1110:
594:
champagne salesman, Gustave
Laviarde, impressed by the story, decided to assume the vacant throne as Aquiles I. He was appointed heir to the throne by Orélie-Antoine. The pretenders to the throne of Araucanía and Patagonia have been called monarchs and sovereigns of fantasy, "having only fanciful claims to a kingdom without legal existence and having no international recognition". Therefore the "throne of Araucanía" is sometimes the subject of disputes between "pretenders", some journalists wrote : "The memory of the French adventurer Orélie-Antoine, self-proclaimed king in 1860, and the defense of the rights of the Mapuches guide the action of this strange symbolic monarchy" and "The intensification of the
93:
1126:
81:
1021:
960:
451:
130:
670:
459:
332:
307:
1049:
781:
2218:
2650:
988:
748:
927:
852:
893:
818:
521:
He writes in his
Memoirs in 1863 "I took the title of king, by an ordinance of November 17, 1860, which established the bases of the hereditary constitutional government founded by me On November 17, I returned to Araucanía to be publicly recognized as king, which took place on December 25, 26, 27
593:
Historians Simon
Collier and William F. Sater describe the Kingdom of Araucanía as a "curious and semi-comic episode". According to travel writer Bruce Chatwin, the later history of the "kingdom" belongs rather to "the obsessions of bourgeois France than to the politics of South America." A French
435:
Arrested on
January 5, 1862 by the Chilean authorities, Antoine de Tounens was imprisoned and declared insane on September 2, 1862 by the court of Santiago and expelled to France on October 28, 1862. He later tried three times to return to Araucanía to reclaim his kingdom without success.
621:
Antoine de
Tounens had no children, but since his death in 1878, some French citizens without any familial relations to him declared to be pretenders to the "throne of Araucanía and Patagonia". Whether the Mapuche themselves accept this or are even aware of it, is unclear.
1091:
Sources are unclear on what flag, if any, Tounens used, as his "government" was never formalized. Some sources say a green-blue-white flag was used, and other sources say a blue-white-green. The green-blue-white variant of the flag was probably only hoisted by Orélie in
1109:
1434:
1835:
537:, commander of the Chilean troops, to arrest Antoine de Tounens on January 5, 1862. Tounens was then imprisoned and declared insane on September 2, 1862, by the court of Santiago and expelled to France on October 28, 1862.
1623:
549:, Mapuche chiefs revealed to Saavedra that Antoine de Tounens was once again at Araucanía. Upon hearing that his presence in Araucanía had been revealed Orélie-Antoine de Tounens fled to Argentina, having however promised
580:
On August 28, 1873, the
Criminal Court of Paris ruled that Antoine de Tounens, first "king of Araucanía and Patagonia", did not justify his claim to the status of sovereignty. He died in poverty on September 17, 1878, in
1125:
694:
Antoine de
Tounens, He founded the kingdom of Araucanía by an ordinance of 17 November 1860 and proclaimed himself or was proclaimed king by the Mapuche populations. He took the name of Orélie-Antoine
129:
3061:
92:
143:
3106:
3096:
3091:
1577:
3111:
80:
510:
did not need to depend on any other states and that the
Kingdom of Araucanía is founded with himself as monarch under the name King Orélie-Antoine I. He declared
1793:
3101:
2686:
2752:
698:. He appointed French and Mapuche ministers. Overthrown by Chilean and Argentine soldiers, he returned to France where he kept his titles until his death.
610:
565:, drew suspicions from Saavedra of some sort of French interference. Accordingly there may have been substance to these fears as information was given to
1723:
3020:
1082:
160:
1986:
Sociedad
Chilena de Historia y Geografía, Archivo Nacional (Chile): "Revista chilena de historia y geografía", p. 277. Impr. Universitaria, 1931.
1550:
605:
considers the kingdom a lost opportunity and speculates that, in a French-ruled
Araucanía, the Mapuche would have rights similar to that of the
3086:
1317:
2896:
2109:
1344:
1271:
1343:
Trigger, Bruce G.; Washburn, Wilcomb E.; Adams, Richard E. W.; Salomon, Frank; Schwartz, Stuart B.; MacLeod, Murdo J. (September 10, 1996).
499:, Supreme Chieftain of the Mapuches, possibly in the belief that their cause might be better served with a European acting on their behalf.
