chiang Mai to enter royal palace at Bangkok as one of Chulalongkorn's consorts. Inthawichayanon strove to stall Bangkok-pioneered integration reforms. One

3096:

The system postulated by the 1874 Treaty to govern British subjects in Lanna was ineffective due to the lack of British legation in Lanna and the fact that Bangkok had yet to take tighter control over Lanna. After the

1102:

after Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852, leading to British economic interests in Lanna. Traditional timber production was transformed into larger-scale industry as economy of Lanna was adjoined to world trade. British

950:

would be entitled to succeed. Lanna rulers were permitted to retain great autonomy and to appoint their own officials as they had proven themselves to be loyal allies in mutual Lanna-Siam cooperation against Burma.

2623:

or the ruler was the executive head of the princedom. There were rulers in Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun with Chiang Mai standing foremost over other princedoms. However, the power of the ruler was limited by

1537:. Tributes to Bangkok were sent triennially, in which, usually, rulers of Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun would join in their procession to Bangkok on the same occasion. Tributes consisted of symbolic tributes; 4652:

Christian marriage in Lanna but faced opposition from Uparaj Bunthawong his overlord, who demanded a compensation fee to fund the exorcising of supposedly angry ancestral spirits. McGilvary wrote a letter to

1554:

would be entitled to succeed. Rulers of Lanna princedoms can only be nominated by King of Siam. Succession of these princedoms was also absolutely determined by Bangkok. Upon death of the previous ruler, the

979:

visited Chiang Mai in 1829 to purchase cattle to Burma. In 1834, the British sent Richardson as representative to Chiang Mai to ask Lord Phutthawong of Chiang Mai to settle boundaries between Chiang Mai and

822:

In December 1802, in recognition of Kawila's contribution in defense of the north against Burma, King Rama I appointed Kawila as the tributary 'King of Chiang Mai' with regnal name Phra Boromma Rachathibodi

930:

King Kawila died in 1816 and was succeeded by his younger brother Thammalangka as the next ruler of Chiang Mai. After Kawila, rulers of Chiang Mai were not appointed as kings but were given a noble rank of

3881:) population of Mong Yawng to resettle in Lamphun, leading to establishment of Lamphun as the third princely seat in 1819. Another portion of people from Kengtung were also deported to Chiang Mai in 1805. 859:

to acquire manpower. Elimination of Burmese influence in Lanna in 1804 allowed Lanna lords to expand their dominions and military campaigns to the northernmost Tai princely states including Kengtung and

663:

to successfully take Chiang Mai in January 1775. After two centuries of Burmese rule, most parts of Lanna were transferred to Siam. However, the Burmese regrouped and reestablished their headquarters at

4261:

By 1899, investment in teak industry was 2.5 million pounds, mostly from European companies. Teak transportation took the second route. Apart from going to British Burma, teak logs were float along the

2721:

The British, who had just acquired Tenasserim, found the new territory to be of little economic production and unprofitable. When the British discovered local cattle trade route between Tenasserim and

2638:

or princes (who were relatives of the ruler) and high-ranking nobles, totally numbering from thirty to thirty-five dignitaries, serving as the central government. Four highest-ranking ministers of the

1196:, also a grandson of Khamfan, was expected to succeed. Also in 1870, Tai Khuen Kengtung forces came to occupy the ruins of Chiang Saen. Inthanon visited Bangkok in 1873 to be confirmed as the new 751:

After twenty years of abandonment, Chiang Mai was finally restored as political and cultural center of Lanna in 1797. Kawila entered Chiang Mai in March 1797 in a ceremony that involved chasing a

4077:

In the 1850s, profitable teak timber business in Lanna grew exponentially. British logging industry took over Lanna economy as Lanna was suddenly exposed to world capitalism. British Moulmein in

4089:

to reach Moulmein, while it took arduous three months to journey from Bangkok to Chiang Mai. British entrepreneurs cannot hire native Lanna men because they were bound by their corvée to their

3771:

of abandonment, Chiang Mai was restored as political and cultural center of Lanna in 1797. In 1804, the combined, allied forces of five cities, namely Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Nan and

4135:

became ruler of Chiang Mai in 1870, he took over the burden of 466,000-rupee indemnity to the British inflicted by legal defeats of his predecessor to the loggers. After signing of the

984:

at Salween river, in which Phutthawong eagerly agreed without Bangkok's acknowledgement. Initially, native rulers did not realize significance of sovereignty territorial proclamations.

2952:

In the reign of King Kawila, Chiang Mai forces made occasional raids into Salween Shan States of Monghsat, Mongpu and Mongpan in search for ethnic Shan war captives to populate Lanna.

2718:

went to Zimmay (Chiang Mai) to purchase cattle to feed British soldiers at Moulmein. Richardson's visit to Chiang Mai in 1829 was the first recorded Western visit to Lanna since 1613.

959:, another cousin of the Seven Princes. Phutthawong was an outlier as he was not among the Seven Princes, who had previously been influential. Phutthawong refused to reside in the same 3885:

These major deportation events were accompanied by smaller events resulting from minor perennial raids by Lanna princes against the small states. Some expeditions went far to reach

5983: 4657:

Dr. Vrooman established first modern hospital in Lanna – the American Mission Hospital, now McCormick Hospital. Nan Ta became the first native ordained minister of Lanna in 1889.

4359:

including betel nuts, cotton, fermented tea leaves, animal products and ironworks. Some whole villages were specialized in production of a commodity and were exempted from corvée.

3207:) administration system in 1892 that would replace tributary relationships between Bangkok and satellite polities with a hierarchy of territorial administrative units. After the 1228:

Legal cases involving British subjects in Lanna had been watched by British Government of India with worrying eyes. Burma-Lanna Salween perimeter was far from stable. Occasional

2242:

Duangthip of Lampang marched to Chiang Mai two times in 1822 and 1825 to lay claims on the supreme seat of Chiang Mai. In 1826, King Rama III specifically bestowed the rank of

4436:

in the thirteenth century, from Wat Inthakhin to Wat Chedi Luang in 1794. Buddhist temples in Lanna during this period were denoted by their ethnocultural affiliations called

1529:. Each ruler was autonomous concerning internal administration. Rulers of Chiang Mai held highest prestige and claimed ceremonial overlord title of all 'fifty-seven' towns of 5978: 4627:

the ruler of Chiang Mai greeted American missionaries with warmth as he liked them distributing modern medicine to his people and also granted them a land on eastern bank of

645:. Phaya Chaban Boonma, a native Lanna nobleman in Chiang Mai, joined with Kawila of Lampang to cooperate with the invading Siamese to overthrow Burmese rule, initiating the 4002:

taxes on agricultural products including rice, coconuts, betel, areca nuts and fruits. Lanna had some forms of currency but they were handcrafted and not so widely used as

5384: 1050:

of Kengtung. Due to rugged mountainous terrain and uncooperative sentiments of Lanna commanders, the invaders were obliged to retreat. To light up Lanna rulers, King

807: 4161:

down to Bangkok, where his warehouse Kim Seng Lee (金成利) stood. Chinese merchants from Bangkok migrated to Chiang Mai to seek for opportunities, settling down around

2973:

and Kengtung occupied Chiang Saen. Siam-Lanna then expelled these invaders and push boundaries by restoration of border towns of Mae Hong Son, Chiang Saen and Fang.

3223:, in direct contact with French Indochina. Monthon Lao Chiang was established over Lanna in 1894. King Chulalongkorn appointed Phraya Songsuradet (An Bunnag) to be 1098:

forests. Lanna princes issued land leases to Burmese and British loggers, in which Lanna aristocrats reaped income from taxation on teak logs. The British acquired

3402: 3077: 710:

population dispersed and left to be claimed by jungles. Phaya Chaban was called to Thonburi where he was imprisoned for his failures and died. With Chiang Mai and

4589:

and other fields such as astrology, traditional medicine and craftsmanship, after which they would be given prefix titles 'Noi' for boys and 'Nan' for adult men.

2729:, the ruler of Lamphun consulted Richardson about the Burney Treaty. Richardson continued to Chiang Mai, where he also proposed to Lord Phutthawong to establish 3783:

were cleared and intentionally depopulated in order to serve as buffer zone between Lanna and the invading Burmese. Northern Lanna towns including Chiang Saen,

3832:

Depopulation of Lanna put it in military and economic disadvantages, especially against Burmese threats. Kawila and his relatives who were the princes of the

1383:) administrative system that would replace traditional allegiance system of tributary polities with hierarchy of territorial administrative units governed by 6008: 1205:

anti-Western younger brother Chao Uparaj Bunthawong and another faction led by his more liberal, pro-Western wife Queen Thipkraisorn – Kawilorot's daughter.

5953: 362: 523: 1033:

In 1849, dynastic conflicts in Tai Lue Sipsongpanna confederacy prompted some Tai Lue royal figures to take refuge in Siam to seek for assistance. King

940:. Succession of these Lanna princedoms was exclusively determined by Bangkok. There was no succession pattern as whoever held the princely position of 5943: 701:, became ruler of Chiang Mai in 1797 and was appointed as King of Chiang Mai in 1802 as a vassal ruler. Kawila played a great role in the transfer of 617:

reconquered Chiang Mai in 1763 and installed Chaikaew, son of Thipchang, as ruler of Lampang in 1764. Lanna then again came under Burmese domination.

3233:) or Grand Commissioner, extending reforms to Nan and Phrae. Phraya Songsuradet reintroduced previous reforms. Songsuradet appointed his subordinate 1678:

Inthanon (also known as Inthawichayanon) to the throne rather than the old king's logical successor who was viewed as less friendly towards Bangkok.

