2839:
1018:
3198:
2990:
136:
2999:
2830:
3828:
3371:
3348:
111:
2458:
303:
2778:
291:
870:
5278:
118:
2747:, (1683–1746). Essentially, Spain was to become a perpetual ally and even obedient satellite of France, ruled by a king who would carry out orders from Versailles. Realizing how this would upset the balance of power, the other European rulers were outraged. However, most of the alternatives were equally undesirable. For example, putting another Habsburg on the throne would end up recreating the grand multi-national
6935:
2467:
3363:
2639:
6925:
5266:
4013:
1552:
976:
956:
933:
6945:
5254:
4027:
1567:
279:
2612:, a French term rendered in English as "Old Rule", or simply "Former Regime", refers primarily to the aristocratic, social and political system of early modern France under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien RĂ©gime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts (like the
3402:
that the bulk of the territory of
Western Francia came under the rule of the Frankish kings, and Philip was consequently the first king to call himself "king of France" (1190). The division of France between the Angevin (Plantagenet) kings of England and the Capetian kings of France would lead to the
2735:, a group that denied free will and had already been condemned by the popes. In this, he garnered the friendship of the papacy, which had previously been hostile to France because of its policy of putting all church property in the country under the jurisdiction of the state rather than that of Rome.
2945:
On
September 3, 1791, the absolute monarchy which had governed France for 948 years was forced to limit its power and become a provisional constitutional monarchy. However, this too would not last very long and on September 21, 1792, the French monarchy was effectively abolished by the proclamation
245:
244:
246:
2720:. McCabe says critics used fiction to portray the degraded Turkish court, using "the harem, the Sultan court, oriental despotism, luxury, gems and spices, carpets, and silk cushions" as an unfavorable analogy to the corruption of the French royal court.
243:
2838:
1746:
and not yet a part of France. West
Frankish kings were initially elected by the secular and ecclesiastical magnates, but the regular coronation of the eldest son of the reigning king during his father's lifetime established the principle of male
1711:
over two time periods, 1284–1328 and 1572–1620, after which the institutions of
Navarre were abolished and it was fully annexed by France (though the King of France continued to use the title "King of Navarre" through the end of the monarchy).
2267:). The kings built a strong fiscal system, which heightened the power of the king to raise armies that overawed the local nobility. In Paris especially there emerged strong traditions in literature, art and music. The prevailing style was
278:
1017:
1831:. Throughout the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, France was Europe's richest, largest, most populous, powerful and influential country. In parallel, France developed its first colonial empire in Asia, Africa, and in the Americas.
4836:
Wolfe, M. (2005). Jotham
Parsons. The Church in the Republic: Gallicanism and Political Ideology in Renaissance France. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. 2004. pp. ix, 322. The American Historical Review, 110(4),
3407:, and France would regain control over these territories only by the mid 15th century. What is now eastern France (Lorraine, Arelat) was not part of Western Francia to begin with and was only incorporated into the kingdom during the
1834:
In the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First French colonial empire stretched from a total area at its peak in 1680 to over 10,000,000 square kilometres (3,900,000 sq mi), the second-largest empire in the world at the time behind the
2331:(1493). These three treaties cleared the way for France to undertake the long Italian Wars (1494–1559), which marked the beginning of early modern France. French efforts to gain dominance resulted only in the increased power of the
1807:, complicated by historic and regional irregularities in taxation, legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions, and local prerogatives. Religiously, France became divided between the Catholic majority and a Protestant minority, the
2507:
France's pacification under Henry IV laid much of the ground for the beginnings of France's rise to
European hegemony. France was expansive during all but the end of the seventeenth century: the French began trading in India and
2888:
that was beginning in
Britain, the rising middle class of the cities felt increasingly frustrated with a system and rulers that seemed silly, frivolous, aloof, and antiquated, even if true feudalism no longer existed in France.
2731:" beginning a hundred and fifty years earlier until the end of the 18th century) costing the country a great many intellectuals, artisans, and other valuable people. Persecution extended to unorthodox Roman Catholics like the
2434:) and his subsequent abandonment of Protestantism (Expedient of 1592) effective in 1593, his acceptance by most of the Catholic establishment (1594) and by the Pope (1595), and his issue of the toleration decree known as the
2289:, it dealt with a number of government, judicial and ecclesiastical matters. Articles 110 and 111, the most famous, called for the use of the French language in all legal acts, notarised contracts and official legislation.
2251:), which arrived from Italy in 1348, spreading rapidly up the Rhône valley and thence across most of the country: it is estimated that a population of some 18–20 million in modern-day France at the time of the 1328
3158:
to the King, upholding the rights of the
Chamber and in effect supporting a transition to a full parliamentary system. Charles X received this address as a veiled threat, and in 25 July of the same year, he issued the
4062:
2742:
died, ending the
Habsburg line in that country. Louis had long planned for this moment, but these plans were thrown into disarray by the will of King Charles, which left the entire Spanish Empire to Louis's grandson
4000:, that is, that the king was chosen by God to carry out his will, this implied that the king's subjects should obey and respect him. The king is accountable only to God, but this meant an implicit demand of virtue,
2751:; of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the Spanish territories in Italy, which would also grossly upset the power balance. However, the rest of Europe would not stand for his ambitions in Spain, and so the long
2159:
his vassal, and in effect ruled the western half of France as a greater power than the French throne. However, disputes among Henry's descendants over the division of his French territories, coupled with
4850:, paragraphs "France" and "Huguenots"; The Huguenot Population of France, 1600–1685: The Demographic Fate and Customs of a Religious Minority by Philip Benedict; American Philosophical Society, 1991, 164
2868:
On the whole, the 18th century saw growing discontent with the monarchy and the established order. Louis XV was a highly unpopular king for his sexual excesses, overall weakness, and for losing
242:
6038:
3093:
2118:
The old order left the new dynasty in immediate control of little beyond the middle Seine and adjacent territories, while powerful territorial lords such as the 10th- and 11th-century
7061:
5818:
7046:
7041:
7036:
6388:
2422:, and the king was murdered in return. After the assassination of both Henry of Guise (1588) and Henry III (1589), the conflict was ended by the accession of the Protestant king of
3382:
Before the 13th century, only a small part of what is now France was under control of the
Frankish king; in the north there were Viking incursions leading to the formation of the
6754:
7056:
7051:
6890:
1595:
2908:
2656:(1643–1715), ("The Sun King"), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Cardinal Richelieu's successor as the King's chief minister, (1642–61)
1827:
made France the most powerful nation on the continent once more. The kingdom became Europe's dominant cultural, political and military power in the 17th century under
2700:, which advocates the divine origin of temporal power and any lack of earthly restraint of monarchical rule, Louis XIV continued his predecessors' work of creating a
2923:, before being restored in 1788. A harsh winter that year led to widespread food shortages, and by then France was a powder keg ready to explode. On the eve of the
3197:
2692:, previously left to the Empire in 1482), but at the cost of the increasingly concerted opposition of rival royal powers, and a legacy of an increasingly enormous
6403:
135:
3996:
for example, and there were limits on the king's power. These arose chiefly from religious constraints: because the monarchy was considered to be established by
2801:, prime minister in all but name. The exhaustion of Europe after two major wars resulted in a long period of peace, only interrupted by minor conflicts like the
6996:
6144:
5710:
3216:
as "King of the French": for the first time since French Revolution, the King was designated as the ruler of the French people and not the country. The Bourbon
2727:
in 1685. It is estimated that anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000 Protestants fled France during the wave of persecution that followed the repeal, (following "
1418:
764:
2395:, during which English, German, and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant and Catholic forces. Opposed to absolute monarchy, the Huguenot
6480:
3975:
which dealt with determining the question of royal succession, and placed limits on the otherwise absolute power of the king from the Middle Ages until the
7011:
5047:
4050:
3115:
However, the work of Louis XVIII was frustrated when, after his death on 16 September 1824, his brother the Count of Artois became king under the name of
2920:
3319:
refused to repress the rebellion, resulting in Louis Philippe abdicating and fleeing to England. On 24 February 1848, the monarchy was abolished and the
2904:
2966:" form of republican government, and the eventual beginnings of twenty-five years of reform, upheaval, dictatorship, wars and renewal, with the various
3041:
restored by arms the monarchy to the House of Bourbon in 1814. However the deposed Emperor Napoleon I returned triumphantly to Paris from his exile in
6976:
5483:
4057:
3968:
3961:
3089:
5040:
1848:
3910:, decimated the Huguenot community; Protestants declined to seven to eight percent of the kingdom's population by the end of the 16th century. The
3060:
in 1815, the Bourbon monarchy was once again restored. The Count of Provence - brother of Louis XVI, who was guillotined in 1793 - was crowned as
2353:
between France and the Papacy (1516), granting the crown unrivalled power in senior ecclesiastical appointments, France was deeply affected by the
7006:
5309:
3064:, nicknamed "The Desired". Louis XVIII tried to conciliate the legacies of the Revolution and the Ancien RĂ©gime, by permitting the formation of a
1588:
2263:
The Renaissance era was noted for the emergence of powerful centralized institutions, as well as a flourishing culture (much of it imported from
195:
214:
5858:
5843:
2349:
Barely were the Italian Wars over, when France was plunged into a domestic crisis with far-reaching consequences. Despite the conclusion of a
6358:
5611:
1895:
1238:
582:
2716:" rebellion during Louis' minority. By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchy in France that endured 150 years until the
7026:
6242:
3101:
6948:
7031:
6814:
6789:
6729:
5965:
5728:
5384:
5374:
3882:
During the Protestant Reformation of the mid 16th century, France developed a large and influential Protestant population, primarily of
3172:
2411:
2231:
2122:
accumulated large domains of their own through marriage and through private arrangements with lesser nobles for protection and support.
