36:
436:
based on Latin roots were introduced, and some scholars modified the spelling of French words to bring them into conformity with their Latin roots, sometimes erroneously. This often produced a radical difference between a word's spelling and the way it was pronounced. Nevertheless, Middle French
437:
spelling was overall fairly close to the pronunciation; unlike modern French, word-final consonants were still pronounced (though they were optionally lost when they preceded another consonant in the beginning of an immediately following word).
1418:
1244:
1411:
4007:
611:
At the beginning of the 17th century, French would see the continued unification of French, the suppression of certain forms, and the prescription of rules, leading to
1265:) was a worthy language for literary expression and which promulgated a program of linguistic production and purification (including the imitation of Latin genres).
3969:
2039:
1404:
2080:
3997:
2531:
601:, who developed a phonetic spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550); but this attempt at spelling reform was not followed.
1291:
2205:
2093:
3320:
398:
3380:
2668:
2273:
2073:
593:
Spelling and punctuation in this period are extremely variable. The introduction of printing in 1470 highlighted the need for
3468:
3369:
397:
Among the elites, Latin was still the language of education, administration, and bureaucracy; this changed in 1539, with the
3276:
2954:
594:
1955:
3403:
2806:
1863:
1816:
414:
4002:
3844:
3282:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2180:
1615:
1207:
3565:
3137:
2572:
2130:
2066:
1709:
1694:
3064:
3152:
2673:
2514:
2481:
2229:
2158:
2140:
2123:
2118:
2108:
1857:
144:
129:
3857:
3761:
2634:
2361:
2309:
598:
390:
of modern French (although there is a continued reliance on the verb in the second position of a sentence, or "
296:
that covers the period from the mid-14th to the early 17th century. It is a period of transition during which:
3225:
2770:
2651:
2624:
2500:
2446:
2153:
2113:
1657:
1475:
1470:
1427:
239:
149:
139:
119:
3943:
3339:
3159:
2577:
2523:
2175:
1921:
1846:
1645:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1004:
999:
994:
971:
966:
961:
950:
945:
940:
917:
912:
907:
896:
891:
886:
863:
858:
853:
842:
837:
832:
809:
804:
799:
788:
783:
778:
755:
747:
736:
731:
726:
703:
698:
693:
682:
677:
672:
351:
3243:
2656:
3975:
3920:
3726:
3721:
3374:
3352:
3171:
2994:
2463:
2419:
2366:
2045:
1932:
1821:
1728:
584:
572:
3639:
2607:
3925:
3709:
3699:
3315:
3288:
3214:
3122:
3074:
2873:
2801:
2753:
2747:
2710:
2693:
2190:
2012:
1942:
1915:
1811:
1552:
1364:
441:
3673:
3410:
3302:
3270:
3264:
3106:
2885:
2845:
2811:
2715:
2639:
2582:
2403:
2001:
1831:
1689:
1651:
1480:
604:
This period saw the publication of the first French grammars and of the French-Latin dictionary of
527:) practices were borrowed from Italian. These tendencies would continue through Classical French.
