Nobusuke Kishi - Knowledge (XXG)

1844:, to provide thugs from the underworld for Sukarno's protection. During Sukarno's visit, Kishi negotiated a reparations agreement with Indonesia, where Japan agreed to provide compensation for war-time suffering. Kishi's reasons for paying reparations to Indonesia had less to do with guilt over the Japanese occupation and more to do with the chances to engage in questionable contracts to reward his friends as Kishi insisted that Japan would only pay reparations in the form of goods, not money. In April 1958, Kishi told the Indonesian Foreign Minister Soebandrio that he wanted Indonesia to ask to receive reparations in the form of ships built exclusively by the Kinoshita Trading Company-which happened to be run by Kinoshita Shigeru, a metal merchant and an old friend of Kishi's from their Manchurian days in the 1930s-even though the Kinoshita company had never built ships before, and there were many other well-established Japanese shipbuilders who could have provided ships at a lower price. All of the reparations contracts to the various states of South-East Asia during Kishi's time as prime minister went to firms run by businessmen who were closely associated with him during his time in Manchuria in the 1930s. Additionally, there were frequent claims that when it came time to award reparations contracts, high-ranking Indonesian politicians had to receive kickbacks, and that ordinary Indonesians never received any benefits from the reparations. 1548:

prepared to work within the American-created system both domestically and internationally to safeguard what he regarded as Japan's interests. In June 1957, Kishi visited the United States, where he was received with honor, being allowed to address a joint session of Congress, throwing the opening pitch for the New York Yankees in a baseball game in New York and being allowed to play golf at an otherwise all-white golf club in Virginia, which the American historian Michael Schaller called "remarkable" honors for a man who as a Cabinet minister had signed the declaration of war against the United States in 1941 and who had presided over the conscription of thousands of Koreans and Chinese as slave labor during World War II. Vice President of the United States Richard Nixon introduced Kishi to Congress as an "honored guest who was not only a great leader of the free world, but also a loyal and great friend of the people of the United States", apparently unaware or indifferent to the fact that Kishi had been one of the closest associates of General Tojo, hanged by the United States for war crimes in 1948.

1371:. Hatoyama was the party leader, but Kishi was the party secretary, and crucially, controlled the party's finances, which thus made him the dominant force within the Democrats. Elections in Japan were very expensive, so few candidates to the Diet could afford the costs of an election campaign out of their own pockets or could fund-raise enough money for a successful bid for the Diet. As a result, candidates to the Diet needed a steady infusion of money from the party-secretariat to run a winning campaign, which made Kishi a powerful force within the Democratic Party as he determined which candidates received money from the party-secretariat and how much. As a result, Democratic candidates for the Diet either seeking election for the first time or reelection were constantly seeing Kishi to seek his favor. Reflecting Kishi's power as party secretary, Hatoyama was described as an 1040:, where he indulged in his passion for women in alcohol- and sex-drenched weekends. When he was locked up in Sugamo prison in 1946 awaiting trial, he reminisced about his Manchukuo years: "I came so much, it was hard to clean it all up”. According to Driscoll, "photographs and written descriptions of Kishi during this period never fail to depict a giddy exuberance: laughing and joking while doling out money during the day and looking forward to drinking and fornicating at night." Kishi was able to afford his hedonistic, free-spending lifestyle as he had control over millions of yen with virtually no oversight, thanks to being deeply involved in and profiting from the opium trade. Before returning to Japan in October 1939, Kishi is reported to have advised his colleagues in the Manchukuo government about corruption: "Political funds should be accepted only after they have 1506:. In 1957, Kishi presented a plan for a Japanese-dominated Asian Development Fund (ADF), which was to operate under the slogan "Economic Development for Asia by Asia", calling for Japan to invest millions of yen in Southeast Asia. With access to markets in China and North Korea cut off due to Cold War polarization, Japanese and American leaders alike looked to Southeast Asia as a market for Japanese goods and source of raw materials. Moreover, the Americans wanted more aid to Asia to spur economic growth that would stem the appeal of Communism, but were disinclined to spend the money themselves. The prospect of Japan spending some $ 500 million US in low interest loans and aid projects in Southeast Asia had the benefit from Kishi's viewpoint of improving his standing in Washington, and giving him more leverage in his talks to revise the 1795:

visit to Japan, Park met with Kishi, and speaking in his fluent, albeit heavily Korean-accented Japanese, praised Japan for the "efficiency of the Japanese spirit", and said that he wanted to learn "good plans" from Japan for South Korea. Besides fond reminiscences about the Japanese officers in Manchukuo who taught him about how to give a "good thrashing" to one's opponents, Park was very interested in Kishi's economic policies in Manchuria as a model for South Korea. Kishi told the Japanese press after his meeting with Park that he was a "little embarrassed" by Park's rhetoric, which was virtually unchanged from the sort of talk used by Japanese officers in World War II, with none of the concessions to the world of 1961 that Kishi himself employed. During his time as president of South Korea, Park launched the

1431: 1475: 1521:, Ceylon, and Taiwan in May 1957, asking the leaders of those states to join the ADF, but with the exception of Taiwan, which agreed to join, the other nations gave equivocal answers. In November, Kishi once again toured Southeast Asia to promote the idea of an ADF, this time visiting South Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand. These countries, all of which Japan had attacked and/or occupied during World War II, also expressed ambivalence or disdain toward joining the proposed framework, with the sole exception of Laos, which was in desperate need of foreign aid at that time. Even in countries that were not occupied by Japan like India, Ceylon, and Pakistan, Kishi encountered obstacles. Indian Prime Minister 1607: 1016:

be conscripted both in Manchukuo and in northern China, stating that in these "times of emergency" (i.e. war with China), industry needed to grow at all costs while guaranteeing healthy profits for state and private investors. From 1938 to 1944, an average of 1.5 million Chinese were taken every year to work as slaves in Manchukuo. The harsh conditions of Manchukuo were well illustrated by the Fushun coal mine, which at any given moment had about 40,000 men working as miners, of whom about 25,000 had to be replaced every year as their predecessors had died due to poor working conditions and low living standards.

989:, Manchukuo's Five-Year Plan was intended to dramatically boost heavy industry in order to vastly increase production of coal, steel, electricity, and weapons for military purposes. In order to enact the new plan, Kishi persuaded the military to allow private capital into Manchukuo, successfully arguing that the military's policy of having state-owned corporations leading Manchukuo's industrial development was costing the Japanese state too much money. One of the new public-private corporations founded to assist in carrying out the Five-Year Plan was the 1058: 1619:

response to Kishi's break with tradition, Kishi's opponents within his own Liberal Democratic Party, who felt they had waited long enough for their chance at power, vowed to do whatever was necessary to bring about the end of his premiership. Meanwhile, final negotiations on the new treaty wrapped up in 1959, and in January 1960, Kishi traveled to Washington, D.C., where he signed the new treaty with President Eisenhower on January 19. During his visit to the United States, Kishi appeared on the January 25, 1960 cover of

1072: 1122:, Tōjō attempted to save his government from collapse by reorganizing his cabinet. However, Kishi refused a request to resign, telling Tōjō he would only resign if the prime minister also resigned along with the entire cabinet, saying a partial reorganization was unacceptable. Despite Tōjō's tears as he begged Kishi to help him save his government, Kishi was unmoved. Kishi's actions succeeded in bringing down the Tōjō cabinet and led directly to Tōjō's replacement as prime minister with General 1925: 2061: 2163:(「満州の妖怪―岸信介研究」『文藝春秋』1977年11月号) and another piece for the same magazine the following year entitled "A Study on Kishi Nobusuke: The Postwar Period" (「岸信介研究—戦後編」『文藝春秋』1978年7月号), but when he subsequently published the two together in book form in 1979, he entitled it "Monster of Shōwa". Both phrases are inventions that can be traced back to Iwami and were not used by Kishi's contemporaries during his career. Of the two, the nickname that is actually used today is "Monster of Shōwa". 2091: 2106: 1347:. Kishi wrote that in order for Japan to regain its status as a "respectable member (of) the community of nations it would first have to revise its constitution and rearm: If Japan is alone in renouncing war ... she will not be able to prevent others from invading her land. If, on the other hand, Japan could defend herself, there would be no further need of keeping United States garrison forces in Japan ... Japan should be strong enough to defend herself." 1387: 4887: 1020:

little point in following legal or juridical procedures because he felt the Chinese were more akin to dogs than human beings and would only understand brute force. According to Driscoll, Kishi always used the term "Manshū" to refer to Manchukuo, instead of "Manshūkoku", which reflected his viewpoint that Manchukuo was not actually a state, but rather just a region rich in resources to be used for Japan's benefit.

955: 1168: 993:(MIDC), established in 1937, which attracted a staggering 5.2 billion yen in private investment, making it by far the largest capital project in the Japanese empire; by comparison, the total annual budget of Japan's national government was 2.5 billion yen in 1937 and 3.2 billion yen in 1938. The man handpicked by Kishi to lead the MIDC was his distant relative and old First High School classmate, 1739:

wing groups. Aramaki stabbed Kishi six times in the thigh, causing Kishi to bleed profusely, although Kishi survived because the blade had missed major arteries. Kishi was rushed to a nearby hospital, where he received a total of 30 stitches to close his wounds. Reporters raced after him and climbed on stepladders to peer into his hospital room, with nurses angrily closing the curtains on them.