1356:
4901:
2579:
213:
6905:
5813:
2099:
were to share the fate of their predecessors: after an intermittent power struggle between the two dynasties, the accession in 987 of
1581:
6440:
3132:
2227:
6986:
6981:
6910:
5785:
5770:
4884:
4792:
4580:
4555:
4514:
4457:
4368:
4315:
4268:
4243:
4172:
4103:
3915:
2447:
1797:
was increasingly centralised; the French language began to displace other languages from official use, and the monarch expanded his
1517:
518:
3907:
3311:("Banquets' Campaign") was repressed in February 1848, riots and seditions erupted in Paris and later all France, resulting in the
2989:
2613:
2591:
2388:
2275:
3163:, in an attempt to reduce Parliament's powers and re-establish absolute rule. The opposition reacted with riots in Parliament and
2712:, built on the outskirts of Paris, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the earlier "
1779:
laid claim to the French throne. Emerging victorious from said conflicts, France subsequently sought to extend its influence into
6053:
5894:
5848:
3844:
3266:
was replaced by urban bourgeoisie, and the working class was excluded from voting. Louis Philippe appointed notable bourgeois as
2312:
1470:
110:
5270:
2940:
1986:. After Charlemagne's death in 814 his heirs were incapable of maintaining political unity and the empire began to crumble. The
1930:
1257:
302:
6408:
3875:
from the Pope in 1464. However, the French monarchy maintained a significant degree of autonomy, namely through its policy of "
3342:
2794:
1539:
6324:
902:
6774:
6714:
6686:
6445:
6073:
5648:
4045:
2806:
290:
6691:
3180:
2896:
became king. Initially popular, he too came to be widely detested by the 1780s. He was married to an Austrian archduchess,
2133:
of 1066, making himself and his heirs the king's equal outside France (where he was still nominally subject to the Crown).
6860:
5996:
5638:
5616:
5557:
5552:
5019:
4067:
3940:. The Kingdom of France was a center of Jewish learning in the Middle Ages, producing influential Jewish scholars such as
3933:
3827:
2979:
2752:
1938:
1534:
1527:
1512:
1500:
1485:
1287:
777:
589:
537:
3952:
began in the 11th century and increased intermittently throughout the Middle Ages, with multiple expulsions and returns.
6063:
5542:
5379:
5155:
3690:
3151:
3109:
3053:
2998:
2916:
2802:
663:
396:
368:
5258:
3286:). The July Monarchy was beset by corruption scandals and financial crisis. The opposition of the King was composed of
6991:
6870:
6181:
5901:
5775:
5765:
5513:
5354:
5302:
2829:
1507:
454:
6563:
5195:
5191:
869:
3370:
6971:
6865:
6855:
6819:
6661:
6092:
6013:
5780:
5690:
5669:
5369:
5359:
5349:
4932:
4040:
3809:
3232:
3144:
3038:
2859:
2156:
1852:
1522:
1490:
1465:
1025:
997:
5199:
3347:
3088:, aristocrats and clergymen who totally refused the Revolution's heritage. Peace was maintained by statesmen like
7001:
6588:
6351:
6272:
6028:
5943:
5916:
5833:
5760:
5628:
5473:
4823:
4277:
Airlie, Stuart (1993). "Review article: After Empire-recent work on the emergence of post-Carolingian kingdoms".
3993:
3312:
3140:
3124:
2756:
2479:
2384:
2185:
2144:
2086:
1946:
1727:
1715:
1091:
803:
678:
633:
141:
7016:
6839:
5853:
5823:
5428:
4216:
4197:
3291:
3267:
3206:
3176:
2911:, but noble disaffection led to Turgot's dismissal and Malesherbes' resignation in 1776. They were replaced by
2617:
2419:
1864:
1840:
1053:
575:
4964:
2152:
2357:'s attempt to break the hegemony of Catholic Europe. A growing urban-based Protestant minority (later dubbed
7021:
6543:
6513:
6109:
5938:
5884:
5838:
5527:
5231:
3972:
3903:
3895:
3785:
3316:
3299:
2457:
2392:
2368:
2344:
1812:
1771:, resulted in many armed struggles. The most notorious of them all are the series of conflicts known as the
1495:
1475:
738:
474:
463:
263:
2566:(1648) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of
6900:
6656:
6430:
6214:
6176:
6134:
6119:
5911:
5733:
5633:
5295:
3797:
3779:
3626:
3320:
3105:
2951:
2701:
2657:
2583:
2487:
2415:
2354:
2316:
2304:
1999:
1887:
1871:
1629:
1480:
1428:
1307:
963:
59:
3262:
However, despite the initial reforms, Louis Philippe was little different from his predecessors. The old
1687:, in 1190, and officially from 1204. From then, France was continuously ruled by the Capetians and their
6719:
6568:
6139:
6129:
5921:
5745:
5653:
5588:
3997:
3425:
3324:
3307:
3008:
2947:
2885:
2810:
2744:
2697:
2207:
1983:
1934:
1438:
1365:
1327:
1267:
920:
160:
6611:
6538:
3631:
3599:
3404:
3020:
3012:
2708:
still persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the noble elite to regularly inhabit his lavish
2223:
2189:
1772:
725:
626:
6938:
6880:
6676:
6583:
6553:
6344:
6164:
5705:
5643:
5532:
5423:
4785:
The Emergence of European Civilization: From the Middle Ages to the Opening of the Nineteenth Century
4684:
3980:
3945:
3472:
2928:
2884:
in 1774, and the French people shed few tears at his death. While France had not yet experienced the
2851:
2709:
2559:
2545:
2483:
2376:
2372:
2350:
2308:
2283:
2222:
in the south of France, and the relationship between England and the Flemish cloth towns, led to the
2195:
2148:
2126:
1824:
1760:
1317:
1043:
460:
225:
5281:
4530:
3863:
of the Kingdom of France. France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter (French:
6824:
6804:
6784:
6749:
6681:
6593:
6460:
6247:
6204:
6124:
6078:
5955:
5948:
5928:
5889:
5801:
5593:
5562:
5537:
5503:
5405:
5400:
4717:
3949:
3723:
3649:
3644:
3621:
3571:
3456:
3408:
3399:
3375:
3336:
3116:
3030:
3016:
2855:
2818:
2777:
2748:
2739:
2642:
2563:
2380:
2328:
2320:
2279:
2211:
2168:, allowed Philip to recover influence over most of this territory. After the French victory at the
2165:
2136:
1899:
1875:
1794:
1684:
1621:
1277:
1186:
1125:
1115:
940:
682:
656:
596:
384:
45:
6924:
1998:, the nucleus of what would develop into the kingdom of France. Charles the Bald was also crowned
6928:
6764:
6739:
6641:
6518:
6470:
6465:
6455:
6393:
6159:
6104:
6058:
5906:
5872:
5456:
3883:
3727:
3713:
3606:
3527:
3521:
3478:
3395:
3390:
established themselves as powerful rivals of the king, by the late 11th century ruling over the "
3279:
3155:
3128:
3057:
2689:
2555:
2475:
2427:
2400:
2364:
2203:
2173:
2169:
2062:
2007:
1969:
1764:
1731:
1708:
1644:
443:
3902:) steadily swelled to 10 percent of the population, or roughly 1.8 million people. The ensuring
3275:
2927:
of July 1789, France was in a profound institutional and financial crisis, but the ideas of the
549:
6666:
6626:
6616:
6533:
6523:
6508:
6375:
6305:
6287:
6282:
6267:
6252:
6191:
6154:
6068:
6001:
5991:
5979:
5960:
5828:
5755:
5578:
5364:
5344:
5321:
4880:
4788:
4698:
4646:
Actes du congrès – vol. 3, 1961, p. 441.; Emmanuel de Waresquiel, 2003, pp. 460–461.
4576:
4551:
4510:
4506:
4453:
4364:
4311:
4305:
4264:
4239:
4168:
4158:
4128:
4099:
4093:
3989:
3976:
3937:
3852:
3803:
3731:
3701:
3686:
3666:
3585:
3584:, but technically not part of the kingdom of France because it remained nominally part of the
3581:
3503:
3497:
3468:
3383:
3271:
3252:
3065:
2924:
2772:
2717:
2673:
2669:
2621:
2332:
2215:
2140:
1926:
1820:
1798:
1759:, rivalry between the Capetian dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of France and their vassals the
1743:
1735:
1723:
1700:
1247:
1034:
1006:
751:
603:
421:
408:
400:
325:
4678:
4550:. Histoire (in French). Presses universitaires de Rennes. 5 February 2015. pp. 199–215.