2547:
1535:
1374:
1957:
2742:
2679:
2167:
2083:
1852:
1803:
1776:
1733:
1696:
1675:
1650:
1560:
1519:
1484:
1444:
1414:
1384:
1354:
1327:
598:
in recent years has given a new purpose to the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia, long considered an absurdity by French society."
1578:"Orllie-Antoine 1er, roi d'Araucanie et de Patagonie: son avénement au trône et sa captivité au Chili, relation écrit par lui-même"
807:
Titled Prince of Aucas and Duke of Kialeon by Antoine de Tounens he declared himself in March 1882 successor to Antoine de Tounens
3015:
2904:
2542:
1912:
2712:
2588:
2757:
994:
495:. He promised them some arms and the help of France to maintain their independence from Chile. The Indians elected him Great
1093:
534:
503:
410:
3056:
2454:
2200:
1552:
Emigration politique : une perspective comparative: Italiens et Espagnols en Argentine et en France, XIXe-XXe siècles
1288:
1020:
959:
502:
On November 17, 1860, and November 20, 1860, the self-proclaimed sovereign proclaimed via two decrees that the regions of
3071:
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2623:
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1116:
462:
450:
406:
229:
2444:
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417:
did not depend on any other states and proclaimed himself king of Araucanía and Patagonia. He had the support of some
530:
3081:
2695:
2557:
1229:
526:
445:
2593:
2583:
1879:
1766:
569:
in 1870 that an intervention in favour of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia against Chile was discussed in
3076:
2919:
2618:
2562:
2527:
2522:
3066:
2909:
2747:
2717:
2628:
899:
669:
1477:
Le rêve du sorcier : Antoine de Tounens, roi d'Araucanie et de Patagonie : une biographie. Tome I
483:, decided to go to Araucanía, inspired to become its king after reading the book. He landed at the port of
458:
3030:
2973:
2839:
2819:
2552:
2537:
2487:
1376:
La narrativa chilena desde la independencia hasta la Guerra del Pacífico: Costumbres e historia, 1860-1879
1249:
879:
842:
Titled Duke of Niacalel and appointed Keeper of the Seals of the Kingdom of Araucanía by Achille Laviarde
824:
402:
120:
2988:
2963:
2633:
2603:
2482:
2449:
2160:
2101:
312:
1404:
2983:
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2883:
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2342:
2207:
1173:
1132:
1097:
2764:
2737:
2732:
2598:
2507:
2492:
2195:
1373:
Serrano, Carlos Foresti; Löfquist, Eva; Foresti, Alvaro; Medina, María Clara (September 10, 2001).
754:
676:
195:
134:
Location of the claimed territory of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia, in Chile and Argentina
553:
to obtain arms. There are some reports that a shipment of arms seized by Argentine authorities at
17:
3025:
2929:
2727:
2722:
2297:
2190:
858:
2135:
1055:
1048:
566:
2924:
2878:
2868:
2829:
2497:
2292:
2277:
2105:
2079:
1887:
1819:
1799:
1772:
1749:
1729:
1692:
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1646:
1556:
1515:
1509:
1490:
1480:
1440:
1410:
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1350:
1323:
1267:
1206:
514:
capital of his kingdom, created a flag, and had coins minted for the nation under the name of
480:
205:
1654:
424:
around a small area in Araucanía, who thought they could help maintain independence from the
2968:
2950:
2851:
2654:
2567:
2418:
2388:
2373:
2307:
2302:
2272:
2267:
2153:
595:
492:
374:
325:
47:
2322:
780:
2955:
2824:
2792:
2532:
2474:
2317:
394:
382:
61:
1262:
Verónica Méndez Montero; Carolina Santelices Ariztía; Rodrigo Martínez Iturriaga (2009).
706:
List of pretenders to the throne and heads of the royal house of Araucanía and Patagonia
2873:
2861:
2398:
2262:
2140:
2093:
2067:
1224:
933:
602:
522:
and 30. Weren't we, the Araucanians, free to bestow power on me, and I to accept it?"
3050:
2814:
2797:
2075:
1977:
Piccirilli, R: "Diccionario histórico argentino", p. 260. Ediciones Historicas, 1953.
1039:
Regent of the kingdom until the election of the successor by the Council of Regency.
978:
Regent of the kingdom until the election of the successor by the Council of Regency.
562:
2217:
2846:
2809:
1187:
606:
570:
554:
2023:
1462:"The red, white, and black continent: Latin America, land of reformers and rebels"
1461:
987:
470:
2009:
1096:
for a few weeks. The blue-white-green version was designed by Orélie in exile in
2856:
2459:
2408:
2337:
1998:
Braun Menéndez, A: "Pequeña historia patagónica", p. 128. Emecé Editores, 1959.
