848:. The CoA verdict (page 43) also made provision to contest the minimum environmental flow requirement in future after 7 years from the commissioning of the Kishenganga power plant. As per clause 1 of Annexure D of the treaty, India can use the available water fully for hydropower generation in an unrestricted manner subject to complying with the restrictions imposed in Annexure D. There is no stipulation in Annexure D for sparing water to the downstream for the purpose of minimum environmental flows. As per clause 29 of Annexure G, whenever the relevant treaty stipulations are not extant then only other acceptable international laws such as customary international law are applicable. Thus CoA has provided an option to rectify omissions of India in the future so that the Kishenganga power project becomes economically viable as the stipulated minimum environmental flows are nearly 25% of the total inflows.
571:
47:
664:
against India's right to the satisfactory operation of its project, it set down 9 cumecs as the required minimum flow to be ensured at all times. The remaining 3 cumecs flow is met from the Indian territory downstream of the
Kishangana dam. The loss of power generation is estimated as 5.7% of total generation in a year. However, CoA has not deliberated the possibility of reducing the loss by converting the excess dead storage above the gates as storage for proving the minimum environmental flow during the lean flow season.
489:
75:
406:
809:
nuclear-armed countries. "This region can not only become self-sufficient in power but also produce for other regions of the country," Modi said in the state's capital, Srinagar. "Keeping that in mind we have been working on various projects here for the past four years." Pakistan has opposed some of these projects, saying they violate a World Bank-mediated treaty on the sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries upon which 80 percent of its irrigated agriculture depends.
673:
928:
914:
82:
54:
900:
763:
754:, taking place in the upstream river catchment area of the dam, which may over top the dam with high velocity water if water level in reservoir is not reduced drastically in time. So the sluice gates are to be located at the bottom most feasible level economically when dead storage is more than 75% of total storage of the reservoir in a run of the river project.
453:
439:
425:
413:
1442:, p. 25: "The height of sluice spillways was contested because this seemingly mundane design feature has stark geopolitical implications for upstream/downstream dynamics. While sluice spillways improve the economic life of the dam by enabling flushing of silt, they also give the upstream riparian greater capacity to control the flow of water."
704:
even if they were less economical. The court read the treaty's provisions regarding depletion and the limits on live storage as restricting India's ability to manipulate flows. According to former World Bank water expert John
Briscoe, it might be convenient for India to practise sediment flushing, but it had to be balanced against Pakistan's
1467:, The South Asian Journal, 25 March 2010. Quote: "Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto held up the run-of-the-river Sallal project in the 1980s on the ground that this could be used strategically against Pakistan as an instrument of war, to pond and dry up the river, or suddenly release ponded waters to flood Pakistan in time of war and bog down its armour."
695:
to flood the downstream areas by using the drawdown facility and then shut off water while refilling the reservoir. So
Pakistan perceives the drawdown facility as a key security issue. Indeed, the Indus Water Treaty stipulates that the water storage in the reservoir should be maintained above the dead storage level except in emergencies:
886:(NIT) conducted tests in the area and stated pollution had caused chemical disturbance in the water around the project site.The tests revealed high concentration of dissolved solids and unsafe alkaline levels in the water. “The polluted water can neither be used for the human consumption nor for washing purposes,” the report cautioned
738:
on assembling a second CoA. India did not agree to the demand cleverly. The World Bank was faced with conflicting demands from the two parties and called for a "pause" in
December 2016 asking India and Pakistan to agree on a course of action. There was no further movement afterward till the completion of the Kishenganga project.
691:, India insisted on the drawdown facility, leading Pakistan to raise a 'difference' under the Indus Water Treaty. It was referred to a neutral expert appointed by the World Bank, who ruled that the drawdown flushing facility was necessary. India depended on the precedent value of this ruling in designing the Kishanganga project.
