1721:
109:
767:
175:
3421:
832:
477:
88:
936:
1267:
660:
491:
452:
615:, when there is a clear separation of the Holy Crown of the Kingdom from the person of the King, when the Hungarian estates clearly declare that the ruler has obligations to the Crown, which they will demand to be respected. Over the course of the 15th century in Hungary, the Crown acquires a distinct legal personality, standing above the king and the estates and becoming the de facto sovereign. What distinguishes Hungary from other countries is that the concept of
1278:
1953:
944:
505:
1020:
The creation of the Crown of the
Kingdom of Poland was a milestone in the evolution of Polish statehood and the European identity. It represented the concept of the Polish kingdom (nation) as distinctly separate from the person of the monarch. The introduction of the concept marked the transformation
610:
in
Hungary, where it happens already at the end of the 12th century. Originally, it is primarily the concept of the kingdom as a territorial entity, directly related to the Arpad dynasty, as heirs to the crown of St. Stephen and his descendants. The separation occurs in the period of the Anjou, who
597:
In France, the term appears a little later, and refers primarily to the royal domain, but also to the lands of royal vassals. This is of particular importance in the process of incorporation of fief lands into the royal domain. The principle of non-transferability and imperishability of the crown's
593:
denoted non-transferable and imperishable royal dignity, power and rights, primarily the king's judicial power, but also the state as such, also understood as a defined territory, including lost lands. In the 14th century, the concept of the Crown standing above the King emerged; the King had no
545:
property of the monarch or dynasty, but became a common good of the political community of the kingdom. Such an idea allowed the state to function even in periods of interregnum and led to the formation of a system characteristic of Poland based on the parliamentarism of the nobility and the
602:
appears in many kingdoms of Europe, in each in a slightly different sense, related to local specifics. In Aragon, for example, the Crown is basically a common name for a range of kingdoms and territories linked virtually only by the person of a common ruler, the King of Aragon.
2347:(Polish: Welawa; now Znamensk), whereby Frederick William renounced a previous Swedish-Prussian alliance and John Casimir recognised Frederick William's full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia. Full sovereignty was a necessary prerequisite for upgrading the Duchy to
3318:
643:, into which the Silesian and Upper Lusatian lands were incorporated as directly dependent on it. Thus, they were henceforth bound not only to the person of the King, but to the perpetual Crown. Later, the development of estate representation, resistance to
163:
165:
164:
141:
142:
3311:
1891:
at
Cetatea Albă in 1420, and later even a conflict with the Poles. A deep crisis was to follow Alexandru's long reign, with his successors battling each other in a succession of wars that divided the country until the murder of
594:
right to infringe on the rights of the Crown and deplete its possessions. The crown, hitherto the crown jewel, becomes a self-contained and permanent legal entity. Similar processes have occurred in other
European countries.
1927:
The principality of
Moldavia covered the entire geographic region of Moldavia. In various periods, various other territories were politically connected with the Moldavian principality. This is the case of the province of
3304:
3327:
2417:
108:
630:
comes relatively late, as in the mid-14th century, and is primarily associated with the territorial expansion of the state and the drive to consolidate it. Above all, the loss of the
Bohemian kings of the
174:
3841:
160:
3076:"Właściwą Małopolskę stanowiły województwa: Krakowskie, Sandomierskie i Lubelskie, oraz kupione (w wieku XV) przez Zbigniewa Oleśnickiego, biskupa krakowskiego, u książąt śląskich księstwo Siewierskie"
3420:
1960:(Zips) region. Light blue and green areas show the pawned territories, red line shows current borders, yellow former border between then Hungary and Poland and the black borders between counties
1720:
1119:
At the same time, the Crown also referred to all lands that the Polish state (not the monarch) could claim to have the right to rule over, including those that were not within Polish borders.
3767:
1048:("Commonwealth"), which was an alternate to the Crown as a name for the Polish state after the Treaty of Lublin in 1569. The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland was also related to other
3876:
1759:. The Polish state was powerful enough to counter the Hungarian Kingdom which was consistently interested in bringing the area that would become Moldavia into its political orbit.
162:
541:) was a political and legal idea formed in the 14th century, assuming unity, indivisibility and continuity of the state. According to this concept, the state ceased to be the
140:
1828:
until the debt was to be repaid; as this is not recorded to have been carried out, the region became disputed by the two states, until it was lost by
Moldavia in the
898:, the highest appellate court in the Crown, was reformed. The Sejm would elect their judges for the Sejm Court (the Crown's parliamentary court) from their deputies (
3459:
1072:
The concept of the Crown also had geographical aspects, particularly related to the indivisibility of the Polish Crown's territory. It can be also seen as a unit of
1887:), and placed his own choice of rulers in Wallachia. His reign was one of the most successful in Moldavia's history, but also saw the first confrontation with the
3866:
1809:
1389:
859:
was the principal author of the
Constitution, and he wanted the Crown to be a constitutional monarchy, similar to the one in Great Britain. On May 3, 1791, the
3772:
3395:
611:
derive their authority from the diet's acceptance of succession in the female line. The key point, however, is the accession to the throne and the reign of
3335:
1261:
3800:
3429:
2071:
1787:
1786:
in 1359, took control of
Moldavia, and succeeded in transforming it into an independent political entity. Despite being disfavored by the brief union of
1481:
550:
of the ruler. At the same time, the idea of the crown went beyond existing political boundaries; lands lost in the past were considered to belong to it.
3269:
813:, and was crowned King of France on February 13, 1575. He left the throne of the Crown on May 12, 1575, two months after he was crowned King of France.