405:
made French alone the language for legal acts. Regional differences were still extreme throughout
402:
2781:
1453:
154:
3915:
3644:
3500:
3458:
3424:
3418:
3308:
3251:
3208:
3191:
2929:
2922:
2816:
2758:
2563:
2546:
2487:
2343:
2331:
2210:
2148:
1974:
1630:
1592:
1523:
1490:
50:
3693:
2821:
2185:
1211:
3872:
3851:
3771:
3731:
3714:
3590:
3518:
3512:
3436:
3328:
3238:
3179:
3091:
3049:
2850:
2796:
2683:
2661:
2602:
2587:
2558:
2541:
2451:
2414:
2383:
2371:
2290:
2278:
2195:
2170:
2164:
2089:
1966:
1801:
1669:
1620:
1513:
1503:
1287:
1254:
322:
318:
204:
134:
3825:
3815:
3800:
3788:
3704:
3653:
3617:
3595:
3582:
3576:
3550:
3505:
3494:
3398:
3363:
3347:
3196:
3184:
3117:
3081:
3069:
3037:
2962:
2934:
2907:
2737:
2732:
2720:
2700:
2688:
2629:
2536:
2493:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2388:
2319:
2303:
2200:
2007:
1961:
1937:
1886:
1881:
1869:
1746:
1674:
1518:
1508:
1462:
1215:
612:
576:
531:
410:
337:
330:
301:
124:
362:
The most important change found in Middle French is the complete disappearance of the noun
3909:
3895:
3776:
3678:
3668:
3612:
3463:
3451:
3391:
3386:
3201:
3130:
3112:
3059:
2989:
2946:
2858:
2839:
2791:
2678:
2644:
2597:
2592:
2314:
2246:
2218:
1995:
1927:
1897:
1796:
1719:
1699:
1679:
1625:
1533:
1442:
1262:
605:
580:
541:
293:
285:
194:
111:
101:
2912:
1587:
583:
origin in
England. Some words of Romance origin now found their way back into French as
49:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3960:
3867:
3862:
3783:
3663:
3625:
3357:
3006:
2917:
2863:
2833:
2725:
2409:
2337:
2283:
2032:
1851:
1841:
1756:
1684:
1635:
1582:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1542:
1498:
1396:
429:
272:
17:
3991:
3902:
3805:
3793:
3525:
3233:
2890:
2828:
2324:
2058:
1836:
1597:
1577:
1233:
391:
27:
Historical variety of French used from the mid-14th century to the early 17th century
417:
languages were predominant; while, in the north of France, Oïl languages other than
3684:
3544:
2939:
1826:
1704:
1640:
371:
366:
system (already underway for centuries). There is no longer a distinction between
199:
3600:
3086:
3746:
3739:
3476:
3042:
3011:
1949:
1761:
1751:
1241:
The affirmation and glorification of French finds its greatest manifestation in
336:
the literary development of French prepared the vocabulary and grammar for the
3024:
3016:
2617:
2376:
1909:
1780:
1774:
1767:
383:
367:
363:
305:
209:
3820:
3658:
3000:
2295:
1740:
1223:
590:
Also, the meaning and usage of many words from Old French were transformed.
433:
265:
249:
231:
189:
3446:
2984:
35:
300:
the French language became clearly distinguished from the other competing
256:
3810:
3605:
3441:
3257:
2705:
2553:
1372:
Notions de style, de versificiation et d'histoire de la langue française.
1258:
1219:
452:
445:
418:
3429:
3294:
3054:
3032:
2972:
2967:
2456:
2441:
1734:
1227:
3631:
2977:
2900:
2880:
2612:
1903:
1891:
1874:
1608:
424:
The fascination with classical texts led to numerous borrowings from
406:
387:
90:
563:
557:
551:
545:
535:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
78:
2895:
2868:
1806:
1603:
1547:
449:
425:
375:
326:
382:. This transformation necessitates an increased reliance on the
2062:
1400:
1170:
1116:
1062:
1008:
954:
900:
846:
792:
740:
686:
29:
1307:
1391:
448:
in the French court brought the French into contact with
1206:
Middle French is the language found in the writings of
304:, which are sometimes subsumed within the concept of
3936:
3887:
3836:
3760:
3564:
3537:
3486:
3338:
3224:
3170:
3151:
2780:
2769:
2522:
2513:
2474:
2354:
2239:
2228:
2139:
2101:
1988:
1789:
1718:
1532:
1489:
1461:
1452:
1435:
1329:
Larousse, vi, xiii–xiv, xvii; Bonnard, pp. 113–114.
1257:, which maintained that French (like the Tuscan of
1251:
The defense and illustration of the French language
354:to Modern French speakers, contrary to Old French.
263:
247:
229:
224:
182:
108:
96:
86:
72:
1310:. ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine. 2015.
350:It is the first version of French that is largely
1245:La Défense et illustration de la langue française
386:in the sentence, which becomes more or less the
1379:Évolution et structure de la langue française.
2074:
1412:
413:languages dominated; in east central France,
8:
1308:"Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500)"
1242:
1231:
1191:
1137:
1083:
1029:
975:
921:
867:
813:
759:
707:
341:
309:
3970:languages with more than 5 million speakers
2040:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
1146:
1092:
1038:
984:
930:
876:
822:
768:
716:
662:
378:, and plurals are indicated simply with an
3553:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
3167:
2777:
2519:
2236:
2081:
2067:
2059:
1458:
1419:
1405:
1397:
497:) and artistic (especially architectural:
69:
455:. Many words dealing with the military (
4008:Languages attested from the 14th century
1381:Berne (Switzerland): Francke A.G., 1946.