852:
catchment area below the
Kishanganga dam before the river enters Pakistan as stated in page 171 of the CoA decision dated 18 February 2013. Downstream of the Kishanganga dam, the river is taking a U-turn to enter Pakistan territory. Nearly 20 million cubic meters capacity gross storage dam can be envisaged close to the
808:
Indian Prime
Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Kishanganga power plant in the state of Jammu and Kashmir on 19 May 2018. The 330MW Kishanganga hydropower station, work on which started in 2009, is one of the projects that India has fast-tracked in the volatile state amid frosty ties between the
745:
India never agreed that the low-level orifice outlets were purely meant for drawdown flushing. As acknowledged by the CoA (paras 507 to 509), the low-level orifice outlets, as permitted by
Annexure D (8d) of the Treaty, are also needed to pass the probable maximum flood, to release water in the event
716:
After the partial award of the Court of
Arbitration (CoA) on 18 February 2013, India resumed the construction of the project. CoA in its decision/verdict dated 18 February 2013 unequivocally permitted India to construct the project as proposed by India (except drawdown flushing operation) without any
655:
agricultural use or hydro-electric use by
Pakistan". The court addressed the issue with a sophisticated Vienna Convention analysis. It rejected Pakistan's "ambulatory" interpretation that all its future uses that might evolve over time were protected, and upheld India's interpretation that only those
741:
According to Feisal Naqvi, former counsel for the
Government of Pakistan, Pakistan's concern is that India did not alter the design of the Kishenganga dam in the light of the court's determination. While the court's ruling prohibited drawdown flushing, the low-level orifice outlets that would enable
663:
required India to ensure a minimum environmental flow along the Kishanganga/Neelum riverbed. After requesting additional data from India and Pakistan to determine the requirements for minimum flow, the court determined this to be 12 cumecs at river crossing point into Pakistan. Balancing this figure
633:
The Court began by rejecting Pakistan's arguments that the Kishanganga project violated the provisions of the treaty. Then it considered whether the project satisfied the treaty's requirements for hydroelectric plants. Article III(2) obligates India to "let flow all the waters of Western Rivers" and
608:
downstream. Experts estimated that the impact on the Neelum–Jhelum project would be only about 10 percent, because 70 percent of the waters of Kishanganga/Neelum are generated within Pakistan-administered Kashmir (after passing through the Kishanganga project) and the project itself reduces the flow
994:
The chairman of the panel was Judge Stephen Schwebel, former president of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Frankin Berman and Howard S. Wheater were the legal and engineer members respectively. India nominated Lucius Catflisch and Judge Peter Tomka, president of ICJ. Pakistan nominated Jan
856:
to impound all the inflows which can be further pumped through a 6 km long tunnel into the upstream Kishenganga dam reservoir. The augmented water into the Kishanganga dam reservoir is also diverted to the Jhelum River to generate additional power by the 330 MW power plant. As the pumping head
746:
of an unforeseen emergency and for sediment control by sluicing without depleting the dead storage. It is stated in the court's proceedings that they would be useful for sediment control generally, even without drawdown flushing. An unforeseen emergency situation can be a tsunami wave created by an
737:
Even then Pakistan continued to raise other objections via the bilateral Indus Commission for publicity purposes. These were considered 'technical aspects' and India wisely selected the appointment of a NE to resolve them so that Pakistan commits violations of the Treaty. However, Pakistan insisted
729:
The CoA also declared that it is competent enough as per provisions of the Indus Water Treaty to decide on all the technical issues that are in the domain of the NE (paras 483 to 491). Albeit, Neutral Expert (NE) is to be appointed when India or Pakistan asks accordingly irrespective of differences
694:
Pakistan's concern with the drawdown facility is that it provides India with manipulable storage of water. If the water is drawn down then, while it is being refilled, the gates would be closed and starve the downstream areas of water. In the event of a war or conflict, India would have the ability
1004:
The 'dead storage' as defined in the IWT is the water storage in the dam's reservoir above the level of inlets, used for power generation, with adequate submergence to facilitate smooth water inflow. The storage above this level is called 'live storage'. While the live storage fluctuates, the dead
629:
A Court of Arbitration assembled under the Indus Water Treaty is expected to have seven members, two members each nominated by India and Pakistan, and three 'umpires' appointed by recognised authorities: the chairman appointed by the United Nations secretary-general and the World Bank president, a
703:
India argued that the ability to flush sediment was necessary to assure its right to generate hydroelectric power. The Court obtained technical evidence and expert opinion before determining that the drawdown flushing was not an absolute necessity. Other methods of sediment control were available
799:
operated by SELI, and the remaining 8.9 km by the contentional drill and blast method. It is one of the longest headrace tunnels in India with overburden (height of the mountain above the tunnel) of 1470 metres. Using tunnel boring in the young Himalayan mountains and the adverse climate in
851:
In the case of storage works, Annexure E(20) of IWT clearly permits that the stored water can be used fully in any manner by India without the need to release water downstream for minimum environmental flows. The average water yield is 4.1 cumecs (129 million cubic meters per year) in the river
586:
Pakistan strenuously objected to the project, claiming that India was not permitted under the Treaty to divert waters from one tributary to another. Experts have disagreed with this contention. John Briscoe, a former World Bank water expert, points out that the "far-sighted Indian and Pakistani
857:(90 m) is not exceeding 15% of the 664 m head available for power generation, the storage reservoir with a pumping facility is highly economical to utilize all the waters of the Kishenganga River flowing in India. Water pumping from the storage works/reservoir could be achieved by installing a
582:
of 1960 (part of the three 'western rivers' – Indus, Jhelum and Chenab). However, India is allowed "non-consumptive" uses of the water such as power generation. Under the treaty, India is obliged to inform Pakistan of its intent to build a project six months prior to construction and take into
730:
or disputes (technical or legal issues). Per Article IX (2b) of the Treaty, NE shall give decision only on the issues falling in his domain and recommend other issues to be settled by a CoA. Another possibility for a CoA is when both parties agree so which is the case in Kishanganga dispute.
882:(HCC) executing the 330 MW Kishenganga hydroelectric project in the area. The protesters accused the company of causing severe damage to natural environment and causing perilous pollution in the area. Following sustained protests by villagers in 2012 and 2013, the hydrology department of
476:
The Kishanganga (Neelum) River is a major tributary of the west-flowing Jhelum River. Located to its north, the Kishanganga flows at a higher elevation than the Jhelum. Both the rivers originate in Indian-administered Kashmir and flow west into Pakistan-administered Kashmir, joining near
481:. This situation presents a unique opportunity of diverting waters from the Kishenganga river into the Jhelum river through a tunnel and using the consequent flows to generate power. Both India and Pakistan have explored the possibility and came up with the Kishenganga project and the
775:
The survey work for the Kishanganga project was undertaken prior to 1988. In that year, the Pakistan's Indus Commissioner became aware of the survey and asked India to pause work. In 1994, India informed Pakistan its plans for a project with a storage capacity of 0.14
843:
to maintain minimum environmental flows for a run of the river hydropower plant and India offered voluntarily to release the minimum environmental flows downstream without contesting the environmental flow requirement. CoA stipulated the same as the requirement under
561:
to transfer flood water as well as silt downstream to protect the power generation reliability and the operating life of the project. The arbitration award permitted the lower level orifice spillway as envisaged by India but prohibited the depletion of dead storage.
656:
uses existing when Pakistan was given complete information about the project were protected. The court determined that the Neelum–Jhelum project did not exist at the time the Kishenganga project "crystallized". Hence, it was not protected by the treaty provisions.
1005:
storage stays in the reservoir and accumulates sediments that wash down from upstream if not able to pass downstream. The recommended international practice is to flush the dead storage periodically to clear the coarse sediments accumulated in the reservoir.
603:
Other than the legal objection, Pakistan also had concerns that the project would affect the flow of waters into Pakistan-administered Kashmir along the Kishanganga riverbed, impacting agriculture in "thousands of acres" as well as Pakistan's own planned
733:
Pakistan approaching CoA or NE again on the Kishenganga project is not permitted as Pakistan can not raise fresh objections as per Annexure D(10) of the Indus Water Treaty. Pakistan has not asked any clarification on the CoA verdicts as permitted.
630:
legal member/umpire appointed by US Chief Justice and Lord Chief Justice of England, an engineer member/umpire appointed by the President of MIT and the Rector of Imperial College, London. A distinguished panel was thus assembled to hear the case.
612:
Unable to agree with India, Pakistan raised a 'dispute' under the Indus Waters Treaty, asking the World Bank to assemble a Court of Arbitration. This was the first time a Court of Arbitration (CoA) was assembled under the treaty.