3537:
3871:
2336:
1551:
139:
161:
863:
convened, and they read and adopted the new constitution. It enfranchised the bourgeoisie, separated the government into three branches, abolished
3831:
2199:
under the same favorable conditions the House of
Pomerania had enjoyed before. Lauenburg and Bütow Land was officially a Polish fiefdom until the
1820:
on September 26, 1387. This gesture was to have unexpected consequences: Petru supplied the Polish ruler with funds needed in the war against the
1631:
3390:
2168:
1220:
from government authority and property. It often meant a distinction between persons loyal to the elected king (royalists) and persons loyal to
3861:
3856:
3777:
2427:
2254:
843:
is the second-oldest, codified national constitution in history, and the oldest codified national constitution in Europe; the oldest being the
766:
3489:
3469:
2323:
and provided for the Order's cession of its rights over the western half of its territories to the Polish crown, which became the province of
1421:
87:
3661:
3249:
3135:
3097:
3058:
2980:
2948:
2911:
2877:
2769:
2735:
2701:
2288:
3836:
3385:
3380:
2320:
1405:
1369:
3851:
3846:
2120:
3405:
3019:
Henryk Wisner, Rzeczpospolita Wazów. Czasy Zygmunta III i Władysława IV. Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN, Warszawa 2002, p. 26
2038:
1453:
2422:
3464:
3365:
2238:
2172:
2128:
2083:
1681:
1567:
1337:
1113:
948:
920:
779:
193:
180:
3125:
3112:
2328:
2124:
1171:
3291:
3202:
3182:
2809:
2477:
3345:
1289:
1817:
729:
3628:
2220:
2063:
1752:
1002:
1763:
2374:
2154:
1077:
2408:. The proposition of protection was accepted by the Polish king but when the real danger came, help for Caffa never arrived.
636:
831:
635:
hopes for the throne of Poland gave rise to the need to unite the Silesian principalities with the Bohemian throne. In 1348
748:
on February 15, 1386, Jogaila began to formally use the name Władysław. Three days after his baptism, the marriage between
2055:
1861:
736:. The agreements included the adoption of Christianity, repatriation of lands "stolen" from Poland by its neighbours, and
281:
311:
3759:
2316:
2132:
553:
The idea of the Crown in Central Europe first appeared in Bohemia and Hungary, from where the model was taken by kings
3678:
2296:
371:
3618:
2144:
1779:
589:
appeared earliest in the early 12th century in England. In the thirteenth century, when it was well-formed, the term
1037:) in which power resided in the nobility, the clergy and (to some extent) the working class, also referred to as an
3826:
3410:
2095:
1884:
1756:
1469:
1109:
844:
826:
3087:
1879:), this ruler shifted his allegiances towards Poland (notably engaging Moldavian forces on the Polish side in the
1767:
3881:
3654:
3522:
3360:
2332:
2246:
2200:
1321:
1080:
under direct administration of the Polish state from the Middle Ages to the late 18th century (currently part of
384:
3370:
3296:
2339:
to regain Prussian suzerainty in return for supporting Poland against Sweden. On July 29, 1657, they signed the
2014:
1353:
573:, the idea was adopted by the lords of the kingdom to emphasize their own role as co-responsible for the state.
3512:
2370:
2234:
1853:
1738:
1725:
1191:
1123:
978:
787:
644:
3193:
1519:
856:
2300:
2204:
2059:
2030:
1872:
1073:
1030:
810:
699:
612:
569:, as well as during the interregnum following his death and the regency during the minority of his daughter
271:
2078:
in Lesser Poland. The junction of the duchy with the Lesser Poland Province was concluded in 1790 when the
3691:
3484:
3444:
3350:
2284:
2250:
1615:
1503:
547:
93:
2903:
Disorderly liberty: the political culture of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century
1985:, as well as a right to incorporate them into Poland until the debt was repaid. The towns affected were:
3532:
3479:
3449:
2184:
2006:
1893:
1876:
1857:
1837:
1599:
935:
879:
620:
558:
3542:
1299:
3170:
2018:
1266:
1216:", a term used to distinguish the personal influence and private assets of the Commonwealth's current
3647:
3600:
3547:
3474:
2664:
The Historians' History of the World: Poland, The Balkans, Turkey, Minor eastern states, China, Japan
2405:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1900:
in 1451. Nevertheless, Moldavia was subject to further Hungarian interventions after that moment, as
1795:
1791:
1783:
1771:
1535:
1022:
899:
875:
795:
598:
rights, served in the 14th century to cancel many land grants in the previous period. The concept of
874:
It made Poland a constitutional monarchy with the King as the head of the executive branch with his
3591:
3562:
3557:
3375:
3355:
2188:
2176:
1933:
1805:
1693:
1487:
1305:
1057:
1026:
806:
799:
679:
659:
554:
329:
149:
31:
1986:
3739:
3716:
3696:
3686:
3595:
3587:
3567:
3552:
2845:
2825:
2668:
2348:
2196:
2150:
1880:
1849:
1845:
1593:
1583:
632:
562:
470:
3050:
2022:
3527:
3494:
3287:
3245:
3198:
3178:
3158:
3131:
3093:
3054:
2976:
2944:
2907:
2901:
2873:
2805:
2765:
2731:
2697:
2691:
2473:
2116:
2050:
1994:
1971:
1901:
1829:
1647:
1153:
1049:
1038:
790:. Before then, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania only had a
749:
691:
570:
484:
457:
268:
230:
3230:
Korona Królestwa Polskiego w XIV wieku. Studium z dziejów rozwoju polskiej monarchii stanowej
2801:
2725:
1743:
The history of Moldavia has long been intertwined with that of Poland. The Polish chronicler
890:; the King was given the power to break ties in the Senate, and the head of the Sejm was the
17:
3749:
3623:
3583:
3454:
3439:
3400:
3242:
The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania. The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569
2934:
2863:
2837:
2759:
2360:
2340:
2292:
2280:
