905:
692:
890:
61:
606:
197:
1856:: p. 20: "Francke asserts that the eldest son (i.e., the ruler of Ladakh) was suzerain over his brothers, and that Ladakh thus exercised some form of authority over West Tibet, Zanskar, Spiti, and Lahul." p. 21: "On several occasions expansionist rulers of Ladakh laid claim to West Tibet on the basis of past association, but there are no recorded instances in which the reverse occurred."
989:
875:
opined that
Palgyigon received the territories that he himself conquered, whereas the paternal territory was divided among the other two sons. He also favoured Zahidurddin Ahmad's revised translation of the text from Ladakh Chronicles, which states that all the places mentioned in the description lie
1077:
Despite the apparent invocation of the "boundaries fixed in the beginning", the extensive dominions granted in the original inheritance were not retained by Maryul. The treaty itself makes clear that Rudok was no more a part of Maryul and various restrictions were placed on trade with Rudok. Scholar
1078:
Gerhard Emmer states that Ladakh was reduced to approximately its current extent. It was henceforth treated as being outside Ngari
Khorsum, as a buffer state against Mughal India. The territories of Guge, Purang and Rudok were annexed to Tibet and the frontier with Tibet was fixed at the
1120:
conquered Ladakh. Singh claimed all of western Tibet up to the Mayum Pass as
Ladakhi territory and occupied it. Once again, Lhasa dispatched troops that defeated Zorawar Singh and laid siege to Leh. After the Dogras received reinforcements, a stalemate was obtained and the
921:
Scholar
Luciano Petech says that even though Palgyigon's father theoretically bequeathed Maryul to him, the actual conquest of the territories was carried out by Palgyigon himself, whom Petech identifies as "the founder and organiser of the Ladakhi kingdom".
870:
received "a long and narrow strip of country along the northern slope of the
Himalayas, of which Purang and Guge are the best-known provinces". Maryul encompassed all the areas to the north of this narrow strip. This view is not favoured by other scholars.
630:, the Tibetan empire became fragmented over a succession dispute that would linger for centuries. By the late ninth century, one of his grandsons, Depal Khortsen, was controlling most of Central Tibet. Upon his assassination, one of his sons,
2086:, p. 50: "Zorawar Singh then announced his intention to conquer in the name of the Jammu Raja all of Tibet west of the Mayum Pass, on the ground that this territory had rightfully belonged, since ancient times, to the ruler of Ladakh."
1056:
Guge was annexed by Ladakh in the second quarter of the 17th century. This invited retaliation from Lhasa, whose forces drove out the
Ladakhis and laid siege to Ladakh itself. Ladakh was forced to seek help from the
1182:
In 1968, Zahiruddin Ahmad gave a revised translation, by which he suggested that all the places mentioned in the text were on the frontier of Maryul. His revisions have not been generally accepted by modern
929:
became a prominent ruler that reestablished
Buddhism in West Tibet and Tibet in general. Maryul, belonging to the senior branch, is believed to have extended some form of suzerainty over the other branches.
1453:, apparently constructed the hilltop fortress whose ruins can be seen above the present Shey Palace. Shey possesses a number of early Buddhist rock sculptures, many of which are about a metre in height."
499:
sources as lowland (of Ngari),. Scholars suspect that it was a proper name that was in use earlier, even before Ladakh was
Tibetanised. For instance, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim
1632:"Ladakh, the Persian transliteration of the Tibetan La-dvags, is warranted by the pronunciation of the word in several Tibetan districts." Francke(1926) Vol. I, p. 93, notes.
1086:
to keep watch at the frontier of
Buddhist and non-Buddhist peoples, and out of regard for the doctrine of Buddha ... not allow any army from India to proceed to an attack .
1082:
near
Demchok. The reason for this exclusion was apparently Ladakh's syncretism and its willingness to ally with Mughal India. Ladakh was instructed in the treaty:
1192:"Demchok Karpo" is identified by most scholars as the village of Demchok at the southern border between Ladakh and Tibet. The literal meanings are as follows:
1492:, p. 17: "it seems that his father bequeathed him a theoretical right of sovereignty, but the actual conquest was effected by dPal-gyi-mgon himself."