984:
When the Neelum–Jhelum project was completed in August 2018, it was reported that it was reported that it had attained its full generation capacity of 969 MW, and all units of the project were generating power to their maximum
838:
It was stipulated by the CoA that India shall release 9 cumecs subject to adequate inflows in the reservoir for the purpose of minimum environmental flows into the Kishenganga River Though there is no stipulation per
723:
This Partial Award imposes no further restrictions on the construction and operation of the Kishenganga Hydro-Electric Plant, which remain subject to the provisions of the Treaty as interpreted in this Partial
599:
Nevertheless, Pakistan maintained that the diversion of water was prohibited. Asif H. Kazi, an influential water professional, declared, "the treaty absolutely forbids India from undertaking their project".
817:
In addition to generating 330 MW power, the diverted water from the Kishanganga River is used for the purpose of irrigation or to generate additional electricity from the downstream Lower Jhelum (105 MW),
1014:
The Indian Central Water Commission's guidelines state: "These sluices can be used for undertaking a number of hydraulic sediment evacuation techniques viz; drawdown flushing, sluicing, density venting,
1454:, p. 311: "Pakistan saw such flushing as threatening its right to stable and uninterrupted flows, since flows could surge during reservoir flushing and shrink, or even disappear, during refilling."
2092:
680:
Pakistan also raised another dispute at the same Court of Arbitration, questioning India's plan to use drawdown flushing for clearing the sediments that accumulate below the 'dead storage' level.
1685:
1673:
2249:
1649:
1624:
46:
2218:
1661:
1175:
1717:
1782:
2294:
2085:
595:
but only to the extent that the then existing agricultural use or hydroelectric use by Pakistan on the former tributary would not be adversely affected. (emphasis added)
699:
The Dead Storage shall not be depleted except in an unforeseen emergency. If so depleted, it will be re-filled in accordance with the conditions of its initial filling.
2269:
2259:
1128:
387:. In December 2013, the Court ruled that India could divert water for power generation while ensuring a minimum flow of 9 cumecs (m/s) downstream to Pakistan.
708:. The court implied that the Baglihar neutral expert erred in not balancing the two concerns. It overruled neutral expert's decision for all future projects.
2078:
1149:
2213:
641:
by failure to conform to the requirements for a permitted run-of-the-river plant (by locating the plant along a diversion rather than at the dam site), and
74:
687:
on the Chenab river was constructed without drawdown flushing facility and the dam is said to have filled up with sediment within two seasons. For the
246:
107:
2254:
1416:
Baglihar Hydroelectric Plant - Assessment of reservoir sedimentation and its effects on the power intake, the pondage, and the upstream flood safety
784:
405:
390:
All three units of 110 MW each were commissioned and synchronized with the electricity grid by 30 March 2018. On 19 May 2018, Indian Prime Minister
375:
Construction on the project began in 2007 and was expected to be complete in 2016. It was halted in 2011 due to a dispute with Pakistan under the
717:
modification after disposing of all the pending issues raised by Pakistan. The CoA decision categorically declared as quoted below (page no 201)
1806:
1091:
500:
which diverts a portion (58.4 m3/sec) of the Kishanganga River south through a 23.20 km (14.4 mi) tunnel. The tunnel is received by a
1636:
622:
2284:
2264:
1959:
1989:
2279:
2109:
1115:
570:
353:
1415:
1318:
959:
515:-generators. After the power plant, water is discharged through a tail race channel into Bonar Nallah, another tributary of Jhelum (at
2244:
518:
634:"not permit any interference with the waters". Pakistan argued that the project violated Annexure D of the treaty in three respects:
954:
684:
2015:
1725:
1790:
1261:
1036:
883:
1306:
2289:
2142:
858:
879:
788:
2132:
1754:
464:
2223:
2042:
1519:
591:
Where a Plant is located on a tributary of the Jhelum on which Pakistan has any agricultural use or hydroelectric use,
2208:
2037:
964:
845:
780:. After receiving Pakistan's objections, it revised the project from a storage project to a run-of-the-river project.