2266:
2180:
2075:
1821:
1437:
1277:
1142:
1012:
988:
887:
683:
296:
2026:
3744:
3724:
2312:
2112:
2101:
1977:
1952:
1897:
1799:
1673:
1447:
1233:
1221:
1167:
775:
761:
741:
526:
358:
216:
54:
2940:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
2869:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
2841:
2082:
formally incorporated the Duchy, as part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, into the
1981:(approximately seven tonnes of pure silver), 16 rich salt-producing towns in the area of
1689:
809:
was crowned King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania on February 22, 1574, he was made
420:
410:
2662:
1808:
profited from the end of the Hungarian-Polish union and moved the country closer to the
3795:
3734:
3729:
3151:
Translation of a treaty between the King of Prussia and the King and Republic of Poland
3043:
2401:
2397:
2242:
2192:
2109:
1913:
1744:
1245:
1061:
1045:
960:
956:
923:
in 1792. The Constitution was in place for less than 19 months; it was annulled by the
912:
895:
814:
791:
733:
721:
715:
703:
542:
534:
498:
345:
68:
1248:(Polish: Wielkopolska). These were further divided into administrative units known as
732:
confirmed the prenuptial agreements on August 14, 1385, Poland and Lithuania formed a
3820:
3805:
3706:
3701:
2324:
2304:
2230:
1982:
1965:
1905:
1888:
1865:
1794:, the Moldavian ruler also likely allied himself with the Poles. Lațcu also accepted
1709:
1664:
1331:
1241:
1179:
1175:
647:'s desire to diminish its importance, and finally the period of interregnums and the
265:
262:
246:
2794:
2241:. In 1791 it gained full independence, but on March 28, 1795, it was annexed by the
1966:
Szepes county § The pawning of Szepes towns and the Province of 13 Szepes Towns
1363:
3237:
2067:
1941:
1833:
908:
891:
864:
725:
694:
established the first true Polish state, though the process was begun by Mieszko's
687:
648:
1138:
943:
770:
Banner of Poland and Lithuania in the chronicle of the Council of Constance (1416)
2938:
2867:
2211:
and the subsequent Treaty of Warsaw in 1773 made the former conditions obsolete.
159:
138:
3670:
2761:
The Golden Age of Polish Philosophy: Kazimierz Twardowski's Philosophical Legacy
2308:
1944:) or, at a later date, the territories between the Dniester and the Bug rivers.
1252:(the Polish names of the voivodships and towns are shown below in parentheses).
1249:
924:
868:
651:, led to the formation of the Crown as standing above the king and the estates.
324:
305:
290:
126:
794:. The Union of Lublin also made the Crown an elective monarchy; this ended the
639:
established the feudal organization of the state and introduced the notions of
2079:
1790:
and Hungary (the latter was still the country's overlord), Bogdan's successor
1625:
1190:(which had a negligible Polish population and had until then been governed by
916:
860:
783:
2973:
The constitutions of Poland and of the United States: kinships and genealogy
2034:
1921:
1841:
1813:
1685:
1529:
1431:
1213:
915:
for any political reform; she argued that Poland had fallen prey to radical
3073:
1990:
1705:
1697:
1561:
1399:
1053:
745:
738:
terras suas Lithuaniae et Russiae Coronae Regni Poloniae perpetuo applicare
606:
For Poland, however, the most important is the emergence of the concept of
206:
3195:
Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North
2447:
1875:
was brought to the throne in 1400 by the Hungarians (with assistance from
740:, the clause which formed the personal union. After being baptized at the
2391:
2344:
1929:
1825:
1802:
around 1370, but his gesture was to remain without lasting consequences.
1701:
1651:
1513:
1415:
1379:
1237:
1183:
1101:
405:
2828:(July 1973). "The Corsican constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769)".
619:
there is inseparably linked to the physically existing royal jewel, the
3499:
2208:
2167:) of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1641 it became part of the
1957:
1917:
1909:
1775:
1641:
1609:
1497:
1463:
1315:
1217:
1187:
1134:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
992:
952:
566:
238:
2849:
2070:
in 1443. After that point it was considered to be associated with the
1712:
writes that Royal Prussia belonged to the Province of Greater Poland.
1194:), passed under Polish administration, thus becoming Crown territory.
1178:, or as other areas under the sovereignty of the Polish king (such as
3214:
Historia Polski Średniowiecze, Stanisław Szczur, Kraków 2002, s. 537.
2163:
1577:
1383:
1347:
1089:
1081:
2327:, while the remaining part of the Order's land became a fief of the
667:
The history of Poland as an entity has been traditionally traced to
2470:
God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795
1868:
in 1385; however, Stephen disappeared in mysterious circumstances.
1197:
During that period, a term for a Pole from the Crown territory was
2276:
2226:
1937:
1719:
1276:
1265:
942:
934:
855:) Drafting for it began on October 6, 1788, and lasted 32 months.
830:
765:
695:
675:
658:
415:
220:
3177:, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Interpress, 1983, pp. 81–91, here p. 83.
3610:
3286:(History of Poland – Middle Ages), Wydawnictwo Literackie 2002,
2319:
in October 1466. This treaty had ended the War of the Cities or
1545:
883:
3643:
3300:
3173:, 'Rivalität der Magnaten und Bedrohung der Souveränität', in:
2693:
A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki
1912:. Petru Aron's rule also signified the beginning of Moldavia's
1284:
Map showing voivodeships of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations
3639:
2906:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 227–228.