1001:. As part of the deal, the Nissan Group's entire operations were supposed to be transferred over to Manchuria to form the basis of the new MIDC. The system that Kishi pioneered in Manchuria of a state-guided economy where corporations made their investments on government orders later served as the model for Japan's post-1945 development, and subsequently, that of South Korea and China as well. 865:. Because he studied German law under Uesugi, Kishi's views tended toward German-style statism, compared to the more progressive approaches favored by some of his classmates who studied English law. Uesugi was so impressed by Kishi that he sought to make Kishi his successor as a professor in the University of Tokyo Faculty of Law, but Kishi declined. Instead, upon graduation, Kishi entered the 51: 1313: 2076: 1807:

regain their self-confidence and pride as Japanese." In his final years, Kishi grew increasingly bitter that constitutional revision had not yet come to pass. In his memoirs, he somewhat angrily recalled, "the idea of constitutional revision had always remained at the forefront of mind... The two main culprits in destroying the momentum toward constitutional revision were

1913: 1418:. Within the new party, Kishi once again became the party secretary with control of the party finances. Kishi had reassured the American ambassador John Allison that "for the next twenty five years it would be in Japan's best interests to cooperate closely with the United States." The Americans wanted Kishi to become prime minister and were disappointed when 1682:, who deliberately provoked an international incident by ordering that the car be driven into a large crowd of protesters. MacArthur felt that if the demonstrators were going to resort to violence it would be better for both the US and Japanese governments to know rather than waiting to test their resolve at the arrival of the President. In the so-called " 1115:. Kishi was forced to accept a demotion, becoming Vice Minister of Munitions as Tōjō concentrated power in his own hands by simultaneously serving as prime minister, Minister of War, and Minister of Munitions, although Kishi retained his status as a member of the cabinet. This demotion was the beginning of a rift in the relationship between the two men. 1531:

depredations in the region, a suspicion of Japanese motives, an unwillingness to enter into neo-colonial relationship with Japan as suppliers of raw materials, Cold War neutralism, and a fear that America was secretly pulling the strings all contributed to the failure of Kishi's ambitious plans to create an Asian economic block reminiscent of "

1422:, the most anti-American of the LDP politicians, won the party's leadership, leading an American diplomat to write the U.S. had bet its "money on Kishi, but the wrong horse won". Just 65 days later, however, in February 1957, Ishibashi was forced to resign due to illness and Kishi was elected to lead his party and the nation as prime minister. 688: 1664:" outraged much of the nation, with even conservative newspapers calling for Kishi's resignation. Thereafter, the anti-Treaty protest movement dramatically increased in size, with the Sōhyō labor federation carrying out a series of nationwide strikes and large crowds gathering around the National Diet on nearly a daily basis. 1462:, which he felt had turned Japan into a virtual American protectorate. Revising the security treaty was understood to be the first step towards his ultimate goal of abolishing Article 9. Besides his desire for a more independent foreign policy, Kishi wanted to establish close economic relations with the various states of 1848:

whose control it has fallen. Those individuals have felt able to appropriate huge sums from the Fund for their own personal and political purposes... The litany of abuses begins with Kishi who, after obtaining control of the fund from (then Vice President Richard) Nixon, helped himself to a fortune of one trillion yen."

1230:, who had grave doubts about how much longer the war could be sustained without bringing about a revolution, and sought to suppress Kishi's nascent political movement. Excluded from the cabinet, members of the Dōshikai were limited to occasionally haranguing against Suzuki's policies during Diet debates. 1893:

to correct the "injustice" and release Moon. At this point, the UC's forcible recruitment of young people in Japan had already garnered attention as a societal problem, but Kishi evaluated the leader of the cult as "sincere and valuable." The relationship between the Kishi and Abe families and the UC

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During the same period, there were questions about the M-fund, a secret American fund intended to stabilize Japan economically. The American Assistant Attorney General Norbert Schlei alleged, "Beginning with Prime Minister Kishi, the Fund has been treated as a private preserve of the individuals into

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Aramaki never clearly stated the motivations for his attack. Despite the violent nature of the attack, Aramaki denied that he had intended to kill Kishi, later telling a reporter in an interview, "Yeah, I stabbed him six times, but if I wanted him dead, I would have just killed him." Aramaki told the

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In any case, events rapidly overtook Kishi's new movement, and the war came to an end just a few months after the Dōshikai's formation. With Emperor Hirohito's announcement of Japan's surrender on 15 August, the "continue the war" movement came to an end. That same day, Kishi and his followers met in

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On July 14, 1960, Kishi was attacked by a knife-wielding assailant as he was leaving the prime minister's residence to host a garden party celebrating Hayato Ikeda's impending ascension to the premiership. The assailant was Taisuke Aramaki, an unemployed 65-year-old man affiliated with various right

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Kishi's next foreign policy initiative was potentially even more difficult: reworking Japan's security relationship with the United States. Kishi always saw the system created by the Americans as temporary and intended that one day Japan would resume its role as a great power; in the interim, he was

1355:, so he could become the Liberal leader in his place. Kishi's main avenues of attack were that Yoshida was far too deferential to the Americans and the need to do away with Article 9. In April 1954 Yoshida expelled Kishi from the party in retaliation for his attempts to depose him as Liberal leader. 1015:

of wage rationalization would be withholding pay altogether—that is, unremunerated forced labor." Accordingly, the Japanese conscripted hundreds of thousands of Chinese as slave labor to work in Manchukuo's heavy industrial plants. In 1937, Kishi signed a decree calling for the use of slave labor to

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and remilitarizing Japan. In 1965, Kishi gave a speech where he called for Japanese rearmament as "a means of eradicating completely the consequences of Japan's defeat and the American occupation. It is necessary to enable Japan finally to move out of the post-war era and for the Japanese people to

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was killed. Kanba's death led to the largest demonstrations ever in Japanese history, against both police brutality and the treaty. By this point, Kishi had become so unpopular that all the LDP factions united to demand that he resign. In April 1960, across the Korea straits, South Korean president

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As the date of Eisenhower's planned visit drew near, Kishi grew increasingly desperate to ratify the treaty in time for his arrival. On May 19, 1960, Kishi suddenly called for a snap vote on the Treaty. When Socialist Diet members attempted a sit-in to block the vote, Kishi introduced 500 policemen

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Because the new treaty was better than the old one, Kishi expected it to be ratified in relatively short order. Accordingly, he invited Eisenhower to visit Japan beginning on June 19, 1960, in part to celebrate the newly ratified treaty. If Eisenhower's visit had proceeded as planned, he would have

1567:, wrote in a memo to President Eisenhower that the United States was "at the point of having to make a Big Bet" in Japan and Kishi was the "only bet we had left in Japan". Meanwhile, Kishi was able to take advantage of a growing anti-US military base movement in Japan, as exemplified by the ongoing 1350:

Kishi's Japan Reconstruction Federation fared disastrously in the 1952 elections, and Kishi failed in his bid to be elected to the Diet. After that defeat, Kishi disbanded his party, and tried to join the Socialists; after being rebuffed, he reluctantly joined the Liberal Party instead. After being

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to invest in Manchukuo, Kishi had a policy of lowering the wages of the workers to the lowest possible point, even below the "line of necessary social reproduction". The purpose of Manchukuo was to provide the industrial basis for the "national defense state", with American historian Mark Driscoll

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and called for policies of "industrial rationalization" to eliminate capitalist competition in support of state goals—ideas that accorded with the Army's idea of a "national defense state". In 1935, Kishi was appointed Manchukuo's Deputy Minister of Industrial Development. Kishi was given complete

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visited Japan in November 1961 to discuss establishing diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea, which were finally achieved in 1965. Park had been a Japanese military officer serving in the Manchukuo Army and had fought with the Kwantung Army against guerrillas in Manchuria. During his

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Anticipating public opposition to his plans for revising the security treaty, Kishi brought before the Diet a harsh "Police Duties Bill", which would give the police vastly expanded powers to crush demonstrations and to conduct searches of homes without warrants. In response to the police bill, a

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told Kishi that he thought of himself as a "human being rather than an Asian first", and preferred bilateral over multilateral aid because a multilateral aid framework would put participating countries into competition with each other over aid distribution. In sum, bad memories of Japan's wartime

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a Japanese colony. All of the ministers in the Manchukuo government were Chinese or Manchus, but all of the deputy ministers were Japanese, and these were the men who really ruled Manchukuo. From the start, the Japanese Army sought to turn Manchukuo into an industrial powerhouse in support of the

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Like many of his fellow conservatives in Japan, Kishi believed that Japan's war in Asia and the Pacific had been a war not of aggression but of self-defense, and thus that the treatment of himself and his colleagues as "war criminals" was unjustified and merely an example of victor's justice. As

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Despite Kishi's announcement, the anti-Treaty protests grew larger than ever, with the largest protest of the entire movement taking place on June 18. However, on June 19, the revised Security Treaty automatically took effect in accordance with Japanese law, 30 days after having passed the lower

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to establish a mass party uniting the more moderate socialists and conservatives into a "popular movement of national salvation", a populist party that would use statist methods to encourage economic growth and would mobilize all Japanese citizens to rally in support of its nationalist policies.