660:
659:
The court upheld India's right to proceed with the Kishanganga project. But it also concluded that the treaty and the
497:
2274:
2173:
2070:
2032:
683:
Sedimentation is a serious problem among Himalayan rivers (since the Himalayas are young mountains). The previous
2147:
944:
823:
1585:
587:
engineers" who drafted the treaty very well anticipated the situation. The paragraph 15 of Annexure D states,
1990:"The Kishenganga Hydro-Electric Project Arbitration Dispute - Partial Award (Pakistan v. India): An Analysis"
2105:
1274:
933:
742:
such flushing still remain. A NE decision to declare them "illegal" would have been necessary for Pakistan.
505:
488:
198:
1699:
605:
482:
796:
550:, on the course of the Jhelum River. The drop in elevation from the dam to the power station provides a
1968:
Tanaka, Yoshifumi (2012), "Note on the Interim Measures in the Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration",
1200:
1841:
Decision on India's Request for Clarification or Interpretation Dated 20 May 2013 (pp. 295–307)
840:
579:
376:
2027:
1915:
1907:
1879:
1859:
1049:
The sanctioned cost of project was Rs 3642.04 crore and revised cost has touched Rs 5783.17 crore
320:
1952:
Hague Yearbook of International Law / Annuaire de La Haye de Droit International, Vol. 26 (2013)
672:
383:
protested the effect of the project on the flow of the Kishanganga River to downstream areas in
1911:
1890:
Crook, John R. (April 2014), "In re Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration (Pakistan v. India)",
1870:
Briscoe, John (11–17 December 2010), "Troubled Waters: Can a Bridge Be Built over the Indus?",
17:
1955:
1947:
357:
208:
1927:
1650:
Long objected by Pakistan, Kishanganga Hydro Electric Project set for inauguration next month
648:
The court rejected all three objections by analysing the treaty and its negotiating history.
1977:
1899:
1176:"JandK's Kishanganga hydro project: 9 interesting facts - JandK's Kishanganga hydro project"
346:
853:
593:
the water released below the plant may be delivered, if necessary, into another tributary
1835:
Order on the Interim Measures Application of Pakistan dated June 6, 2011 (pp. 6–53)
2101:
705:
621:
578:
The waters of the Jhelum river and its tributaries are allocated to Pakistan under the
551:
512:
369:
330:
294:
2238:
1919:
792:
501:
391:
349:
304:
1903:
1823:
651:
The final question was whether the diversion met the requirement of protecting "the
2192:
2127:
949:
919:
905:
827:
688:
478:
384:
361:
181:
166:
1223:"CoA verdict dated 18 February 2013 on Kishanganga hydro power project (page 94)"
927:
783:
During the period 2004–2006, the project moved forward, having been taken up by
313:
1586:
Guidelines for Sediment Management in Water Resources & Hydropower Projects
1981:
1928:"Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media"
895:
547:
1464:
1334:
533:
520:
364:
basin. It is located near Dharmahama Village, 5 km (3 mi) north of
261:
248:
122:
109:
2152:
1418:, Baglihar Expert Determination, Annex 6.3, 22 December 2006, paragraph 1.2.
1061:
913:
875:
777:
747:
365:
2055:
1222:
826:(1124 MW) (in Pakistan-administered Kashmir) hydel projects located on the
762:
644:
by a diversion of waters between two tributaries that was not "necessary".
2064:
558:
380:
310:
1883:
1863:
2157:
1850:
Akhter, Majed (11 May 2013), "Geopolitics of Dam Design on the Indus",
819:
469:
2113:
1150:"Narendra Modi inaugurates Kishanganga hydropower project in Kashmir"
1674:
HCC rallies 5% on completion of first tunnel for Kishanganga project
1553:
1482:
1092:"The Indus Waters Treaty: caught between a dispute and a hard place"
1532:
787:(NHPC Limited). The construction of the tunnels was carried out by
638:
by the permanent diversion of waters from one tributary to another,
761:
671:
620:
569:
487:
1116:
Kishanganga project: Victory claims cloud final arbitration award
1037:"330 MW Kishanganga Power Project to be commissioned by Nov next"
1825:
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Volume XXXI (pp.1–358)
800:
winters posed considerable challenges to the construction team.
795:. The first 14.75 km of the tunnel was constructed using a
751:
496:
The Kishanganga project includes a 37 m (121 ft) tall
2074:
1783:"Hindustan construction Company Blasts Rules & Regulations"
1588:, Central Water Commission, Government of India, February 2019.