1212:
along with his consort Vajravarahi. The association with the Mount Kailas may be later than the 10th century. The tradition states that Demchok defeated
2022:
Shakspo, Nawang Tsering (1999), "The Foremost Teachers of the Kings of Ladakh", in Martijn van Beek; Kristoffer Brix Bertelsen; Poul Pedersen (eds.),
925:
It appears that the second son Trashigon, who inherited Guge, died without issue. His kingdom was acquired by Detsukgon of Zanskar. The latter's son,
904:
60:
2417:
691:
664:, his vast kingdom was divided among his three sons: the eldest son, Lhachen Palgyigon, receiving Maryul, the second son, Trashigon, receiving
1026:(r. 1616–1642), the "Lion" King, made efforts to restore Ladakh to its old glory by an ambitious and energetic building program including the
2359:
2258:
2236:
2166:
2144:
2033:
1771:
863:
2402:
1073:
The boundaries fixed, in the beginning, when king Skyed-lda-ngeema-gon gave a kingdom to each of his three sons shall still be maintained.
974:, and raided the Kingdom of Guge. The final years of his reign were disastrous, and he was eventually deposed in 1460, ending his dynasty.
563:
referred to it as Maryul and named a region called "Ladaks" that was apparently distinct from Maryul. It was also used by the Portuguese
2137:
Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 9: The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia
1449:, p. 53: "Shey, about 15 km southeast of Leh, was an ancient capital of Ladakh. In the tenth century CE the first king of Ladakh,
1106:
481:
358:
1281:. A map compiled in 2009 by an amateur cartographer notes the source of this stream (unnamed) to be below a pass called 'Rabmar La' (
2407:
2379:
2324:
2302:
2280:
2195:
1062:
2291:"Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley, Eastern Ladakh, and a Consideration of Their Relationship to the History of Ladakh and Maryul"
1284:
365:
340:
1240:
461:
2412:
1544:
signifies in Tibetan the Low Country, a term appropriate to the character of its inhabited valleys as contrasted with
2397:
2187:
1410:), although now restricted to West Tibet, then referred to the entire territory between the Zoji and Mayum passes."
1338:
Francke's map, reproduced at the top of this page, shows this kind of a border, running slightly to the north of
1234:
1005:
983:
469:
83:
889:
665:
427:
170:
1117:
1020:
and dethroned the Maryul king Blo-gros-mc-og-ldan and his brothers drun-pa A-li and Slab-bstan-dar-rgyas.
723:
477:
1277:
on a stream, which came down from the Kailash Range and joined the Tangre Chu river before draining into
1096:
940:
After a period of Kashmiri invasions in the mid-15th century, the last king of the west Tibetan dynasty,
1674:
1430:
1428:
1154:
1066:
937:
of Maryul brought it under his control. From this time onward, Guge was generally subsidiary to Maryul.
635:
1568:
1566:
1747:
1466:
1326:
1196:
means white in Tibetan. It also has figurative meanings such as pure, wholesome, positive, good etc.
567:
Francisco de Azevedo when he visited Ladakh in 1631, but his usage of the name has been described by
560:
345:
1706:
Ahmad, Zahiruddin (September–December 1968), "New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679-84",
2314:
183:
2205:
2120:
1715:
832:
2155:
605:
844:
2375:
2355:
2349:
2320:
2298:
2276:
2254:
2232:
2226:
2191:
2140:
2029:
1767:
1134:
1122:
1051:
867:
676:
564:
496:
438:
263:
2290:
2268:
2170:
2132:
1735:
1690:
1531:
2246:
594:
403:
67:
2251:
Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram
2217:
1763:
Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography
1039:
911:
848:
785:
472:
in 1460, eventually acquiring the name "Ladakh", and lasted until 1842. In that year, the
2334:
1366:
1023:
1013:
997:
963:
934:
895:
872:
631:
568:
442:
419:
196:
155:
1641:
2391:
2095:
2083:
1901:
1877:
1853:
1814:
1731:
1686:
1670:
1608:
1596:
1572:
1501:
1462:
1434:
1395:
1205:
1102:
1058:
771:
758:
703:
646:
533:
1825:
1823:
1402:(literally "lower land") is the common Tibetan name for the Leh district in Ladakh.
1322:
1278:
1079:
742:
465:
112:
2369:
2181:
2023:
1761:
17:
750:
473:
99:
2133:"Dga' Ldan Tshe Dbang Dpal Bzang Po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mugha1 War of 1679-84"
851:. The Rupshu highland was regarded as the frontier between Maryul and Zanskar.