4235:
6885:
6834:
6829:
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6734:
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6603:
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6219:
6171:
6043:
6018:
5681:
5520:
5508:
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4286:
3815:
3737:
3616:
3323:
was proclaimed. Despite later attempts to re-establish the Kingdom in the 1870s, during the
3221:
3213:
3202:
3136:
2963:
2897:
2677:
2646:
2603:
2571:
2562:(1618–1648) which had broken out in Germany. After the death of both king and cardinal, the
2324:
2112:
2104:
2090:
2023:
1991:
1987:
1803:
1776:
1756:
1739:
1696:
1674:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1625:
1387:
1220:
1192:
711:
695:
506:
388:
372:
3183:
as regent. However, it was too late, and the liberal opposition won out over the monarchy.
6895:
6809:
6779:
6503:
6420:
6314:
6277:
6262:
6257:
6199:
6114:
5674:
5415:
3911:
3856:
3832:
3591:
3545:
3515:
3509:
3484:
3462:
3387:
3263:
3225:
3168:
3160:
3097:
3069:
2967:
2959:
2798:
2724:
2693:
2567:
2533:
2435:
2431:
2286:
2161:
2130:
2119:
2108:
1919:
1883:
1692:
1376:
1210:
1200:
1168:
790:
404:
380:
376:
364:
353:
169:
73:
5660:
1338:
5277:
6799:
6744:
6698:
6651:
6631:
6475:
6398:
6237:
6232:
6224:
6048:
6006:
5583:
5219:
4290:
4032:
3868:
3860:
3840:
3791:
3707:
3391:
3244:
3236:
3217:
3150:
The absolutist tendencies of the King were disliked by the Doctrinaire majority in the
3085:
2912:
2616:), internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a confusing patchwork of local
2248:
1907:
1836:
1816:
1768:
1704:
1571:
1157:
829:
567:
392:
123:
87:
2243:
The losses of the century of war were enormous, particularly owing to the plague (the
6965:
6558:
6319:
6149:
5933:
5621:
4872:
4121:
4018:
3431:
3192:
2396:
2073:
settled along the Seine, downstream from Paris, in a region that came to be known as
1856:
1748:
1613:
1556:
1297:
861:
849:
833:
825:
436:
17:
4974:
4503:
Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade, Exoticism, and the Ancien RĂ©gime
2155:
led by Eleanor and three of their four sons, Henry had Eleanor imprisoned, made the
117:
6724:
6621:
6425:
6033:
5738:
5695:
5495:
5466:
5239:
4178:
3351:
3256:
3077:
3046:
2900:. French intervention in the American War of Independence was also very expensive.
2723:
The king sought to impose total religious uniformity on the country, repealing the
2638:
2466:
2298:
2096:
2047:
1995:
1963:
1942:
1886:. The Spanish Empire lost its superpower status to France after the signing of the
1788:
1688:
1640:
1405:
1136:
907:
841:
821:
254:
3598:
Acquisitions from the Plantagenet kings of England with the French victory in the
3362:
4358:
277:
241:
212:
6875:
6578:
6485:
6367:
5700:
5603:
5448:
5101:
3927:
3891:
3887:
3876:
3751:
3577:
3295:
3287:
3120:
3081:
3076:" ("Granted Charter"). His reign was characterized by disagreements between the
3061:
2873:
2661:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2404:
2244:
2125:
The area around the lower Seine became a source of particular concern when Duke
2070:
2027:
1975:
1891:
1617:
1400:
647:
617:
5036:
2880:
were a clear sign of discontent, but the king chose to ignore them. He died of
6450:
6209:
5438:
4008:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3564:
3446:
3355:
3164:
2955:
2869:
2790:
2732:
2713:
2665:
2587:
2551:
2509:
2502:
2268:
2252:
2100:
2003:
1860:
1844:
1656:
1633:
1073:
837:
493:
4812:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 313–315.
1655:(843). A branch of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule until 987, when
874:
Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue) French colonial empires.
6759:
6528:
5547:
5265:
5059:
3923:
3919:
3899:
3747:
2903:
With the country deeply in debt, Louis XVI permitted the radical reforms of
2893:
2728:
2705:
2653:
2633:
2359:
2236:
2199:
2031:
2010:(870) was forced to cede much of Lotharingia to his brothers, retaining the
1828:
1808:
1752:
1719:
3366:
The Kingdom of France in 1030 with the kingdom's royal domain in light blue
2704:
governed from the capital of Paris. He sought to eliminate the remnants of
5253:
4160:
Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia
3096:, as well as the King's moderation and prudent intervention. In 1823, the
1933:
in 1791, but the Kingdom was abolished a year later and replaced with the
6794:
6671:
6548:
5165:
4547:
Le Refuge protestant urbain au temps de la révocation de l'Édit de Nantes
4164:
3836:
3759:
3661:
3655:
3553:
3540:
3034:
2881:
2877:
2847:
2786:
2685:
2558:, elaborated a policy against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire during the
2074:
2011:
1903:
1879:
856:
5234:. "Writing Women's and Gender History in France: A National Narrative?"
5138:
5121:
5111:
5091:
5081:
5071:
5015:
4994:
4984:
4545:
3580:(1349), hereditary possession of the kings of France, to be held by the
3305:
The King tried to suppress the opposition with censorship, but when the
3302:, who fought against royalty and supported the principles of democracy.
2438:(1598), which guaranteed freedom of private worship and civil equality.
2367:. After Henry II's death in a joust, the country was ruled by his widow
2226:
of 1337–1453. The following century was to see devastating warfare, the
6435:
6336:
5461:
5329:
5209:
3677:
3670:
3610:
3441:
3420:
3248:
2814:
2423:
2363:) faced ever harsher repression under the rule of Francis I's son King
2219:
1979:
1911:
1100:
431:
4063:
Integration of Normandy into the royal domain of the Kingdom of France
2586:(1659) formalised France's seizure (1642) of the Spanish territory of
5750:
5318:
5224:
Symes, Carol. "The Middle Ages between Nationalism and Colonialism",
3719:
3534:
2681:
2575:
2529:
2035:
2019:
1915:
1104:
451:
3983:
and religious beliefs about the roles of God, monarch, and subjects.
3127:. Under his reign, the censorship of newspapers was reinforced, the
2809:(1740–1748). But alliance with the traditional Habsburg enemy (the "
2240:
of 1358 in France) and the growth of nationalism in both countries.
2172:
in 1214, the English monarchs maintained power only in southwestern
1815:(1562–1598). The Wars of Religion crippled France, but triumph over
845:
2624:
brought about a radical suppression of administrative incoherence.
2202:
the crown could not pass through a woman (Philip IV's daughter was
1874:, became a superpower from 1643 until 1815; from the reign of King
51:
5100:(2004), 592pp; comprehensive history by a leading British scholar
4991:
France in the Middle Ages 987–1460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc
3941:
3826:
3763:
3637:
3436:
3369:
3361:
3346:
3240:
3196:
2776:
2637:
2264:
2218:. This, in addition to a long-standing dispute over the rights to
2066:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2015:
1784:
1780:
1624:
period. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe from the
349:
339:
319:
3453:
Direct vassals of the French king in the 10th to 12th centuries:
2151:, who ruled much of southwest France, in 1152. After defeating a
1941:
by the other great powers in 1814 and, with the exception of the
6023:
5433:
5287:
3559:
3042:
2255:
returns had been reduced 150 years later by 50 percent or more.
2039:
1063:
6340:
5291:
5128:
A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation-State
3871:
always maintained close links to the Pope, receiving the title
2198:
in 1328 without male heirs ended the main Capetian line. Under
1982:
made advances along the northern and western perimeters of the
37:
1990:
of 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts, with
128:
Bottom: Flag under the House of Bourbon (1589–1792; 1815–1848)
4808:
Parisse, Michael (2005). "Lotharingia". In Reuter, T. (ed.).
3879:", whereby the king selected bishops rather than the papacy.
3358:
between 987 and 996 AD with the royal domain is shown in blue
2129:
of Normandy took possession of the Kingdom of England by the
4385:
Representative Institutions in Renaissance France, 1421–1559
4095:
Social Inequality and Class Radicalism in France and Britain
3930:, as many of them had occupied important places in society.
3080:, liberal thinkers who supported the Charter and the rising
2950:. The role of the King in France was finally ended with the
2821:(1756–63) and the loss of France's North American colonies.
2668:, expanding it from 25 ships to almost 200. The size of the
2061:, and other inland waterways increased. During the reign of
239:
196:
Marche Henri IV or (Le Retour des Princes Français à Paris)
4935:[17th century: Absolutism and Monarchy in France].
4412:
A literary history of France: Renaissance France 1470–1589
3143:
in favour of the Greek rebels, and the first phase of the
2660:, (1602–1661). Cardinal Mazarin oversaw the creation of a
1632:, with colonies in Asia and Africa, and the largest being
4655:
Duc de Dolberg, Castellan, II, 176 (letter 30 April 1827)
4933:"XVIIe siècle : Absolutisme et monarchie en France"
2805:
from 1733 to 1735. Large-scale warfare resumed with the
2789:
saw an initial return to peace and prosperity under the
3235:
continued, and new settlements were established in the
2931:
had begun to permeate the educated classes of society.
2797:, whose policies were largely continued (1726–1743) by
4488:
Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents
4420:
Renaissance art in France: the invention of classicism
4144:
Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion
3697:
Acquisitions after the end of the Hundred Years' War:
3135:
were increased. However, the reign also witnessed the
1639:
The Kingdom of France was descended directly from the
4931:
Dignat, Alban (27 May 2021). Grégor, Isabelle (ed.).