1832:(1531). Prince Petru also expanded his rule southwards to the
3328:
Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2418:
Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1751:) as having joined a military expedition in 1342, under King
919:
that was prominent in France at the time. Russia invaded the
3006:
Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
1212:
Depending on context, the Polish "Crown" may also refer to "
1122:
The term distinguishes those territories federated with the
1762:
Ties between Poland and Moldavia expanded after the Polish
1044:
A related concept that evolved soon afterward was that of
3086:
Lubieniecki, Stanisław; George Huntston Williams (1995).
1186:. With the Union of Lublin, however, most of present-day
3010:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 85–86
2377:) of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
2233:
that existed from 1562 to 1791 as a vassal state of the
1782:
who had fallen out with the Hungarian king, crossed the
3074:
Zygmunt Gloger Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski
2215:
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Courland) (1562–1791)
882:. The legislative branch was bicameral with an elected
27:
1385–1795 territorial possessions of the King of Poland
2758:
Sandra Lapointe; Jan Wolenski; Mathieu Marion (2009).
1844:, before being toppled from the throne for supporting
1170:, Crown territories may be understood as those of the
663:
Banner of the Kingdom of Poland until the 15th century
3260:
Statuta Regni Poloniae: in ordinem alphabeti digesta,
2975:. American Institute of Polish Culture. p. 51.
1836:. His brother Roman I conquered the Hungarian-ruled
911:
who believed that Poland needed permission from the
706:, became the first crowned King of Poland in 1025.
179:
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (red) within the
3786:
3758:
3715:
3677:
3609:
3576:
3511:
3428:
3334:
2404:, Caffa placed itself under the protection of King
2295:, Albert of Hohenzollern, secularized the Prussian
1273:
Voivodeships of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations
398:
381:
368:
355:
342:
317:
302:
287:
277:
258:
237:
226:
212:
202:
188:
41:
3842:Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3042:
2793:
2157:in 1637, Lauenburg and Bütow Land again became a
1141:or semi-independence from the King), such as the
2696:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–103.
1205:) – or Crownlander(s) in English – derived from
1108:, among others). Parts formed part at the early
623:, which thereby acquires a unique significance.
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
1974:, the Hungarian crown exchanged, for a loan of
724:was a set of prenuptial agreements made in the
561:to strengthen their power. During the reign of
1137:territories (which enjoyed varying degrees of
3877:States and territories disestablished in 1795
3655:
3312:
2149:After the childless death of the last of the
1860:, growing Polish influence was challenged by
8:
1635:
1619:
1603:
1587:
1571:
1555:
1539:
1523:
1507:
1491:
1457:
1441:
1425:
1409:
1393:
1373:
1357:
1341:
1325:
1309:
1293:
626:In Bohemia, the emergence of the concept of
46:
3113:Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie @ Google books
1770:and the founding of the Moldavian state by
1262:Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown
955:in 1619 (superimposed on the modern map of
60:
3662:
3648:
3640:
3319:
3305:
3297:
2448:"Gaude Mater Polonia Creation and History"
2225:The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia is a
1948:Towns in Spisz (Szepes) County (1412–1795)
1840:in 1392, giving Moldavia an outlet to the
1684:from 1569 to 1772. Royal Prussia included
1482:Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown
173:
38:
3124:Lukowski, Jerzy; Hubert Zawadzki (2006).
2730:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 68.
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2315:, as had been Teutonic Prussia since the
1236:(1569) Crown lands were divided into two
565:in Poland, who spent most of his time in
2472:. Oxford University Press. p. 130.
1951:
1680:) was a semi-autonomous province of the
802:was elected on May 16, 1573 as monarch.
30:For the crown used by Polish kings, see
2690:Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001).
2439:
2355:Duchy of Livonia (Inflanty) (1569–1772)
1916:allegiance, as the ruler agreed to pay
835:First page of the original Constitution
301:
211:
3049:. Columbia University Press. pp.
2428:Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslaus
2303:. His duchy, which had its capital in
2283:from 1525 to 1701. In 1525 during the
2090:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia (1466–1772)
752:and Władysław II Jagiełło took place.
3867:14th-century establishments in Poland
3232:(in Polish). Zakład im. Ossolińskich.
3045:God's Playground: A History of Poland
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2396:In 1462, during the expansion of the
1747:mentioned Moldavians (under the name
380:
367:
354:
341:
337:
286:
7:
2311:), was established as a fief of the
2121:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warmia
1733:Principality of Moldavia (1387–1497)
939:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, 1635
3244:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3175:Polen. Ein geschichtliches Panorama
2800:. Oxford University Press. p.
2423:Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
1864:, whose expedition was defeated at
970:The possessions of the Polish Crown
3008:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
2842:10.1093/ehr/lxxxviii.cccxlviii.481
2058:sold the Duchy of Siewierz to the
1659:Royal Prussia Province (1569–1772)
1116:until its final collapse in 1795.
805:On May 30, 1574, two months after
698:ancestors. His son and successor,
577:The development of the concept of
25:
3089:History of the Polish Reformation
1976:sixty times the amount of 37,000
947:High-level administrative map of
3872:1795 disestablishments in Poland
3629:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
3419:
2221:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
2207:incorporated the territory into
2100:The Prince-Bishopric of Warmia (
1694:Malbork Voivodeship (Marienburg)
1021:of the Polish government from a
1003:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
867:, and stopped the abuses of the
778:created the single state of the
503:
489:
475:
450:
157:
136:
107:
86:
2943:. EJJ Books. pp. 181–182.
2191:in return for her help against
1824:, and was granted control over
3832:Historical geography of Poland
3788:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
3130:. Cambridge University Press.