1583:) or heir presumptive; entitled to succeed the princedom, usually held by younger brother of the ruler or candidate from a different familial branch. 6003: 3215:

in 1893, Siam was even more at urgent agenda to end autonomies of local dynasties and to incorporate them. This also put 'Eastern Lanna', including

2033: 1450:

in 1902, under banners of Lanna traditions, as a resistance to centralization policies. Inthawarorot died in 1910 to be succeeded by his son Prince

1442:

the nominal ruler of Chiang Mai in 1901, serving as nothing but ceremonial figurehead as he held no actual powers. The government was to run by the

1245:

debts and mishandling of British entrepreneurs might provoke British intervention, in the eyes of Bangkok. Chulalongkorn sent his representative to

1028: 1020: 801: 763: 736: 685: 681: 677: 5993: 1240:

raids damaged British business in teak forest areas and sometimes British subjects were hurt. Government of India addressed these issues to young

863: 4998:

Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India

5917: 178: 50: 2458:. Like other Lanna towns, Lamphun was abandoned after 1776 due to Burmese wars. In 1805, Uparaj Thammalangka led Chiang Mai forces to capture 5998: 5529: 5590: 4585:

was the main educational institution in Lanna. Lanna men and boys temporarily ordained as monks in order to learn Buddhist Pali scriptures,

722: 456: 5988: 1136: 3870:

Sao Kawng Tai, were deported down south to resettle in southern outskirts of Chiang Mai. 5,000 people from Mong Hsat were also deported.

5963: 4319:. Lanna rulers commanded loyalty and respect from their own Lanna subjects. Lanna princes held absolute powers over their subjects as 4226:

By the 1890s, teak cutting fee price had risen to twelve rupees per tree owing to increasing demand and declining availability due to

3050:

Legal dispute cases between British entrepreneurs versus Lanna lords and instability at Burma–Lanna frontiers prompted the signing of

1391:

that threatened Siam's sovereignty, Siam took more serious steps at integration of satellite princedoms. In 1894, Monthon Lao Chiang (

4249:

Siamese government took cautious eyes on rapid flourishing of British timber companies. Tremendous scale of timber industry prompted

3951:

of Chiang Mai, under commands from Bangkok, sent troops to attack Kengtung. Lanna troops were able to take Mong Hsat, Mong Yawng and

3931:

the ruler of Chiang Mai provided McLeod the information about number of troops previously deployed by Lanna in 1827 to fight against

3033:

left Siam with no choices but to comply with British demands. King Chulalongkorn officially gave royal orders to Phraya Kraikosa the

2775:

Rulers of Chiang Mai laid traditional claims over 'fifty-seven' cities and towns of former Lanna kingdom. This claim included modern

5729:

Sternstein, Larry (Mar 1984). "The Growth of the Population of the World's Pre-eminent "Primate City": Bangkok at its Bicentenary".

4239: 1454:

as the last ruler of Chiang Mai. Trainline from Bangkok finally reached Chiang Mai in 1921, connecting Lanna to the Central Plains.

1421: 1346:

the Chiang Mai ruler. Siam initially laid claims on trans-Salween Shan states on eastern side of Salween. After British conquest of

642: 591: 116: 97: 4230:. Timber industry in Lanna escalated to involve large European firms rather than individual private entrepreneurs as it had been. 69: 992:

were restored as towns in 1843 after about forty years of abandonment. Phutthawong died in 1846, succeeded by Thammalangka's son

1042:

to join with Lanna forces to attack Kengtung. High hope was at stake as Burma, the suzerain of Kengtung, had been embroiling in

902:

After the capture of Kengtung (Chiang Tung) by Chiang Mai forces in 1802, Kengtung was left abandoned and depopulated with its

4131:

Before 1874, Siamese authority at Bangkok did not control leasing conducts between Lanna and British entrepreneurs. When King

3015:

and Monghta, also including Karenni towns of Mongmau and Mehsakun, into a single administrative unit called Wiang Chaipricha (

778:

brought the allied forces to repel the Burmese. In 1800, Kawila named his new Chiang Mai city as Rattana Tingsa Aphinawaburi (

463: 438: 4643:

After the death of Kawilorot in 1870, situation for Christian Mission in Lanna improved as Bangkok took more steps to ensure

76: 54: 4416:

Kawila restored many temples in Chiang Mai previously left in disrepair through period of warfare and abandonment including

4169:. The commissioner was also to control forest-leasing patents by Lanna princes to make sure that they were not conflicting. 3936: 2278:

Lao Chiang was established in 1894 and Prince Norananthachai of Lampang received an annual salary of 30,000 rupees from the

1329:

of Chiang Mai. Phichit Prichakorn introduced sweeping reforms to integrate Chiang Mai government. Central-Siamese-style six

965: 4377:

elite in order to make religious merits. Temple slaves 'served' their temples and were immune to regular government levies.

4246:. Bombay Burmah took over enormous Chinese timber business of Kim Seng Lee and became the largest timber producer in Siam. 5968: 5948: 4617:

in July 1868, separating from Siamese Mission at Bangkok. McGilvary made his first convert in January 1869 when Nan Inta (

4567: 3030: 1388: 4242:

arrived in 1892. Largest European companies in Lanna by the 1890s were British Borneo Company, Bombay Burmah Company and

192: 5973: 1468:

was the last Prince of Chiang Mai, and after his death in 1939, the title was abolished under the government of General

3039: 1090:(r. 1856–1870) of Chiang Mai, whose strong absolutist rulership was respected by Bangkok and undeterred by the British. 1058:

of Chiang Mai in July 1853, first since appointment of Kawila as king in 1802 and raised the ranks of Lanna lords from

83: 906:

Sao Kawng Tai deported to Chiang Mai. However, Maha Hkanan, younger brother of Sao Kawng Tai, established himself at

4516: 1416:

By this time, timber logging in Lanna had escalated into competition between large European conglomerates including

1397:) was formed, composing all of Lanna or modern Northern Thailand. Phraya Songsuradet (An Bunnag) was sent to be the 3975:

and Kengtung sent forces to occupy the ruins of Chiang Saen. Fearing that the Shans would claim these territories,

2467: 1455: 288: 4214:

administration system. Phraya Songsuradet (An Bunnag) was appointed as supreme royal commissioner over all Lanna.

4157:

from Bangkok who acquired vast array of tax monopolies and possessed chains of timber business from Chiang Mai to

3563: 3280: 1495: 1401:

or supreme commissioner of Lao Chiang or Lanna. Songsuradet reintroduced previous reforms, which were extended to

804:

again in 1802. Siamese relief forces from the south managed to repel the Burmese from Chiang Mai for second time.

65: 43: 4115: 3957: 2097: 1534: 1121: 937: 281: 4081:

became the main export market for Lanna products. Lanna became integrated into British-Burmese trading network.

1189:, nearly reaching Chiang Mai but was eventually repelled. Kawilorot died on his way back to Chiang Mai in 1870. 5958: 5591:"Diplomatic missions to Tai states by David Richardson and W.C. McLeod 1830-1839: Anthropological Perspectives" 4609:, an American Presbyterian missionary and a notable figure living in Bangkok. Bradley convinced his son-in-law 4425: 2163: 1671: 1439: 1043: 4198: 4136: 3729:

stood as the only Southern Lanna stronghold against Burmese invasions. Meanwhile, Northern Lanna, centered on

3389: 3098: 3051: 1310: 1250: 1046:. Joint Lanna-Siamese forces attacked Kengtung in March 1853 but were effectively resisted by Maha Hkanan the 2250:

visited Lampang in 1835. In 1843, Lord Noi-in of Lampang gave some of his population to restore the towns of

1670:

Siamese interference in Chiang Mai's internal affairs remained sporadic. In 1870 however, the Siamese regent

1447: 1409:. Six Departments were reinstated and Lanna's financial autonomy was ended. Revenue was in direct control of 1254:

the Salween as border. Siam was to appoint judges at Chiang Mai to oversee cases involving British subjects.

4254: 4070: 4023: 3998: 3456: 2993: 2988:

shows the thirteen Shan and Karenni towns of Trans-Salween region given up by Siam to British Burma in 1892.

2912: 2715: 2694: 2247: 2203: 1511: 1425: 976: 972: 2435: 565:

kingdom, which had been under Burmese rule for two centuries until it was captured by Siamese forces under

4586: 4231: 4149: 4082: 3237:

s in other Lanna cities including Lampang, Nan and Phrae and also in the Six Departments, with himself as

3166: 2262:

Prince-ruler of Lampang in 1856. The Prince of Lampang also leased teak forests to British entrepreneurs.

1417: 767: 536: 255: 160: 5487:

When the Young Cannot Speak Their Own Mother Tongue: Explaining a Legacy of Cultural Domination in Lan Na

4355:

Those who were unwilling to participate in corvée could pay taxes in form of commodity tributes known as

1424:, with huge amount of money at stake in business. To prevent disputes, Prince Damrong established modern 4078: 3972: 3670: 3208: 3092:

or viceroy in Chiang Mai in 1884–85. He introduced reforms aimed at integration of Chiang Mai into Siam.

2970: 2957: 2858: 2821: 1469: 981: 2961:

exception of temporary conquests, Chiang Mai exerted minimal to no control over these states. In 1870,

2746:). However, due to political animosity between Chiang Mai and Chiang Tung at the time (Maha Hkanan the 2705:, styling himself as 'ruler of fifty-seven provinces and possessor of the richest throne in the East'. 1167:

the American Protestant missionary took an arduous journey from Bangkok to Chiang Mai to establish his

800:

or Chiang Tung, which had been under Burmese suzerainty, in 1802. These advances provoked Bodawpaya to

4180:, was one of the most prominent entrepreneurs in Lanna in 1870s as she owned wide array of businesses. 2479:

1775–?: Phraya Aphaiwong, Thonburi Period, not from Chetton dynasty. Lamphun was abandoned after 1776.