4680:
Bulletin des lois de la RĂ©publique francĚśaise, Vol. 9
2763:"War of the League of Augsburg") had just concluded.
2103:, Duke of France and Count of Paris, established the
1628:
to 1848 during its dissolution. It was also an early
1616:
given to various political entities of France in the
4961:
A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France
4770:
4758:
4746:
4734:
4474:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years' War
3282:, and thus obtained the nickname of "Citizen King" (
1734:, the authority of the French king was barely felt.
1699:
until the monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the
6848:
6707:
6602:
6494:
6374:
6190:
6091:
5978:
5871:
5800:
5721:
5602:
5571:
5494:
5447:
5414:
5393:
5337:
5328:
4879:(in French). Dover Publications. pp. 123–128.
2813:" of 1756) against the rising power of Britain and
2672:was also considerably increased. Renewed wars (the
2383:. Renewed Catholic reaction headed by the powerful
855:
817:
800:
787:
774:
761:
748:
735:
722:
708:
692:
674:
644:
614:
559:
543:
531:
517:
500:
487:
473:
442:
430:
414:
360:
345:
335:
312:
32:
5088:The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon
4810:The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900–c. 1024
4609:The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon
4120:
3693:, to France in 1453, to the royal demesne in 1547)
3212:On 9 August 1830, the Chamber of Deputies elected
3029:Following the French Revolution (1789–99) and the
5204:Pinkney, David H. "Two Thousand Years of Paris",
4993:(1993), survey by a leader of the Annales School
3471:(until 1477, then divided between France and the
3171:. The King abdicated, as did his son the Dauphin
3045:and ruled France for a short period known as the
2115:, it was to rule France for more than 800 years.
2107:on the throne. With its offshoots, the houses of
1867:, but was costly and achieved little for France.
1636:in North America centred around the Great Lakes.
5108:The Ancien Régime: A History of France 1610–1774
4877:Mahomet et Charlemagne (reprint of 1937 classic)
4724:. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 656.
4622:The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction
4598:Daniel Roche, France in the Enlightenment (1998)
3493:Acquisitions during the 13th to 14th centuries:
2915:. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by
2755:began (1701–1714), a mere three years after the
2680:, 1672–1678) brought further territorial gains (
1386:
27:Kingdom in Western Europe (987–1792) (1815–1848)
5110:(1999), survey by leader of the Annales School
4531:"La Rome protestante face aux exilés de la foi"
3886:confession; after French theologian and pastor
2147:, and married France's newly single ex-queen,
7062:States and territories established in the 980s
5003:(1998) 392pp, an abridged translation of his
4668:(St. Martin Press, New York 2001) p. 245.
3037:(1804–1814), the monarchy was restored when a
2958:on Monday, January 21, 1793, followed by the "
2781:The provinces of the Kingdom of France in 1789
7047:States and territories disestablished in 1848
7042:States and territories disestablished in 1815
7037:States and territories disestablished in 1792
6352:
5303:
5068:Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500–1648
4787:. University of Virginia Press. p. 419.
3418:Domain of the Frankish king (royal domain or
3104:on the royalists' side, which permitted King
1929:, which began in 1789, the Kingdom of France
1730:(the latter now a part of Spain), as well as
1589:
8:
5679:
5658:
5518:
5188:Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past
4535:
3414:Territories inherited from Western Francia:
223:
193:
157:
65:
5216:Histories: French Constructions of the Past
5078:The Cambridge Illustrated History of France
5076:Jones, Colin, and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie.
4848:Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set
4635:A Concise History of the French Revolution
4051:Family tree of French monarchs (simplified)
3123:who supported the ultra-royalists and the
2180:Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War
1811:, which led to a series of civil wars, the
1678:
1668:
261:
79:
7057:States and territories established in 1815
7052:States and territories established in 1814
6359:
6345:
6337:
6097:
5984:
5877:
5806:
5334:
5310:
5296:
5288:
5118:France in the Later Middle Ages 1200–1500,
5028:(1972), social history from Annales School
2574:experienced a civil uprising known as the
2524:, established plantation economies in the
1801:in an administrative system, known as the
1783:, but after initial gains was defeated by
1703:. The Kingdom of France was also ruled in
1596:
1582:
991:
868:
301:
289:
29:
5164:(1968), the standard scholarly biography
4594:
4592:
4345:A Brief History of the Hundred Years' War
4058:Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
3969:fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
3962:Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
3294:, Bourbon claimant to the throne, and of
2528:and extended their trade contacts in the
1787:and the Holy Roman Empire in the ensuing
4261:The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328
3327:, the French monarchy has not restored.
2962:", mass executions and the provisional "
5154:(1998), wide-ranging history 1700–1789
4902:"Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary"
4398:The fiscal system of renaissance France
4084:
2410:The Wars of Religion culminated in the
1456:
1005:
994:
643:
344:
334:
5218:(1995). 654pp, 64 essays; emphasis on
5026:Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen
4914:
4435:The French wars of religion, 1562–1629
4234:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2307:signed three additional treaties with
4310:. Taylor & Francis. p. 879.
3926:from the Kingdom of France created a
3914:brought decades of respite until its
2760:
2594:and ushered a short period of peace.
1767:as part of their so-called competing
1673:('king of the Franks') well into the
799:
786:
773:
760:
747:
734:
721:
707:
691:
687:
613:
542:
530:
526:
516:
499:
486:
482:
472:
7:
6997:9th-century establishments in France
5214:Revel, Jacques, and Lynn Hunt, eds.
4971:An Economic History of Modern France
4771:Barjot, Chaline & Encrevé (2014)
4759:Barjot, Chaline & Encrevé (2014)
4747:Barjot, Chaline & Encrevé (2014)
4735:Barjot, Chaline & Encrevé (2014)
2892:Upon Louis XV's death, his grandson
2872:to the British. The writings of the
2590:after the crushing of the ephemeral
2247:, usually considered an outbreak of
6944:
6389:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
5190:(3 vol, 1996), essays by scholars;
4092:Gallie, Duncan (January 26, 1984).
3992:in the kingdom was not the same as
2696:. An adherent of the theory of the
2620:and historic differences until the
7012:Former countries in French history
6481:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
4862:, 11th ed, Frank Puaux, "Huguenot"
4291:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00015.x
3845:coronations of the kings of France
3007:The two kings of the Restoration:
2578:(1648–1653) which expanded into a
2516:and penetrated the North American
2391:(1572), starting the first of the
1894:until the Napoleonic Wars and the
1663:. The territory remained known as
25:
6911:Historiography in the Middle Ages
5014:(1991), standard French textbook
5005:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris
4783:Wolf, John Baptiste Wolf (1962).
4360:Daily life during the Black Death
4332:Later medieval France: the polity
4119:R.R. Palmer; Joel Colton (1978).
3843:, functioned as the site for the
3056:again deposed Napoleon after the
2448:France in the early modern period
1902:lost its superpower status after
1677:. The first king calling himself
1659:was elected king and founded the
1612:is the historiographical name or
466:(1791–1792; 1814–1815; 1815–1848)
6977:1792 disestablishments in France
6943:
6934:
6933:
6923:
5276:
5264:
5252:
5238:(2007) 19#1 pp. 167–172 in
4307:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
4025:
4011:
2997:
2988:
2837:
2828:
2465:
2456:
2414:in which Henry III assassinated
2232:English peasants' revolt of 1381
1565:
1550:
1016:
974:
954:
931:
900:
275:
210:
134:
116:
109:
6409:Christianity in the Middle Ages
6404:Decline of Hellenistic religion
5145:Historical Dictionary of France
4501:McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz (2008).
3934:Jews have a documented presence
3343:Territorial evolution of France
3228:was introduced in August 1830.
3214:Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans
3167:in Paris, that resulted in the
2418:, leader of the Spanish-backed
2399:theorized during this time the
1896:Independence of Spanish America
1843:led to the loss of much of its
1751:, which became codified in the
7007:Early modern history of France
6687:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
5649:Government of National Defense
5001:Historical Dictionary of Paris
4046:Family tree of French monarchs
3908:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
3374:Territorial development under
2807:War of the Austrian Succession
2614:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
2580:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2303:After the Hundred Years' War,
2276:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
1931:adopted a written constitution
1890:(but maintained the status of
1795:France in the early modern era
352:(until 1539) •
1:
6861:Disability in the Middle Ages
6534:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
6466:Rise of the Venetian Republic
5558:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
5553:War of the Spanish Succession
5208:(1951) 23#3 pp. 262–264
5046:Lucien Edward Henry (1882). "
4939:(in French). Herodote.net SAS
4824:"Christian Majesty, His Most"
4157:Page, Melvin E., ed. (2003).
4123:A History of the Modern World
4068:French ship Inflexible (1755)
3948:between Jews and Christians.
3936:in France since at least the
3594:(to the royal domain in 1391)
3574:(to the royal domain in 1316)
3465:(to the royal domain in 1391)
3459:(to the royal domain in 1316)
3131:passed, and compensations to
2980:Bourbon Restoration in France
2817:led to costly failure in the
2753:War of the Spanish Succession
2554:and his minister (1624–1642)
2282:in 1539. Largely the work of
2228:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War
701:
538:Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand
307:The Kingdom of France in 1789
295:The Kingdom of France in 1000
5284:travel guide from Wikivoyage
5012:The Course of French History
4981:Old Regime France: 1648–1788
4410:Yarrow, Philip John (1974).