2239:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2173:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2129:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2084:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1682:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1114:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
949:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
780:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
523:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
194:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
181:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
43:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
1:
3862:1569 establishments in Europe
3857:1385 establishments in Europe
3284:Historia Polski Średniowiecze
3157:, vol. XXXV, Edinburgh 1773,
2971:Joseph Kasparek-Obst (1980).
2830:The English Historical Review
2661:Henry Smith Williams (1904).
2329:Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
2045:Duchy of Siewierz (1443–1795)
1295:województwo brzesko-kujawskie
668:
95:
18:Kingdom of Poland (1385-1569)
3760:Lands of the Hungarian Crown
3584:Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)
2667:. Outlook Company. pp.
2373:– and later a joint domain (
2261:Duchy of Prussia (1569–1657)
2106:Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie
1088:and some border counties of
3852:Former monarchies of Europe
3847:Political history of Poland
3679:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
3270:Central European Superpower
3127:A Concise History of Poland
2331:. In the 17th century King
2297:State of the Teutonic Order
2064:Zbigniew Cardinal Oleśnicki
1970:As one of the terms of the
1290:Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship
907:The Government Act angered
841:Constitution of May 3, 1791
621:Holy Crown of Saint Stephen
155:"Rejoice, oh Mother Poland"
3898:
3411:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
2872:. EJJ Books. p. 175.
2389:
2358:
2264:
2218:
2142:
2108:,) was a semi independent
2096:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
2093:
2048:
1963:
1757:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1736:
1662:
1479:
1470:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
1327:województwo inowrocławskie
1259:
845:United States Constitution
827:Constitution of 3 May 1791
824:
786:between the Crown and the
759:
713:
531:Korona Królestwa Polskiego
48:Korona Królestwa Polskiego
29:
3717:Lands of the German Crown
3417:
3029:The Annals of Jan Długosz
2333:John II Casimir of Poland
2247:Third Partition of Poland
2201:First Partition of Poland
1690:Chełmno Land (Kulmerland)
1621:województwo sandomierskie
1525:województwo czernihowskie
1311:województwo gnieźnieńskie
1244:(Polish: Małopolska) and
991:(semi-independent Polish
728:on August 13, 1385. Once
429:
394:
338:
172:
121:
82:
77:
3619:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
3262:Cracoviae (Kraków) 1563.
2371:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2235:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2183:, it was granted to the
2145:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
2139:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
2123:, and a protectorate of
1904:deposed Aron and backed
1766:in the aftermath of the
1739:Principality of Moldavia
1726:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1159:
1148:
1129:
1124:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
979:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
788:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3837:Polish–Lithuanian union
3228:Dąbrowski, Jan (1956).
3041:Davies, Norman (2005).
2900:Jerzy Lukowski (2010).
2764:. Springer. p. 4.
2468:Davies, Norman (2005).
2369:was a territory of the
2301:Albert, Duke in Prussia
2279:in the eastern part of
2205:Frederick II of Prussia
1716:Other holdings or fiefs
1509:województwo bracławskie
1375:województwo mazowieckie
1282:(in Polish and English)
1256:Greater Poland Province
1074:administrative division
1052:, such as the capital (
1031:constitutional monarchy
817:was elected after him.
782:on July 1, 1569 with a
613:Sigismund of Luxembourg
272:constitutional monarchy
213:Official languages
2792:Norman Davies (1996).
2285:Protestant Reformation
2169:Pomeranian Voivodeship
2105:
2072:Lesser Poland Province
1961:
1729:
1677:
1636:
1620:
1616:Sandomierz Voivodeship
1604:
1588:
1572:
1557:województwo krakowskie
1556:
1540:
1524:
1508:
1492:
1476:Lesser Poland Province
1459:województwo sieradzkie
1458:
1442:
1426:
1410:
1395:województwo poznańskie
1394:
1374:
1358:
1342:
1326:
1322:Inowrocław Voivodeship
1310:
1294:
1285:
1274:
1017:
940:
836:
771:
664:
655:Major political events
538:
530:
61:
47:
2392:Feodosia § Kaffa
2317:Second Peace of Thorn
2249:. The duchy also had
1955:
1896:and the ascension of
1877:Mircea I of Wallachia
1848:in his conflict with
1768:Galicia–Volhynia Wars
1764:annexation of Galicia
1723:
1637:województwo wołyńskie
1589:województwo podolskie
1573:województwo lubelskie
1541:województwo kijowskie
1520:Czernihów Voivodeship
1427:województwo podlaskie
1422:Podlaskie Voivodeship
1359:województwo łęczyckie
1280:
1269:
1174:proper, inhabited by
946:
938:
880:Guardians of the Laws
857:Stanisław II Augustus
834:
769:
662:
641:corona regni Bohemiae
559:Casimir III the Great
539:Corona Regni Poloniae
62:Corona Regni Poloniae
3601:Inflanty (1621–1772)
2724:Bill Moyers (2009).