1654:
1652:
1650:
1504:, p. 19: "The Ladakhi chronicles state that the eldest son, Pal-gyi-gön (
1027:
993:
988:
926:
468:
and other areas presently in Tibet. The kingdom came under the control of the
2338:
1300:
1286:
1256:
1242:
2343:, Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via archive.org
1201:
852:
620:
1473:
of Maryul, named Tashikun and Lata Jughdan, ...... gave us the castle of
814:
650:
500:
391:
2124:
1719:
933:
By 1100 AD, the kingdom of Guge was sufficiently weakened that the king
1798:
1329:. (The boundary has now been changed under the Chinese administration.)
1101:
The Namgyal dynasty ended in 1842 after an invasion of Ladakh from the
840:
796:
711:
669:
654:
524:
523:
of Tun‐Huang state that the Tibetan government carried out a census of
457:
453:
1802:
480:, having conquered it, made it part of the would-be princely state of
1786:
1339:
1220:
1209:
1113:
1031:
836:
818:
423:
2059:
1714:(3/4), Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 340–341,
1517:
1889:
1841:
1829:
876:
on the frontier of Maryul, including Demchok Karpo and Raba Marpo.
2047:
2009:
1214:
1035:
987:
967:
828:
775:
604:
387:
383:
2153:
Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963),
2111:
Ahmad, Zahiruddin (July 1960), "The Ancient Frontier of Ladakh",
1112:
A historical claim was again made in the 19th century, after the
645:
Nyimagon entered into a marital alliance with a high-nobility of
1865:
859:
707:
431:
218:
208:
Location of Maryul and neighbouring polities in the early 1000s.
128:
1997:
1985:
1017:
2071:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1750:, Tibetan & Himalayan Library, retrieved 21 October 2019.
1658:
1642:
Powers & Templeman, Historical Dictionary of Tibet (2012)
1620:
1584:
1557:
1489:
1419:
544:) refers to a "wealthy country of Tibet", with a tribe named
2096:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
2084:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1902:
Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)
1878:
Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)
1854:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1815:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1732:
Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)
1687:
Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)
1671:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1609:
Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)
1597:
Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)
1573:
Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)
1502:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1463:
Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)
1435:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1396:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
2316:
History of Tibet, Volume 2: The Medieval Period: c.850-1895
1446:
571:
as referring to neither the Kingdom of Ladakh nor Rudok.
1538:, Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), p. 13
1536:
The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Volume 23
2228:
Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history
589:
is its pronunciation in several Tibetan districts, and
843:
to the west was not. The latter went to the third son
737:(Leh district), the inhabitants using the black bows;
2269:"Embedded in Stone—Early Buddhist Rock Art of Ladakh"
2157:
Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh
1805:, Claude Andre of The Tibet Map Institute, July 2009.
1169:). The three sons together were referred to as three
559:
The name was in use at least until the 16th century.
642:), made it to West Tibet — the causes are disputed.
2374:(Second ed.), Delhi: Oxford University Press,
898:, residence of the rulers of the Kingdom of Maryul.
507:, which would lead to a reconstructed name such as
379:
303:
288:
276:
244:
232:
224:
214:
34:
2175:, S. W. Partridge & Co – via archive.org
2154:
770:(possibly near Rabma, which lies halfway between
649:and established his kingdom, stretching from the
556:") might have been a proper name of the country.
1321:), which laid on the erstwhile boundary between
1084:
1071:
672:(mountainous area between Ladakh and Kashmir).
1351:Further conquests were made by Tashi Namgyal (
1125:reconfirmed the "old, established frontiers".
1052:Ladakh Chronicles § Treaty of Tingmosgang
855:to the north was also not included in Maryul.
1973:
795:to the west to the foot of the Kashmir pass (
8:
2340:The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D.
1787:Ahmad, The Ancient Frontier of Ladakh (1960)
2060:Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet (1992)
1518:Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet (1992)
1485:
1483:
1065:. At the end of the conflict, in 1684, the
675:Thus, the Kingdom of Maryul was founded by
2245:Lo Bue, Erberto; Bray, John, eds. (2014),
1890:Francke, A History of Western Tibet (1907)
1842:Francke, A History of Western Tibet (1907)
1830:Francke, A History of Western Tibet (1907)
1508:), received Ladakh and the Rudok area;..."