3979:in 1789. They were based on
3918:in the late 17th century by
3691:War of the Breton Succession
3179:, nominating his cousin the
3175:, in favour of his grandson
3039:coalition of European powers
2803:War of the Polish Succession
2795:Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
126:Top: 1643 design (1643–1790)
7027:Former monarchies of Europe
5228:(Winter 2011) 34#1 pp 37–46
5152:France in the Enlightenment
5135:A Concise History of France
4232:A Concise History of France
3973:set of unwritten principles
3187:Aftermath and July Monarchy
2941:Kingdom of France (1791–92)
2259:Renaissance and Reformation
2210:), so the throne passed to
7078:
7032:Medieval history of France
6662:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
6039:French subdivisions by GDP
5786:2022 presidential election
5771:2017 presidential election
5236:Journal of Women's History
5181:The Past in French History
5106:Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel.
5098:Paris: Biography of a City
5052:The Royal Family of France
5035:(2000), 280 pp. textbook.
4541:(in French). 13 July 2010.
4304:William W. Kibler (1995).
4213:Napoleon: A Political Life
4194:Napoleon: A Political Life
4041:Economic history of France
3959:
3922:. The resulting exodus of
3810:French conquest of Corsica
3340:
3334:
3190:
3054:Seventh European Coalition
2977:
2938:
2770:
2631:
2601:
2543:
2500:
2445:
2342:
2296:
2183:
2084:
1974:During the later years of
1967:
1961:
1945:in 1815, lasted until the
1853:American Revolutionary War
1839:. Colonial conflicts with
6919:
6589:Mongol invasion of Europe
6300:
6100:
5987:
5880:
5809:
5543:Second Hundred Years' War
5385:Liberalism and radicalism
5226:French Historical Studies
5206:Journal of Modern History
4720:; Encrevé, André (2014).
4703:Les emblèmes de la France
4448:Buisseret, David (1990).
4108:– via Google Books.
3994:totalitarian dictatorship
3894:in France, the number of
3331:Territories and provinces
3220:was substituted with the
3119:. Charles X was a strong
3100:revolt in Spain led to a
2785:The reign (1715–1774) of
2757:War of the Grand Alliance
2652:For most of the reign of
2598:Administrative structures
2480:Frans Pourbus the younger
2186:France in the Middle Ages
2087:France in the Middle Ages
2065:(898–922), Vikings under
2053:Viking incursions up the
1947:French Revolution of 1848
1859:secure independence from
1775:(1337–1453) in which the
1716:France in the Middle Ages
879:
867:
813:
765:Abolition of the monarchy
688:
555:
527:
513:
483:
328:(unofficially, 1682–1789)
300:
288:
185:
158:
150:
105:
96:
6987:2nd millennium in France
6982:1st millennium in France
5814:Administrative divisions
4722:La France au xixe siècle
4705:. Bonneton. p. 223.
4450:Henry IV: King of France
4357:Joseph P. Byrne (2006).
4343:Alice Minerva Atkinson,
4217:Harvard University Press
4211:Englund, Steven (2005).
4198:Harvard University Press
4192:Englund, Steven (2005).
4142:Aldrich, Robert (1996).
4127:(5th ed.). p.
3207:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
3177:Henri, Count of Chambord
3154:, that on 18 March 1830
3072:, usually known as the "
2164:'s lengthy quarrel with
1865:Kingdom of Great Britain
1375:
1337:
1167:
1156:
1135:
142:Coat of Arms (1589-1792)
6544:Investiture Controversy
6514:Second Bulgarian Empire
6034:Franc (former currency)
5639:Coup of 2 December 1851
5612:Long nineteenth century
5192:excerpt and text search
5156:excerpt and text search
5139:excerpt and text search
5122:excerpt and text search
5112:excerpt and text search
5102:excerpt and text search
5092:excerpt and text search
5082:excerpt and text search
5072:excerpt and text search
5016:excerpt and text search
4995:excerpt and text search
4985:excerpt and text search
4965:excerpt and text search
4860:Encyclopædia Britannica
4263:. Bloomsbury Academic.
3906:, and particularly the
3904:French Wars of Religion
3865:Fille aînée de l'Église
3786:Free County of Burgundy
2860:Antoine-François Callet
2738:In November 1700, King
2698:"Divine Right of Kings"
2628:Louis XIV, the Sun King
2412:War of the Three Henrys
2393:French Wars of Religion
2345:French Wars of Religion
2278:was signed into law by
2230:, peasant revolts (the
1845:North American holdings
1683:('King of France') was
739:French Wars of Religion
464:constitutional monarchy
356:(from the 12th century)
346:Official languages
264:Domine salvum fac regem
177:"Mountjoy Saint Denis!"
52:
38:
6901:Post-classical history
6657:Fall of Constantinople
6564:Capet–Plantagenet feud
6431:First Bulgarian Empire
6054:Science and technology
5711:Provisional Government
5680:
5659:
5519:
5269:Quotations related to
4900:Miller, Chaim (2013).
4571:Wolf, John B. (1972).
4536:
4486:Beik, William (2000).
4433:Holt, Mack P. (2005).
4418:Zerner, Henri (2003).
4259:Bradbury, Jim (2007).
3950:Widespread persecution
3873:Most Christian Majesty
3848:
3798:Principality of Orange
3780:Treaty of the Pyrenees
3394:", which included the
3379:
3367:
3359:
3209:
3106:Ferdinand VII of Spain
3070:constitutional Charter
2952:execution of Louis XVI
2782:
2767:Dissent and revolution
2658:Cardinal Jules Mazarin
2649:
2584:Treaty of the Pyrenees
2488:Philippe de Champaigne
2403:and the legitimacy of
2355:Protestant Reformation
2317:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2305:Charles VIII of France
1906:'s defeat against the
1888:Treaty of the Pyrenees
1872:French colonial empire
1679:
1669:
1641:western Frankish realm
1211:Valois-AngoulĂŞme kings
970:French Second Republic
270:("Lord save the King")
262:
250:
224:
204:(1590–1792, 1814–1830)
194:
80:
66:
5033:The History of France
4846:Hans J. Hillerbrand,
4761:, pp. 211, 2012.
4666:Paris Between Empires
4383:James Russell Major,
4330:Peter Shervey Lewis,
4279:Early Medieval Europe
4230:Price, Roger (2005).
3830:
3650:Viscounty of Limousin
3481:(to Burgundy in 1369)
3426:crown lands of France
3378:between 1180 and 1223
3373:
3365:
3350:
3341:Further information:
3308:Campagne des banquets
3200:
2948:French First Republic
2886:Industrial Revolution
2811:Diplomatic Revolution
2780:
2745:Philip, Duke of Anjou
2645:, a 1701 portrait by
2641:
2389:massacre of Huguenots
2208:Edward III of England
1984:Kingdom of the Franks
1968:Further information:
1939:monarchy was restored
1935:First French Republic
1763:, who also ruled the
1718:was a decentralised,
1647:, which was ceded to
927:French First Republic
804:July Monarchy deposed
322:(987–1792; 1814–1848)
249:
202:("March of Henry IV")
161:Montjoie Saint Denis!
18:Kingdom of the French
6881:Medieval reenactment
6677:Renaissance Humanism
6584:Medieval Warm Period
6554:Republic of Florence
6368:European Middle Ages
5859:World Heritage Sites
5776:Coronavirus pandemic
5261:at Wikimedia Commons
5147:(2nd ed. 2008) 528pp
5020:complete text online
4773:, pp. 298, 299.
4737:, pp. 232, 233.
4718:Chaline, Jean-Pierre
4685:Imprimerie nationale
3689:(disputed since the
3354:during the reign of
3201:An 1841 portrait of
3161:St. Cloud Ordinances
3110:Constitution of 1812
2852:Louis-Michel van Loo
2710:Palace of Versailles
2676:, 1667–1668 and the
2369:Catherine de' Medici
2309:Henry VII of England
2196:Charles IV of France
2149:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1878:until the defeat of
1761:House of Plantagenet
1419:Provisional Republic
1201:Valois-Orléans kings
947:First French Empire
590:Legislative Assembly
6594:Kingdom of Portugal
6461:Old Church Slavonic
6446:Anglo-Saxon England
5997:Automotive industry
5781:2021 labor protests
5538:Peace of Westphalia
5406:History of Normandy
5401:History of Brittany
4716:Barjot, Dominique;
3946:theological debates
3754:and other parts of
3724:Peace of Westphalia
3645:County of Saintonge
3627:County of AngoulĂŞme
3622:County of La Marche
3572:County of Champagne
3565:Marquisat of Gothia
3530:(1271), including:
3457:County of Champagne
3409:early modern period
3400:Philip II of France
3398:. It was only with
3386:; in the west, the
3337:Provinces of France
3313:February Revolution
3233:conquest of Algeria
3152:Chamber of Deputies
3145:conquest of Algeria
3137:French intervention
3102:French intervention
3031:First French Empire
2749:Empire of Charles V
2740:Charles II of Spain
2564:Peace of Westphalia
2532:and enlarged their
2442:Early modern period
2430:(first king of the
2006:in 869, but in the
2002:after the death of
2000:King of Lotharingia
1870:France through its
1849:French intervention
1742:were states of the
778:Bourbon Restoration
664:Chamber of Deputies
660:(until 4 June 1814)
627:Conservative Senate
600:(20 September 1792)
597:National Convention
6992:843 establishments
6775:In popular culture
6740:Crusading movement
6612:Hundred Years' War
6471:Civitas Schinesghe
6456:Carolingian Empire
6441:Kingdom of Croatia
6394:Barbarian kingdoms
6064:Telecommunications
5766:2015 Paris attacks
5629:Revolution of 1848
5457:Visigothic Kingdom
5232:Thébaud, Françoise
5186:Nora, Pierre, ed.