1319:
Neelum-Jhelum project attains full generation capacity of 969MW
193:
170:
1533:"Partial Award dated 18 February 2013 on Kishenganga project"
1970:
The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals
1289:
1287:
1062:"CERC interim order Kishanganga HEP tariff (see last page)"
625:
Judge Stephen Schwbel, chairman of the Court of Arbitration
546:). After a short distance the Bonar Nallah drains into the
468:
Location of the Neelum–Jhelum and Kishanganga projects in
81:
53:
1948:"Inter-State and Investor-State Arbitrations at the PCA"
1662:
J&K's Kishanganga hydro project: 9 interesting facts
1625:
Pak to approach World Bank over water dispute with India
574:
Kishenganga project in the context of India and Pakistan
1807:
Bandipora, Gurez residents face forced migration threat
1398:
1396:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
2219:
Indian states ranking by households having electricity
2067:, The Permanent Court of Arbitration, 20 December 2013
2060:, The Permanent Court of Arbitration, 18 February 2013
1241:
1239:
861:
to generate peaking and secondary power additionally.
676:
Schematic cross section of the dam and the reservoir
2201:
2185:
2166:
2120:
329:
319:
303:
293:
285:
277:
240:
235:
227:
222:
214:
204:
192:
187:
177:
162:
154:
146:
138:
101:
34:
1777:
1775:
2250:Hydroelectric power stations in Jammu and Kashmir
1802:
1800:
1600:, Partial Award, paragraph 140, pp. 111–112.
61:Location of Kishanganga Dam in Jammu and Kashmir
1988:Upadhyay, Aardraa; Chatterjee, Tamojit (2013),
1129:"NHPC's Kishanganga project fully commissioned"
697:
589:
557:The dam is equipped with a lower level orifice
231:18,350,000 m (648,000,000 cu ft)
372:and has an installed capacity of 330 MW.
2086:
1755:"The Indus Waters Treaty 1960 (with annexes)"
1612:, Partial Awards, paragraph 144, p. 112.
8:
1718:"Lower Jhelum Hydroelectric Project JH01065"
1637:Breaking excavation records in the Himalayas
1576:, Partial Award, paragraph 287, p. 160.
1497:, Partial Award, paragraph 311, p. 168.
2214:States of India by installed power capacity
1926:Khan, Muhammad Rashid (January–June 2013),
1329:
1327:
583:account any concerns raised by the latter.
452:
438:
2093:
2079:
2071:
1686:New award follows Seli Kishanganga success
1256:
1254:
31:
1892:The American Journal of International Law
1700:"GB: water conservation and preservation"
1337:, The South Asian Journal, 25 March 2010.
89:Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project (India)
2295:2018 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir
1737:
1735:
1698:Gilani, Syed Manzoor (2 November 2018).
1627:, The Economic Times, 28 September 2009.
1477:
1475:
1473:
1118:, The Express Tribune, 22 December 2013.
785:National Hydroelectric Power Corporation
379:, which went to a court of arbitration.
356:, India. Its dam diverts water from the
1741:
1609:
1597:
1573:
1494:
1162:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1028:
977:
2270:Dams on the Neelum (Kishanganga) River
1439:
1427:
1321:, The Express Tribune, 14 August 2018.
1293:
2260:Proposed hydroelectric power stations
1620:
1618:
1506:
1451:
1402:
1387:
1370:
1353:
1307:Arbitration & Kishenganga project
1262:Winning the battle but losing the war
7:
1946:Li, Yanying; Ng, Camille M. (2014),
1652:, The Indian Express, 30 April 2018.
1245:
766:Kishenganga River near Habba Khatoon
2121:Power stations in Jammu and Kashmir
1676:, The Economic Times, 12 June 2014.
1664:, The Economici Times, 2 July 2014.
1039:. Daily Excelsior. 14 December 2015
424:
412:
25:
2138:Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project
1789:. 27 January 2013. Archived from
955:Salal Hydroelectric Power Station
343:Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project
1809:, Greater Kashmir, 14 March 215.