799:), from the cavernous stone upward hither,
718:The kingdom of Maryul is described in the
668:, and the third son, Detsukgon, receiving
31:
2048:Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War (2007)
2010:Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War (2007)
407:
2028:, Aarhus University Press, p. 288,
1701:
1699:
690:
609:Maryul in the fragmented Tibetan Empire
2348:Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012),
1866:Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya (2001)
1388:
1153:The Tibetan names of the three sons in
1146:
2213:
2203:
1998:McKay, History of Tibet, Vol. 2 (2003)
1986:McKay, History of Tibet, Vol. 2 (2003)
1016:formed an alliance with the people of
858:The southern border of Maryul towards
1532:"Physical Geography of Western Tibet"
1208:, who is believed to reside at Mount
302:
287:
283:
243:
239:
7:
2072:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1962:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1950:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1938:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1926:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1914:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1659:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1621:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1585:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1558:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1490:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1420:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
2289:Howard, Neil; Howard, Kath (2014),
1766:. BRILL. pp. 5, 304–305, 316.
745:) of the east and the gold mine of
1363: c. 1575 – c. 1595
1356: c. 1555 – c. 1575
1008:was established. According to the
619:Upon the assassination of emperor
359:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
25:
2180:Francke, August Hermann (1992) .
2161:, Praeger – via archive.org
827:The description makes clear that
802:to the north to the gold mine of
788:), to the top of the pass of the
430:. The kingdom had its capital at
1477:which is the capital of Maryul "
1465:, p. 88: From the diary of
1447:Dorjay, Embedded in Stone (2014)
903:
888:
581:(historically transliterated as
441:, during the rule of his father
363:
338:
195:
59:
2371:Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia
1371:
1360:
1353:
1034:, the most famous of which are
726:'s translation) to consist of:
585:) means "land of high passes".
464:in the southeast, and included
2418:1842 disestablishments in Asia
2351:Historical Dictionary of Tibet
1030:and the rebuilding of several
866:believed that the second heir
839:) was included in Maryul, but
683:) when he was still a prince.
1:
1218:and took his place on top of
972:gSan-p'u-ba Lha dban-blo-gros
952:
945:
696:
658:
624:
610:
538:
446:
294:
254:
247:
44:
1069:was agreed, affirming that:
862:is much harder to discern.
809:all the places belonging to
657:in the west. Upon his death
593:is a transliteration of the
531:in 719 CE. The Persian text
422:kingdom based in modern-day
2403:History of Gilgit-Baltistan
2183:Antiquities of Indian Tibet
2025:Recent Research on Ladakh 8
1530:Strachey, Capt. H. (1853),
1200:is the Tibetan name of the
1061:in Kashmir, leading to the
548:. These facts suggest that
437:The kingdom was founded by
2434:
2188:Asian Educational Services
2172:A History of Western Tibet
2139:, BRILL, pp. 81–108,
1094:
1049:
981:
978:Second dynasty (1460–1842)
27:Medieval kingdom in Ladakh
2297:, BRILL, pp. 68–99,
2275:, BRILL, pp. 35–67,
2267:Dorjay, Phuntsog (2014),
984:Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh
817:, on the way from Leh to
317:
313:
284:
272:
240:
54:
43:
2408:Former kingdoms in Tibet
1868:, pp. 130, 224–225.
1157:are: Lhachen Palgyigon (
910:Royal drinking scene at
880:First dynasty (930–1460)
495:has been interpreted in
452:. It stretched from the
2329:– via archive.org
2167:Francke, August Hermann
2131:Emmer, Gerhard (2007),
1063:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War
835:basin near present-day
418:, was the western-most
2074:, pp. 1, 138–170.
1451:lHa chen dPal gyi mgon
1358:), Tsewang Namgyal I (
1159:lHa-chen dPal-gyi-mgon
1088:
1075:
1001:
996:, built circa 1600 by
715:
616:
305:• Disestablished
2368:Rizvi, Janet (1996),
2225:Handa, O. C. (2001),
1155:Wylie transliteration
1067:Treaty of Tingmosgang
1050:Further information:
1046:Treaty of Tingmosgang
991:
962:sent presents to the
958:. During his reign,
694:
640:sKyid-lde Nyi-ma-mgon
608:
2313:McKay, Alex (2003),
2231:, Indus Publishing,
1760:McKay, Alex (2015).