550:
475:
747:
2834:
2502:
2393:
2347:
2232:
1913:"'We are hostages': indigenous Mapuche accuse Chile and Argentina of genocide"
1289:"Why the lost kingdom of Patagonia is a live issue for Chile's Mapuche people"
1214:
and, via according focus tree, restore the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia.
1166:
582:
2664:
1891:
1494:
175:
162:
2378:
2242:
2237:
1880:"Federico I, un nieto de exiliado republicano en el 'trono' de la Patagonia"
1538:. Corporación Editora Nacional. September 10, 2000 – via Google Books.
926:
851:
787:
511:
507:
429:
414:
353:
153:
2332:
546:
525:
The supposed founding of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia led to the
405:
declared by two ordinances on November 17, 1860 and November 20, 1860 from
1248:
El himno, en realidad, es una parte de una opereta que satiriza a Orélie.
2512:
2403:
2363:
2327:
557:
in 1871 had been ordered by Orélie-Antoine de Tounens. A French warship,
484:
892:
2413:
2383:
2176:
817:
585:, France, after years of fruitlessly struggling to regain his kingdom.
418:
2802:
2368:
1115:
Modern hypothetical flag based on description of the flag hoisted by
1751:
Journal du droit international privé et de la jurisprudence comparée
2312:
2287:
2257:
2247:
1211:
1100:, and is still used by pretenders to the throne after his death.
496:
488:
457:
449:
425:
421:
409:, a French lawyer and adventurer, who claimed that the regions of
358:
2252:
609:, who were given the possibility of independence from France in
454:
Original coat of arms of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia.
2668:
2149:
1625:
Le XIXe siècle : journal quotidien politique et littéraire
1250:
THE OPERA OF GUILLERMO FRICK AND THE ARAUCANIAN NATIONAL ANTHEM
2131:
Website of Klaus-Peter Pohland, Vice Chancellor of the Kingdom
1158:, TV mini-series directed by Georges Campana and Stéphane Kurc
1464:. Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday – via Internet Archive.
2130:
2125:
2039:"Rey review – dreamlike drama about a man who would be king"
1346:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
1210:
expansion pack "Trial of Allegiance", a player may play as
2145:
1428:
1426:
1264:
Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales 2° Educación Media
1406:
Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791-1899
545:
In a 1870 meeting of Saavedra with Mapuche lonkos at
491:(Mapuche tribal leaders) after arriving South to the
1576:
Tounens, Orllie Antoine C. de (September 10, 1863).
465:, Orélie-Antoine I, King of Araucanía and Patagonia.
3008:
2938:
2892:
2785:
2778:
2702:
2576:
2473:
2427:
2356:
2225:
2183:
2136:
Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia – Mapuche Portal
541:
Attempts to return and fears of French intervention
346:
276:
262:
252:
240:
223:
211:
201:
191:
149:
139:
34:
1398:
1396:
1994:
1992:
1194:(I, Antoine of Tounens, King of Patagonia) (1981)
617:Pretenders to the throne after Antoine de Tounens
2024:"Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (1860-1862)"
1591:
1589:
1587:
469:In 1858, Antoine de Tounens, a former lawyer in
3062:Former political divisions related to Argentina
1637:
1635:
1508:Correa, Jorge Fernández (September 10, 2009).
3107:States and territories disestablished in 1862
2680:
2161:
1973:
1971:
1821:Bulletin de la Société de géographie de Lille
1135:; the most common interpretation of the flag.
39:
8:
2072:Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX
1853:"Querelle dynastique au royaume d'Araucanie"
53:
3097:States and territories established in 1860
2782:
2687:
2673:
2665:
2573:
2168:
2154:
2146:
2126:North American Araucanian Royalist Society
1019:
958:
668:
128:
31:
3092:19th-century colonization of the Americas
3021:List of the last monarchs in the Americas
1851:Eschapasse, Baudouin (December 6, 2018).
1403:Scheina, Robert L. (September 10, 2003).
1192:Moi, Antoine de Tounens, roi de Patagonie
280:Araucanía and Patagonia peso (since 1874)
1479:. Mollier, Pierre. Périgueux: La Lauze.
1433:Lagrange, Jacques (September 10, 1990).