2466:

from Mong Yawng (called Tai Yong) to settle in Lamphun on the eastern bank of Kuang River opposite of

1171:

there. The American missionary made some Lanna converts. The first and most notable one was Nan Inta (

5370: 4624: 4497:

In Chiang Mai, temples were organized into groups, each led by a head temple such as Wat Hua Khuang,

4454: 4234:, who had been in Siam since 1862, entered teak timber business in Lanna in 1889 under management of 4177: 4111: 4057:

forests. Owing to its strong and weather-resistant wood, teak global demand rose in the 19th century.

3911: 3772: 3754: 3730: 2874: 2833: 2829: 2246:

or Prince on Duangthip. Prince Duangthip of Lampang died in 1826 to be succeeded by sons of Khamsom.

2056: 1843: 1087: 1071: 815: 775: 665: 554: 220: 996:. Mahawong coexisted with Phimphisan, who had potential claims to Chiang Mai rulership and was then 4644: 4635:

Christian conversion had already relaxed in Central Siam in mid-nineteenth century by the reign of

4597: 4107: 2916: 2866: 1264: 1182: 1116: 745: 660: 90: 2234:

Chetton dynasty originated in Lampang. Unlike other Lanna cities, Lampang (also called Lakhon) on

762:

As soon as Chiang Mai was restored, however, King Bodawpaya of Burma sent forces of 55,000 men to

621: 5754: 5696: 5688: 5494: 5452: 5444: 5267: 4429: 4403: 4250: 4235: 4066: 3191: 2936: 2928: 2898: 2690: 1655:

or Prince. Hence, for example, Phraya Uparat became Chao Uparat. Rulers of princedoms were given

1544:

There was no clear succession pattern in Lanna princedoms. Whoever held the princely position of

1367: 1039: 1012: 907: 271: 4123:

told the ruler of Chiang Mai to conduct business in accordance with the new trade treaty terms.

4042: 2134: 1213: 1008: 2223: 788:'). In 1802, Bodawpaya installed a Chinese man named Chom Hong to be the ruler of all Lanna at 5746: 5525: 5378: 5248:"Oblique Intervention: The Role of US Missionaries in Siam's Incorporation of Lanna—1867–1878" 4606: 4373:

or Lanna royal princes. There were also 'temple slaves' or slaves dedicated to temples by the

4263: 4062: 4054: 3907: 2932: 2832:, in which Nan and Phrae were ruled by their own local dynasties. 'Northern Lanna', including 2776: 1318:

was also to control forest leasing of Lanna princes to make sure that it was not conflicting.

601: 557:

in the 18th and 19th century before being annexed according to the centralization policies of

3720:

came under Siamese suzerainty in 1775 after centuries of Burmese rule. In 1777, Burmese King

1066:. However, Mahotaraprathet died five months after. Uparaj Phimphisan also died in 1856. King 5738: 5680: 5436: 5259: 4610: 4466: 4316: 4190: 4086: 3863: 3833: 3821: 3767: 3700: 3408: 3212: 3106: 3081: 2768: 2103: 1829: 1823: 1756: 1551: 1526: 1322: 1164: 1132: 947: 923: 882: 847: 830: 732: 714:

abandoned, Lampang under Kawila stood as main frontline defense against Burmese incursions.

638: 614: 574: 570: 345: 198: 4330:

or 'free' commoners: Like many other Southeast Asian cultures, able-bodied commoner men or

4006:

was more prevalent. There was also household tax that was levied from every single family.

2615:

Chiang Mai kingdom retained most of government institutions and traditions of the original

1890:

Known as Lord of the White Elephant because he brought a white elephant to Bangkok in 1815.

5506: 5271: 5247: 4648: 4546:

or monkhood was a highly-autonomous institution. Lanna monks followed Buddhist practices,

4417: 4409: 4283:

Traditional Lanna social structure continued mostly unchanged since the times of original

4132: 3948: 3915: 3874: 3792: 3179: 2920: 2825: 2784: 2459: 2440: 2140: 2087: 1994: 1954: 1286: 1217: 1201: 1193: 1055: 993: 605: 319: 216: 4034:. Small-scale marketplaces thrived in towns and Lanna authorities collected market fees. 1155:, whose ancestor was from Chiang Mai, sought Kawilorot's support in his conflict against 1094:

Lanna lords had benefitted from their traditional hereditary ownership of vast northern

4470: 4421: 4395: 4307:

or royal dignitaries and the nobility who controlled government, manpower and economy.

4243: 4154: 4103: 3902: 3878: 3859: 3855: 3825: 2890: 2862: 2800: 2780: 2743: 2463: 2455: 1839: 1306: 1302: 1233: 1186: 1163:

or Lord Taker of Life. During his reign, Chiang Mai enjoyed a great autonomy. In 1867,

1112: 892: 851: 797: 756: 388: 3741: 2050: 1082: 5937: 5700: 5456: 4653: 4460: 4227: 4162: 4158: 4140: 3980: 3968: 3944: 3898: 3890: 3717: 3216: 3102: 3085: 3012: 2966: 2953: 2946: 2908: 2886: 2870: 2845: 2813: 2808: 2730: 2710: 2439:

Wat Huakhua on eastern bank of Kuang river was the center of Tai Yong community from

2255: 2117: 1476: 1402: 1290: 1272: 1241: 1156: 1152: 1099: 873: 711: 558: 508: 349: 240: 144: 5758: 748:, Kawila's brother-in-law, brought relief forces from Bangkok to repel the Burmese. 17: 5052:

Grabowsky, Volter (2017). "Population Dynamics in Lan Na during the 19th Century".

4614: 4502: 3976: 3894: 3851: 2894: 2882: 2878: 2804: 2792: 2788: 2706: 2212: 1865: 1814: 1465: 1451: 1359: 1268: 1229: 1221: 1178: 1168: 1140: 793: 401: 331: 5146:

Asymmetrical Neighbors: Borderland State Building Between China and Southeast Asia

4792:

Forced Resettlement Campaigns in Northern Thailand during the Early Bangkok Period

1475:

The modern descendants of the rulers of Chiang Mai bear the surname Na Chiangmai (

818:

is one of the few structures that survived the destruction of Chiang Saen in 1804.

4477: 4448: 4267: 4094: 4019: 3952: 3928: 3886: 3178:

s, the fact that allowed resistance from Lanna rulers to re-exert their powers.

2942: 2796: 2752: 2698: 1940: 1922: 1517:

Kingdom of Chiang Mai was rather a federation of three princedoms – Chiang Mai,

1347: 1258:

In 1875, King Chulalongkorn appointed Phra Narinthra Ratchaseni to be the first

1237: 956: 860: 752: 32: 5263: 4605:

Idea of Protestant Christian proselytizing of Lanna-Lao people originated from

2981: 1128: 5742: 5440: 5333:

From Extraterritoriality to Equality: Thailand's Foreign Relations 1855 - 1939

4628: 4552:

or Buddhist rules and also upheld local Lanna traditions and customs known as

4533: 4491: 4484: 4166: 4027: 3979:

was founded in 1874 and Bangkok ordered Chiang Mai to restore Chiang Saen and

3842: 3838: 3813: 3784: 3746: 3705: 3194:

the Minister of Interior announced the formation of British-colonial-inspired

3120: 2854: 2837: 2702: 2452: 2235: 1972: 1847: 1484: 1331: 1298: 1282: 1104: 985: 878: 811: 230: 3914:, Khuen and Lue people speak mutually intelligible languages and use similar 4498: 4287:

in the thirteenth century. Lanna society was divided roughly into the elite

4186: 3780: 3721: 3022: 2269:

Prince Boonwat Wongmanit the penultimate ruler of Lampang from 1898 to 1922.

1560:

titles granted by Bangkok to Lanna lords including, in descending prestige;

1541:

and economic tributes requested by Bangkok including teak logs and lacquer.

1538: 1499: 918: 789: 740: 5750: 4210:

Monthon Lao Chiang was established over Lanna in 1894. Lanna was put under

964:

Lanna lords were asked by Bangkok to contribute forces to quell Anouvong's

796:

to capture Mong Hsat and Chom Hong. Thammalangka then proceeded to capture

5787:

Murashima, Eiji (2019). "The origins of Chinese nationalism in Thailand".

4676:

Tort, Custom, and Karma: Globalization and Legal Consciousness in Thailand

4601:

Wooden building of the First Church of Chiang Mai was constructed in 1891.

2956:

was regarded as traditional border between Lanna and Burmese Shan States.