1467:Mirza Haidar Dughlat
1327:Sengge Zangbo County
1233:Rabma was marked by
710:shown together, and
695:Nyimagon's kingdom (
561:Mirza Haidar Dughlat
346:Era of Fragmentation
2354:, Scarecrow Press,
2050:, pp. 92, 100.
1301:33.1936°N 79.3009°E
1296: /
1257:33.3740°N 79.2935°E
1252: /
960:Blo-gros-mc-og-Idan
942:Blo-gros-mc-og-Idan
914:, dated c. 1200 CE.
753:); nearer this way
653:in the east to the
290:• Established
2413:930 establishments
2012:, pp. 99–100.
1974:Rizvi, Ladakh 1996
1002:
716:
706:, with Maryul and
617:
503:referred to it as
426:and some parts of
2398:History of Ladakh
2361:978-0-8108-7984-3
2260:978-90-04-27180-7
2238:978-81-7387-124-5
2146:978-90-474-2171-9
2098:, pp. 55–56.
2035:978-87-7288-791-3
1880:, pp. 89–90.
1844:, pp. 60–61.
1773:978-90-04-30618-9
1599:, pp. 86–87.
1437:, pp. 18–19.
1237:at approximately
1165:) and Detsukgon (
1135:History of Ladakh
1123:Treaty of Chushul
1107:Jammu and Kashmir
1097:Dogra–Tibetan War
1091:Dogra–Tibetan War
1010:Ladakh Chronicles
966:, patronized the
792:rock (Imis Pass);
764:at the frontier:
755:lDe-mchog-dkar-po
720:Ladakh Chronicles
677:Lhachen Palgyigon
565:Jesuit missionary
482:Jammu and Kashmir
456:at the border of
439:Lhachen Palgyigon
397:
396:
375:
374:
371:
370:
351:
350:
264:Lhachen Palgyigon
18:Kingdom of Ladakh
16:(Redirected from
2425:
2384:
2364:
2344:
2330:
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2285:
2263:
2241:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2209:
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2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:, p. 23–24.
1923:
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1911:
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1438:
1432:
1423:
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1411:
1393:
1377:
1375:
1374: 1624–1642
1373:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:33.1936; 79.3009
1302:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:33.3740; 79.2935
1258:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1151:
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629:
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335:
334:
319:
318:
299:
296:
259:
256:
252:
249:
228:Tibetan Buddhism
200:
199:
188:
175:
173:WESTERN CHALUKYA
162:
147:
133:
119:
104:
90:
74:
63:
49:
46:
32:
21:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2367:
2362:
2347:
2335:Petech, Luciano
2333:
2327:
2312:
2305:
2288:
2283:
2266:
2261:
2244:
2239:
2224:
2212:
2202:
2198:
2179:
2165:
2152:
2147:
2130:
2113:The World Today
2110:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1560:, pp. 7–8.
1556:
1552:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1461:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1398:, p. 19: "
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1204:Buddhist deity
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1131:
1099:
1093:
1054:
1048:
1006:Namgyal dynasty
986:
980:
955:
948:
944:, reigned from
919:
918:
917:
916:
915:
912:Alchi Monastery
908:
900:
899:
893:
882:
849:Lahul and Spiti
699:
689:
666:Guge and Purang
661:
627:
613:
603:
578:
574:The newer name
541:
490:
470:Namgyal dynasty
449:
410:), also called
390:
386:
364:
339:
306:
297:
291:
260:
257:
250:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
194:
192:
191:
190:
184:
179:
178:
177:
171:
166:
165:
164:
159:
156:
151:
150:
149:
143:
138:
137:
136:
129:
123:
122:
121:
116:
113:
108:
107:
106:
100:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
84:
78:
77:
76:
71:
68:
47:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2365:
2360:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2286:
2281:
2259:
2247:"Introduction"
2242:
2237:
2222:
2196:
2190:. p. 94.
2177:
2163:
2150:
2145:
2128:
2119:(7): 313–318,
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2062:, p. 116.
2052:
2040:
2034:
2014:
2002:
2000:, p. 785.
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1952:, p. 171.