710:
631:
3112:1862 disestablishments in South America
1956:Peregrine, Anthony (February 5, 2016).
1837:Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux
1795:Argentine : Le tango des ambitions
1725:Politica Hermetica Les langues secrètes
1549:Devoto, Fernando (September 10, 2001).
1368:
1366:
1241:
1105:
917:abdicated in favour of prince Philippe
379:Reino de la Araucanía y de la Patagonia
1311:
1309:
1460:Wendt, Herbert (September 10, 1966).
1319:Patagonia: History, Myths and Legends
1316:Hosne, Roberto (September 10, 2001).
529:by Chilean forces. Chilean president
261:
251:
247:
222:
218:
210:
7:
3102:1860 establishments in South America
41:Reino de la Araucanía y la Patagonia
2709:Commonwealth of Nations monarchies
2010:"El reino de Araucanía y Patagonia"
1641:Collier, Simon; Sater, William F.:
939:Philippe Paul Alexandre Henri Boiry
387:Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie
55:Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie
2548:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
1645:Cambridge University Press, 2004,
1511:El naufragio del naturalista belga
371:Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
36:Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
27:Self proclaimed unrecognized state
25:
18:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
2445:Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes
2100:(in Spanish). Santiago de Chile:
2074:(in Spanish) (Seventh ed.).
3016:List of monarchs in the Americas
2753:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2649:
2648:
2216:
2037:Clarke, Cath (January 5, 2018).
2008:Menéndez, Armando Braun (1973).
1691:Langenscheidt Publishing, 2002,
1475:Jean-François., Gareyte (2016).
1124:
1108:
1047:
986:
925:
891:
850:
816:
779:
746:
473:, France, who had read the book
330:
305:
119: Himno a Orélie Antoine I (
91:
79:
1768:Histoire secrète de l'Aquitaine
589:After de Tounens (1873–present)
1878:Bassets, Marc (June 1, 2018).
1728:. L'Age d'homme. p. 135.
1643:A history of Chile, 1808–2002.
1349:. Cambridge University Press.
1131:The later version designed in
1000:Jean-Michel Parasiliti di Para
714:
1:
3087:Former unrecognized countries
2996:Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76)
2455:Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche
1958:"France's forgotten monarchs"
2435:Consejo de Todas las Tierras
1287:Youkee, Mat (May 21, 2018).
966:Regent Philippe de Lavalette
805:Secretary of the preceding.
389:), sometimes referred to as
2543:Desert Campaign (1833–1834)
2518:Araucanization of Patagonia
2440:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco
1436:Le roi français d'Araucanie
1409:. Brassey's, Incorporated.
561:, that anchored in 1870 at
535:Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez
3128:
2696:Monarchies in the Americas
2098:Historia secreta mapuche 2
1771:. A. Michel. p. 255.
1379:. Editorial Andres Bello.
1266:(in Spanish). Santillana.
1177:is based on this incident.
718:
443:
399:Royaume de Nouvelle-France
2646:
2214:
1710:The Men who would be King
1595:Bengoa 2000, pp. 227-230.
1580:– via Google Books.
1565:– via Google Books.
1524:– via Google Books.
1449:– via Google Books.
1419:– via Google Books.
1389:– via Google Books.
1359:– via Google Books.
1332:– via Google Books.
1117:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens
760:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens
731:
724:
682:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens
463:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens
284:
272:
248:
236:
219:
127:
115:
105:
75:
70:
2897:colonies in the Americas
1840:. ICC. 1972. p. 51.
1792:Lavoix, Camille (2015).
1765:Montaigu, Henri (1979).
793:Gustave-Achille Laviarde
713:
110:Independencia y libertad
3036:Araucania and Patagonia
2905:Courland and Semigallia
2558:Occupation of Araucanía
1722:Fuligni, Bruno (1999).
1252:. Consultado 11/05/2016
1230:Occupation of Araucanía
905:Jacques Antoine Bernard
527:Occupation of Araucanía
446:Occupation of Araucanía
3031:Afro-Bolivian monarchy
2553:Conquest of the Desert
2538:Camino de los chilenos
1708:Nicholas Shakespeare,
1165:, TV film directed by
1061:Frédéric Rodriguez-Luz
970:Philippe de Lavalette
830:Antoine-Hippolyte Cros
487:in Chile and met some
466:
455:
398:
386:
378:
264:• Disestablished
54:
40:
2786:Indigenous monarchies
2743:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2450:Mapuche football team
461:
453:
391:Kingdom of New France
313:Conservative Republic
192:Common languages
3057:History of Patagonia
2946:Barbados (1966–2021)
2428:Extant organizations
1946:Cayuqueo 2020, p. 60
1937:Cayuqueo 2020, p. 55
1824:. 1907. p. 150.