1361:Larousse dictionnaire du moyen français.
622:
346:) spoken in the 17th and 18th centuries.
1282:Ducos, Joëlle; Soutet, Olivier (2012).
1274:
317:the French language was imposed as the
530:There were also some borrowings from
47:about the phonology of Middle French.
7:
3974:Languages between parentheses are
2044:Languages between parentheses are
1338:Wartburg, p. 160; Bonnard, p. 114.
587:through war and trading contacts.
292:) is a historical division of the
25:
3854:(unknown further classification)
597:. One proposed reform came from
34:
3998:History of the French language
3978:of the language on their left.
3848:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
2048:of the language on their left.
1392:Dictionnaire du Moyen Français
399:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
1:
1284:L'ancien et le moyen français
579:had left words of French and
394:", until the 16th century).
3845:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
4024:
3547:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
2573:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2367:Central−Southern Calabrian
409:: in the south of France,
3952:
3102:
2023:
1232:
639:
631:
628:
625:
550:) and from the Americas (
104:by the early 17th century
77:
2855:North American dialects
2362:Extreme Southern Italian
1208:Charles, Duke of Orléans
599:Jacques Peletier du Mans
421:continued to be spoken.
2274:Central−Northern Latian
1428:Gallo-Romance languages
1171:
1117:
1063:
1009:
955:
901:
847:
793:
741:
687:
564:
558:
552:
546:
536:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
79:
2578:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1243:
1192:
1147:
1138:
1093:
1084:
1039:
1030:
985:
976:
931:
922:
877:
868:
823:
814:
769:
760:
717:
708:
663:
342:
310:
289:
45:is missing information
18:Middle French language
3065:Poitevin–Saintongeais
2038:A star (*) indicates
1933:Poitevin-Saintongeais
1864:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
1253:) (1549) by the poet
573:Anglo-Norman language
571:The influence of the
392:verb-second structure
343:le français classique
2874:St. Marys Bay French
2398:Neapolitan–Calabrese
619:Phonological history
444:and the presence of
442:French wars in Italy
3226:Galician–Portuguese
2252:Central Marchigiano
1491:Bourbonnais Creoles
1374:Paris: SUDEL, 1953.
1230:, and the poets of
1224:Michel de Montaigne
4003:Medieval languages
3640:Catalan Ribagorçan
3487:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
2759:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2669:Bustocco–Legnanese
2464:Northern Calabrian
1377:W. von Wartburg.
1286:. PUF. p. 4.
595:reform in spelling
329:and other Oïl and
80:françois, franceis
3985:
3984:
3961:extinct languages
3883:
3882:
3560:
3559:
3519:Navarro-Aragonese
3404:Peruvian Ribereño
3329:Judaeo-Portuguese
3244:Galician–Asturian
3147:
3146:
3138:Old Gallo-Romance
3092:Wisconsin Walloon
2509:
2508:
2482:Dalmatian Romance
2090:Romance languages
2056:
2055:
2033:extinct languages
1989:Francoprovencalic
1984:
1983:
1967:Wisconsin Walloon
1293:978-2-13-061687-0
1255:Joachim du Bellay
1228:Pierre de Ronsard
1220:François Rabelais
1199:
1198:
521:; also literary:
323:Kingdom of France
319:official language
311:l'ancien français
279:
278:
205:Old Gallo-Romance
68:
67:
16:(Redirected from
4015:
3506:Judaeo-Aragonese
3495:Andalusi Romance
3348:Amazonic Spanish
3185:Western Asturian
3168:
3107:Franco-Provençal
2778:
2674:Comasco–Lecchese
2532:Emilian–Romagnol
2520:
2320:Regional Italian
2310:Italo-Australian
2237:
2159:Megleno-Romanian
2083:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2002:Franco-Provençal
1998:/Faetar-Cigliàje
1887:Louisiana French
1882:Louisiana Creole
1695:Saint-Barthélemy
1463:Antillean Creole
1459:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1348:
1347:Bonnard, p. 114.