1414:A. Schleiss & G. de Cesare,
926:
912:
898:
884:National Institute of Technology
451:
437:
423:
411:
404:
80:
73:
52:
45:
2255:Run-of-the-river power stations
2143:Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant
1941:(1), Punjab University: 213–221
1912:10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.2.0308
1904:10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.2.0308
1838:Partial Award (pp. 55–245)
1465:Ideology Threatens Indus Treaty
1335:Ideology Threatens Indus Treaty
995:Paulsson and Judge Bruno Simma.
554:of 646 m (2,119 ft).
236:Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant
18:Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant
1844:Final Award (pp. 309–358)
1522:, The Hindu, 31 December 2013.
1264:, The Hindu, 22 February 2013.
960:Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant
880:Hindustan Construction Company
789:Hindustan Construction Company
1:
2133:Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Plant
1872:Economic and Political Weekly
1852:Economic and Political Weekly
385:Pakistan-administered Kashmir
169:5783.17 crore ($ 864 million
64:Show map of Jammu and Kashmir
2265:Concrete-face rock-fill dams
2224:Hydroelectric power in India
1639:, TunnelTalk, December 2012.
1520:Peace, not war, on the Indus
1090:Omair Ahmad (15 June 2018).
874:In 2013 local population of
504:before sending water to the
2209:Electricity sector in India
2043:GPX (secondary coordinates)
1275:"Misusing the Indus Treaty"
965:Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir
846:Customary international law
661:customary international law
498:concrete-face rock-fill dam
2311:
2280:Underground power stations
2174:Chutak Hydroelectric Plant
1688:, TunnelTalk, 20 May 2014.
609:by only 21 to 27 percent.
299:646 m (2,119 ft)
2245:Dams in Jammu and Kashmir
2148:Ratle Hydroelectric Plant
2038:GPX (primary coordinates)
2013:Map all coordinates using
1982:10.1163/15718034-12341240
1554:"Wishing away water woes"
1483:The Kishenganga Conundrum
1309:, The Hindu 25 June 2010.
945:Ratle Hydroelectric Plant
394:inaugurated the project.
39:
2285:India–Pakistan relations
2167:Power stations in Ladakh
2021:Download coordinates as:
1954:, BRILL, pp. 502–,
1485:, Dawn, 18 November 2018
360:to a power plant in the
2000:– via Hein Online
934:Renewable energy portal
506:underground power house
321:Installed capacity
218:37 m (121 ft)
199:Concrete-face rock-fill
147:Construction began
2290:Dams completed in 2018
1831:, United Nations, 2018
1648:Nirupama Subramanian,
822:(720 MW) and proposed
791:jointly with UK-based
767:
701:
677:
626:
597:
575:
493:
331:Annual generation
163:Construction cost
2033:GPX (all coordinates)
859:pumped storage scheme
797:tunnel boring machine
765:
752:glacier lake outburst
675:
624:
606:Neelum–Jhelum project
573:
491:
483:Neelum–Jhelum project
262:34.47250°N 74.63500°E
194:Type of dam
123:34.64901°N 74.75151°E
1787:The Kashmir Scenario
617:Court of Arbitration
566:Indus waters dispute
465:class=notpageimage|
286:Commission date
1935:South Asian Studies
1509:, pp. 311–312.
1305:Ramaswamy R. Iyer,
1296:, pp. 556–557.
580:Indus Waters Treaty
530: /
458:Kishenganga project
445:Kishenganga project
258: /
228:Total capacity
119: /
1793:on 13 August 2017.
1180:The Economic Times
878:protested against
834:Future development
768:
678:
627:
576:
494:
377:Indus Water Treaty
267:34.47250; 74.63500
128:34.64901; 74.75151
2275:Dam controversies
2232:
2231:
2110:Jammu and Kashmir
1994:Indian J. Arb. L.
1961:978-90-04-28736-5
1878:(50): 28–32, 35,
668:Drawdown flushing
534:34.473°N 74.635°E
358:Kishanganga River
354:Jammu and Kashmir
339:
338:
335:1,713 million kWh
209:Kishanganga River
188:Dam and spillways
155:Opening date
92:Show map of India
16:(Redirected from
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1469:
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1392:
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1375:
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1281:, 1 July 2011.
1273:Kazi, Asif H.
1266:
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1235:
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1203:. NHPC Limited
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2057:Partial award
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1744:, Final award
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1201:"Kishanganga"
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1165:, p. 29.