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During this time, a group of influential Americans who had formed themselves into an "American Council on Japan" came to Kishi's aid, and lobbied the American government to release him as they considered Kishi to be the best man to lead a post-war Japan in a pro-American direction. The American

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Kishi showed little interest in upholding the rule of law in Manchukuo. Kishi expressed views typical of his fellow colonial bureaucrats when he disparagingly referred the Chinese people as "lawless bandits" who were "incapable of governing themselves". According to Kishi's subordinates, he saw

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to be a cover story. In her 1992 memoir, Kishi's daughter Yōko wrote that Aramaki was "a paid assassin, who knew how to use a knife, who was hired by someone who hated my father and wanted to hurt him". In the prewar period, Aramaki had been secretary general of the right-wing ultranationalist

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In late 1959, it became clear that Kishi intended to break with longstanding precedent that prime ministers serve no more than two consecutive terms. Kishi hoped that by successfully revising the Security Treaty, he would have attained the political capital necessary to pull off this feat. In

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Under Kishi's guidance, the Dōshikai advocated the mass evacuation and dispersion of the urban population and industrial base to the countryside to avoid the increasingly devastating effects of US aerial bombardment, the further rationalization of the economy in line with Kishi's technocratic

1904:, blamed the UC for his family's financial problems and his older brother's death from neglected leukemia, holding a grudge against the group. Researching the church's connections to Abe in the months before the attack, he blamed Abe and Kishi for spreading the church's influence in Japan. 1634:

on a much more equal footing, the notion of having any sort of security treaty at all with the United States was unpopular with broad sections of the Japanese public, who saw the treaty as allowing for Japan to once again become involved in a war. In 1959, the nationwide coalition that had

1466:. Finally, Kishi wanted the Allies to commute the remaining sentences of the Class B and Class C war criminals still in serving their prison sentences, arguing that for Japan to play its role in the Cold War as a Western ally required forgetting about Japan's war crimes in the past. 1525:

told Kishi during his visit to New Delhi that he wanted his nation to be neutral in the Cold War, and given that Japan was allied to the United States, joining the ADF would be in effect aligning India with the Americans. During his visit to Karachi, the Pakistani Prime Minister

1044:. If a problem arises, the 'filter' itself will then become the center of the affair, while the politician, who has consumed the 'clean water', will not be implicated. Political funds become the basis of corruption scandals only when they have not been sufficiently 'filtered.'" 1656:, abetted by Kishi's rivals in his own party, employed a variety of parliamentary tactics to drag out debate as long as possible, in hopes of preventing ratification before Eisenhower's planned arrival on June 19, and giving the extra-parliamentary protests more time to grow. 1405:

In February 1955, the Democrats won the general elections. On the day after Hatoyama was sworn in as prime minister, Kishi began talks with the Liberals about merging the two parties now that his arch-enemy Yoshida had stepped down as Liberal leader. In November 1955, the

1563:) reported to Washington that Kishi was the most pro-American of the Japanese politicians, and if the U.S. refused to revise the security treaty in Japan's favor, he would be replaced as prime minister by a more anti-American figure. The U.S. Secretary of State, 950:

and carried out a policy of forced industrialization. Reflecting the military's ideas about the "national defense state", Manchukuo's industrial development was focused completely upon heavy industry such as steel production for the purposes of arms manufacture.

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After World War II, Kishi was imprisoned for three years as a suspected Class A war criminal. However, the U.S. government did not charge, try, or convict him, and eventually released him as they considered Kishi to be the best man to lead a post-war Japan in a

1710:, led by protesting university students, and at the time, there were serious fears in Japan that protests led by university students against the Kishi government might likewise lead to a revolution, making it imperative to ditch the very unpopular Kishi. 1358:

Kishi had foreseen this eventuality, and by this time, had already identified over 200 members of the Diet who would be willing to join him in forming a new political party to challenge Yoshida. Kishi wooed these politicians by flashing "show money"

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As a self-described "playboy of the Eastern world", Kishi was known during his four years in Manchukuo for his lavish spending amid much drinking, gambling, and womanizing. Kishi spent almost all of his time in Manchukuo's capital, Xinjing (modern

846:. When he was about to graduate from middle school, Nobusuke was adopted by his father's older brother, Nobumasa Kishi, adopting their family name. The Kishi family lacked a male heir, so they adopted Nobusuke in order to continue the family line. 1729:

became prime minister. Ikeda soon made clear that there would be no further attempts by the LDP to revise Article 9 of the Constitution for the foreseeable future, which from Kishi's perspective, meant that all of his efforts had been for naught.

1111:. Kishi's many connections with the business world and his organizational skills proved an asset to keeping Japan's war effort going despite growing obstacles. In 1943, the Ministry of Commerce was abolished and replaced with the newly created 1857:

prime minister, he pressured the Eisenhower administration into expediting the release of convicted Class B and Class C war criminals. He also sought to commemorate executed Class A war criminals. In 1960, Kishi was involved in dedicating, on

1721:. However, he was talked out of these extreme measures by his cabinet, and thereafter had no choice but to cancel Eisenhower's visit and take responsibility for the chaos by announcing on June 16 that he would resign within one month's time. 873:

and eventually gain appointment as a prefectural governor. Several of Kishi's mentors even criticized his choice. However, Kishi was uninterested in administrative work, and aimed to be directly involved in Japan's economic development.

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Kishi remained in the Diet until retiring from politics in 1979. Even after he retired, he remained a strong influence behind the scenes in LDP politics. After several months of illness, Kishi died on August 7, 1987, at the age of 90.

1552: 858: 1686:", the protesters surrounded the car, rocking it back and forth for more than an hour while standing on its roof, chanting anti-American slogans, and singing protest songs. Ultimately, MacArthur and Hagerty had to be rescued by a 1535:" that Japan had claimed to be pursuing in World War II. Ultimately, even the United States was lukewarm about Kishi's project, so it was shelved for the time being, although it was later partially revived in the form of the 1742:

Aramaki was arrested at the scene, tried, found guilty, and sentenced to three years in prison in May 1962. Despite being unemployed, he had somehow been able to post a substantial bail during the intervening two years.

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noting that, "Kishi's planned economy was geared towards production goals and profit taking, not competition with other Japanese firms; profit would come primarily from rationalizing labor costs as much as possible. The

1771:). Many LDP politicians felt that the stabbing had been carried out at Ōno's behest, as Ōno had openly hoped to succeed Kishi as prime minister and was known to be angry that Kishi had thrown his support behind Ikeda. 1643:

student federation and leftist labor unionists invaded the compound of the National Diet in November 1959 to express their anger at the Treaty, and in January, Zengakuren activists organized a sit-in in Tokyo's

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labor federation launched a variety of protest activities in the fall of 1958 with the aim of killing the bill. These protests succeeded in arousing public anger at the bill and Kishi was forced to withdraw it.

3690:[Suspect in the shooting of former Prime Minister Abe stated that his initial aim was to attack a religious leader or that he had a grudge against his mother because she had become obsessed with him.]. 1660:

into the Diet and had his political opponents physically dragged out by the police. Kishi then passed the revised Treaty with only members of his own party present. Kishi's anti-democratic actions during this "

5581: 1889:(1920–2012). Their headquarters in Japan was built “on land in Tokyo once owned by Kishi." When Moon was convicted and jailed for tax evasion in the United States, Kishi wrote a letter asking President 1751:

prior to his attack, perhaps suggesting that he sympathized with Kanba and blamed Kishi for her death. According to court records, Aramaki told police that he was angry at Kishi's mishandling of the

1144:) faction while working in the background to foment a new political movement dedicated to prolonging the war. Between January and March 1945 Kishi held meetings with several close associates such as 1971:, was adopted by Kishi's son Nobukazu shortly after birth, lived with Kishi during the later years of his life, won Kishi's historical Diet seat in 2012, and became Minister of Defense in 2020. 1639:) and began recruiting additional member organizations and organizing protest activities against the revised Security Treaty. In a sign of things to come, radical student activists from the 5636: 5616: 861:

in 1920 at the top of his class and with the highest grades in the university's history. While at the university, Kishi became a protégé of the right-wing ultranationalist legal scholar

1088:. Kishi intended to create within Japan the same sort of totalitarian "national defense state" that he had pioneered in Manchuria, but these plans ran into vigorous opposition from the 1836:

visited Japan, the Tokyo police refused to provide security under the grounds that this was a private visit, not a state one. At that point, Kishi asked one of his close friends, the

159: 5631: 4921: 1092:, who accused him of being a communist, and Kishi was fired from his post in December 1940. However, Kishi entered the cabinet as Minister of Commerce under new prime minister 5626: 1459: 1693:

On 15 June 1960, the radical student activists from Zengakuren attempted to storm the Diet compound once again, precipitating a fierce battle with police in which a female

4271: 4187: 4163: 2082: 173: 140: 1430: 2159:(under his pseudonym 田尻育三) originally used the nickname "Monster of Manchuria" in "Monster of Manchuria: A Study on Kishi Nobusuke," a piece he wrote for the magazine 1289: 889:. Besides the Soviet Five-Year Plan, which left Kishi with an obsession with economic planning, Kishi was also greatly impressed with the labor management theories of 1118:

Meanwhile, Kishi increasingly became convinced that the war was unwinnable under Tōjō. In July 1944, during the political crisis caused by the Japanese defeat at the

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Curiously, Kishi was largely silent on the attack in his memoirs, devoting only two lines to it and saying only that he did not know the reason, and Kishi's brother

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magazine, which declared that the Prime Minister's "134 pound body packed pride, power and passion—a perfect embodiment of his country's amazing resurgence" while

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Kishi passed the extremely difficult entrance examination to enter First High School in Tokyo, the most prestigious high school in the country, and then attended

897:, and the high status of German technological engineers within the German business world. Kishi became known as one of the more prominent members of a group of " 1815:, who, while they held power, made sure the constitution would remain unchanged. That is why the call for constitutional revision died with my administration." 1799:

for the economic development of South Korea featuring statist economic policies that very closely resembled Five-Year Plan Kishi had administered in Manchukuo.

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After the fall of the Tōjō cabinet, Kishi temporarily withdrew from frontline politics, reinventing himself as a key figure in the civilian "continue the war" (

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Political scientist Richard Samuels has found extensive corruption during Kishi's time as prime minister. In February 1958, when the Indonesian president

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Desperate to stay in office long enough to host Eisenhower's visit, Kishi hoped to secure the streets in time for Eisenhower's arrival by calling out the

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successfully defeated Kishi's Police Duties Bill in 1958 had rebranded itself as the "People's Council for Preventing Revision of the Security Treaty" (

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less than one year later, in October 1941. Kishi and General Tōjō had worked closely together in Manchuria, and Tōjō regarded Kishi as his protégé.

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In 1926–27, Kishi traveled around the world to study industry and industrial policy in various industrialised states around the world, such as the

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During his time as a prisoner, Kishi had already begun plotting his political comeback. He conceived of the idea of building on his earlier

982:

control of Manchukuo's economy by the military, with the authority to do whatever he liked just as long as industrial growth was increased.