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1248:
1237:
1236:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1001:
996:
988:
979:
973:
968:
963:
958:
952:
947:
942:
934:
925:
919:
914:
909:
904:
898:
893:
888:
880:
871:
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
839:
834:
826:
817:
811:
806:
801:
796:
790:
785:
780:
772:
763:
757:
749:
744:
738:
733:
728:
720:
711:
705:
700:
695:
690:
684:
679:
674:
666:
623:
613:Classical French
567:
561:
555:
549:
539:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
415:Franco-Provençal
345:
338:Classical French
313:
275:
259:
252:
243:
242:
234:
114:
82:
70:
63:
60:
54:
38:
30:
21:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4012:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3948:
3932:
3910:Pannonian Latin
3896:African Romance
3879:
3832:
3763:
3756:
3694:Judeo-Provençal
3567:
3556:
3533:
3482:
3392:Chilean Chilote
3334:
3220:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3143:
3131:Moselle Romance
3098:
2947:Missouri French
2908:Franco-Ontarian
2783:
2772:
2765:
2505:
2470:
2447:Southern Latian
2350:
2315:Maltese Italian
2247:Central Italian
2231:
2224:
2219:Common Romanian
2135:
2119:Italo-Dalmatian
2097:
2087:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2019:
1980:
1898:Moselle Romance
1858:Karipúna Creole
1785:
1714:
1626:Franco-Ontarian
1528:
1485:
1448:
1443:Canadian French
1431:
1425:
1388:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:Larousse, xxvi.
1319:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1212:François Villon
1204:
1190:
1169:
1151:
1136:
1115:
1097:
1082:
1061:
1043:
1028:
1007:
989:
974:
953:
935:
920:
899:
881:
866:
845:
827:
812:
791:
773:
758:
739:
721:
706:
685:
667:
636:
621:
606:Robert Estienne
360:
294:French language
271:
255:
248:
238:
237:
230:
220:
195:Classical Latin
185:
178:
130:Latino-Faliscan
115:
112:Language family
110:
64:
58:
55:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4021:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3963:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3849:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3626:Judaeo-Catalan
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3593:
3585:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3381:Latin American
3377:
3372:
3360:
3358:Judaeo-Spanish
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2853:
2848:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2501:Judaeo-Italian
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2161:
2156:
2154:Istro-Romanian
2151:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2102:Major branches
2099:
2098:
2094:classification
2088:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1852:Haitian Creole
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Burundi Pidgin
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1539:
1537:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1386:External links
1384:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1299:
1292:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1002:
997:
991:
981:
980:
969:
964:
959:
948:
943:
937:
927:
926:
915:
910:
905:
894:
889:
883:
873:
872:
861:
856:
851:
840:
835:
829:
819:
818:
807:
802:
797:
786:
781:
775:
765:
764:
753:
750:
745:
734:
729:
723:
713:
712:
701:
696:
691:
680:
675:
669:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
642:
641:
640:Modern French
638:
633:
630:
629:Proto-Romance
627:
620:
617:
384:order of words
359:
356:
348:
347:
334:
315:
290:moyen français
277:
276:
269:
261:
260:
253:
245:
244:
235:
227:
226:
225:Language codes
222:
221:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
188:
186:
183:
180:
179:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
118:
116:
109:
106:
105:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
75:
74:
66:
65:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4020:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3944:Proto-Romance
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:Reconstructed
3935:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:British Latin
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:Vivaro-Alpine
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3526:Old Navarrese
3523:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:Equatoguinean
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Frainc-Comtou
2827:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Judeo-Italian
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Castelmezzano
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:Swiss Italian
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Transylvanian
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:Daco-Romanian
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:Italo-Western
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Frainc-Comtou
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1664:Middle French
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:St. Marys Bay
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Langues d'oïl
1451:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:H. Bonnard.