1754:. 1899. p. 910.
1670:Random House, 2012,
1613:Cayuqueo 2020, p. 59
1604:Bengoa 2000, p. 187.
258:November 17/20, 1860
2893:European monarchies
2713:Antigua and Barbuda
2493:Battle of the Maule
2298:Rüxafe (silverwork)
1962:The Daily Telegraph
1156:Le Roi de Patagonie
633:
254:• Established
232:(Aurelio Antonio I)
172: /
121:Wilhelm Frick Eltze
3026:Kingdom of Redonda
2956:Guyana (1966–1970)
2951:Brazil (1822–1889)
1322:. Duggan-Webster.
1144:In popular culture
1027:Regent Sheila Rani
864:Laure-Therese Cros
660:Other information
632:
531:José Joaquín Pérez
467:
456:
407:Antoine de Tounens
403:unrecognized state
144:Unrecognized State
3082:Former monarchies
3044:
3043:
3004:
3003:
2662:
2661:
2642:
2641:
2619:Las Canoas (1793)
2465:Weichán Auka Mapu
2111:978-956-324-783-1
1687:Minnis, Natalie:
1273:978-956-15-1557-4
1207:Hearts of Iron IV
1080:
1079:
1065:
1004:
943:
909:
868:
834:
797:
764:
738:Other infomation
729:
702:
701:
686:
650:
611:a 2018 referendum
481:Alonso de Ercilla
367:
366:
342:
341:
338:
337:
318:
317:
225:• 1860–1862
206:Elective Monarchy
16:(Redirected from
3119:
3072:Araucanía Region
2939:Sovereign states
2783:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2574:
2568:Mapuche conflict
2498:Spanish invasion
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2013:
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1996:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:. April 12, 2019
1909:
1903:
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1666:Chatwin, Bruce:
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1581:
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1514:. RIL Editores.
1505:
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1002:
990:
962:
941:
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907:
895:
866:
854:
832:
820:
795:
783:
762:
755:Orélie-Antoine I
750:
727:
716:
711:
697:
684:
677:Orélie-Antoine I
672:
648:
634:
596:Mapuche conflict
334:
333:
326:Liberal Republic
322:
321:
309:
308:
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3077:Mapuche history
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906:
865:
859:Laure Therese I
831:
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761:
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707:
695:
683:
628:
619:
601:Mapuche writer
591:
567:Abdón Cifuentes
559:d'Entrecasteaux
543:
516:Nouvelle France
448:
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363:
331:
306:
268:January 5, 1862
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3064:
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2789:
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2758:United Kingdom
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2640:
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2636:
2634:Coz Coz (1907)
2631:
2626:
2624:Tapihue (1825)
2621:
2616:
2614:Negrete (1793)
2611:
2609:Negrete (1726)
2606:
2604:Malloco (1671)
2601:
2596:
2594:Quillín (1647)
2591:
2589:Quillín (1641)
2586:
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2357:Related groups
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2120:External links
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2015:
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1886:(in Spanish).
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649:(birth- Death)
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2629:Toltén (1869)
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2563:1881 uprising
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2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
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2528:1766 uprising
2526:
2524:
2523:1723 uprising
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
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2501:
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2488:Inca invasion
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2119:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:956-282-232-X
2081:
2077:
2076:LOM Ediciones
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2011:
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2001:
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1989:
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1805:9782511040072
1801:
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1778:9782226007520
1774:
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1735:9782825113363
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1698:
1697:981-234-890-5
1694:
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1677:
1676:9781448105618
1673:
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1668:In Patagonia.
1663:
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1555:. Harmattan.
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1163:Le Jeu du roi
1160:
1157:
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1119:in Araucanía.
1118:
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728:(Birth–Death)
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432:governments.