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685:Salal project
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392:Narendra Modi
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2193:NHPC Limited
2137:
2128:Baglihar Dam
2056:
2020:
2019:
2012:
1997:
1993:
1973:
1969:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1895:
1891:
1875:
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1824:
1817:Bibliography
1791:the original
1786:
1762:. Retrieved
1749:
1742:Reports 2018
1726:the original
1721:
1712:
1703:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1644:
1632:
1610:Reports 2018
1605:
1598:Reports 2018
1593:
1581:
1574:Reports 2018
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:22 September
1536:. Retrieved
1527:
1514:
1502:
1495:Reports 2018
1490:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1410:
1314:
1301:
1278:
1269:
1226:. Retrieved
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1163:Briscoe 2010
1158:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1123:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1068:. Retrieved
1056:
1048:
1041:. Retrieved
1031:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
950:Baglihar Dam
920:Water portal
906:India portal
873:
850:
837:
828:Jhelum River
816:
807:
782:
774:
771:Construction
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
722:
719:
715:
702:
698:
693:
689:Baglihar Dam
682:
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658:
652:
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632:
628:
611:
602:
598:
592:
590:
585:
577:
556:
495:
492:Project plan
479:Muzaffarabad
475:
389:
374:
362:Jhelum River
342:
340:
182:NHPC Limited
26:
2178:Dumkhar Dam
2065:Final Award
1704:Daily Times
1440:Akhter 2013
1428:Akhter 2013
1294:Tanaka 2012
537: /
431:N–J project
418:N–J project
314:Pelton-type
289:19 May 2018
278:Operator(s)
265: /
241:Coordinates
158:19 May 2018
142:Operational
126: /
102:Coordinates
2239:Categories
1764:30 October
1507:Crook 2014
1452:Crook 2014
1403:Crook 2014
1388:Crook 2014
1371:Crook 2014
1354:Crook 2014
1207:3 February
1023:References
548:Wular Lake
525:74°38′06″E
522:34°28′23″N
510:3 x 110 MW
352:scheme in
253:74°38′06″E
250:34°28′21″N
114:74°45′05″E
111:34°38′56″N
2153:Salal Dam
1920:147011615
1246:Khan 2013
1228:1 October
1070:1 October
985:capacity.
876:Bandipora
870:Pollution
748:avalanche
366:Bandipore
223:Reservoir
1884:25764211
1864:23527337
1279:The News
1185:4 August
1043:13 March
890:See also
813:Benefits
559:spillway
381:Pakistan
309:3 x 110
305:Turbines
205:Impounds
178:Owner(s)
2158:Uri Dam
1559:7 April
1134:2 April
1101:20 June
470:Kashmir
368:in the
2114:Ladakh
1958:
1918:
1910:
1882:
1862:
824:Kohala
724:Award.
398:Design
325:330 MW
215:Height
139:Status
1931:(PDF)
1916:S2CID
1908:JSTOR
1880:JSTOR
1860:JSTOR
1829:(PDF)
1758:(PDF)
1065:(PDF)
1015:etc."
972:Notes
750:or a
345:is a
173:2016)
2112:and
2104:and
1956:ISBN
1766:2018
1561:2023
1540:2022
1230:2019
1209:2019
1187:2022
1136:2018
1103:2018
1072:2019
1045:2016
341:The
281:NHPC
150:2007
2108:of
2028:KML
1998:190
1978:doi
1900:doi
1896:108
854:LoC
841:IWT
820:Uri
778:MAF
721:C.
171:USD
167:Rs.
29:Dam
2241::
1996:,
1992:,
1974:11
1972:,
1950:,
1939:28
1937:,
1933:,
1914:,
1906:,
1894:,
1876:45
1874:,
1856:48
1854:,
1799:^
1785:.
1774:^
1734:^
1720:.
1702:.
1617:^
1472:^
1395:^
1378:^
1361:^
1342:^
1326:^
1286:^
1277:,
1253:^
1238:^
1178:.
1094:.
1080:^
1047:.
830:.
311:MW
2094:e
2087:t
2080:v
1980::
1902::
1768:.
1706:.
1563:.
1542:.
1232:.
1211:.
1189:.
1138:.
1105:.
1074:.
20:)
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