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Clément Marot
1213:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1003:
998:
992:
987:
983:
982:
978:
970:
965:
960:
957:
949:
944:
938:
933:
929:
928:
924:
916:
911:
906:
903:
895:
890:
884:
879:
875:
874:
870:
862:
857:
852:
849:
841:
836:
830:
825:
821:
820:
816:
808:
803:
798:
795:
787:
782:
776:
771:
767:
766:
762:
754:
751:
746:
743:
735:
730:
724:
719:
715:
714:
710:
702:
697:
692:
689:
681:
676:
670:
665:
661:
660:
657:21st century
656:
653:
650:
648:12th century
647:
644:
643:
634:
624:
618:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
596:
591:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
566:
560:
554:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
454:
451:
447:
443:
438:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
355:
353:
344:
339:
335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
302:Oïl languages
299:
298:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Middle French
274:
270:
268:
267:
262:
258:
254:
251:
246:
241:
236:
233:
228:
223:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
191:
187:
181:
161:
160:Middle French
158:
157:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:Gallo-Romance
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
140:Italo-Western
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:Indo-European
117:
113:
107:
103:
102:Modern French
100:Evolved into
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
76:
73:Middle French
71:
62:
52:
46:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3965:
3956:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3843:
3745:
3738:
3700:Languedocien
3692:
3685:Judeo-Gascon
3683:
3624:
3575:
3545:Barranquenho
3524:
3517:
3493:
3475:
3417:
3379:
3362:
3353:Extremaduran
3327:
3301:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3256:
3213:
3172:Asturleonese
3136:
3129:
3087:West Walloon
3075:Saintongeais
3023:
2999:
2995:Anglo-Norman
2953:
2886:Newfoundland
2846:Jersey Legal
2838:
2746:
2711:Southwestern
2694:Vallassinese
2583:Gallo-Picene
2524:Gallo-Italic
2486:
2402:
2397:
2336:
2302:
2217:
2163:
2028:
1973:
1954:
1943:Saintongeais
1920:
1908:
1896:
1862:
1827:Camfranglais
1773:
1766:
1739:
1729:Anglo-Norman
1727:
1690:Newfoundland
1675:Metropolitan
1663:
1662:
1652:Jersey Legal
1650:
1641:Houma French
1481:Saint Lucian
1436:Areal groups
1430:and dialects
1378:
1371:
1360:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1302:
1283:
1277:
1250:
1240:
1205:
1157:/kolːoˈkare/
654:18th century
651:15th century
610:
603:
592:
589:
570:
529:
439:
432:. Numerous
423:
396:
379:
361:
352:intelligible
349:
325:in place of
281:
280:
264:
200:Vulgar Latin
159:
56:
44:
3921:Campidanese
3747:Old Catalan
3740:Old Occitan
3477:Old Spanish
3411:Rioplatense
3215:Old Leonese
3043:Cotentinais
3007:Guernésiais
2930:Frenchville
2923:New England
2802:Bourbonnais
2754:Piedmontese
2748:Old Lombard
2640:Bergamasque
2564:Sammarinese
2035:or dialects
1922:Petit nègre
1812:Bourbonnais
1757:Guernésiais
1752:Cotentinais
1631:Frenchville
1593:New England
1524:Seychellois
1178:/kuˈʃje(r)/
1162:/koɫˈtʃjer/
1108:/dʒyˈdʒjeð/
1103:/judiˈkatu/
990:'beautiful'
779:/(ɪ)sˈkutu/
645:9th century
632:Old French
401:, in which
184:Early forms
3992:Categories
3968:indicates
3926:Logudorese
3459:Philippine
3425:Andalusian
3419:Peninsular
3309:Estremenho
3265:Portuguese
3192:Cantabrian
3025:Law French
3017:Sercquiais
2851:Meridional
2812:Champenois
2807:Burgundian
2618:Tabarchino
2608:Monégasque
2547:Parmigiano
2404:Neapolitan
2377:Manduriano
2344:Florentine