3896:French Protestants
3849:
3728:Treaty of Nijmegen
3714:Kingdom of Navarre
3632:County of PĂ©rigord
3607:Duchy of Aquitaine
3600:Hundred Years' War
3528:County of Toulouse
3522:County of Auvergne
3479:County of Flanders
3405:Hundred Years' War
3396:kingdom of England
3380:
3368:
3360:
3280:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3210:
3129:Anti-Sacrilege Act
3058:Battle of Waterloo
2783:
2690:County of Burgundy
2650:
2556:Cardinal Richelieu
2539:
2401:right of rebellion
2224:Hundred Years' War
2190:Hundred Years' War
2179:
2174:Duchy of Aquitaine
2170:Battle of Bouvines
2063:Charles the Simple
2030:) but leaving the
2018:basins (including
2008:Treaty of Meerssen
1970:Carolingian Empire
1773:Hundred Years' War
1765:Kingdom of England
1709:Kingdom of Navarre
1645:Carolingian Empire
1572:History portal
1068: until 50 BC
726:Hundred Years' War
667:(4 June 1814–1848)
361:Regional languages
251:
53:Royaulme de France
6972:Kingdom of France
6957:
6956:
6866:Basic topics list
6667:Swiss mercenaries
6617:Wars of the Roses
6524:Kingdom of Poland
6509:Holy Roman Empire
6376:Early Middle Ages
6334:
6333:
6296:
6295:
6087:
6086:
5974:
5973:
5966:Political parties
5902:Foreign relations
5867:
5866:
5796:
5795:
5579:French Revolution
5533:Thirty Years' War
5514:Absolute monarchy
5479:Kingdom of France
5375:Foreign relations
5355:Political history
5282:Kingdom of France
5271:Kingdom of France
5259:Kingdom of France
5257:Media related to
5031:Haine, W. Scott.
5024:Goubert, Pierre.
5010:Goubert, Pierre.
4969:Caron, François.
4699:Michel Pastoureau
4472:Peter H. Wilson,
3990:absolute monarchy
3977:French Revolution
3944:and even hosting
3938:early Middle Ages
3859:was the official
3853:French Revolution
3804:Duchy of Lorraine
3732:Truce of Ratisbon
3702:Duchy of Burgundy
3687:Duchy of Bretagne
3667:Duchy of Gascogne
3586:Holy Roman Empire
3504:County of Tourain
3498:Duchy of Normandy
3469:Duchy of Burgundy
3384:Duchy of Normandy
3292:Count of Chambord
3290:, supporting the
3255:was placed under
3094:Duke of Richelieu
2925:French Revolution
2773:French Revolution
2718:French Revolution
2702:centralized state
2674:War of Devolution
2670:French Royal Army
2662:French Royal Navy
2622:French Revolution
2570:and her minister
2560:Thirty Years' War
2546:Thirty Years' War
2540:Thirty Years' War
2333:House of Habsburg
2216:Charles of Valois
2141:Duchy of Normandy
1953:Political history
1927:French Revolution
1825:Thirty Years' War
1821:Habsburg monarchy
1744:Holy Roman Empire
1701:French Revolution
1667:and its ruler as
1610:Kingdom of France
1606:
1605:
1557:France portal
1450:
1449:
1347:
1346:
1258:Kingdom of France
1248:French Revolution
1239:Long 19th century
1229:
1228:
1177:
1176:
1147:Kingdom of France
1082:
1081:
990:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
913:
912:
770:21 September 1792
752:French Revolution
583:National Assembly
545:• 1847–1848
455:absolute monarchy
422:Roman Catholicism
280:
247:
215:
67:Royaume de France
34:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
7069:
7002:Christian states
6947:
6946:
6937:
6936:
6927:
6886:Medieval studies
6730:Church and State
6604:Late Middle Ages
6496:High Middle Ages
6414:Christianization
6384:Migration Period
6361:
6354:
6347:
6338:
6098:
6014:Economic history
5985:
5878:
5807:
5685:
5664:
5563:Seven Years' War
5528:Wars of Religion
5524:
5509:House of Bourbon
5504:Early modern era
5484:Fundamental laws
5360:Military history
5335:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5289:
5280:
5268:
5256:
5179:Gildea, Robert.
5063:
4999:Fierro, Alfred.
4979:Doyle, William.
4948:
4946:
4944:
4918:
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4906:
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4664:Mansel, Philip,
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4542:
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4527:
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4505:. Berg. p.
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4109:
4089:
4035:
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4028:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
3956:Fundamental laws
3839:was baptised by
3816:Comtat Venaissin
3738:County of Artois
3617:County of Poitou
3485:Duchy of Bourbon
3222:French tricolour
3203:Louis Philippe I
3141:Greek Revolution
3001:
2992:
2935:Limited monarchy
2898:Marie Antoinette
2841:
2832:
2819:Seven Years' War
2762:
2678:Franco-Dutch War
2647:Hyacinthe Rigaud
2592:Catalan Republic
2572:Cardinal Mazarin
2469:
2460:
2387:culminated in a
2339:Wars of Religion
2319:respectively at
2206:, whose son was
2157:Duke of Brittany
2105:Capetian dynasty
2091:Capetian dynasty
2081:High Middle Ages
1992:Charles the Bald
1988:Treaty of Verdun
1813:Wars of Religion
1777:kings of England
1757:Late Middle Ages
1682:
1675:High Middle Ages
1672:
1661:Capetian dynasty
1653:Treaty of Verdun
1649:Charles the Bald
1626:High Middle Ages
1598:
1591:
1584:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1446:
1362:
1361:
1244:
1243:
1197:
1196:
1158:Direct Capetians
1097:
1096:
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896:
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880:
872:
809:24 February 1848
712:Capetian dynasty
703:
696:Treaty of Verdun
634:Chamber of Peers
507:Louis Philippe I
369:Franco-Provençal
305:
293:
282:
281:
267:
248:
235:
232:("The Parisian")
229:
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120:
113:
91:
83:
77:
69:
63:
55:
49:
41:
39:Reaume de France
30:
21:
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7072:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7017:Former kingdoms
6962:
6961:
6958:
6953:
6915:
6896:Neo-medievalism
6844:
6780:Itinerant court
6703:
6598:
6519:Georgian Empire
6504:Norman Conquest
6490:
6436:Frankish Empire
6370:
6365:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6310:
6292:
6273:Public holidays
6186:
6145:Life expectancy
6083:
5970:
5863:
5792:
5761:Great Recession
5734:Fourth Republic
5729:1900 to present
5717:
5634:Second Republic
5598:
5567:
5490:
5443:
5410:
5389:
5324:
5316:
5249:
5244:
5175:
5170:
5150:Roche, Daniel.
5143:Raymond, Gino.
5126:Potter, David.
5116:Potter, David.
5045:
5037:and text search
4989:Duby, Georges.
4959:Beik, William.
4955:
4953:Further reading
4942:
4940:
4930:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4913:
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4645:
4641:
4632:
4628:
4620:William Doyle,
4619:
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4167:. p. 218.
4156:
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4113:
4106:
4098:. CUP Archive.
4091:
4090:
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4076:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3985:
3984:
3981:customary usage
3964:
3958:
3912:Edict of Nantes
3890:introduced the
3857:Catholic Church
3833:Reims Cathedral
3825:
3592:County of Blois
3546:County of Rodez
3516:County of Maine
3510:County of Anjou
3463:County of Blois
3388:counts of Anjou
3345:
3339:
3333:
3321:Second Republic
3276:François Guizot
3195:
3189:
3181:Duke of Orléans
3169:July Revolution
3156:sent an address
3125:Catholic Church
3108:to abolish the
3098:Trienio Liberal
3086:Ultra-royalists
3074:Charte octroyée
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:François Gérard
3013:François Gérard
3004:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2968:Napoleonic Wars
2960:Reign of Terror
2943:
2937:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2799:Cardinal Fleury
2793:(1715–1723) of
2775:
2769:
2725:Edict of Nantes
2636:
2630:
2606:
2600:
2568:Anne of Austria
2550:Henry IV's son
2548:
2542:
2534:merchant marine
2505:
2499:
2497:Colonial France
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2436:Edict of Nantes
2432:Bourbon dynasty
2420:Catholic League
2347:
2341:
2301:
2295:
2287:Guillaume Poyet
2261:
2192:
2184:Main articles:
2182:
2162:John of England
2145:County of Anjou
2131:Norman Conquest
2120:counts of Blois
2093:
2085:Main articles:
2083:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1884:Napoleonic Wars
1861:King George III
1602:
1566:
1564:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1429:Fourth Republic
1410:
1377:Interwar period
1359:
1349:
1348:
1308:Second Republic
1241:
1231:
1230:
1189:
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1001:
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791:July Revolution
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741:
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666:
659:
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629:
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610:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
576:Estates General
571:
550:François Guizot
546:
534:
503:
490:
489:• 987–996
469:
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331:
308:
296:
284:
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124:Royal Standards
121:
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100:
98:
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71:
64:
57:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
7075:
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7022:Former empires
7019:
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7009:
7004:
6999:
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6989:
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6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6891:Misconceptions
6888:
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6878:
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6863:
6858:
6852:
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6699:Little Ice Age
6696:
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6652:Western Schism
6649:
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6406:
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6399:Late antiquity
6396:
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6229:Cultural icons
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6049:Stock exchange
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5861:
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5851:
5849:National parks
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5824:Climate change
5821:
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5798:
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5746:Fifth Republic
5743:
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5654:Third Republic
5651:
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5589:First Republic
5586:
5584:Napoleonic era
5581:
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5248:
5247:External links
5245:
5243:
5242:
5229:
5222:
5220:Annales School
5212:
5202:
5200:vol 3 excerpts
5196:vol 2 excerpts
5184:
5176:
5174:
5173:Historiography
5171:
5169:
5168:
5166:online edition
5160:Wolf, John B.