5586: 4930: 4083: 2864: 1985: 1108: 552: 281: 1579:, to insinuate to U.S. leaders that if the treaty were not revised the continued existence of U.S. bases in Japan might become untenable. 5611: 5571: 5566: 4907: 4107: 3945:

Hoshiro, Hiroyuki (Fall 2009). "Co-Prosperity Sphere Again? United States Foreign Policy and Japan's 'First' Regionalism in the 1950s".

1179:(right), were instrumental in the establishment and operation of Kishi's "National Defense Brotherhood". Pictured while in captivity at 342: 3655: 901:" within the Japanese government who favored a statist model of economic development with the state guiding and directing the economy. 769:(LDP) through a merger of smaller conservative parties in 1955, and thus is credited with being a key player in the initiation of the " 4020: 4000: 3907: 3838: 3785: 3543: 2148: 1435: 1063:

Cropped photo of the wartime Hideki Tōjō cabinet. Kishi is second from the left in the second row, just behind Tōjō's right shoulder.

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After the Japanese surrender to the Allies in August 1945, Kishi, with other members of the former Japanese government, was held at

1104: 788: 5666: 4284: 1415: 766: 536: 446: 1678:

to make advance preparations for Eisenhower's impending arrival. Hagerty was picked up in a black car by US Ambassador to Japan

5656: 1997: 1487: 1351:

elected to the Diet as a Liberal in 1953, Kishi's main activities revolved around undermining the leader of the Liberal Party,

5596: 4234: 2004: 1796: 1407: 1288:(and several other Cabinet members) who were put on trial, Kishi was released in 1948 and was never indicted or tried by the 558: 93: 1343:. Besides becoming prime minister, Kishi's main aim in politics was to revise the American-imposed constitution, especially 1164:

political movement aimed at further mobilizing the Japanese population for a final, decisive confrontation with the Allies.

1652:

become the first sitting US president to visit Japan. However, when debate on the treaty began in the Diet, the opposition

1112: 1071: 761:

direction. With U.S. support, he went on to consolidate the Japanese conservative camp against perceived threats from the

1717:

and tens of thousands of right-wing thugs that would be provided by his friend, the yakuza-affiliated right-wing "fixer"

1630:

However, even though the revised treaty addressed almost all of Japan's complaints with the original treaty, and put the

1192: 869:. This was an unusual choice, because at the time, the most brilliant aspiring bureaucrats typically sought to enter the 1991: 1340: 1300: 1204: 1135: 4890: 3687: 3658:[Shooting Suspect: "Mother became involved in religion and went bankrupt," unilateral resentment toward Abe?]. 3600: 5661: 4619: 1668: 800: 231: 1390:

Conservative leaders meet to plot the merger of the Liberal and Democratic parties in July 1955. From left to right:

3925: 753:

and Vice Minister of Munitions, and co-signed the declaration of war against the United States on December 7, 1941.

5646: 2111: 2097: 2011: 1752: 1507: 3727: 1802:

For the rest of his life, Kishi remained devoted to the cause of revising the Japanese Constitution to get rid of

1219:) with the Americans on Japanese soil that would reverse the tide of the war and reignite popular support for his 985:

In 1936, Kishi was one of the drafters of Manchukuo's first Five-Year Plan. Clearly modeled on the Soviet Union's

5606: 1714: 1555:, and the Eisenhower administration finally agreed to negotiations on a revised version. The American ambassador 1527: 850: 3899: 3830: 3058: 2067: 1057: 890: 1885:

and enjoyed protection from prosecution by the LDP. Kishi was publicly known as a friend of the sect's leader

687: 3634: 1363:) that he had been supplied by his powerful big business backers. In November 1954, Kishi co-founded the new 1099:

On 1 December 1941, Kishi voted in the Cabinet for war with the United States and Britain, and co-signed the

4280: 4056: 3494: 1317: 1251: 727: 65: 1648:

to attempt to prevent Kishi from flying to Washington to sign the treaty, but were cleared away by police.

838:, would also go on to become a prime minister. Nobusuke attended an elementary school and middle school in 3722:[ "Specific religious group" has a relationship with mother "Devotion bankruptcy" new statement]. 1866: 1763:

Taikakai ("Great Reform Society"), and in the post-war period, he became a member of LDP factional leader

1536: 1364: 1293: 1292:. However, he remained legally prohibited from entering public affairs because of the Allied occupation's 831: 5135: 5124: 4624: 4516: 1191:(IRAPA) in March 1945. Out of the IRAPA's disbandment emerged two political associations: the mainstream 3421: 2494: 1653: 1627:

called him the "Friendly, Savvy Salesman from Japan" who had created the "economic powerhouse of Asia".

1584: 1375:, a type of portable Shinto shrine carried around to be worshipped. Everyone bows downs and worships an 784:, which were the largest protests in Japan's modern history and which forced him to resign in disgrace. 762: 5202: 5172: 5109: 4574: 4471: 4458: 4425: 1924: 197: 187: 3749: 773:", the extended period during which the LDP was the overwhelmingly dominant political party in Japan. 5556: 5551: 5505: 5244: 5222: 4584: 4528: 4486: 2277: 1679: 1556: 986: 977:

officers as a rising star in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry who openly touted the policies of

843: 819: 502: 335: 3282: 2495:"The Unquiet Past Seven decades on from the defeat of Japan, memories of war still divide East Asia" 1967:, served as prime minister of Japan from 2006 to 2007 and again from 2012 to 2020. Their third son, 5641: 5344: 4353: 4335: 3797:

Absolute Erotic, Absolute Grotesque: The Living, Dead, and Undead in Japan's Imperialism, 1895–1945

3605: 1928:

Kishi/Abe family, from left to right: Hironobu Abe, Yoshiko Kishi, Nobukazu Kishi, Nobusuke Kishi,

1631: 1172: 1145: 910: 854: 676: 574: 3512: 1331:

When the prohibition on former government members was fully rescinded in 1952 with the end of the

641: 274: 5473: 5462: 5146: 4539: 4453: 3987: 2718: 1878: 1572: 1564: 1161: 1100: 898: 646: 5479: 5435: 5324: 5299: 5212: 5119: 5076: 4990: 4979: 4951: 4717: 4677: 4430: 4363: 4021:"America's Favorite War Criminal: Kishi Nobusuke and the Transformation of U.S.-Japan Relations" 1411: 1399: 1368: 1335:, Kishi returned to politics and was central in creating the "Japan Reconstruction Federation" ( 1262:

and were never judged. Their fraternity formed in prison continued for the rest of their lives.

1157: 101: 1952:

Nobumasa Kishi. Their son Nobukazu was born in 1921, and their daughter Yōko was born in 1928.

5525: 5520: 5500: 5485: 5452: 5389: 5369: 5304: 5289: 5278: 5256: 5250: 5238: 5217: 5087: 5082: 5036: 4985: 4811: 4789: 4784: 4774: 4735: 4614: 4435: 4323: 4141: 4093: 4076: 3903: 3878: 3859: 3834: 3809: 3781: 3062: 3031: 2710: 2144: 1568: 1560: 1386: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1227: 1153: 1093: 998: 827: 746: 629: 365: 323: 106: 1894:

was maintained even after that. The LDP/UC cooperation has carried on until the present day.

5530: 5457: 5379: 5207: 5192: 5167: 5093: 5042: 5025: 5013: 4973: 4740: 4682: 4523: 4510: 4415: 4391: 4379: 4368: 4330: 4156: 4124: 4049: 3979: 3954: 3665: 3660: 1897: 1862: 1758:

However, some figures close to Kishi considered Aramaki's supposed anger in relation to the

1707: 1694: 1522: 1479: 1455: 1419: 1119: 1041: 862: 498: 429: 212: 121: 5441: 5419: 4996: 4957: 4024: 4004: 5399: 5334: 5272: 5261: 5187: 5141: 5114: 4968: 4963: 4769: 4672: 4629: 4594: 4533: 4346: 4317: 4293: 3855: 3848:

Kitaoka, Shinichi (2016). "Kishi Nobusuke: Frustrated Ambition". In Watanabe, Akio (ed.).

3697: 3692: 1576: 1463: 1438: 1352: 1255: 969:

Kishi has been described as the "mastermind" behind the industrial development of Japan's

947: 738: 506: 5430: 5177: 5157: 5098: 5070: 5059: 5054: 5019: 5002: 4946: 4806: 4794: 4546: 4481: 4420: 4410: 4386: 4373: 4358: 4340: 4312: 1211:). Some 32 Diet members jumped ship to join Kishi's new association by the end of March. 50: 5468: 5425: 5339: 5294: 5267: 5182: 5162: 5065: 5031: 4865: 4841: 4831: 4826: 4697: 4667: 4662: 4599: 4579: 4569: 2105: 1945: 1917: 1886: 1882: 1881:(UC, sometimes known as the "Moonies") in Japan. The sect shared Kishi's commitment to 1812: 1791: 1775: 1764: 1675: 1645: 1499: 1442: 1391: 1332: 1320: 1267: 1200: 1085: 922: 835: 792: 635: 579: 165: 1454:

In February 1957, Kishi became prime minister following the resignation of the ailing

5545: 5510: 5495: 5490: 5447: 5414: 5404: 5394: 5384: 5359: 5329: 5233: 5130: 4870: 4764: 4759: 4723: 4702: 4609: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4505: 4476: 4401: 3991: 3568: 3028:

Banking on the Future of Asia and the Pacific: 50 Years of the Asian Development Bank