2211:Wallachian
2181:Bukovinian
1910:Old French
1832:Champenois
1817:Burgundian
1781:Sercquiais
1775:Old Norman
1768:Law French
1710:Vietnamese
1670:Meridional
1504:Chagossian
1355:References
1234:La Pléiade
1202:Literature
1167:/kuˈtʃjer/
1152:'to place'
1070:/aˈvwɛ(r)/
506:architrave
476:infanterie
434:neologisms
403:François I
368:nominative
364:declension
306:Old French
210:Old French
59:April 2020
3976:varieties
3959:indicate
3916:Sardinian
3873:Triestine
3821:Sursilvan
3732:Mentonasc
3710:Provençal
3659:Auvergnat
3645:Valencian
3601:Mallorcan
3591:Algherese
3566:Occitano-
3513:Navarrese
3501:Aragonese
3437:Castilian
3340:Castilian
3316:Uruguayan
3289:Brazilian
3252:Minderico
3246:/Eonavian
3209:Mirandese
3123:Valdôtain
3109:/Arpitan
3050:Orléanais
3001:Auregnais
2985:Mayennais
2935:Louisiana
2817:Ardennais
2797:Berrichon
2603:Intemelio
2559:Forlivese
2542:Bolognese
2488:Dalmatian
2452:Tarantino
2415:Benevento
2372:Salentino
2332:Sassarese
2296:Gallurese
2279:Romanesco
2232:Dalmatian
2196:Moldavian
2191:Maramureș
2149:Aromanian
2046:varieties
2031:indicate
2013:Valdôtain
2004:/Arpitan
1975:Zarphatic
1916:Orléanais
1802:Berrichon
1741:Auregnais
1616:Cambodian
1598:Québécois
1519:Rodriguan
1509:Mauritian
1476:Grenadian
1471:Dominican
1148:COLLŌCĀRE
1094:IŪDICĀTUM
1044:'to have'
995:/ˈbɛlːʊs/
913:/ˈfam(ə)/
887:/ˈfemɪna/
727:/maˈturu/
374:forms of
333:languages
266:Glottolog
250:ISO 639-3
232:ISO 639-2
190:Old Latin
51:talk page
3852:Venetian
3826:Vallader
3816:Surmiran
3789:Cadorino
3772:Friulian
3705:Limousin
3674:Béarnese
3636:Western
3618:Northern
3606:Menorcan
3596:Balearic
3587:Eastern
3583:dialects
3442:Castrapo
3399:Peruvian
3370:dialects
3303:European
3271:dialects
3258:Portugis
3239:Galician
3180:Asturian
3118:Savoyard
3070:Poitevin
3038:Cauchois
3012:Jèrriais
2859:Canadian
2738:Varesino
2733:Ticinese
2721:Novarese
2716:Cremunés
2706:Ossolano
2701:Milanese
2689:Lecchese
2657:Brianzöö
2588:Ligurian
2554:Romagnol
2435:Arianese
2430:Irpinian
2425:Cilentan
2389:Pantesco
2384:Sicilian
2355:Southern
2291:Corsican
2267:Macerata
2262:Fabriano
2201:Oltenian
2171:dialects
2131:Southern
2008:Savoyard
1938:Poitevin
1847:Guianese
1762:Jèrriais
1747:Cauchois
1700:Standard
1680:Missouri
1621:Francien
1571:Kinshasa
1365:Larousse
1259:Petrarch
1172:couchier
1113:/ʒyˈʒje/
1098:'judged'
1080:/aˈvwaʁ/
1075:/aˈvwɛʁ/
1059:/aˈvɔjr/
1054:/aˈvejr/
1049:/aˈβere/
1005:/be̯aws/
967:/ˈɔm(ə)/
941:/ˈɔmɪne/
897:/ˈfemːə/
892:/ˈfemnə/
859:/ˈswɛ.ə/
854:/ˈsoj.ə/
843:/ˈsej.ə/
838:/ˈsejðə/
784:/esˈkyð/
774:'shield'
732:/maˈðyr/
722:'mature'
608:(1539).
585:doublets
518:corridor
464:cavalier
453:humanism
446:Italians
419:Francien
273:midd1316
3957:Italics
3858:Chipilo
3801:Romansh
3764:Romance
3762:Rhaeto-
3727:Gardiol
3679:Landese
3669:Aranese
3654:Occitan
3613:Central
3577:Catalan
3568:Romance
3469:Creoles
3464:Saharan
3452:Murcian
3430:Llanito
3387:Chilean
3364:Spanish
3321:Creoles
3295:Mineiro
3277:African
3202:Riberan
3197:Leonese
3162:Iberian
3155:Romance
3082:Walloon
3055:Paydret
3033:Augeron
2973:Vosgien
2968:Gaumais
2963:Lorrain
2955:Creoles
2918:Muskrat
2864:Acadian
2792:Angevin
2782:Langues
2773:Romance
2679:Comasco
2652:Western
2645:Cremish
2635:Eastern
2630:Lombard
2598:Genoese
2593:Brigasc
2537:Emilian
2515:Western
2494:Istriot
2457:Vastese
2442:Molisan
2304:Italian
2240:Central
2186:Crișana
2141:Eastern
2124:Western
2109:Eastern
2029:Italics
1962:Walloon
1956:Tây Bồi
1870:Lorrain
1797:Angevin
1735:Augeron
1685:Muskrat
1658:Laotian
1636:Haitian
1583:Belgian
1566:Abidjan
1560:African
1543:Acadian
1514:Réunion
1499:Agalega
1367:, 1992.