2406:Casimir IV of Poland
2179:, which amended the
2127:, later part of the
2076:ecclesiastical duchy
2060:Archbishop of Kraków
1862:Sigismund of Hungary
1784:Carpathian Mountains
1370:Mazovian Voivodeship
1343:województwo kaliskie
1023:patrimonial monarchy
876:cabinet of ministers
847:. It was called the
821:Constitution of 1791
796:Jagiellonian dynasty
700:Bolesław I the Brave
633:Luxembourg dynasty's
591:corona regni Angliae
2727:Moyers on Democracy
2321:Thirteen Years' War
2189:Brandenburg-Prussia
2177:Treaty of Bydgoszcz
2066:, for 6,000 silver
1885:Siege of Marienburg
1708:. Polish historian
1504:Bracław Voivodeship
1493:województwo bełzkie
1454:Sieradz Voivodeship
1443:województwo rawskie
1411:województwo płockie
1354:Łęczyca Voivodeship
1306:Gniezno Voivodeship
1058:Polish coat of arms
1039:"elective monarchy"
1027:hereditary monarchy
555:Ladislaus the Short
330:Early modern Europe
312:Chamber of Deputies
150:Gaude Mater Polonia
32:Polish crown jewels
3778:Kingdom of Croatia
3740:Duchy of Franconia
3568:Duchy of Samogitia
3282:Stanisław Szczur,
3155:The Scots Magazine
3092:. Fortress Press.
2826:Dorothy Carrington
2349:Kingdom of Prussia
2203:in 1772 when King
2197:Swedish-Polish War
2151:House of Pomerania
2117:incumbent ordinary
2031:Spiskie Podgrodzie
1962:
1932:, the fiefdoms of
1881:Battle of Grunwald
1850:Vytautas the Great
1846:Fyodor Koriatovych
1774:. Bogdan, a Vlach
1730:
1724:The Crown and the
1605:województwo ruskie
1594:Kamieniec Podolski
1584:Podole Voivodeship
1568:Lublin Voivodeship
1552:Kraków Voivodeship
1390:Poznań Voivodeship
1338:Kalisz Voivodeship
1286:
1275:
1166:Prior to the 1569
1018:
1005:, Lithuanian fief.
941:
837:
772:
665:
471:Kingdom of Prussia
372:May 3 Constitution
3827:Kingdom of Poland
3814:
3813:
3637:
3636:
3495:Duchy of Siewierz
3251:978-0-19-820869-3
3137:978-0-521-85332-3
3099:978-0-8006-7085-6
3060:978-0-231-12817-9
2982:978-1-881284-09-3
2950:978-0-7818-0637-4
2913:978-1-4411-4812-4
2879:978-0-7818-0637-4
2796:Europe: A History
2771:978-90-481-2400-8
2737:978-0-307-38773-8
2703:978-0-521-55917-1
2651:, pp. 36–38.
2639:, pp. 34–36.
2615:, pp. 32–33.
2591:, pp. 27–31.
2567:, pp. 22–24.
2555:, pp. 30–31.
2543:, pp. 21–22.
2531:, pp. 11–12.
2337:Frederick William
2175:. After the 1657
2125:Kingdom of Poland
2074:and was the only
2051:Duchy of Siewierz
1972:Treaty of Lubowla
1908:to the throne in
1902:Matthias Corvinus
1830:Battle of Obertyn
1800:Roman Catholicism
1648:Duchy of Siewierz
1632:Wołyń Voivodeship
1536:Kijów Voivodeship
1406:Płock Voivodeship
1172:Kingdom of Poland
1154:Duchy of Courland
1110:Kingdom of Poland
1050:symbols of Poland
1035:monarchia stanowa
886:and an appointed
692:Baptism of Poland
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
485:Habsburg Monarchy
463:
462:
458:Kingdom of Poland
231:Roman Catholicism
198:
166:
156:
143:
133:
16:(Redirected from
3889:
3882:Christian states
3750:Duchy of Bavaria
3664:
3657:
3650:
3641:
3624:Duchy of Prussia
3504:
3500:Duchy of Siveria
3423:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3298:
3255:
3233:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3191:
3185:
3171:Henryk Rutkowski
3168:
3162:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3048:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3004:
2987:
2986:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2836:(348): 481–503.
2822:
2816:
2815:
2799:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2444:
2367:Duchy of Livonia
2361:Duchy of Livonia
2341:Treaty of Wehlau
2293:Teutonic Knights
2273:Duchy of Prussia
2267:Duchy of Prussia
2181:Treaty of Wehlau
2019:Spiska Nowa Wieś
1934:Cetatea de Baltă
1822:Teutonic Knights
1678:Prusy Królewskie
1639:
1623:
1607:
1591:
1575:
1559:
1543:
1527:
1511:
1495:
1488:Bełz Voivodeship
1461:
1445:
1438:Rawa Voivodeship
1429:
1413:
1397:
1377:
1361:
1345:
1329:
1313:
1297:
1283:
1272:
1224:(confederates).
1162:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1143:Duchy of Prussia
1132:
1130:
1013:Duchy of Livonia
1010:
1000:
989:Duchy of Prussia
986:
976:
967:
673:
670:
507:
506:
493:
492:
479:
478:
467:
466:
454:
453:
447:
446:
431:
430:
233:(state religion)
196:
177:
168:
167:
154:
145:
144:
131:
111:
100:
97:
90:
72:
64:
58:
50:
39:
21:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3782:
3754:
3745:Duchy of Swabia
3725:Duchy of Saxony
3711:
3673:
3668:
3638:
3633:
3605:
3572:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3346:Brześć Kujawski
3337:
3330:
3325:
3277:, October 2016.