2763: 4882:

Woman Between Two Kingdoms: Dara Rasami and the Making of Modern Thailand

3932: 3461: 3008: 1034: 886: 771: 484: 5448: 5424: 1781: 690: 5716:

Intercourse between Burma and Siam as recorded in Hmannan Yazawindawgyi

5692: 5668: 4636: 4433: 4172: 4120: 4015: 3713: 3709: 3196: 2924: 2735: 2726: 2483: 2444: 2228: 1905: 1882: 1644: 1546: 1522: 1518: 1372: 1246: 1067: 1051: 1016: 942: 896: 842: 698: 610: 489: 5774:

BCIM Economic Cooperation: Interplay of Geo-economics and Geo-politics

4218:

government took control of state finance from Lanna lords. It was the

4026:

arrived in Chiang Mai to purchase cattle to feed British garrisons at

1278: 4822:

Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred

4548: 4542: 4399: 4284: 4010: 4003: 3788: 3776: 3762: 3726: 2904: 2841: 2722: 2616: 2296: 2251: 1976: 1787: 1530: 989: 766:

in 1797. Kawila again held the city out until Prince Sura Singhanat,

718: 702: 694: 656: 634: 630: 597: 566: 443: 375: 307: 5684: 655:, 'to liberate from Burma') movement. King Taksin sent his generals 5097: 4581:

without official government endorsement. Like in Central Siam, the

5425:"Modernization and Centralization in Northern Thailand, 1875-1910" 5098:"The "International Court" System in the Colonial History of Siam" 4596: 4515: 4394: 4171: 3809: 3220: 3076: 2817: 1643:, which was a noble rank in Central Siamese bureaucracy. In 1853, 1494: 1406: 1358: 1212: 1127: 1007: 917: 895:

people from Mong Yawng, were deported to settle in Chiang Mai and

841: 785: 689: 562: 531:

Rattanatingsa Aphinawa Puri Si Khuru Rattha Phra Nakhon Chiang Mai

528: 4102:

loggers suing Lanna overlords in legal dispute cases. Signing of

4014:

Shan and Yunnanese merchants in cattle and horse caravans. Teak,

3054:, in which Siamese government at Bangkok was entitled to appoint 1659:

rank initially. In 1853, the ruler of Chiang Mai was elevated to

5172:

The Lost Territories: Thailand's History of National Humiliation

4710:

A Brief History of Lanna: Northern Thailand from Past to Present

4046: 3733:, was still flourishing because it remained under Burmese rule. 1472:

who sought to unify Thailand and suppress regional differences.

1095: 3598:

Recognition of British acquisition of trans-Salween Shan states

1663:

or King whereas rulers of Lampang and Lamphun were elevated to

792:

in direct challenge to Kawila. Kawila sent his younger brother

3877:

in 1805 and deported the whole 10,000 Tai Yong (a subgroup of

1370:

became Minister of Interior in 1892 and proposed formation of

26: 5714:

Phraison Salarak (Thien Subindu), Luang (February 15, 1916).

2077:

1856–1867: Thammapanyo (cousin), son of Khamfam, died in 1867

705:

from Burma to Siam and in defenses against Burmese invasions.

5669:"Thai Regional Elites and the Reforms of King Chulalongkorn" 2387:), son of Duangthip, retired in 1893 and died the same year. 1220:(r. 1873–1896), last king of a semi-independent Chiang Mai. 4352:

were not tattooed like their Central Siamese counterparts.

4022:, ivory and cattle were native products of Lanna. In 1829, 1633:

These titles were collectively known as the 'Five Titles' (

1293:

in 1886. She played important role in Lanna-Siam relations.

971:

The British gained first foothold in Burma in aftermath of

5522:

A Brief History of Lan Na: Civilizations of North Thailand

1289:, entered Bangkok royal palace as one of the consorts of 1192:

At the death of Kawilorot in 1870, his son-in-law Uparaj

1968:

Richardson's visit to Lanna in 1829, 1834, 1835 and 1836

1139:

missionary, went to Chiang Mai in 1867 to establish the

1070:

then appointed Nan Suriyawong, a son of Kawila, as King

5196:

AHP 48 GREAT LORDS OF THE SKY: BURMA'S SHAN ARISTOCRACY

5124:

Regions and National Integration in Thailand, 1892-1992

4223:

Other Lanna princes and nobles received lesser shares.

4106:

by Bangkok in 1855 complicated the issue as it granted

872:) in Thai sources. Trans-Salween states to the east of 3165:

Financial reforms: Central-Siamese style taxation and

1413:

who distributed 'salary' to Lanna rulers and princes.

4647:

in Lanna. Government powers of Kawilorot's successor

4334:

of Lanna were subjected to periodic corvée levy. The

3501:

Collaborated with Inthawichayanon against the reforms

3318:

Sent troops to expel Kengtung forces from Chiang Saen

2153:

1873–1882: Bunthawong (younger brother), died in 1882

1835:

Repelled Burmese attacks in 1786, 1788, 1797 and 1802

1674:

intervened in Chiang Mai's royal succession, lifting

1111:

In 1855, Siamese government in Bangkok concluded the

604:

had been mostly under Burmese rule. With the Burmese

561:

in 1899. The kingdom was a successor of the medieval

4577:

reverence. Some monks were praised and respected as

2486:, younger brother of Kawila, endorsed by Bangkok as 1764:

Abandoned Chiang Mai in 1777 due to Burmese Invasion

1458:

put the end to both Lanna ceremonial titles and the

881:. In the same year, around 10,000 people, including 5550:

Culture and Power in Traditional Siamese Government

5524:(Subsequent ed.). Silkworm Books. p. 85. 3749:just outside of Thaphae Gate, was a head temple of 3169:

auction system were introduced to generate revenue.