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1819:
1807:
1791:
1789:, p. 315.
1779:
1772:
1752:
1740:
1724:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1646:
1634:
1625:
1623:, pp. 54.
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1562:
1550:
1522:
1510:
1494:
1479:
1455:
1439:
1424:
1412:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1367:Sengge Namgyal
1344:
1331:
1235:Henry Strachey
1226:
1185:
1175:
1167:lDe-gtsug-mgon
1163:bKra-shis-mgon
1161:), Trashigon (
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1095:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1047:
1044:
1024:Sengge Namgyal
1014:Lhachen Bhagan
1012:, the warlike
998:Sengge Namgyal
982:Main article:
979:
976:
964:1st Dalai Lama
935:Lhachen Utpala
909:
902:
901:
894:
887:
886:
885:
884:
883:
881:
878:
873:Luciano Petech
825:
824:
823:
822:
807:
800:
793:
779:
762:
702:) depicted by
688:
685:
632:Kyide Nyimagon
602:
599:
569:Luciano Petech
489:
486:
443:Kyide Nyimagon
395:
394:
381:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
361:
352:
349:
348:
343:
331:
330:
325:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
300:
292:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
270:
269:
261:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
207:
206:
193:
182:
181:
180:
169:
168:
167:
154:
153:
152:
141:
140:
139:
126:
125:
124:
111:
110:
109:
98:
97:
96:
82:
81:
80:
79:
66:
65:
64:
58:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
41:
40:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2430:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2383:
2381:0-19-564546-4
2377:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2326:0-415-30843-7
2322:
2319:, Routledge,
2318:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2304:9789004271807
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:9789004271807
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2207:
2199:
2197:81-206-0769-4
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1964:, p. 25.
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:, p. 24.
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1916:, p. 23.
1915:
1910:
1907:
1904:, p. 90.
1903:
1898:
1895:
1892:, p. 86.
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1832:, p. 63.
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:, p. 19.
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:Maps of Tibet
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:East and West
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1661:, p. 17.
1660:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1644:, p. 27.
1643:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1611:, p. 88.
1610:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1575:, p. 86.
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1520:, p. 94.
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:Dpal-gyi-mgon
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1368:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1280:
1274:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:Chakrasamvara
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1118:Zorawar Singh
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:Dogra dynasty
1098:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:Lha-ri stream
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Mughal Empire
1053:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:In 1460, the
999:
995:
990:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
943:
938:
936:
931:
928:
923:
913:
906:
897:
891:
879:
877:
874:
869:
865:
864:A. H. Francke
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:
801:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
780:
777:
773:
769:
768:Ra-ba-dmar-po
766:
765:
763:
760:
759:Demchok Karpo
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:
728:
727:
725:
721:
713:
709:
705:
704:A. H. Francke
693:
686:
684:
682:
681:dPal-gyi-mgon
678:
673:
671:
667:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
622:
607:
600:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
536:
535:
534:Hudud al-Alam
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
485:
483:
479:
478:Zorawar Singh
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
401:
393:
389:
385:
382:
380:Today part of
378:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
347:
344:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
312:
308:
293:
279:
275:
271:
268:
265:
262:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
217:
213:
198:
189:
187:
176:
174:
163:
161:
148:
146:
135:
134:
132:
120:
118:
105:
103:
91:
89:
75:
73:
62:
53:
42:
33:
30:
19:
2370:
2350:
2339:
2315:
2294:
2272:
2250:
2227:
2182:
2171:
2156:
2136:
2116:
2112:
2105:Bibliography
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2024:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1988:, p. 3.
1981:
1976:, p. 69
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1810:
1794:
1782:
1762:
1755:
1743:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1682:
1666:
1637:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1587:, p. 8.