3267:Henryk Litwin,
3252:
3236:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3192:
3188:
3169:
3165:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3005:
2990:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2414:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2363:
2357:
2313:Crown of Poland
2269:
2263:
2223:
2217:
2147:
2141:
2115:, ruled by the
2098:
2092:
2053:
2047:
1978:Prague groschen
1968:
1950:
1898:Peter III Aaron
1810:Jagiellon realm
1772:Bogdan of Cuhea
1741:
1735:
1718:
1706:Elbląg (Elbing)
1698:Gdańsk (Danzig)
1667:
1661:
1600:Ruś Voivodeship
1484:
1478:
1300:Brześć Kujawski
1281:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1234:Union of Lublin
1230:
1222:Polish magnates
1168:Union of Lublin
1158:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1133:) from various
1128:
1127:
1070:
1016:
1008:
1006:
998:
996:
984:
982:
974:
972:
965:
933:
829:
823:
807:Henry de Valois
800:Henry de Valois
776:Union of Lublin
764:
762:Union of Lublin
758:
756:Union of Lublin
742:Wawel Cathedral
718:
712:
671:
657:
585:The concept of
583:
563:Louis the Great
504:
490:
476:
451:
425:
387:
385:Third Partition
374:
361:
359:Union of Lublin
348:
334:
308:
293:
254:
184:
158:
153:
147:
146:
137:
134:
132:"Mother of God"
130:
117:
116:
115:
112:
104:
103:
98:
91:
73:
66:
59:
52:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3796:Greater Poland
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Hungary proper
3764:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Upper Lorraine
3732:
3730:Lower Lorraine
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3580:
3578:
3577:Polish Livonia
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:Grand Duchy of
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3338:Greater Poland
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3279:
3278:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3234:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3207:
3186:
3163:
3143:
3136:
3116:
3105:
3098:
3078:
3066:
3059:
3033:
3021:
3012:
2988:
2981:
2963:
2949:
2926:
2912:
2892:
2878:
2855:
2817:
2810:
2784:
2770:
2750:
2736:
2716:
2702:
2682:
2653:
2649:Dąbrowski 1956
2641:
2637:Dąbrowski 1956
2629:
2625:Dąbrowski 1956
2617:
2613:Dąbrowski 1956
2605:
2601:Dąbrowski 1956
2593:
2589:Dąbrowski 1956
2581:
2577:Dąbrowski 1956
2569:
2565:Dąbrowski 1956
2557:
2553:Dąbrowski 1956
2545:
2541:Dąbrowski 1956
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2478:
2460:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2402:Crimean Tatars
2398:Ottoman Empire
2390:Main article:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2359:Main article:
2356:
2353:
2265:Main article:
2262:
2259:
2243:Russian Empire
2237:and later the
2219:Main article:
2216:
2213:
2143:Main article:
2140:
2137:
2133:Peace of Thorn
2110:ecclesiastical
2094:Main article:
2091:
2088:
2049:Main article:
2046:
2043:
2011:Spiskie Włochy
1964:Main article:
1949:
1946:
1914:Ottoman Empire
1788:Angevin Poland
1755:, against the
1737:Main article:
1734:
1731:
1717:
1714:
1663:Main article:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1629:
1613:
1597:
1581:
1565:
1549:
1533:
1517:
1501:
1480:Main article:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1451:
1435:
1419:
1403:
1387:
1367:
1351:
1335:
1319:
1303:
1260:Main article:
1257:
1254:
1246:Greater Poland
1229:
1226:
1069:
1066:
1062:flag of Poland
1046:Rzeczpospolita
1029:) to a "quasi-
1007:
997:
983:
973:
964:
961:Eastern Europe
932:
929:
913:Russian Empire
896:Crown Tribunal
853:Ustawa Rządowa
849:Government Act
825:Main article:
822:
819:
815:Anna Jagiellon
811:King of France
792:personal union
760:Main article:
757:
754:
734:personal union
722:Union of Krewo
716:Union of Krewo
714:Main article:
711:
710:Union of Krewo
708:
704:Duke of Poland
656:
653:
582:
575:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
501:
499:Russian Empire
495:
494:
487:
481:
480:
473:
464:
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460:
455:
443:
442:
437:
427:
426:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
400:
396:
395:
392:
391:
390:January 7 1795
388:
382:
379:
378:
375:
369:
366:
365:
362:
356:
353:
352:
351:August 14 1385
349:
346:Union of Krewo
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
333:
332:
327:
321:
319:
318:Historical era
315:
314:
309:
303:
300:
299:
294:
288:
285:
284:
279:
275:
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260:
256:
255:
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241:
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228:
224:
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210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
190:
186:
185:
178:
170:
169:
135:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
94:Royal Banner (
92:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3894:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3807:
3806:Royal Prussia
3804:
3802:
3801:Lesser Poland
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3707:Lower Lusatia
3705:
3703:
3702:Upper Lusatia
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Brest Litovsk
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3432:Lesser Poland
3427:
3422:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3292:83-08-03272-9
3289:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3258:Jan Herburt,
3257:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:Frost, Robert
3235:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3203:90-6550-881-3
3200:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:83-223-1984-3
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2935:Jacek Jędruch
2930:
2927:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2893:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:Jacek Jędruch
2859:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2811:0-19-820171-0
2807:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2785:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2751:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2683:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2627:, p. 38.
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2603:, p. 31.
2602:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2579:, p. 24.
2578:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2519:, p. 12.
2518:
2513:
2510:
2507:, p. 14.
2506:
2501:
2498:
2495:, p. 15.
2494:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2479:9780199253395
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2381:Protectorates
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:Royal Prussia
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:Baltic region
2228:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:Spiska Sobota
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:Ottoman Turks
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:, becoming a
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1710:Henryk Wisner
1707:
1703:
1702:Toruń (Thorn)
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:Royal Prussia
1666:
1665:Royal Prussia
1658:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Lesser Poland
1239:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1209:– the Crown.