755:man around four corners of the city and staying at 546: 477: 398: 385: 372: 359: 341: 325: 313: 301: 287: 277: 267: 246: 236: 226: 212: 150: 131: 57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4980:Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation 4315:were family members of the rulers who were of the 1525:, whose rulers were united by being from the same 1267:in Lanna. To combat Kengtung and Shan aggression, 5616:China and Southeast Asia: Historical Interactions 5351:Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom As Modern Nation State 4623:), a local Lanna man, was baptised on January 3. 2709:, during his mission to Bangkok to negotiate the 2173:Anglo-Siamese Chiangmai Treaties of 1874 and 1883 2109:Persecution of Lanna Protestant Christians (1869) 1275:were restored in 1881 to push boundaries claims. 5833:Society of Economic Anthropology (U.S.) (2006). 1925:(cousin), son of Phoruean (brother of Chaikaew) 1647:decided to elevate the rank of Lanna lords from 735:to the south of Chiang Mai. In 1785, during the 5809:Capital and Entrepreneurship in South-East Asia 5287:Sharing Jesus Effectively in the Buddhist World 4143:sent Phra Narinthra Ratchaseni to be the first 3001:of Chiang Mai organized the 'Five Shan Towns' ( 2795:to the east, Kengtung to the north and Salween 2701:of Chiang Mai wrote a letter to the British at 2619:that endured during centuries of Burmese rule. 1387:s and centrally-appointed officials. After the 4805:Stratton, Carol; Scott, Miriam McNair (2004). 3118:Government reforms: Central-Siamese style Six 2738:(Lakon or Lagong in British sources) in 1835. 2195:Figurehead rulers under Siamese administration 1750:killed by Phaya Chaban Boonma himself in 1778 866:, which were known collectively as Lue-Khuen ( 846:Expeditions by Lanna princedoms into northern 5984:States and territories disestablished in 1899 3183:collector system should be discontinued. The 2977:Anglo–Siamese dispute over Trans–Salween area 2312:Duangthip, younger brother of Kawila, became 1885:(younger brother), formerly ruler of Lamphun 8: 5567:(2nd ed.). Silkworm Books. p. 179. 5383:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4730:(2nd ed.). Silkworm Books. p. 143. 2493:1815–1827: Boonma, younger brother of Kawila 922:Territorial speculation of dominions of the 549:ᩁᨲ᩠ᨲᨶᨲᩥᩴᩈᩣᩋᨽᩥᨶᩅᨷᩩᩁᩦᩈᩕᩦᨣᩩᩁᩩᩁᨭᩛᨻᩕᨶᨣᩬᩁᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ 518:รัตนติงสาอภินวปุรีสรีคุรุรัฎฐพระนครเชียงใหม่ 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 3158:, were introduced to preside over existing 3068:or royal commissioner of the Three Cities ( 1363:Map of Chiang Mai as Monthon Phayap in 1900 1297:In 1881, there was rumor about adoption of 725:appointed Kawila as Phraya Wachiraprakarn ( 5979:States and territories established in 1802 5901:A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. II 5652:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2022). 4618: 4557: 4527: 4521: 3803: 3653: 3641: 3622: 3610: 3584: 3577:formerly Phraya Thepprachun (second term) 3570: 3562: 3531: 3519: 3490: 3478: 3445: 3433: 3401: 3378: 3366: 3345: 3333: 3307: 3295: 3287: 3279: 3228: 3202: 3129: 3069: 3059: 3016: 3002: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2629: 2596: 2583: 2570: 2557: 2544: 2527: 2514: 2501: 2421: 2408: 2395: 2382: 2369: 2350: 2337: 2324: 2133: 2049: 2016: 2004: 1946: 1945:Phraya Kaka Wannathiparaj Wachiraprakarn ( 1913: 1873: 1805: 1793: 1780: 1739: 1728: 1634: 1624: 1614: 1602: 1590: 1578: 1446:system. Dissention about changes inspired 1433: 1392: 1378: 1172: 867: 824: 779: 726: 650: 516: 191: 136: 128: 5305:Gift and Duty: Where Grace and Merit Meet 5102:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 4566:in Lanna, in contrast to Central Siamese 3866:inhabitants of Kengtung, including their 2490:in 1814, later became ruler of Chiang Mai 1502:sent from Chiang Mai to Bangkok, kept at 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 4041: 3828:who were deported to Chiang Mai in 1802. 3797: 3757:who were deported to Chiang Mai in 1804. 3753:Chiang Saen, originating from people of 3740: 3253: 2980: 2762: 2539:Chailangka, son of Khamfan, elevated to 2434: 2264: 2222: 1685: 1277: 1081: 806: 5918:"U.S.-Thai Friendship in Public Health" 5863:Theravada Buddhism in Colonial Contexts 5718:. Bangkok: Journal of the Siam Society. 5418: 5416: 5414: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 4807:Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand 4666: 4526:), now called Wat Saen Mueangma Luang ( 4505:, Wat Muen Ngeon Kong, Wat Mahawan (of 1832:until restoration of Chiang Mai in 1797 245: 235: 5922:U.S. Embassy and Consulate in Thailand 5912: 5910: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5874: 5872: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5647: 5645: 5634:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (1997). 5629: 5627: 5625: 5609: 5607: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5543: 5541: 5502: 5492: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5376: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5344: 5342: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5298: 5296: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 4956:Tourism and Monarchy in Southeast Asia 4253:the Minister of Interior to found the 4110:to the British in Siam. In 1860, King 3294:later promoted to Phraya Thepprachun ( 2755:, which was under Chinese suzerainty. 784:, 'Great New city as jeweled abode of 553:) was the vassal state of the Siamese 5807:Ampalavanar Brown, Rajeswary (2016). 5772:Thomas, Joshua; Das, Garudas (2018). 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4991: 4989: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4936:Regional Economic History of Thailand 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4674:Engel, David; Engel, Jaruwan (2010). 4440:according their origins. There were; 4176:Princess Ubonwanna, daughter of King 4061:Teak forest was abundant in Lanna or 4038:Arrival of British loggers: 1840–1874 4009:Situating between Burma to the west, 3745:Wat Mahawan, on eastern outskirts of 3681:Extension of reforms to Nan and Phrae 3409:Prince Kromma Muen Phichit Prichakorn 3107:Prince Kromma Muen Phichit Prichakorn 1595:); usually held by a son of the ruler 1271:was founded in 1874, Chiang Saen and 1021:Lanna-Siamese expeditions to Kengtung 397: 384: 371: 358: 354: 324: 312: 300: 296: 286: 7: 5614:Wade, Geoff; Chin, James K. (2018). 5246:Chambers, Paul; Pascal, Eva (2009). 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4721: 4719: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4402:moved the Chiang Mai city pillar or 3038:Elias and becoming a part of modern 1303:Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 885:people from Kengtung along with its 55:adding citations to reliable sources 6009:Former monarchies of Southeast Asia 5835:Labor in Cross-cultural Perspective 4266:to reach Bangkok, with stopover at 3675:Establishment of Monthon Lao Chiang 3418:Laid claims to trans-Salween states 2697:, which had not yet finished, Lord 2588:), son of Dara Direkrattana Phairoj 1965:Known as Lord of the Peaceful Reign 577:and came under Thonburi tributary. 5954:Former countries in Southeast Asia 5731:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5548:Englehart, Neil A. (31 May 2018). 5489:. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 85. 5429:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 4206:Incorporation into Siam: 1894–1899 3795:were evacuated and left deserted. 3678:Reintroduction of previous reforms 2506:), became ruler of Lampang in 1838 2305:Khamsom, younger brother of Kawila 1792:1782–1802: Phraya Wachiraprakarn ( 1767:Died in prison at Thonburi in 1779 1607:), held by a relative of the ruler 1539:ceremonial golden and silver trees 1432:In December 1899, Monthon Phayap ( 1301:, daughter of Inthawichayanon, by 802:send invading forces to Chiang Mai 363:Siamese conquest of Lan Na Kingdom 25: 5881:Mission History of Asian Churches 5331:Suthiwartnarueput, Owart (2021). 4880:Castro-Woodhouse, Leslie (2020). 4631:to establish themselves in 1869. 4509:Chiang Saen) and Wat Muensan (of 4295:'freemen' commoners and non-free 3820:Khuen sect, originating from the 2849:towns under their jurisdictions; 2462:and deported about 10,000 ethnic 2176:Reforms and Integration into Siam 2090:(son-in-law), grandson of Khamfan 1321:In 1884, Chulalongkorn appointed 643:to attack Burmese-held Chiang Mai 592:Siamese conquest of Lan Na (1775) 5944:Former countries in Thai history 5789:The Thammasat Journal of History 4958:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 4824:. University of Wisconsin Press. 3947:in the same year. In 1850, Lord 3595:Abandonment of preceding reforms 2451:Lamphun was the seat of Ancient 2206:, 1901-1909 (Siam annexed Lanna) 926:, tributary to Siam, around 1850 633:. In December 1774, the Siamese 461: 436: 177: 31: 6004:1890s disestablishments in Siam 5198:. ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES. 3850:Chiang Mai forces under Uparaj 1029:Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855) 1015:, younger half-brother of King 686:Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805) 682:Burmese–Siamese War (1797–1798) 678:Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786) 42:needs additional citations for 5994:1899 disestablishments in Asia 5636:Traders of the Golden Triangle 5474:. Silkworm Books. p. 201. 5470:Sarassawadee Ongsakul (2005). 4978:Winichakul, Thongchai (1997). 4938:. ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute. 3415:Introduced fundamental reforms 2215:, 1911-1939 (title abolished) 2071:Phrachao Kawilorot Suriyawong 2003:1847–1854: Phraya Chiang Mai ( 1817:or Noi Tham (younger brother) 1571:; the ruler of each princedom. 