1964: 1956: 1890: 1841: 1759: 1748: 1718: 1698: 1683: 1671: 1661: 1611: 1601: 1324: 1271: 1243: 1180: 1176: 1149: 1123: 974: 914: 878: 870: 781: 5409: 5374: 5364: 5354: 5349: 5319: 5314: 5197: 5151: 5103: 5048: 5008: 4821: 4779: 4730: 4712: 4692: 4589: 4464: 4446: 4440: 4219: 4173: 4066: 3968:"The War Is Not Over: Kishi Nobusuke and the National Defense Brotherhood, 1944–45" 1960: 1937: 1808: 1726: 1703: 1395: 1167: 1033: 994: 978: 970: 938: 926: 886: 758: 224: 192: 133: 4653: 4496: 4249: 1916:

Kishi's family in 1923, from left to right: Kishi's wife Yoshiko, Kishi's brother

1869:, marking their grave as that of "the seven patriots who died for their country". 954: 3893: 3849: 3824: 3052: 2138: 5622:

Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

5228: 4941: 4604: 2156: 1968: 1865:, a headstone to General Tojo and six other military leaders executed after the 1787: 1588: 1551:

In November 1957, Kishi laid down his proposals for a revamped extension of the

1259: 803: 770: 660: 1226:

The Dōshikai soon came into conflict with the new government of Prime Minister

5309: 4846: 4816: 4800: 4750: 4707: 4197: 3555: 1929: 1901: 1858: 1687: 1640: 796: 723: 719: 671: 654: 182: 17: 4899: 3967: 2714: 5515: 4856: 4836: 4303: 3284:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960 Volume XVIII: Japan; Korea

1614:

to protest against revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, June 18, 1960

1495: 1491: 1312: 1220: 1156:, the then-Foreign Minister; and party politician and future prime minister 1084:

In 1939, Kishi became Vice Minister of Commerce in the government of Prince

1025: 959: 930: 918: 734: 1458:. His main concerns were with foreign policy, especially with revising the 3983: 1912: 1933: 1518: 1006: 741:

in the 1930s, Kishi was nicknamed the "Monster of the Shōwa era" (昭和の妖怪;

616: 86: 2722: 2698: 3958: 3719: 1949: 1833: 1152:, a prominent rightist deeply involved in Japan's criminal underworld; 894: 882: 839: 823: 3895:

Planning for Empire: Reform Bureaucrats and the Japanese Wartime State

3546:, Japan Policy Research Institute, Working Paper No. 83, December 2001 3531:

Machiavelli's Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan.

3513:"How Abe's killing exposes Japan's thin line between church and state" 765:

in the 1950s. Kishi was instrumental in the formation of the powerful

2868: 1837: 1503: 1037: 815: 1583:

nationwide coalition of left-leaning civic organizations led by the

1316:

Nobusuke Kishi (left) relaxes at the house of his brother, the then

3457:

Park Chung Hee and Modern Korea: The Roots of Militarism, 1866–1945

1920:(rear), Kishi's son Nobukazu, Kishi, Kishi's cousin Hiroshi Yoshida 1725:

house of the Diet. On July 15, 1960, Kishi officially resigned and

1234:

an undisclosed office and agreed to formally disband the Dōshikai.

795:, was also a prime minister. Kishi was the maternal grandfather of 776:

As prime minister, Kishi's mishandling of the 1960 revision of the

4643: 1923: 1911: 1514: 1473: 1385: 1311: 1166: 1029: 953: 826:

family that had recently fallen on hard times. His older brother,

526: 522: 3750:"Ex Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's Mother Yoko Abe Dies at 95" 1778:

did not even mention the attack in his diary entry for that day.

2699:"The Kishi Effect: A Political Genealogy of Japan-ROK Relations" 934: 777: 733:

Known for his exploitative rule of the Japanese puppet state of

4903: 4253: 2865:

The Imperial Ghost in the Neoliberal Machine (Figuring the CIA)

1877:

Beginning in the mid-1960s, Kishi developed connections to the

1215:

worldview, and systematic preparation for a "decisive battle" (

745:). Kishi later served in the wartime cabinet of Prime Minister 3875:

Cry Havoc: How the Arms Race Drove the World to War, 1931-1941

1980:

From the corresponding article in the Japanese Knowledge (XXG)

3601:"How Abe and Japan became vital to Moon's Unification Church" 2760: 2758: 2756: 3826:

Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

1482:

presenting Welcome Address to Kishi, New Delhi, 24 May 1957

973:

in Manchuria. Kishi had first come to the attention of the

3627:"旧統一教会と「関係アリ」国会議員リスト入手！歴代政権の重要ポスト経験者が34人も（日刊ゲンダイDIGITAL）" 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 2656: 2654: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2529: 2527: 2415: 2413: 1246:

as a suspected "Class A" war criminal by the order of the

1032:) with the exception of monthly trips on the world famous 5582:

Members of the House of Representatives (Empire of Japan)

3235: 3233: 3097: 3095: 2997: 2995: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 1103:

issued on 7 December 1941. Kishi was also elected to the

3569:"【独自】安倍家と統一教会との"深い関係"を示す機密文書を発見米大統領に「文鮮明の釈放」を嘆願していた岸信介" 2574: 2572: 1755:

crisis and wanted to "encourage Kishi to feel remorse".

2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2388: 2386: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2309: 2307: 1900:, the suspect in the assassination of Kishi's grandson 3350: 3348: 3335: 3333: 3308: 3306: 3265: 3263: 3250: 3248: 3220: 3218: 3082: 3080: 3078: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 1513:

In pursuit of the ADF, Kishi visited India, Pakistan,

1107:

of the Diet of Japan in April 1942 as a member of the

893:

in the United States, the German policy of industrial

4001:"Kishi and Corruption: An Anatomy of the 1955 System" 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 1747:

same reporter that he had visited with the family of

1266:

Council on Japan included former ambassador to Japan

1077:

Hideki Tōjō (right) and Nobusuke Kishi, October 1943.

3556:「我々は世界を支配できると思った」米・統一教会の元幹部が語った”選挙協力”と”高額報酬”の実態【報道特集 2769:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 179. 2282:

East Asia Forum Quarterly: Volume 14, Number 3, 2022

1486:

In the first year of Kishi's term, Japan joined the

1187:

Kishi's plans coincided with the dissolution of the

4855: 4749: 4652: 4642: 4495: 4400: 4302: 4292: 3688:"当初の狙いは宗教団体の幹部襲撃か「母親がのめり込み恨みがあった」安倍元首相銃撃事件の容疑者が供述" 3544:

Kishi and Corruption: An Anatomy of the 1955 System

842:, and then transferred to another middle school in 822:, the son of a sake brewer from a once illustrious 682: 670: 622: 611: 568: 543: 532: 512: 485: 480: 445: 435: 423: 413: 395: 383: 371: 359: 341: 329: 317: 298: 280: 268: 258: 248: 230: 218: 206: 171: 157: 139: 127: 115: 92: 82: 64: 32: 1160:. Out of these meetings came a plan to form a new 4188:Secretary-General of the Liberal Democratic Party 4023:. Japan Policy Research Institute. Archived from 4003:. Japan Policy Research Institute. Archived from 2083:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 1610:Protesters flood the streets around the Japanese 1284:, and corporate lawyer James L. Kauffman. Unlike 5637:Imperial Rule Assistance Association politicians 5617:Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 1383:, it must be picked up and carried by somebody. 1290:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 3851:The Prime Ministers of Postwar Japan, 1945-1995 3054:Cold War Democracy: The United States and Japan 1959:married politician and future foreign minister 711: 3495:"Far from Yasukuni, cemetery honors criminals" 2005:Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers 1767:'s private extraparliamentary pressure group ( 1571:over proposed expansion of the US air base at 1323:(1901–75), shortly after he was released from 1189:Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association 830:, would go on to become a Vice Admiral in the 705: 4915: 4265: 3806:Eisaku Satō, Japanese Prime Minister, 1964-72 3422:"岸信介の退陣佐藤栄作との兄弟酒「ここで二人で死のう」吉田茂と密かに決めた人事とは…" 3394:"The assassination attempt of Nobusuke Kishi" 1575:and the explosion of anger in Japan over the 1339:), drawing upon his earlier efforts with the 1042:passed through a 'filter' and been 'cleansed' 8: 5632:Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians 3387: 3385: 3383: 2024:Senior second rank (August 1987; posthumous) 787:Kishi was the first prime minister from the 232:Director-General of the Japan Defense Agency 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 2081:West Germany: Grand Cross 1st Class of the 925:(the "Young Marshal") and turned it into a 5627:Democratic Party (Japan, 1954) politicians 4922: 4908: 4900: 4649: 4299: 4272: 4258: 4250: 4038: 3696:(in Japanese). 9 July 2022. Archived from 3664:(in Japanese). 9 July 2022. Archived from 3459:, Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2016 page 310. 3030:. Asian Development Bank. pp. 31–32. 1048:Minister in the Konoe and Tōjō governments 244:31 January 1957 – 2 February 1957 49: 29: 4164:President of the Liberal Democratic Party 3416: 3414: 472:20 April 1953 – 7 September 1979 409:18 October 1941 – 8 October 1943 141:President of the Liberal Democratic Party 2895: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2645: 2633: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2533: 2518: 2431: 2342: 1605: 1429: 1148:, a preeminent fascist political fixer; 991:Manchuria Industrial Development Company 294:23 December 1956 – 10 July 1957 3778:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 3533:Cornell University Press, 2019, p. 245. 3480: 3468: 3013: 3001: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2747: 2404: 2365: 2325: 2313: 2298: 2251: 2129: 2096:Republic of China: Grand Cordon of the 1533:Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere 1004:In order to make it profitable for the 937:, who had been the last emperor of the 597: 78:31 January 1957 – 19 July 1960 2735: 2578: 2564:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945 2545: 2474: 2455: 2443: 2419: 2392: 2377: 1637:Anpo Jōyaku Kaitei Soshi Kokumin Kaigi 1494:, signed a new commercial treaty with 1248:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers 447:Member of the House of Representatives 355:8 October 1943 – 22 July 1944 5652:Politicians from Yamaguchi Prefecture 5562:20th-century prime ministers of Japan 3392:Eldridge, Robert D. (July 13, 2020). 3354: 3339: 3324: 3312: 3297: 3269: 3254: 3239: 3224: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3086: 2263: 2184: 2172: 153:21 March 1957 – 14 July 1960 7: 3720:"【速報】"特定の宗教団体"は母親と関係「のめり込み破産」新たな供述" 1790:, the South Korean dictator General 1470:Pursuit of an Asian Development Fund 1109:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 964:Imperial Japan's sphere of influence 553:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 461:1 May 1942 – 8 October 1943 5672:Politicians with Unification Church 4132:Minister of Commerce & Industry 4108:Minister of State without Portfolio 4019:Schaller, Michael (July 11, 1995). 3137: 2914: 1193:Greater Japan Political Association 716:, 13 November 1896 – 7 August 1987) 343:Minister of State without Portfolio 3999:Samuels, Richard (December 2001). 3924:Haberman, Clyde (August 8, 1987). 2045:Senior seventh rank (October 1923) 2039:Senior sixth rank (September 1927) 2033:Senior fifth rank (September 1934) 1944:In 1919, Kishi married his cousin 1436:President of the Republic of China 1410:and Liberal Party merged to elect 913:" of September 1931, the Japanese 25: 3926:"Nobusuke Kishi: Ex-Tokyo Leader" 3656:"銃撃容疑者「母親が宗教にのめり込み破産」安倍氏に一方的恨みか" 3428:(in Japanese). September 23, 2015 1948:, and was adopted by her father, 1873:Connections to Unification Church 1498:, and signed peace treaties with 867:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 601: 397:Minister of Commerce and Industry 4886: 4885: 3799:. Durham: Duke University Press. 3730:from the original on 9 July 2022 2566:, London: Palgrave, 2007 p. 125. 2104: 2089: 2074: 2059: 1130:The National Defense Brotherhood 1070: 1056: 814:Kishi was born Nobusuke Satō in 686: 5602:Japanese people of World War II 3972:The Journal of Japanese Studies 3493:Kim, Hyun-Ki (15 August 2013). 1936:, unknown female relative, and 1553:US–Japan Mutual Security Treaty 1488:United Nations Security Council 1250:. Kishi, Kodama, Sasakawa, and 933:". Although nominally ruled by 857:), where he graduated from the 593: 27:Japanese politician (1896–1987) 3287:. pp. 332 (Document 173). 2276:Levidis, Andrew (2022-07-01). 1460:1952 U.S-Japan Security Treaty 1296:of members of the old regime. 1254:, the former president of the 1203:, and Kishi's anti-mainstream 1: 5577:Government ministers of Japan 3633:(in Japanese). Archived from 2871:Journal, Issue #100, May 2019 2027:Senior third rank (July 1960) 1908:Personal life and descendants 1258:newspaper, lived in the same 917:seized the Chinese region of 905:Economic manager of Manchukuo 3726:(in Japanese). 9 July 2022. 3558:, TBS NEWS DIG, 30 July 2022 1992:Order of the Sacred Treasure 1341:National Defense Brotherhood 1301:National Defense Brotherhood 1205:National Defense Brotherhood 1136:National Defense Brotherhood 799:, twice prime minister, and 282:Minister for Foreign Affairs 5587:Far-right politics in Japan 4084:Minister of Foreign Affairs 3780:. New York: HarperCollins. 2036:Fifth rank (September 1929) 2014:(7 August 1987; posthumous) 1706:had been overthrown in the 1669:White House Press Secretary 1280:journalists Harry Kern and 834:, and his younger brother, 712: 5693: 5612:University of Tokyo alumni 5572:Defense ministers of Japan 5567:Foreign ministers of Japan 4931:Foreign Ministers of Japan 4112:Oct 1943 – Jul 1944 3599:Marc Fisher (2022-07-12). 2278:"The end of the Kishi era" 2098:Order of Propitious Clouds 2030:Fourth rank (October 1940) 2012:Order of the Chrysanthemum 1599: 1543:Pursuit of treaty revision 1508:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 1490:, paid war reparations to 1333:Allied occupation of Japan 1133: 778:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 450:for Yamaguchi 1st District 4937: 4883: 4233:Secretary-General of the 4231: 4226: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4194: 4185: 4180: 4170: 4161: 4153: 4148: 4138: 4129: 4121: 4105: 4100: 4090: 4081: 4073: 4063: 4054: 4046: 4041: 3994:– via Project MUSE. 3877:. New York: Basic Books. 3051:Miller, Jennifer (2019). 2765:Browne, Courtney (1967). 1828:Accusations of corruption 1715:Japan Self Defense Forces 1528:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 851:Tokyo Imperial University 706: 694: 677:Tokyo Imperial University 476: 465: 454: 402: 348: 287: 237: 146: 71: 60: 48: 39: 5592:Japanese anti-communists 4281:Prime ministers of Japan 4211:Head of Tōkakai faction 4149:Party political offices 3966:Levidis, Andrew (2023). 3900:Cornell University Press 3831:Harvard University Press 3059:Harvard University Press 3026:McCawley, Peter (2017). 2068:Order of the Aztec Eagle 2042:Sixth rank (August 1925) 1994:, 5th Class (April 1934) 1852:Release of war criminals 1786:After taking power in a 1416:Liberal Democratic Party 891:Frederick Winslow Taylor 767:Liberal Democratic Party 537:Liberal Democratic Party 40: 5667:War crimes in Manchukuo 4057:Prime Minister of Japan 3873:Maiolo, Joseph (2010). 3804:Hattori, Ryuji (2021). 3795:Driscoll, Mark (2010). 2048:Seventh rank (May 1921) 1998:Military Medal of Honor 1788:coup d'état in May 1961 1426:Prime Minister of Japan 1414:as the head of the new 1318:Chief Cabinet Secretary 791:. His younger brother, 728:prime minister of Japan 66:Prime Minister of Japan 55:Official portrait, 1957 5657:Historical negationism 4235:Japan Democratic Party 3892:Mimura, Janis (2011). 2818:, pp. 8–9, 16–17. 1941: 1921: 1867:Tokyo war crimes trial 1615: 1596:The 1960 Anpo Protests 1537:Asian Development Bank 1483: 1478:Indian Prime Minister 1446: 1402: 1328: 1184: 966: 832:Imperial Japanese Navy 559:Japan Democratic Party 5677:Satō–Kishi–Abe family 5597:Japanese nationalists 3984:10.1353/jjs.2023.0001 3808:. London: Routledge. 3776:Bix, Herbert (2000). 3587:Les nouvelles sectes. 2767:Tojo: The Last Banzai 2697:Delury, John (2015). 1927: 1915: 1690:military helicopter. 