1363:Paris:
1193:coucher
1188:/kuˈʃe/
1183:/kuˈʃe/
1134:/ʒyˈʒe/
1129:/ʒyˈʒe/
1124:/ʒyˈʒe/
962:/ˈɔ̃mə/
951:/ˈɔmːə/
946:/ˈɔmnə/
932:HOMINEM
908:/ˈfãmə/
882:'woman'
878:FĒMINAM
833:/ˈseta/
789:/esˈky/
748:/my(r)/
737:/məˈyr/
718:MĀTŪRUM
673:/ˈpɛde/
637:French
577:English
532:Spanish
450:Italian
411:Occitan
372:oblique
358:History
331:Occitan
321:of the
145:Western
135:Romance
3888:Others
3868:Talian
3863:Fiuman
3837:Others
3777:Fornes
3715:Niçard
3664:Gascon
3632:Patuet
3538:Others
3447:Castúo
3153:Ibero-
3113:Faetar
3060:Picard
2990:Norman
2978:Welche
2901:Magoua
2891:Quebec
2881:Brayon
2840:French
2822:Rémois
2771:Gallo-
2726:Pavese
2684:Laghée
2662:Canzés
2613:Royasc
2475:Others
2410:Barese
2338:Tuscan
2284:Sabino
2257:Ancona
2230:Italo-
1996:Faetar
1928:Picard
1904:Nouchi
1892:Michif
1875:Welche
1790:Others
1720:Norman
1646:Indian
1609:Magoua
1578:Aostan
1534:French
1290:
1040:HABĒRE
1016:/be̯o/
1000:/bɛɫs/
986:BELLUS
828:'silk'
824:SAETAM
810:/eˈky/
805:/eˈky/
800:/eˈky/
770:SCŪTUM
683:/pjeθ/
678:/pjeð/
668:'foot'
635:Middle
626:Latin
581:Norman
547:reître
542:German
540:) and
537:casque
524:sonnet
512:balcon
500:arcade
494:soldat
470:espion
458:alarme
407:France
388:syntax
286:French
125:Italic
91:France
87:Region
3811:Putèr
3806:Jauer
3794:Nones
3784:Ladin
3283:Asian
2940:Houma
2913:Métis
2896:Joual
2869:Chiac
2834:Gallo
2784:d'oïl
2176:Banat
1842:Gallo
1807:Bolze
1705:Swiss
1604:Joual
1588:Métis
1548:Chiac
1269:Notes
1263:Dante
1118:jugié
1085:avoir
1064:avoir
1021:/bjo/
1010:beaus
977:homme
956:homme
936:'man'
923:femme
918:/fam/
902:femme
864:/swa/
756:/myʁ/
752:/myʁ/
704:/pje/
699:/pje/
694:/pje/
664:PEDEM
559:hamac
553:cacao
488:canon
430:Greek
426:Latin
376:nouns
327:Latin
3966:Bold
3551:Caló
3234:Fala
3160:West
1950:Tayo
1288:ISBN
1261:and
1139:jugé
1031:beau
1026:/bo/
972:/ɔm/
869:soie
848:seie
794:escu
742:meür
709:pied
688:pied
565:maïs
482:camp
440:The
428:and
370:and
815:écu
761:mûr
575:on
568:).
257:frm
240:frm
155:Oïl
97:Era
3994::
1600:*
1562:*
1238:.
1226:,
1222:,
1218:,
1214:,
1210:,
615:.
562:,
556:,
515:,
509:,
503:,
491:,
485:,
479:,
473:,
467:,
461:,
288::
3164:)
3158:(
2096:)
2092:(
2082:e
2075:t
2068:v
1854:*
1536:*
1445:*
1420:e
1413:t
1406:v
1296:.
1249:(
1155:*
1101:*
1047:*
993:*
939:*
885:*
831:*
777:*
725:*
671:*
544:(
534:(
380:s
340:(
314:)
308:(
284:(
61:)
57:(
53:.
20:)
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