5158:
5148:
5141:
5133:Price, Roger.
5131:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5096:Jones, Colin.
5094:
5086:Jones, Colin.
5084:
5074:
5066:Holt, Mack P.
5064:
5048:Signs of Times
5043:
5041:online edition
5029:
5022:
5008:
5007:(1996), 1580pp
4997:
4987:
4977:
4975:online edition
4967:
4956:
4954:
4951:
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4751:
4749:, p. 202.
4739:
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4633:Sylvia Neely,
4626:
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4396:Martin Wolfe,
4389:
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4336:
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4316:
4296:
4285:(2): 153–161.
4269:
4251:
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4219:. p. 254.
4203:
4200:. p. 254.
4184:
4173:
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4146:. p. 304.
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4033:History portal
4022:
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3960:Main article:
3957:
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3869:King of France
3861:state religion
3847:in the kingdom
3835:, built where
3824:
3821:
3820:
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3807:
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3795:
3792:French Hainaut
3789:
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3708:Pale of Calais
3705:
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3392:Angevin Empire
3376:King Philip II
3335:Main article:
3332:
3329:
3325:Third Republic
3317:National Guard
3272:Casimir PĂ©rier
3270:, like banker
3268:Prime Minister
3237:Gulf of Guinea
3191:Main article:
3188:
3185:
3006:
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2996:
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2939:Main article:
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2913:Jacques Necker
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2771:Main article:
2768:
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2664:that rivalled
2632:Main article:
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2446:Main article:
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2385:dukes of Guise
2343:Main article:
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2297:Main article:
2294:
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2257:
2249:bubonic plague
2181:
2178:
2139:inherited the
2082:
2079:
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1925:Following the
1837:Spanish Empire
1799:absolute power
1769:Angevin Empire
1705:personal union
1630:colonial power
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1058:600 BC – 49 BC
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6421:Rise of Islam
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6110:Birth control
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5886:
5885:Constitutions
5883:
5882:
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5682:Années folles
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5644:Second Empire
5642:
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5622:July Monarchy
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5521:Ancien RĂ©gime
5517:
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4904:. chabad.org.
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4452:. Routledge.
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4422:. Flammarion.
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2013:
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1981:
1978:'s rule, the
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1804:Ancien RĂ©gime
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1791:(1494–1559).
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1755:. During the
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1749:primogeniture
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1722:monarchy. In
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857:ISO 3166 code
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839:
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826:Livre parisis
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796:2 August 1830
795:
792:
782:
779:
769:
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704:10 August 843
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522:
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508:
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495:
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478:
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461:parliamentary
459:
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318:
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266:
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258:
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227:
226:La Parisienne
222:
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198:
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191:
188:
184:
175:
171:
162:
156:
155:
153:
149:
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137:
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119:
112:
104:
95:
89:
82:
75:
68:
61:
60:Middle French
54:
47:
40:
31:
19:
6959:
6720:Architecture
6692:Great Famine
6682:Universities
6636:
6622:Hussite Wars
6539:Great Schism
6426:Papal States
6215:Coat of arms
6205:Architecture
6177:Social class
6135:Homelessness
6120:Demographics
6074:Trade unions
6007:Central bank
5949:criminal law
5912:Human rights
5895:presidential
5739:Algerian War
5722:Contemporary
5696:Vichy France
5691:World War II
5661:Belle Époque
5594:First Empire
5496:Early Modern
5478:
5467:West Francia
5273:at Wikiquote
5240:Project MUSE
5235:
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5127:
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5077:
5067:
5051:
5032:
5025:
5011:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4941:. Retrieved
4937:Herodote.net
4936:
4910:
4895:
4876:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4842:
4832:
4818:
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4778:
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4693:
4679:
4673:
4665:
4660:
4651:
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4634:
4629:
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4616:
4608:
4603:
4575:. Springer.
4572:
4566:
4546:
4534:
4525:
4502:
4496:
4487:
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4473:
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4449:
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4405:
4397:
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4384:
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4359:
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4306:
4299:
4282:
4278:
4260:
4254:
4231:
4225:
4212:
4206:
4193:
4187:
4179:Google Books
4177:– via
4159:
4152:
4143:
4137:
4122:
4114:
4094:
4087:
3998:divine right
3932:
3881:
3872:
3864:
3850:
3788:(1668, 1679)
3762:, including
3696:
3660:Lordship of
3654:Lordship of
3597:
3492:
3419:
3413:
3381:
3352:West Francia
3306:
3304:
3296:Bonapartists
3283:
3261:
3257:protectorate
3230:
3211:
3149:
3114:
3078:Doctrinaires
3073:
3051:
3047:Hundred Days
3028:
2944:
2902:
2891:
2867:
2858:(right), by
2784:
2759:(1688–1697,
2737:
2722:
2684:and western
2651:
2609:
2607:
2549:
2506:
2486:(right), by
2409:
2358:
2348:
2313:Maximilian I
2302:
2299:Italian Wars
2293:Italian Wars
2273:
2262:
2242:
2235:
2193:
2135:
2124:
2117:
2097:Carolingians
2094:
2052:
2048:East Francia
1996:West Francia
1994:ruling over
1973:
1964:West Francia
1958:West Francia
1943:Hundred Days
1924:
1869:
1833:
1802:
1793:
1789:Italian Wars
1714:
1664:
1638:
1622:early modern
1609:
1607:
1560:
1518:Christianity
1406:Vichy France
1357:20th century
1339:Belle Époque
1278:First Empire
1191:
1187:Early modern
1146:
1137:West Francia
1126:Carolingians
1116:Merovingians
965:
948:
942:
922:
908:West Francia
890:Succeeded by
889:
884:
783:6 April 1814
714:established
683:Early modern
533:• 1815
502:• 1848
336:Largest city
268:(unofficial)
255:Royal anthem
253:
186:
152:Motto:
151:
6949:WikiProject
6876:Medievalism
6715:Agriculture
6579:Manorialism
6574:Communalism
6569:Monasticism
6486:Reconquista
6476:Kievan Rus'
6325:WikiProject
6140:Immigration
6130:Health care
5992:Agriculture
5944:enforcement
5701:Free France
5670:World War I
5617:Restoration
5604:Late Modern
5474:Middle Ages
5449:Middle Ages
5434:Celtic Gaul
4925:Works cited
4915:Dignat 2021
3928:brain drain
3892:Reformation
3888:John Calvin
3877:Gallicanism
3867:), and the
3758:, parts of
3487:(1327–1523)
3300:Republicans
3288:Legitimists
3284:Roi-Citoyen
3274:, academic
3226:new Charter
3121:reactionary
3082:bourgeoisie
3062:Louis XVIII
3019:(right) by
3009:Louis XVIII
2974:Restoration
2909:Malesherbes
2874:philosophes
2850:(left), by
2526:West Indies
2522:Mississippi
2518:Great Lakes
2478:(left), by
2405:tyrannicide
2327:(1493) and
2245:Black Death
2071:Scandinavia
1976:Charlemagne
1892:Great Power
1855:helped the
1689:cadet lines
1680:rex Francie
1471:Health care
1401:Free France
1288:Restoration
1092:Middle Ages
1064:Celtic Gaul
1007:History of
885:Preceded by
657:Legislature
648:Lower house
637:(1814–1848)
618:Upper house
607:(1814–1848)
593:(1791–1792)
586:(1789–1791)
579:(1302–1789)
560:Legislature
234:(1830–1848)
6966:Categories
6871:Land terms
6825:Technology
6805:Philosophy
6785:Literature
6750:Demography
6451:Viking Age
6268:Philosophy
6253:Literature
6165:secularism
5961:Parliament
5756:2005 riots
5706:Liberation
5572:Revolution
5439:Roman Gaul
5424:Prehistory
5380:Journalism
5060:Q107258901
4837:1254–1255.