1654:Japan Socialist Party 1609: 1585:Japan Socialist Party 1477: 1433: 1389: 1315: 1171:The political fixers 1170: 1113:Ministry of Munitions 957: 921:ruled by the warlord 810:Early life and career 789:Satō–Kishi–Abe family 763:Japan Socialist Party 4136:Oct 1941 – Oct 1943 4088:Dec 1956 – Jul 1957 4061:Jan 1957 – Jul 1960 3898:. Ithaca, New York: 3823:Kapur, Nick (2018). 3542:Richard J. Samuels: 3529:Richard J. Samuels: 3499:Korea JoongAng Daily 2066:Mexico: Sash of the 2010:Grand Cordon of the 2003:Grand Cordon of the 1963:. Their second son, 1680:Douglas MacArthur II 1557:Douglas MacArthur II 1434:Nobusuke Kishi with 1337:Nippon Saiken Renmei 1327:on 24 December 1948. 987:First Five-Year Plan 820:Yamaguchi Prefecture 600:; died 503:Yamaguchi Prefecture 378:Position established 3858:. pp. 97–118. 3061:. pp. 189–90. 2989:, pp. 403–404. 2977:, pp. 398–400. 2953:, pp. 395–396. 2782:, pp. 102–103. 2675:, pp. 278–279. 2521:, pp. 268–269. 2434:, pp. 267–268. 2019:Order of precedence 1674:arrived at Tokyo's 1632:U.S.-Japan alliance 1559:(the nephew of the 1270:, retired diplomat 1197:Dai Nippon Seijikai 911:Manchurian Incident 855:University of Tokyo 780:led to the massive 730:from 1957 to 1960. 5662:Stabbing survivors 4214:1955 – 1979 4042:Political offices 3959:10.5509/2009823385 3930:The New York Times 3756:. 5 February 2024. 3606:washingtonpost.com 3589:Seuil, Paris 1977. 2100:(19 November 1969) 1988:(10 November 1928) 1942: 1922: 1879:Unification Church 1616: 1565:John Foster Dulles 1484: 1447: 1403: 1398:, Nobusuke Kishi, 1329: 1308:Return to politics 1238:Prisoner in Sugamo 1199:), led by General 1185: 1101:declaration of war 967: 899:reform bureaucrats 782:1960 Anpo protests 390:Position abolished 5647:Tabuse, Yamaguchi 5539: 5538: 4897: 4896: 4879: 4878: 4638: 4637: 4248: 4247: 4243:Office abolished 4217:Succeeded by 4195:Succeeded by 4171:Succeeded by 4139:Succeeded by 4116:Office abolished 4094:Aiichiro Fujiyama 4091:Succeeded by 4077:Mamoru Shigemitsu 4064:Succeeded by 3884:978-0-465-01114-8 3865:978-1-4985-1001-1 3829:. Cambridge, MA: 3815:978-0-367-53776-0 3519:. August 3, 2022. 3242:, pp. 24–25. 3212:, pp. 22–23. 3164:, pp. 20–21. 3152:, pp. 18–19. 3128:, pp. 17–18. 3104:, pp. 88–89. 3057:. Cambridge, MA: 3037:978-92-9257-875-6 2854:, pp. 28–29. 2842:, pp. 24–26. 2830:, pp. 23–26. 2794:, pp. 11–12. 2703:Asian Perspective 2422:, pp. 29–30. 2301:, pp. 98–99. 2266:, pp. 17–34. 1955:Kishi's daughter 1734:Stabbing incident 1569:Sunagawa Struggle 1379:, but to move an 1282:Compton Packenham 1252:Matsutarō Shōriki 1154:Mamoru Shigemitsu 1036:railroad line to 999:Ayukawa Yoshisuke 698: 697: 336:Aiichirō Fujiyama 324:Mamoru Shigemitsu 198:Shojiro Kawashima 188:Shojiro Kawashima 174:Secretary-General 16:(Redirected from 5684: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4901: 4889: 4888: 4650: 4300: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4157:Tanzan Ishibashi 4154:Preceded by 4122:Preceded by 4074:Preceded by 4050:Tanzan Ishibashi 4047:Preceded by 4039: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4015: 4013: 4012: 3995: 3962: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3913: 3888: 3869: 3844: 3819: 3800: 3791: 3758: 3757: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3724:FNN Prime Online 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3661:Mainichi Shimbun 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3596: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3389: 3358: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3237: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3090: 3084: 3073: 3072: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2899: 2893: 2872: 2863:Koichiro Osaka: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2567: 2560: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2506: 2501:. 12 August 2015 2491: 2478: 2472: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2381: 2380:, p. 33n79. 2375: 2369: 2363: 2346: 2340: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2154: 2134: 2114:(28 August 1979) 2110:United Nations: 2109: 2108: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2065: 2063: 2062: 1986:Coronation Medal 1898:Tetsuya Yamagami 1863:Aichi prefecture 1811:and my brother, 1708:April Revolution 1695:Tokyo University 1684:Hagerty Incident 1523:Jawaharlal Nehru 1480:Jawaharlal Nehru 1456:Tanzan Ishibashi 1420:Tanzan Ishibashi 1408:Democratic Party 1365:Democratic Party 1173:Ryōichi Sasakawa 1146:Ryōichi Sasakawa 1120:Battle of Saipan 1074: 1060: 941:, Manchukuo was 863:Shinkichi Uesugi 801:defense minister 717: 715: 709: 708: 690: 650: 605: 603: 599: 595: 583: 519: 496:13 November 1896 495: 493: 481:Personal details 470: 459: 438: 426: 416: 407: 386: 374: 362: 353: 332: 320: 307:Tanzan Ishibashi 301: 292: 271: 264:Tanzan Ishibashi 261: 254:Tanzan Ishibashi 251: 242: 221: 213:Tanzan Ishibashi 209: 176: 162: 151: 130: 122:Tanzan Ishibashi 118: 76: 53: 43: 30: 21: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 4933: 4928: 4898: 4893: 4875: 4851: 4745: 4634: 4491: 4396: 4294:Empire of Japan 4288: 4278: 4238: 4222: 4213: 4200: 4191: 4176: 4167: 4159: 4144: 4135: 4127: 4111: 4096: 4087: 4079: 4069: 4060: 4052: 4030: 4028: 4018: 4010: 4008: 3998: 3965: 3947:Pacific Affairs 3944: 3935: 3933: 3923: 3920: 3910: 3891: 3885: 3872: 3866: 3856:Lexington Books 3847: 3841: 3822: 3816: 3803: 3794: 3788: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3754:Yomiuri Shimbun 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3693:Yomiuri Shimbun 3686: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3585:Alain Woodrow: 3584: 3580: 3575:. 20 July 2022. 3567: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3517:Financial Times 3511: 3510: 3506: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455:Eckert, Carter 3454: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3398:The Japan Times 3391: 3390: 3361: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3076: 3069: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2902: 2894: 2875: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2763: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2738:, pp. 390. 2734: 2730: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2504: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2481: 2473: 2462: 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Lanham, MD: 3845: 3840:978-0674984424 3839: 3820: 3814: 3801: 3792: 3787:978-0060193140 3786: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3741: 3711: 3700:on 9 July 2022 3679: 3668:on 9 July 2022 3647: 3618: 3591: 3578: 3560: 3548: 3535: 3522: 3504: 3485: 3483:, p. 103. 3473: 3471:, p. 117. 3461: 3439: 3426:Sankei Shimbun 3410: 3359: 3344: 3329: 3327:, p. 250. 3317: 3302: 3290: 3274: 3259: 3244: 3229: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3140:, p. 662. 3130: 3118: 3106: 3091: 3074: 3067: 3043: 3036: 3018: 3006: 3004:, p. 399. 2991: 2979: 2967: 2965:, p. 396. 2955: 2943: 2941:, p. 387. 2931: 2929:, p. 398. 2919: 2917:, p. 660. 2900: 2873: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2806:, pp. 13. 2796: 2784: 2772: 2752: 2750:, p. 102. 2740: 2728: 2689: 2687:, p. 278. 2677: 2665: 2663:, p. 267. 2650: 2648:, p. 277. 2638: 2636:, p. 266. 2619: 2617:, p. 276. 2607: 2605:, p. 275. 2595: 2593:, p. 274. 2583: 2581:, p. 102. 2568: 2550: 2548:, pp. 36. 2538: 2536:, p. 269. 2523: 2511: 2479: 2477:, pp. 30. 2460: 2458:, pp. 24. 2448: 2436: 2424: 2409: 2397: 2382: 2370: 2368:, p. 100. 2347: 2330: 2318: 2303: 2291: 2268: 2256: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2150:978-4122057234 2149: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2101: 2086: 2071: 2054: 2053:Foreign Honors 2051: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1976: 1973: 1909: 1906: 1887:Sun Myung Moon 1883:anti-communism 1874: 1871: 1853: 1850: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1792:Park Chung Hee 1783: 1780: 1735: 1732: 1697:student named 1676:Haneda Airport 1646:Haneda Airport 1600:Main article: 1597: 1594: 1561:famous general 1544: 1541: 1500:Czechoslovakia 1471: 1468: 1451: 1448: 1443:Soong Mei-ling 1427: 1424: 1309: 1306: 1268:Joseph C. Grew 1239: 1236: 1228:Kantarō Suzuki 1134:Main article: 1131: 1128: 1086:Fumimaro Konoe 1076: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1046: 923:Zhang Xueliang 906: 903: 859:Faculty of Law 811: 808: 743:Shōwa no yōkai 713:Kishi Nobusuke 701:Nobusuke Kishi 696: 695: 692: 691: 684: 680: 679: 674: 668: 667: 665: 664: 658: 652: 639: 633: 626: 624: 620: 619: 613: 609: 608: 589: 585: 573: 572: 570: 566: 565: 563: 562: 556: 549: 547: 541: 540: 534: 530: 529: 520:(aged 90) 514: 510: 509: 487: 483: 482: 478: 477: 474: 473: 463: 462: 452: 451: 443: 442: 439: 433: 432: 427: 421: 420: 417: 415:Prime Minister 411: 410: 400: 399: 393: 392: 387: 381: 380: 375: 369: 368: 363: 361:Prime Minister 357: 356: 346: 345: 339: 338: 333: 327: 326: 321: 315: 314: 312: 311: 308: 304: 302: 300:Prime Minister 296: 295: 285: 284: 278: 277: 272: 266: 265: 262: 256: 255: 252: 250:Prime Minister 246: 245: 235: 234: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 201: 200: 195: 190: 185: 179: 177: 169: 168: 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4450: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4125:Seizō Sakonji 4120: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4045: 4040: 4027:on 2020-07-25 4026: 4022: 4017: 4007:on 2012-02-05 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3637:on 2022-07-18 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3432:September 21, 3427: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3403:September 21, 3399: 3395: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3357:, p. 81. 3356: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3342:, p. 34. 3341: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3315:, p. 33. 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3300:, p. 30. 3299: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3275: 3272:, p. 29. 3271: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3257:, p. 27. 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3227:, p. 23. 