596:Since the Burmese conquest of 529: 1: 5656:. Cambridge University Press. 5252:Journal of World Christianity 5174:. University of Hawaii Press. 4982:. University of Hawaii Press. 4794:. Journal of Siamese Society. 3873:Uparaj Thammalangka captured 3031:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 2634:) – the council composing of 2100:'s visit to Chiang Mai (1860) 2027:son of Khamfan, died in 1856 1948:พระยากากวรรณทีปะราชวชิรปราการ 1389:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 573:in 1774. It was ruled by the 202: 5999:1800s establishments in Siam 5673:The Journal of Asian Studies 5520:Penth, Hans (1 March 2001). 5485:Thanet Charoenmuang (1995). 5423:Ramsay, James Ansil (1976). 4954:Porananond, Ploysri (2016). 4934:Ouyyanont, Porphant (2018). 4678:. Stanford University Press. 4323:or 'Lord Owner of the Life'. 2543:Chailangka Phisansophakkul ( 1487:under his 1912 Surname Act. 5989:1802 establishments in Asia 5899:Moffett, Samuel H. (2014). 5883:. William Carey Publishing. 5552:. Cornell University Press. 5371:"THE PACIFICATION OF BURMA" 5289:. William Carey Publishing. 5126:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 4884:. Cornell University Press. 4244:Danish East Asiatic Company 4053:) is native to mountainous 3999:Continental Southeast Asian 3363:Phraya Ratcha Sampharakorn 3286:Phra Narinthra Ratchaseni ( 2767:Three princedoms under the 2556:Dara Direkrattana Phairoj ( 2546:เจ้าไชยลังกาพิศาลโสภาคย์คุณ 2179:Phaya Phap Rebellion (1889) 1999:formerly known as Mahawong 1804:Phra Boromma Rachathibodi ( 1054:appointed Mahawong as King 586:Transfer from Burma to Siam 6025: 5369:Croswaithe, Charles, Sir. 5349:Keyes, Charles F. (2019). 5272:10.5325/jworlchri.2.1.0029 5264:10.5325/jworlchri.2.1.0029 5148:. Oxford University Press. 5122:Grabowsky, Volker (1995). 4820:Ferguson, Jane M. (2021). 4790:Grabowsky, Volker (1999). 4369:of the slaves belonged to 4114:of Chiang Mai asserted to 2601:), son of Inthayongyotchot 2468:Wat Phra That Hariphunchai 2065:Chao Kawilorot Suriyawong 2034:Expeditions to Chiang Tung 2015:Phrachao Mahotaraprathet ( 1456:Siamese Revolution of 1932 1026: 675: 589: 547: 540: 387:• Became part of the 151: 5964:Former monarchies of Asia 5879:Park, Timothy K. (2011). 5861:Borchert, Thomas (2018). 5743:10.1017/S0022463400012200 5667:Vickery, Michael (1970). 5565:Thailand: A Short History 5441:10.1017/S0022463400010249 5303:De Neui, Paul H. (2017). 5194:Simms, Sao Sanda (2017). 4728:Thailand: A Short History 4619: 4558: 4528: 4522: 4065:. British acquisition of 3812:on southern outskirts of 3804: 3654: 3642: 3623: 3611: 3592: 3585: 3571: 3555: 3550: 3539: 3532: 3520: 3507: 3491: 3479: 3446: 3434: 3430:Phraya Montri Suriyawong 3407: 3379: 3367: 3346: 3334: 3308: 3296: 3288: 3229: 3203: 3130: 3082:Prince Phichit Prichakorn 3070: 3060: 3017: 3003: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2630: 2597: 2584: 2571: 2558: 2545: 2528: 2515: 2502: 2474:List of rulers of Lamphun 2422: 2409: 2396: 2394:Norananthachai Chawalit ( 2383: 2370: 2351: 2338: 2325: 2287:List of rulers of Lampang 2148:Phrachao Inthawichayanon 2017: 2005: 1947: 1914: 1874: 1806: 1794: 1740: 1729: 1682:List of Chiang Mai rulers 1635: 1625: 1615: 1603: 1591: 1579: 1480: 1434: 1393: 1379: 1323:Prince Phichit Prichakorn 1173: 1108:loggers and Lanna lords. 1040:Prince Wongsathirat Sanit 1013:Prince Wongsathirat Sanit 868: 825: 780: 727: 651: 613:in 1732. The new Burmese 600:in 1558, Lanna or modern 517: 512: 415: 411: 355: 337: 303:• 1802–1813 (first) 297: 190: 174: 169: 137: 5811:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 5307:. Resource Publications. 4532:), was a head temple in 4432:, dated to the times of 4428:. Kawila also moved the 4426:the temple of Doi Suthep 4291:class and the non-elite 4199:Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 4137:Chiangmai Treaty of 1874 3963:In the 1870s, Kolan the 3390:Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 3099:Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 3052:Chiangmai Treaty of 1874 3040:Myanmar-Thailand borders 2559:เจ้าดาราดิเรกรัตนไพโรจน์ 2413:), son of Norananthachai 2227:Wat Pongsanuk temple in 1761:Not from Chetton dynasty 1672:Chaophraya Si Suriyawong 1311:Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 1251:Chiangmai Treaty of 1874 1249:in 1873 to conclude the 1044:Second Anglo-Burmese War 501:Kingdom of Rattanatingsa 327:• 1910–1939 (last) 5865:. Taylor & Francis. 5776:. Taylor & Francis. 5618:. Taylor & Francis. 5598:Journal of Siam Society 5589:Turton, Andrew (1998). 5563:David K. Wyatt (2004). 5353:. Taylor & Francis. 5054:Journal of Siam Society 4996:Suarez, Thomas (2012). 4726:David K. Wyatt (2004). 4572:at Bangkok. There were 4165:on the eastern bank of 4093:or overlord princes so 4071:First Anglo-Burmese War 4024:David Lester Richardson 3993:Pre-modern: Before 1840 3766:established himself at 3569:Chaophraya Phonlathep ( 3457:Third Anglo-Burmese War 3211:and cession of Laos to 2994:Third Anglo-Burmese War 2716:David Lester Richardson 2695:First-Anglo Burmese War 2400:), son of Worayanrangsi 2204:Inthawarorot Suriyawong 2036:in 1850, 1852 and 1853. 1512:Bangkok National Museum 1448:Shan Rebellion of Phrae 1440:Inthawarorot Suriyawong 1074:of Chiang Mai in 1856. 977:David Lester Richardson 973:First Anglo-Burmese War 641:marched his army north 374:• Installation of 237:Official languages 66:"Kingdom of Chiang Mai" 5170:Strate, Shane (2015). 5096:Iijima, Akiko (2008). 4602: 4537: 4430:Chiang Mai city pillar 4413: 4408:from Wat Inthakhin to 4255:Department of Forestry 4232:British Borneo Company 4181: 4058: 3829: 3758: 3487:Thongchin Charuchinda 3105:sent his half-brother 3093: 2989: 2772: 2448: 2381:Phrommaphipong Thada ( 2270: 2231: 1748:Noi Konkaew (nephew), 1736:Phraya Wachiraprakarn 1514: 1500:Ceremonial golden tree 1426:Department of Forestry 1418:British Borneo Company 1364: 1294: 1225: 1144: 1091: 1024: 927: 855: 819: 706: 697:, originally ruler of 5654:A History of Thailand 4600: 4519: 4398: 4240:Bombay Burmah Company 4175: 4045: 3801: 3744: 3671:Franco-Siamese crisis 3209:Franco-Siamese crisis 3080: 2984: 2766: 2595:Chakkham Khachonsak ( 2438: 2410:เจ้าบุญวาทย์วงษ์มานิต 2268: 2226: 2025:Phimphisan (cousin), 1498: 1483:) as granted by King 1470:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 1422:Bombay Burmah Company 1362: 1355:Integration into Siam 1281: 1216: 1153:Shan state of Mawkmai 1137:American Presbyterian 1131: 1085: 1011: 921: 845: 810: 746:Prince Sura Singhanat 693: 505:Kingdom of Chiang Mai 400:• Death of Lord 133:Kingdom of Chiang Mai 5969:Rulers of Chiang Mai 5949:19th century in Siam 5638:. Cognoscenti Books. 5000:. Tuttle Publishing. 4708:Penth, Hans (2001). 4625:Kawilorot Suriyawong 4382:construction works. 4112:Kawilorot Suriyawong 4083:British Indian rupee 3542:Phaya Phap Rebellion 3533:บุตร บุณยรัตน์พันธุ์ 2575:), son of Chailangka 2569:Hemphinthuphaichit ( 2562:), son of Chailangka 2456:Hariphunchai Kingdom 2057:Kawilorot Suriyawong 1959:son of Thammalangka 1730:พระยาจ่าบ้าน (บุญมา) 1726:Phaya Chaban Boonma 1088:Kawilorot Suriyawong 1078:Arrival of modernity 1072:Kawilorot Suriyawong 1004:Kengtung expeditions 914:Vassalage to Bangkok 829:), establishing the 723:Rattanakosin Kingdom 555:Rattanakosin Kingdom 457:Kingdom of Siam 51:improve this article 18:Kingdom of Chiangmai 5974:Chiang Mai province 5285:Lim, David (2005). 4645:freedom of religion 4108:extraterritoriality 3638:Phraya Songsuradet 3551:Prince Sonnabandit 3475:Phraya Phetphichai 3435:พระยามนตรีสุริยวงศ์ 3255: 3124:Departments called 2771:and their expansion 2598:เจ้าจักรคำขจรศักดิ์ 2407:Boonwat Wongmanit ( 1710:(heir presumptive) 1687: 1504:Phutthai Sawan Hall 1466:Prince Kaew Nawarat 1299:Princess Dararasami 1283:Princess Dararasami 1265:freedom of religion 1224:is named after him. 1147:In 1865, Kolan the 1117:extraterritoriality 838:Northern expansions 5144:Han, Enze (2019). 4654:King Chulalongkorn 4603: 4540:Traditional Lanna 4538: 4414: 4391:Theravada Buddhism 4236:Louis T. Leonowens 4182: 4141:King Chulalongkorn 4127:Reforms: 1874–1894 4059: 3971:seized control of 3912:Yuan Northern Thai 3830: 3816:, was a temple of 3759: 3342:Suea Phayakkhanan 3330:Phraya Ratchasena 3254: 3103:King Chulalongkorn 3094: 3086:King Chulalongkorn 3084:, half-brother of 3071:ข้าหลวงสามหัวเมือง 3004:เมืองเงี้ยวทั้งห้า 2990: 2773: 2646:Phraya Saenluang ( 2611:Central government 2582:Inthayongyotchot ( 2572:เจ้าเหมพินธุไพจิตร 2449: 2397:เจ้านรนันทไชยชวลิต 2384:เจ้าพรหมาภิพงษธาดา 2271: 2232: 2018:พระเจ้ามโหตรประเทศ 1910:Phraya Chiang Mai 1870:Phraya Chiang Mai 1686: 1611:Phraya Mueang Kaew 1515: 1365: 1295: 1291:King Chulalongkorn 1242:King Chulalongkorn 1226: 1145: 1120:reality. In 1860, 1092: 1025: 928: 891:Sao Kawng Tai and 856: 820: 781:รัตนติงสาอภินวบุรี 768:Prince Thepharirak 707: 272:Theravada Buddhism 5837:. AltaMira Press. 5531:978-974-7551-32-7 5472:History of Lan Na 4712:. Silkworm Books. 