4079:References
3916:revocation
3776:Thionville
3772:Gravelines
3756:Luxembourg
3744:Roussillon
3676:County of
3636:County of
3552:County of
3539:County of
3533:County of
3356:Hugh Capet
3278:, general
3245:Madagascar
3218:white flag
3165:barricades
3090:Talleyrand
3084:, and the
3066:Parliament
3011:(left) by
2956:guillotine
2870:New France
2733:Jansenists
2588:Roussillon
2552:Louis XIII
2512:, founded
2510:Madagascar
2503:New France
2484:Louis XIII
2377:Charles IX
2373:Francis II
2311:, Emperor
2284:Chancellor
2253:hearth tax
2101:Hugh Capet
2004:Lothair II
1691:under the
1657:Hugh Capet
1634:New France
1107:settlement
1074:Roman Gaul
1044:Prehistory
850:Louis d'or
757:5 May 1789
718:3 July 987
604:Parliament
572:(987–1302)
494:Hugh Capet
457:(987–1791)
444:Government
432:Demonym(s)
397:Burgundian
385:Champenois
326:Versailles
46:Old French
6856:Dark Ages
6765:Household
6760:Hastilude
6529:Feudalism
6125:Education
6079:Transport
5929:Judiciary
5890:Elections
5844:Mountains
5802:Geography
5548:Louis XIV
5338:Overviews
5162:Louis XIV
5054:: 17–38.
4573:Louis XIV
3924:Huguenots
3920:Louis XIV
3900:Huguenots
3748:Perpignan
3473:Habsburgs
3117:Charles X
3017:Charles X
3015:(1820s),
2964:Directory
2894:Louis XVI
2856:Louis XVI
2729:Huguenots
2706:feudalism
2666:England's
2654:Louis XIV
2643:Louis XIV
2634:Louis XIV
2618:privilege
2381:Henry III
2360:Huguenots
2351:Concordat
2329:Barcelona
2280:Francis I
2269:classical
2237:Jacquerie
2214:, son of
2212:Philip VI
2200:Salic law
2166:Philip II
2032:Rhineland
1912:Prussians
1876:Louis XIV
1847:by 1763.
1829:Louis XIV
1809:Huguenots
1753:Salic law
1732:Aquitaine
1728:Catalonia
1707:with the
1685:Philip II
1651:with the
1540:Territory
1433:1946–1958
1423:1944–1946
1413:1940–1944
1392:1920–1929
1381:1919–1939
1370:1870–1940
1343:1871–1914
1332:1870–1940
1322:1852–1870
1312:1848–1852
1302:1830–1848
1292:1814–1830
1282:1804–1814
1272:1792–1804
1262:1791–1792
1252:1789–1799
1225:1589–1792
1215:1515–1589
1205:1498–1515
1173:1328–1498
744:1562–1598
731:1337–1453
415:Religion
101:1815–1848
99:1814–1815
6939:Category
6906:Timeline
6795:Minstrel
6790:Medicine
6672:Chivalry
6627:Burgundy
6549:Crusades
6315:Category
6248:Language
6160:Religion
6105:Abortion
6059:Taxation
5956:Military
5917:Intersex
5907:Politics
5873:Politics
5675:Interwar
5370:Economic
5365:Language
5350:Timeline
5210:in JSTOR
5056:Wikidata
4875:(2001).
4701:(2001).
4537:Le Temps
4165:ABC-CLIO
4005:See also
3884:Reformed
3841:Remigius
3837:Clovis I
3823:Religion
3760:Flanders
3752:Montmédy
3726:(1648),
3656:Issoudun
3578:Dauphiné
3554:Gevaudan
3541:Rouergue
3264:nobility
3251:, while
3224:, and a
3092:and the
3035:Napoleon
2882:smallpox
2878:Voltaire
2876:such as
2854:(1763);
2848:Louis XV
2787:Louis XV
2686:Flanders
2482:(1610),
2476:Henry IV
2428:Henry IV
2365:Henry II
2323:(1492),
2234:and the
2204:Isabella
2143:and the
2137:Henry II
2075:Normandy
2028:Besançon
1916:Russians
1904:Napoleon
1880:Napoleon
1863:and the
1819:and the
1740:Burgundy
1736:Lorraine
1724:Brittany
1618:medieval
1535:Taxation
1513:Religion
1508:Politics
1501:Consorts
1496:Monarchs
1491:Military
1486:Medicine
1162:987–1328
1151:987–1792
1105:Frankish
1103:and the
1026:Timeline
998:a series
996:Part of
818:Currency
679:Medieval
409:Alsatian
401:Poitevin
97:987–1792
6849:Related
6835:Warfare
6830:Theatre
6820:Slavery
6815:Science
6770:Hunting
6735:Cuisine
6708:Culture
6647:Castile
6642:England
6306:Outline
6288:Theatre
6283:Symbols
6243:Gardens
6233:Fashion
6225:Cuisine
6192:Culture
6182:Welfare
6155:Poverty
6093:Society
6069:Tourism
6029:Exports
6002:Banking
5980:Economy
5939:history
5834:Islands
5829:Borders
5462:Francia
5416:Ancient
5394:Regions
5345:History
5330:History
5137:(1993)
5120:(2003)
5090:(2002)
5080:(1999)
5070:(2002)
5039:; also
5018:; also
4983:(2001)
4973:(1979)
4963:(2009)
4687:. 1831.
4476:(2009).
4400:(1972).
4387:(1983).
4334:(1968).
3971:were a
3768:BĂ©thune
3678:Agenais
3671:Gascony
3611:Guyenne
3447:Orléans
3442:Bourges
3421:demesne
3249:Mayotte
3139:in the
3133:Émigrés
3052:When a
2946:of the
2921:Brienne
2917:Calonne
2815:Prussia
2791:regency
2424:Navarre
2321:Étaples
2220:Gascony
2127:William
2113:Bourbon
1980:Vikings
1908:British
1882:in the
1851:in the
1823:in the
1697:Bourbon
1665:Francia
1643:of the
1528:Judaism
1466:Economy
1445:present
1141:843–987
1130:751–987
1120:481–751
1101:Francia
1035:Ancient
838:Sol/Sou
802:•
789:•
776:•
763:•
750:•
737:•
724:•
710:•
694:•
646:•
616:•
496:(first)
475:Monarch
389:Angevin
373:Occitan
313:Capital
272:(1515)
187:Anthem:
6929:Portal
6810:Poetry
6637:France
6320:Portal
6220:Cinema
6200:Anthem
6172:Racism
6150:People
6044:Mining
6019:Energy
5854:Rivers
5819:Cities
5751:May 68
5322:topics
5319:France
5183:(1996)
5130:(1995)
5058:
4943:6 July
4883:
4791:
4637:(2008)
4624:(2001)
4611:(2003)
4579:
4554:
4513:
4456:
4367:
4347:(2012)
4314:
4267:
4242:
4171:
4102:
3855:, the
3818:(1791)
3812:(1769)
3806:(1766)
3800:(1713)
3794:(1679)
3740:(1659)
3734:(1684)
3720:Alsace
3716:(1620)
3710:(1558)
3704:(1477)
3535:Quercy
3524:(1271)
3518:(1225)
3512:(1225)
3506:(1204)
3500:(1204)
3424:, see
3315:. The
3253:Tahiti
3247:, and
3068:and a
3033:under
3023:(1825)
2905:Turgot
2862:(1775)
2761:a.k.a.
2714:Fronde
2682:Artois
2582:. The
2576:Fronde
2530:Levant
2514:Quebec
2490:(1647)
2325:Senlis
2315:, and
2153:revolt
2109:Valois
2057:, the
2042:, and
2036:Aachen
2024:Vienne
2020:Verdun
1937:. The
1900:France
1720:feudal
1693:Valois
1561:·
1559:
1457:Topics
1169:Valois
1110:
1048:
1009:France
1000:on the
834:Denier
630:(1814)
566:None (
523:
509:(last)
479:
452:Feudal
437:French
405:Basque
381:Picard
377:Norman
365:Breton
354:French
259:
189:
170:French
166:
84:
74:French
70:
56:
42:
6840:Women
6800:Music
6755:Domes
6745:Dance
6632:Milan
6278:Sport
6263:Music
6258:Media
6115:Crime
5839:Lakes
4074:Notes
3942:Rashi
3782:1659)
3764:Arras
3662:DĂ©ols
3638:Velay
3602:1453
3437:Reims
3241:Gabon
2265:Italy
2069:from
2067:Rollo
2059:Seine
2055:Loire
2044:Trier
2034:with
2016:Meuse
2012:RhĂ´ne
1817:Spain
1785:Spain
1781:Italy
1563:
1523:Islam
1443:1958–
966:1848:
943:1815:
923:1792:
842:Franc
822:Livre
393:Gallo
350:Latin
340:Paris
320:Paris
88:Latin
6238:Flag
6024:Euro
5922:LGBT
4945:2023
4881:ISBN
4789:ISBN
4577:ISBN
4552:ISBN
4511:ISBN
4454:ISBN
4365:ISBN
4312:ISBN
4265:ISBN
4240:ISBN
4169:ISBN
4100:ISBN
3988:The
3967:The
3831:The
3774:and
3746:and
3560:Albi
3298:and
3231:The
3043:Elba
2919:and
2907:and
2608:The
2520:and
2379:and
2274:The
2188:and
2111:and
2095:The
2089:and
2040:Metz
2026:and
2014:and
1920:1815
1914:and
1738:and
1726:and
1695:and
1620:and
1608:The
1481:LGBT
6725:Art
6210:Art
5934:Law
5050:".
4507:134
4287:doi
4129:161
3205:by
2954:by
2426:as
2046:in
1918:in
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1476:Law
846:Écu
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