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3200:, p. 22. 3199: 3194: 3191: 3188:, p. 21. 3187: 3182: 3179: 3176:, p. 35. 3175: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3116:, p. 20. 3115: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3089:, p. 18. 3088: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3068:9780674976344 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896:Schaller 1995 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2685:Driscoll 2010 2681: 2678: 2674: 2673:Driscoll 2010 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661:Driscoll 2010 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:Driscoll 2010 2642: 2639: 2635: 2634:Driscoll 2010 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615:Driscoll 2010 2611: 2608: 2604: 2603:Driscoll 2010 2599: 2596: 2592: 2591:Driscoll 2010 2587: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534:Driscoll 2010 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519:Driscoll 2010 2515: 2512: 2500: 2499:The Economist 2496: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2446:, p. 29. 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432:Driscoll 2010 2428: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2407:, p. 14. 2406: 2401: 2398: 2395:, p. 34. 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343:Haberman 1987 2339: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2328:, p. 99. 2327: 2322: 2319: 2316:, p. 98. 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2187:, p. 10. 2186: 2181: 2178: 2175:, p. 25. 2174: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161:Bungei Shunjū 2158: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2137:岩見隆夫 (2012). 2133: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2087: 2084: 2072: 2069: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946:Yoshiko Kishi 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1891:Ronald Reagan 1888: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859:Mount Sangane 1851: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1842:Yoshio Kodama 1839: 1835: 1827: 1823:Controversies 1822: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1760:Anpo protests 1756: 1754: 1750: 1749:Michiko Kanba 1744: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1719:Yoshio Kodama 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1699:Michiko Kanba 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672:James Hagerty 1670: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1612:National Diet 1608: 1603: 1602:Anpo Protests 1595: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1476: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1326: 1325:Sugamo Prison 1322: 1319: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272:Eugene Dooman 1269: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:Sugamo Prison 1237: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1183:, March 1946. 1182: 1181:Sugamo Prison 1178: 1177:Yoshio Kodama 1174: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1162:renovationist 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:Yoshio Kodama 1147: 1143: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1124:Kuniaki Koiso 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1073: 1059: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1013:ne plus ultra 1009: 1008: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 980: 976: 975:Kwantung Army 972: 965: 962:(red) within 961: 956: 952: 949: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:Kwantung Army 912: 904: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:United States 875: 872: 871:Home Ministry 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 809: 807: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 714: 702: 693: 689: 685: 681: 678: 675: 673: 669: 662: 659: 656: 653: 648: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 627: 625: 621: 618: 615:2, including 614: 610: 581: 576: 575:Yoshiko Kishi 571: 567: 560: 557: 554: 551: 550: 548: 542: 538: 535: 531: 528: 524: 516:7 August 1987 515: 511: 508: 504: 500: 488: 484: 479: 475: 469: 464: 458: 453: 448: 444: 440: 434: 431: 430:Seizō Sakonji 428: 422: 418: 412: 406: 401: 398: 394: 391: 388: 382: 379: 376: 370: 367: 364: 358: 352: 347: 344: 340: 337: 334: 328: 325: 322: 316: 309: 306: 305: 303: 297: 291: 286: 283: 279: 276: 273: 267: 263: 257: 253: 247: 241: 236: 233: 229: 226: 223: 217: 214: 211: 205: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 178: 175: 170: 167: 164: 161: 156: 150: 145: 142: 138: 135: 132: 126: 123: 120: 114: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 97: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 75: 70: 67: 63: 59: 52: 47: 38: 31: 19: 5284: 4799: 4722: 4687: 4556: 4538: 4515: 4463: 4445: 4378: 4345: 4322: 4242: 4239:1954 – 1955 4232: 4227: 4220:Takeo Fukuda 4210: 4205: 4192:1955 – 1956 4186: 4181: 4174:Hayato Ikeda 4168:1957 – 1960 4162: 4130: 4115: 4106: 4101: 4082: 4067:Hayato Ikeda 4055: 4029:. 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Hatoyama 4753:, 1989–2019 4678:I. Hatoyama 4620:Higashikuni 4326:(caretaker) 4306:, 1868–1912 4296:, 1868–1947 4142:Hideki Tōjō 3978:(1): 1–30. 3765:Works cited 2736:Maiolo 2010 2579:Mimura 2011 2562:Hotta, Eri 2546:Maiolo 2010 2475:Maiolo 2010 2456:Maiolo 2010 2444:Maiolo 2010 2420:Maiolo 2010 2393:Mimura 2011 2378:Mimura 2011 2288:(3): 38–39. 2157:Takao Iwami 2155:The author 2112:Peace Medal 1969:Nobuo Kishi 1918:Eisaku Satō 1813:Eisaku Satō 1782:Later years 1776:Eisaku Satō 1765:Banboku Ōno 1392:Banboku Ōno 1367:along with 1321:Eisaku Satō 1286:Hideki Tōjō 1260:prison cell 1201:Jirō Minami 1175:(left) and 1105:Lower House 1094:Hideki Tōjō 836:Eisaku Satō 828:Ichirō Satō 804:Nobuo Kishi 793:Eisaku Satō 771:1955 System 747:Hideki Tōjō 661:Nobuo Kishi 645: [ 636:Eisaku Satō 630:Ichirō Satō 578: [ 561:(1952–1955) 555:(1941–1945) 539:(1955–1987) 441:Hideki Tōjō 425:Preceded by 419:Hideki Tōjō 373:Preceded by 366:Hideki Tōjō 319:Preceded by 260:Preceded by 208:Preceded by 166:Banboku Ōno 117:Preceded by 5642:Shinzo Abe 5546:Categories 5370:Sakurauchi 5279:Shigemitsu 5251:Shigemitsu 5239:Shigemitsu 5173:S. Hayashi 5032:T. Hayashi 4751:Heisei era 4402:Taishō era 4198:Takeo Miki 4102:New office 4031:2015-09-09 4011:2015-09-09 3936:October 1, 3641:2022-07-18 3631:Yahoo!ニュース 3612:2022-07-13 3355:Kapur 2018 3340:Kapur 2018 3325:Kapur 2018 3313:Kapur 2018 3298:Kapur 2018 3270:Kapur 2018 3255:Kapur 2018 3240:Kapur 2018 3225:Kapur 2018 3210:Kapur 2018 3198:Kapur 2018 3186:Kapur 2018 3174:Kapur 2018 3162:Kapur 2018 3150:Kapur 2018 3126:Kapur 2018 3114:Kapur 2018 3102:Kapur 2018 3087:Kapur 2018 2709:(3): 446. 2505:2015-09-09 2264:Kapur 2018 2185:Kapur 2018 2173:Kapur 2018 2143:. 中央公論新社. 2119:References 1965:Shinzō Abe 1957:Yōko Kishi 1930:Shinzō Abe 1902:Shinzo Abe 1688:US Marines 1641:Zengakuren 1223:ideology. 885:, and the 797:Shinzo Abe 724:politician 720:bureaucrat 672:Alma mater 663:(grandson) 657:(grandson) 655:Shinzo Abe 651:(grandson) 492:1896-11-13 183:Takeo Miki 5501:Matsumoto 5474:Machimura 5463:Machimura 5458:Kawaguchi 5448:M. Tanaka 5390:Mitsuzuka 5257:K. Suzuki 5203:K. Nomura 5147:Yoshizawa 5136:Shidehara 5131:G. Tanaka 5125:Shidehara 4857:Reiwa era 4822:Y. Fukuda 4790:Hashimoto 4741:Takeshita 4731:Z. Suzuki 4713:T. Fukuda 4703:K. Tanaka 4683:Ishibashi 4656:, 1947–89 4654:Shōwa era 4625:Shidehara 4615:K. Suzuki 4540:Takahashi 4529:Wakatsuki 4524:Hamaguchi 4517:Shidehara 4511:Hamaguchi 4506:G. Tanaka 4499:, 1926–47 4497:Shōwa era 4487:Wakatsuki 4454:Takahashi 4404:, 1912–26 4354:Matsukata 4336:Matsukata 4304:Meiji era 4228:New title 4206:New title 4182:New title 3992:256809396 2715:0258-9184 2124:Citations 1840:gangster 1804:Article 9 1573:Tachikawa 1496:Australia 1492:Indonesia 1445:, in 1957 1345:Article 9 1221:Total War 1026:Changchun 960:Manchukuo 931:Manchukuo 919:Manchuria 853:(now the 844:Yamaguchi 735:Manchukuo 683:Signature 638:(brother) 632:(brother) 623:Relatives 499:Yamaguchi 468:In office 457:In office 405:In office 351:In office 290:In office 240:In office 149:In office 74:In office 5531:Kamikawa 5486:Nakasone 5415:Kakizawa 5400:Watanabe 5395:Nakayama 5380:Kuranari 5345:Hatoyama 5335:Miyazawa 5290:Fujiyama 5213:Matsuoka 5110:Yamamoto 5088:Terauchi 5037:Terauchi 4891:Category 4785:Murayama 4775:Hosokawa 4770:Miyazawa 4736:Nakasone 4726:(acting) 4663:Katayama 4585:Hiranuma 4560:(acting) 4542:(acting) 4519:(acting) 4482:Ta. Katō 4472:Yamamoto 4467:(acting) 4459:To. Katō 4449:(acting) 4436:Terauchi 4426:Yamamoto 4382:(acting) 4369:Yamagata 4349:(acting) 4331:Yamagata 3918:Articles 3728:Archived 3138:Bix 2000 2915:Bix 2000 2723:43738126 2140:昭和の妖怪岸信介 1934:Yōko Abe 1769:ingaidan 1625:Newsweek 1587:and the 1519:Thailand 1381:omikoshi 1377:omikoshi 1373:omikoshi 1361:misegane 1277:Newsweek 1090:zaibatsu 1007:zaibatsu 997:founder 943:de facto 929:called " 909:In the " 751:Commerce 726:who was 612:Children 87:Hirohito 5526:Hayashi 5516:T. Kono 5511:Kishida 5496:Maehara 5453:Koizumi 5442:Y. Kōno 5420:Y. Kōno 5273:Yoshida 5262:Yoshida 5245:S. Tōgō 5223:S. Tōgō 5178:N. Satō 5055:Katsura 5026:Saionji 4974:Saionji 4964:Enomoto 4871:Kishida 4812:Koizumi 4673:Yoshida 4630:Yoshida 4575:Hayashi 4477:Kiyoura 4421:Katsura 4416:Saionji 4411:Katsura 4392:Saionji 4387:Katsura 4380:Saionji 1950:shizoku 1834:Sukarno 1142:kōsenha 895:cartels 883:Germany 840:Okayama 824:samurai 606: 590: 586: 310:Himself 83:Monarch 5521:Motegi 5480:Kōmura 5436:Kōmura 5431:Obuchi 5375:S. Abe 5365:Sonoda 5360:M. Ito 5350:Sonoda 5340:Kosaka 5330:Kimura 5320:Fukuda 5305:Shiina 5295:Kosaka 5268:Ashida 5218:Toyoda 5198:N. Abe 5183:Hirota 5163:Hiroda 5152:Uchida 5142:Inukai 5120:Matsui 5104:Uchida 5094:Motono 5066:Makino 5049:Uchida 5043:Komura 5014:Komura 4847:S. Abe 4817:S. Abe 4795:Obuchi 4724:M. Itō 4668:Ashida 4590:N. Abe 4570:Hirota 4534:Inukai 4465:Uchida 4447:Uchida 4374:H. Itō 4359:H. Itō 4347:Kuroda 4341:H. Itō 4318:Kuroda 4313:H. 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