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2141:Mapuche view
2097:
2071:
2068:Bengoa, José
2061:Bibliography
2046:. Retrieved
2043:The Guardian
2042:
2032:
2018:
2003:
1982:
1961:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1923:November 29,
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the Guardian
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1897:November 29,
1895:. Retrieved
1883:
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1863:November 29,
1861:. Retrieved
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1293:The Guardian
1292:
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1191:
1188:Jean Raspail
1172:
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1026:
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501:
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390:
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295:Succeeded by
294:
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107:Motto:
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98:Coat of arms
29:
2770:Netherlands
2748:Saint Lucia
2718:The Bahamas
2577:Parliaments
2460:Wallmapuwen
2338:We Tripantu
2048:February 3,
1859:(in French)
1199:Video games
1068:2018– 2024
1003:(1942–2017)
942:(1927–2014)
908:(1888–1952)
900:Antoine III
867:(1856–1916)
833:(1833–1903)
796:(1841–1902)
763:(1825–1878)
685:(1825–1878)
646:Given name
533:authorized
476:La Araucana
290:Preceded by
179: /
3051:Categories
2503:Arauco War
2394:Promaucaes
2233:Aillarehue
2201:Placenames
2196:Mapudungun
1536:"Procesos"
1236:References
1167:Marc Evans
1149:Television
1056:Frédéric I
1034:2017-2018
1007:2014–2017
995:Antoine IV
973:2014-2014
946:1952–2014
912:1916–1952
880:Antoine II
871:1903–1916
837:1902–1903
825:Antoine II
800:1878–1902
767:1862–1878
725:Given name
689:1860-1862
583:Tourtoirac
444:See also:
401:), was an
202:Government
196:Mapudungun
2884:Talamanca
2419:Tehuelche
2389:Pehuenche
2379:Mapochoes
2374:Huilliche
2278:Mythology
2243:Chemamull
2238:Butalmapu
2208:Tsesungún
2191:Huilliche
2102:Catalonia
1892:1134-6582
1495:951666133
1094:Araucanía
1073:Disputed
788:Achille I
627:Sovereign
512:Perquenco
508:Patagonia
504:Araucanía
471:Périgueux
430:Argentine
415:Patagonia
411:Araucanía
354:Argentina
156:(claimed)
154:Perquenco
71:1860–1862
2915:Portugal
2862:Neo-Inca
2825:Garabito
2655:Category
2404:Picunche
2364:Boroanos
2343:Wenufoye
2328:Weichafe
2308:Textiles
2303:Religion
2283:Polygamy
2273:Military
2268:Medicine
2184:Language
2096:(2020).
2070:(2000).
1857:Le Point
1699:, p. 41.
1678:, p. 25.
1219:See also
551:Quilapán
485:Coquimbo
277:Currency
3009:Related
2989:1864–67
2984:1822–23
2980:Mexico
2974:1849–59
2969:1811–20
2964:1804–06
2874:Miskito
2835:Toyopán
2765:Denmark
2738:Jamaica
2733:Grenada
2703:Current
2508:Slavery
2475:History
2414:Ranquel
2399:Puelche
2384:Moluche
2348:Wünelfe
2226:Culture
2177:Mapuche
1884:El País
1712:, 1983.
1628:. 1873.
1439:. PLB.
1204:In the
1154:1990:
1064:(1964–)
440:History
426:Chilean
419:Mapuche
375:Spanish
241:History
167:72°23′W
164:38°25′S
150:Capital
123:, 1864)
117:Anthem:
48:Spanish
2960:Haiti
2930:Sweden
2920:Russia
2910:France
2879:Nicoya
2830:Pacaca
2815:Huetar
2803:Lupaca
2793:Aymara
2779:Former
2728:Canada
2723:Belize
2483:Origin
2369:Cuncos
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1270:
1171:2017:
1161:1991:
1133:France
1098:France
732:Reign
722:Title
719:Image
654:Reign
643:title
640:image
563:Corral
547:Toltén
493:Biobío
489:loncos
422:lonkos
395:French
383:French
244:
215:
140:Status
62:French
58:
44:
2925:Spain
2895:with
2852:Cusco
2810:Aztec
2798:Colla
2513:Malón
2323:Wampu
2318:Ulmen
2288:Rehue
2263:Machi
2258:Lonko
2248:Kalku
1212:Chile
1182:Novel
735:Ref.
657:Ref.
497:Toqui
359:Chile
2869:Maya
2857:Inca
2847:Inca
2409:Poya
2313:Toki
2293:Ruka
2253:Kuel
2106:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2050:2019
1925:2022
1899:2022
1888:ISSN
1865:2022
1800:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1655:p.96
1647:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1491:OCLC
1481:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1300:2022
1268:ISBN
1087:Flag
637:No.
428:and
369:The
212:King
86:Flag
1174:Rey
715:No.
573:'s
479:by
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