1580:
1553:
1546:Nari-Khorsum
1545:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1474:
1470:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1347:
1334:
1323:Rutog County
1279:Spanggur Tso
1229:
1219:
1213:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1111:
1100:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1055:
1022:
1009:
1003:
971:
959:
941:
939:
932:
924:
920:
857:
826:
810:
803:
789:
781:
767:
754:
746:
738:
734:
730:
719:
717:
680:
674:
644:
639:
618:
590:
586:
582:
575:
573:
558:
553:
549:
545:
532:
528:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
492:
491:
436:
415:
411:
399:
398:
328:Succeeded by
327:
322:
266:
186:KARA-KHANIDS
185:
172:
157:
144:
142:
130:
127:
114:
101:
85:
69:
29:
2214:|work=
1304: /
1260: /
956: 1460
949: 1435
896:Shey Palace
847:along with
751:Thok Jalung
687:Description
323:Preceded by
102:PALA EMPIRE
2392:Categories
1384:References
1310: (
1291:79°18′03″E
1288:33°11′37″N
1266: (
1247:79°17′37″E
1244:33°22′26″N
1028:Leh Palace
994:Leh Palace
833:Suru River
749:(possibly
700: 975
662: 930
628: 842
614: 900
601:Background
597:spelling.
552:("land of
542: 982
450: 930
298: 930
258: 960
251: 930
233:Government
88:PRATIHARAS
48: 930
2253:, BRILL,
2216:ignored (
2206:cite book
1404:Mngah-ris
1312:Rabmar La
1215:Mahesvara
1202:Vajrayana
1183:scholars.
853:Baltistan
845:Detsukgon
714:separate.
621:Langdarma
488:Etymology
416:mnga'-ris
225:Religion
70:GHAZNAVID
2337:(1977),
2169:(1907),
2125:40393242
1799:Map 3379
1720:29755343
1408:Mnga-ris
1171:sTodmgon
1129:See also
1116:general
970:scholar
868:Tashigon
772:Spanggur
739:Ru-thogs
735:mNah-ris
651:Mayum La
583:La-dvags
576:La-dwags
505:Mo-lo-so
501:Xuanzang
476:general
392:Pakistan
236:Monarchy
86:GURJARA-
1748:dkar po
1469:: "The
1400:Mar-yul
1365:), and
1198:Demchok
927:Yeshe-Ö
841:Zanskar
797:Zoji La
731:Mar-yul
724:Francke
712:Zanskar
670:Zanskar
655:Zoji La
595:Persian
550:Mar-yul
525:Zan-zun
513:*Marāsa
509:*Malasa
497:Tibetan
493:Mar-yul
462:Demchok
458:Kashmir
454:Zoji La
420:Tibetan
412:mar-yul
408:མར་ཡུལ།
404:Ladakhi
277:History
267:(first)
246:•
215:Capital
38:མར་ཡུལ།
2378:
2358:
2323:
2301:
2279:
2257:
2235:
2194:
2143:
2123:
2032:
1770:
1718:
1542:Maryul
1340:Gartok
1221:Sumeru
1210:Kailas
1032:gompas
837:Kargil
819:Rupshu
790:Yi-mig
782:Wam-le
647:Purang
591:Ladakh
579:ལ་དྭགས
529:Mar(d)
521:Annals
519:. The
517:*Mrāsa
424:Ladakh
400:Maryul
280:
145:MARYUL
117:SHAHIS
72:EMPIRE
36:Maryul
2121:JSTOR
1736:p. 84
1716:JSTOR
1691:p. 83
1475:Sheya
1268:Rabma
1194:Karpo
1141:Notes
1114:Dogra
1040:Hanle
1036:Hemis
968:Gelug
831:(the
829:Purig
786:Hanle
776:Rudok
743:Rudok
636:Wylie
587:Ladak
546:Mayul
515:, or
474:Dogra
466:Rudok
445:, in
428:Tibet
388:India
384:China
158:LOHA-
115:HINDU
50:–1842
2376:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2295:Ibid
2277:ISBN
2273:Ibid
2255:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2218:help
2192:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2030:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1675:p.19
1471:Chui
1325:and
1038:and
992:The
860:Guge
811:rGya
804:hGog
774:and
747:hGog
708:Guge
527:and
432:Shey
309:1842
219:Shey
131:GUGE
1540:: "
1105:of
1018:Leh
951:to
815:Gya
733:of
623:in
554:Mar
460:to
414:of
160:RAS
2394::
2293:,
2271:,
2249:,
2210::
2208:}}
2204:{{
2186:.
2135:,
2117:16
2115:,
1822:^
1801:,
1734:,
1712:18
1710:,
1698:^
1689:,
1673:,
1649:^
1565:^
1534:,
1482:^
1427:^
1376:).
1372:r.
1361:r.
1354:r.
1109:.
1042:.
953:c.
946:c.
821:).
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