4607:Dan Beach Bradley 4529:วัดแสนเมืองมาหลวง 4483:Nikai Yong (from 4116:Robert Schomburgk 4063:Northern Thailand 3973:Mae Hong Son area 3958:Robert Schomburgk 3908:Northern Thailand 3699:When the Burmese 3687: 3686: 3528:But Bunyaratphan 3368:พระยาราชสัมภารากร 2971:Mae Hong Son area 2777:Northern Thailand 2374:), son of Khamsom 2355:), son of Khamsom 2342:), son of Khamsom 2329:), son of Khamsom 2316:or Prince in 1826 2192: 2191: 2186:Lao Chiang (1894) 2182:Establishment of 2120:into Lanna (1869) 2106:'s arrival (1867) 2098:Robert Schomburgk 1135:(1828-1911), the 1122:Robert Schomburgk 764:attack Chiang Mai 717:In 1782, the new 672:Burmese invasions 661:Chaophraya Surasi 657:Chaophraya Chakri 602:Northern Thailand 527: 498: 497: 473: 472: 469: 468: 449: 448: 315:• 1871–1897 197:Dominions of the 127: 126: 119: 101: 16:(Redirected from 6016: 5926: 5925: 5914: 5905: 5904: 5896: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5858: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5813: 5812: 5804: 5793: 5792: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5649: 5640: 5639: 5631: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5595: 5586: 5569: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5536: 5535: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5420: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5309: 5308: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5243: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5176: 5175: 5167: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5106: 5105: 5093: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5002: 5001: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4975: 4960: 4959: 4951: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4886: 4885: 4877: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4787: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4705: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4622: 4621: 4611:Daniel McGilvary 4561: 4560: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4520:Wat Hua Khuang ( 4444:Nikai Chiang Mai 4303:composed of the 4279:Social Structure 4264:Chaophraya river 3807: 3806: 3701:Konbaung dynasty 3657: 3656: 3645: 3644: 3626: 3625: 3614: 3613: 3607:Phraya Kraikosa 3588: 3587: 3586:พุ่ม ศรีไชยยันต์ 3574: 3573: 3566: 3535: 3534: 3523: 3522: 3516:Phraya Mahathep 3494: 3493: 3492:ทองจีน จารุจินดา 3482: 3481: 3449: 3448: 3437: 3436: 3405: 3382: 3381: 3380:เลื่อน สุรนันทน์ 3370: 3369: 3349: 3348: 3337: 3336: 3311: 3310: 3309:พุ่ม ศรีไชยยันต์ 3299: 3298: 3291: 3290: 3289:พระนรินทรราชเสนี 3283: 3256: 3232: 3231: 3213:French Indochina 3206: 3205: 3160:Khao Sanam Luang 3133: 3132: 3073: 3072: 3063: 3062: 3020: 3019: 3007:) of Mong Hsat, 3006: 3005: 2987: 2678: 2677: 2673:Phraya Dekchai ( 2669: 2668: 2660: 2659: 2651: 2650: 2640:Khao Sanam Luang 2633: 2632: 2626:Khao Sanam Luang 2600: 2599: 2587: 2586: 2585:เจ้าอินทยงยศโชติ 2574: 2573: 2561: 2560: 2548: 2547: 2532:), son of Boonma 2531: 2530: 2519:), son of Boonma 2518: 2517: 2505: 2504: 2425: 2424: 2412: 2411: 2399: 2398: 2386: 2385: 2373: 2372: 2354: 2353: 2341: 2340: 2328: 2327: 2248:David Richardson 2137: 2104:Daniel McGilvary 2053: 2020: 2019: 2008: 2007: 1950: 1949: 1917: 1916: 1877: 1876: 1809: 1808: 1797: 1796: 1784: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1731: 1688: 1638: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1606: 1605: 1594: 1593: 1582: 1581: 1552:heir presumptive 1482: 1437: 1436: 1396: 1395: 1382: 1381: 1176: 1175: 1165:Daniel McGilvary 1133:Daniel McGilvary 948:heir presumptive 871: 870: 828: 827: 783: 782: 737:Nine Armies' War 730: 729: 654: 653: 615:Konbaung dynasty 575:Chet Ton dynasty 552: 551: 550: 544: 543: 534: 533: 522: 520: 519: 514: 465: 464: 453: 452: 440: 439: 433: 432: 417: 416: 346:Early modern era 248:Spoken languages 207: 204: 199:Chet Ton dynasty 195: 181: 164: 156: 155: 154: 148: 140: 139: 129: 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 100: 59: 35: 27: 21: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6013: 5959:Former kingdoms 5934: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5916: 5915: 5908: 5898: 5897: 5888: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5860: 5859: 5842: 5832: 5831: 5816: 5806: 5805: 5796: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5685:10.2307/2943093 5666: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5633: 5632: 5623: 5613: 5612: 5605: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5572: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5501: 5491: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5422: 5421: 5392: 5375: 5368: 5367: 5358: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5330: 5329: 5312: 5302: 5301: 5294: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5245: 5244: 5203: 5193: 5192: 5179: 5169: 5168: 5153: 5143: 5142: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5109: 5095: 5094: 5061: 5051: 5050: 5005: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4977: 4976: 4963: 4953: 4952: 4943: 4933: 4932: 4889: 4879: 4878: 4829: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4809:. Buppha Press. 4804: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4788: 4735: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4707: 4706: 4683: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4649:Inthawichayanon 4595: 4501:, Wat Phantao, 4418:Wat Chedi Luang 4410:Wat Chedi Luang 4393: 4388: 4317:Chetton dynasty 4281: 4276: 4208: 4191:Sansai district 4155:Teochew Chinese 4133:Inthawichayanon 4129: 4051:Tectona grandis 4040: 4004:barter exchange 3995: 3990: 3924: 3862:in 1802. 6,000 3834:Chetton dynasty 3802:Wat Yangkuang ( 3739: 3697: 3692: 3581:Phum Sichaiyan 3347:เสือ พยัคฆนันท์ 3304:Phum Sichaiyan 3252: 3180:Inthawichayanon 3048: 2985: 2979: 2769:Chetton dynasty 2761: 2686: 2664:Phraya Chaban ( 2655:Phraya Samlan ( 2613: 2608: 2476: 2433: 2368:Worayanrangsi ( 2289: 2221: 2207: 2141:Inthawichayanon 1995:Mahotaraprathet 1971:Restoration of 1824:Chetton dynasty 1807:พระบรมราชาธิบดี 1795:พระยาวชิรปราการ 1757:Thonburi Period 1741:พระยาวชิรปราการ 1684: 1527:Chetton dynasty 1493: 1462:system itself. 1357: 1287:Inthawichayanon 1218:Inthawichayanon 1211: 1209:Reform attempts 1202:Inthawichayanon 1080: 1056:Mahotaraprathet 1031: 1006: 924:Chetton dynasty 916: 840: 831:Chetton dynasty 826:พระบรมราชาธิบดี 728:พระยาวชิรปราการ 688: 676:Main articles: 674: 606:Toungoo dynasty 594: 588: 583: 548: 542:ᨻᩕᨶᨣᩬᩁᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ 541: 494: 462: 437: 404: 391: 378: 368:15 January 1775 365: 328: 320:Inthawichayanon 316: 304: 282:Mandala kingdom 263: 249: 208: 205: 186: 185: 182: 165: 158: 153:ᨻᩕᨶᨣᩬᩁᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ 152: 149: 142: 134: 123: 112: 106: 103: 60: 58: 48: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6022: 6020: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5927: 5906: 5903:. Orbis Books. 5886: 5868: 5840: 5814: 5794: 5779: 5764: 5721: 5706: 5679:(4): 863–881. 5659: 5641: 5621: 5603: 5570: 5555: 5537: 5530: 5512: 5477: 5462: 5390: 5356: 5338: 5310: 5292: 5277: 5201: 5177: 5151: 5129: 5107: 5059: 5003: 4985: 4961: 4941: 4887: 4827: 4812: 4797: 4733: 4715: 4681: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4594: 4591: 4587:Lanna language 4495: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4422:Wat Phra Singh 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4364:There existed 4362: 4361: 4360: 4324: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4251:Prince Damrong 4207: 4204: 4128: 4125: 4104:Bowring Treaty 4039: 4036: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3923: 3920: 3916:Dharma scripts 3883: 3882: 3871: 3738: 3735: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3660: 3648: 3643:พระยาทรงสุรเดช 3636: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3619:Thet Phumirat 3617: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3579: 3572:เจ้าพระยาพลเทพ 3567: 3560: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3485: 3480:พระยาเพชรพิชัย 3473: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3375:Luean Suranan 3373: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3302: 3297:พระยาเทพประชุน 3284: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268:Personal Name 3266: 3263: 3260: 3251: 3244: 3192:Prince Damrong 3171: 3170: 3163: 3047: 3044: 2978: 2975: 2950: 2949: 2939: 2901: 2760: 2757: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2589: 2576: 2563: 2550: 2533: 2529:พระยาน้อยลังกา 2520: 2507: 2503:พระยาน้อยอินท์ 2494: 2491: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2464:Tai Lue people 2432: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2414: 2401: 2388: 2375: 2371:เจ้าวรญาณรังษี 2362: 2356: 2352:พระยาน้อยอินท์ 2343: 2330: 2317: 2306: 2299: 2288: 2285: 2220: 2217: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2073: 2059: 2054: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2029: 2023: 2006:พระยาเชียงใหม่ 2001: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1915:พระยาเชียงใหม่ 1908: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1875:พระยาเชียงใหม่ 1868: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1836: 1833: 1826: 1818: 1812: 1790: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1746: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1703: 1702:Formal Titles 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1683: 1680: 1631: 1630: 1626:พระยาบุรีรัตน์ 1621:Phraya Burirat 1619:), changed to 1616:พระยาเมืองแก้ว 1608: 1596: 1584: 1572: 1535:mandala system 1492: 1489: 1368:Prince Damrong 1356: 1353: 1309:agreed to new 1307:British Empire 1285:, daughter of 1210: 1207: 1113:Bowring Treaty 1079: 1076: 1027:Main article: 1005: 1002: 938:mandala system 915: 912: 839: 836: 673: 670: 590:Main article: 587: 584: 582: 579: 496: 495: 493: 492: 487: 481: 479: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 459: 450: 447: 446: 444:Lan Na Kingdom 441: 429: 428: 423: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 399: 396: 395: 392: 389:Monthon Phayap 386: 383: 382: 379: 373: 370: 369: 366: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 343: 342:Historical era 339: 338: 335: 334: 329: 326: 323: 322: 317: 314: 311: 310: 305: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 262: 261: 258: 252: 250: 247: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 228: 224: 223: 214: 210: 209: 196: 188: 187: 183: 176: 175: 172: 171: 167: 166: 135: 132: 125: 124: 107:September 