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:Royal Prussia
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1004:
994:
990:
980:
971:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
937:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:, called the
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
833:
828:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
768:
763:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
661:
654:
652:
650:
646:
645:Wenceslaus IV
642:
638:
634:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
604:
601:
595:
592:
588:
580:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
548:free election
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
502:
500:
497:
496:
488:
486:
483:
482:
474:
472:
469:
468:
465:
459:
456:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
376:
373:
363:
360:
350:
347:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
320:
316:
313:
310:
307:
298:
295:
292:
283:
280:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:parliamentary
264:
261:
257:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
208:
205:
201:
195:
191:
187:
182:
176:
171:
151:
128:
124:
120:
110:
102:
89:
81:
76:
70:
63:
56:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3787:
3773:Transylvania
3283:
3275:BUM Magazine
3274:
3268:
3259:
3241:
3229:
3210:
3194:
3189:
3174:
3166:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3126:
3119:
3108:
3088:
3081:
3069:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3007:
2972:
2966:
2956:November 19,
2954:. Retrieved
2939:
2929:
2919:November 19,
2917:. Retrieved
2902:
2895:
2885:November 19,
2883:. Retrieved
2868:
2858:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2795:
2787:
2777:November 19,
2775:. Retrieved
2760:
2753:
2743:November 19,
2741:. Retrieved
2726:
2719:
2709:November 19,
2707:. Retrieved
2692:
2685:
2675:November 19,
2673:. Retrieved
2663:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2453:November 14,
2451:. Retrieved
2442:
2395:
2366:
2364:
2289:Grand Master
2272:
2270:
2257:and Gambia.
2224:
2185:Hohenzollern
2162:
2158:
2155:Bogislaw XIV
2148:
2135:(1466–1772)
2099:
2056:Wenceslaus I
2054:
1983:Spisz (Zips)
1975:
1969:
1942:Transylvania
1926:
1870:
1838:Cetatea Albă
1834:Danube Delta
1818:Władysław II
1804:
1761:
1748:
1742:
1669:
1668:
1250:voivodeships
1231:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1165:
1121:
1118:
1112:, then, the
1071:
1043:
1034:
1019:
969:
921:Commonwealth
909:Catherine II
906:
900:
892:Sejm Marshal
873:
865:liberum veto
852:
848:
840:
838:
804:
773:
737:
726:Kreva Castle
719:
688:Christianity
666:
649:Hussite wars
640:
628:corona regni
627:
625:
617:corona regni
616:
608:corona regni
607:
605:
600:corona regni
599:
596:
590:
587:corona regni
586:
584:
579:corona regni
578:
552:
522:
520:
440:Succeeded by
439:
434:
192:Part of the
122:
114:Coat of arms
36:
3671:Crown lands
3503:(1619–1635)
3430:Province of
3336:Province of
3159:pp. 687–691
2375:Condominium
2309:Kaliningrad
2299:, becoming
2187:dynasty of
2023:Ruszkinowce
1873:Alexander I
1753:Władysław I
1749:Wallachians
1745:Jan Długosz
1318:) from 1768
1271:(in Polish)
1078:territories
925:Grodno Sejm
869:Repnin Sejm
684:West Polans
674:, when the
543:patrimonial
435:Preceded by
377:May 3, 1791
364:1 July 1569
325:Middle Ages
306:Lower house
291:Upper house
278:Legislature
197:(1569–1795)
127:Bogurodzica
99: 1621
3821:Categories
3538:Nowogródek
3485:Sandomierz
3391:Pomeranian
3361:Inowrocław
3222:References
2529:Frost 2015
2517:Frost 2015
2505:Frost 2015
2493:Frost 2015
2335:submitted
2305:Königsberg
2131:after the
2080:Great Sejm
2035:Maciejowce
1920:to Sultan
1906:Alexăndrel
1866:Ghindăoani
1796:conversion
1626:Sandomierz
1332:Inowrocław
1232:After the
1203:koroniarze
1152:) and the
917:Jacobinism
861:Great Sejm
784:real union
672: 966
637:Charles IV
259:Government
239:Demonym(s)
3533:Mstsislaw
3515:Lithuania
3480:Ruthenian
3470:Podlaskie
3450:Chernihów
2351:in 1701.
2015:Nowa Wieś
1940:(both in
1922:Mehmed II
1894:Bogdan II
1871:Although
1858:Stephen I
1854:Lithuania
1842:Black Sea
1780:Maramureș
1728:1386–1434
1686:Pomerelia
1530:Czernihów
1432:Drohiczyn
1238:provinces
1228:Provinces
1214:The Crown
1201:(plural:
1199:koroniarz
1192:Lithuania
1182:) or the
1068:Geography
680:Mieszko I
581:in Poland
227:Religion
78:1385–1795
3548:Smolensk
3490:Volhynia
3475:Podolian
3381:Masovian
3240:(2015).
3031:, p. 273
2937:(1998).
2866:(1998).
2412:See also
2400:and the
2251:colonies
2039:Twarożne
1995:Wierzbów
1930:Pokuttya
1883:and the
1856:. Under
1826:Pokuttya
1652:Siewierz
1380:Mazowsze
1184:szlachta
1139:autonomy
1102:Slovakia
1060:and the
953:fiefdoms
951:and its
931:Politics
901:posłowie
686:adopted
682:and the
399:Currency
269:Elective
183:in 1635.
3697:Silesia
3692:Moravia
3687:Bohemia
3592:Parnawa
3563:Vitebsk
3558:Vilnius
3445:Bracław
3406:Sieradz
3376:Malbork
3371:Łęczyca
3356:Gniezno
3351:Chełmno
2291:of the
2281:Prussia
2245:in the
2229:in the
2209:Prussia
2195:in the
2171:of the
2161:(land,
2119:of the
1918:tribute
1910:Suceava
1806:Petru I
1776:voivode
1514:Bracław
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1218:monarch
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1135:fiefdom
1106:Romania
1098:Moldova
1094:Belarus
1086:Ukraine
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993:fiefdom
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