2015 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6021: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5932: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5496: 5488: 5481: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4535: 4518: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4476:Nikai Ngiao ( 4475: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4285:Lanna kingdom 4278: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228:deforestation 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4163:Wat Ket Karam 4160: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079:British Burma 4075: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3937:Lao Rebellion 3934: 3930: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891:Salween river 3888: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3694: 3689: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3666:Kha Luang Yai 3663: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3624:เทศ ภูมิรัตน์ 3618: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3442:Chuen Bunnag 3441: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239:Kha Luang Yai 3236: 3226: 3225:Kha Luang Yai 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3204:มณฑลเทศาภิบาล 3200: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3029:The imminent 3027: 3024: 3018:เวียงไชยปรีชา 3014: 3010: 3000: 2995: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2958:British Burma 2955: 2954:Salween river 2948: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2731:Salween River 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2711:Burney Treaty 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2617:Lanna kingdom 2610: 2605: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2014: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1803: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1622: 1612: 1609: 1600: 1597: 1588: 1585: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:Lanna kingdom 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:Kha Luang Yai 1390: 1386: 1380:มณฑลเทศาภิบาล 1376: 1374: 1369: 1361: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1115:that granted 1114: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1030: 1023:in 1852–1854. 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:British Burma 978: 974: 969: 967: 966:Lao Rebellion 962: 958: 952: 949: 945: 944: 939: 934: 925: 920: 913: 911: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 889: 884: 880: 875: 874:Salween River 865: 862: 853: 849: 844: 837: 835: 832: 817: 813: 809: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 757:Wat Chiangman 754: 749: 747: 742: 738: 734: 724: 720: 715: 713: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 683: 679: 671: 669: 667: 662: 658: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 607: 603: 599: 593: 585: 580: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:Chulalongkorn 556: 545:, full name: 538: 537:Northern Thai 532: 525: 515:, full name: 510: 506: 502: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 480: 478:Today part of 476: 460: 458: 455: 454: 451: 445: 442: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 414: 410: 406: 403: 394:December 1899 393: 390: 381:December 1802 380: 377: 367: 364: 351: 350:modern period 347: 344: 340: 336: 333: 330: 321: 318: 309: 306: 292: 290: 283: 280: 276: 273: 270: 266: 259: 257: 256:Northern Thai 254: 253: 251: 242: 239: 232: 229: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 200: 194: 189: 180: 173: 168: 162: 161:Northern Thai 146: 130: 121: 118: 110: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: – 67: 63: 62:Find sources: 56: 52: 46: 45: 40:This article 38: 34: 29: 28: 19: 5931: 5921: 5900: 5880: 5862: 5834: 5808: 5788: 5782: 5773: 5767: 5737:(1): 43–68. 5734: 5730: 5724: 5715: 5709: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5653: 5635: 5615: 5597: 5564: 5558: 5549: 5521: 5515: 5486: 5480: 5471: 5465: 5435:(1): 16–32. 5432: 5428: 5350: 5332: 5304: 5286: 5280: 5258:(1): 29–81. 5255: 5251: 5195: 5171: 5145: 5123: 5101: 5053: 4997: 4979: 4955: 4935: 4881: 4821: 4815: 4806: 4800: 4791: 4727: 4709: 4675: 4669: 4642: 4637:King Mongkut 4633: 4615:Laos Mission 4604: 4593:Christianity 4582: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4437: 4434:King Mangrai 4415: 4404: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4299:slaves. The 4296: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4260: 4248: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4195: 4183: 4144: 4130: 4121:King Mongkut 4100: 4090: 4076: 4060: 4055:Indo-Malayan 4050: 4031: 4008: 3996: 3977:Mae Hong Son 3964: 3962: 3941: 3925: 3884: 3867: 3852:Thammalangka 3841:, Kuang and 3831: 3822:Khuen people 3817: 3760: 3750: 3737:Accumulation 3698: 3695:Depopulation 3665: 3651: 3639: 3620: 3612:พระยาไกรโกษา 3608: 3582: 3576: 3557: 3529: 3517: 3509: 3488: 3476: 3443: 3431: 3376: 3364: 3343: 3335:พระยาราชเสนา 3331: 3305: 3293: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3172: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3119: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3065: 3055: 3049: 3034: 3028: 3011:, Monghang, 2998: 2991: 2962: 2951: 2883:Mae Hong Son 2853:Chiang Mai: 2822:Chiang Khong 2793:Luang Namtha 2789:Vieng Phouka 2774: 2747: 2740: 2720: 2707:Henry Burney 2687: 2676:พระญาเด็กชาย 2667:พระญาจ่าบ้าน 2658:พระญาสามล้าน 2649:พระญาแสนหลวง 2639: 2635: 2631:เค้าสนามหลวง 2625: 2620: 2614: 2592: 2579: 2566: 2553: 2540: 2536: 2526:Noi Langka ( 2523: 2510: 2497: 2487: 2450: 2417: 2404: 2391: 2378: 2365: 2359: 2346: 2333: 2326:พระยาไชยวงศ์ 2320: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2293: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2259: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2213:Kaew Nawarat 2209: 2200: 2198: 2183: 2157: 2145: 2113: 2112:Invasion of 2081: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2026: 2012: 2010: 1998: 1958: 1911: 1871: 1866:Thammalangka 1815:Thammalangka 1801: 1799: 1749: 1737: 1727: 1709: 1705: 1675: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645:King Mongkut 1640: 1636:เจ้าขันห้าใบ 1632: 1620: 1610: 1598: 1586: 1574: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1545: 1543: 1516: 1508:Front Palace 1474: 1464: 1459: 1452:Kaew Nawarat 1443: 1431: 1415: 1410: 1398: 1394:มณฑลลาวเฉียง 1384: 1371: 1366: 1342: 1337: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1315: 1296: 1269:Mae Hong Son 1259: 1256: 1227: 1222:Doi Inthanon 1197: 1191: 1169:Laos Mission 1160: 1148: 1146: 1141:Laos Mission 1110: 1093: 1063: 1059: 1047: 1032: 997: 970: 960: 953: 941: 932: 929: 903: 901: 887: 864:Sipsongpanna 857: 821: 794:Thammalangka 761: 750: 716: 708: 646: 625: 622:Thado Mindin 619: 595: 530: 513:นครเชียงใหม่ 504: 500: 499: 426:Succeeded by 425: 420: 332:Kaew Nawarat 260:Central Thai 241:Central Thai 184:Coat of arms 138:นครเชียงใหม่ 113: 104: 94: 87: 80: 73: 61: 49:Please help 44:verification 41: 5503:|work= 4503:Wat Chetyot 4471:Chiang Tung 4455:Chiang Saen 4321:Chao Chiwit 4150:Tax farming 4087:Maesot Pass 3997:Like other 3953:Mong Hpayak 3929:Phutthawong 3927:where Lord 3887:Shan states 3763:King Rama I 3755:Chiang Saen 3731:Chiang Saen 3655:อั๋น บุนนาค 3521:พระยามหาเทพ 3447:ชื่น บุนนาค 3265:Title Name 3230:ข้าหลวงใหญ่ 3199:Thesaphiban 3167:tax farming 3148:Kromma Wang 2875:Chiang Saen 2859:Wiang Papao 2834:Chiang Saen 2797:Shan States 2759:Territories 2753:Chiang Hung 2699:Phutthawong 2591:1911–1943: 2578:1896–1911: 2565:1888–1896: 2552:1871–1888: 2535:1843–1871: 2522:1841–1843: 2509:1838–1841: 2496:1827–1838: 2482:1806–1815: 2423:เจ้าราชบุตร 2420:Ratchabut ( 2416:1922–1925: 2403:1898–1922: 2390:1893–1896: 2377:1873–1893: 2364:1856–1871: 2358:1848–1856: 2345:1838–1848: 2339:พระยาขัติยะ 2319:1827–1837: 2308:1794–1826: 2301:1782–1794: 2292:1775–1782: 2162:1897–1901: 2156:1882–1897: 2086:1869–1873: 2080:1867–1869: 2067:1862–1870: 2061:1856–1862: 1941:Phutthawong 1923:Phutthawong 1846:(1804) and 1844:Chiang Saen 1840:Chiang Tung 1838:Capture of 1800:1802–1816: 1667:or Prince. 1569:Chao Mueang 1481:ณ เชียงใหม่ 1375:Thesaphiban 1348:Shan States 1161:Chao Chiwit 1100:Lower Burma 957:Phutthawong 861:Chiang Hung 816:Chiang Saen 770:and Prince 719:King Rama I 666:Chiang Saen 635:King Taksin 624:became the 421:Preceded by 407:3 June 1939 206: 1883 5938:Categories 4661:References 4629:Ping river 4620:หนานอินต๊ะ 4574:Sangharaja 4569:Sangharaja 4534:Chiang Mai 4523:วัดหัวข่วง 4485:Mong Yawng 4189:in modern 4167:Ping river 4069:after the 4067:Tenasserim 3893:including 3875:Mong Yawng 3814:Chiang Mai 3785:Chiang Rai 3747:Chiang Mai 3706:Chiang Mai 3690:Demography 3650:An Bunnag 3633:1893–1899 3558:(jointly) 3556:1889–1893 3510:(jointly) 3508:1888–1889 3470:1887–1888 3425:1885–1887 3398:1884–1885 3358:1883–1884 3325:1880–1883 3300:) in 1877 3276:1875–1880 3250:s of Lanna 3152:Phrakhlang 3134:), namely 3121:Chatusadom 3109:to be the 3088:, was the 2917:Mueang Pan 2855:Chiang Rai 2838:Chiang Rai 2830:Chiangkham 2785:Mong Yawng 2691:Tenasserim 2621:Chao Muang 2606:Government 2549:) in 1854. 2516:พระยาคำตัน 2460:Mong Yawng 2441:Mong Yawng 2336:Khattiya ( 2323:Chaiwong ( 2236:Wang River 2164:Noi Suriya 2130:1873–1897 2046:1856–1870 1989:1847–1854 1973:Chiang Rai 1957:(cousin), 1935:1826–1846 1900:1823–1825 1860:1815–1822 1848:Mong Yawng 1828:Stayed at 1777:1782–1815 1721:1775–1779 1629:) in 1853. 1599:Ratchawong 1565:Chao Luang 1485:Vajiravudh 1332:Chatusadom 1325:to be new 1198:Chao Luang 1183:Chiang Dao 1174:หนานอินต๊ะ 1019:, led the 986:Chiang Rai 879:Mong Yawng 278:Government 231:Chiang Mai 77:newspapers 5701:140123610 5505:ignored ( 5495:cite book 5457:162852559 4513:Wualai). 4499:Wat 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