154:"). It was reported that, during their three-year relationship, Jones' father, George, attempted to dissuade the couple from continuing their romance. George Jones reportedly tried appealing to Rhinelander that his family would never accept his daughter due to their differences in class. However, Alice Jones would eventually file court papers, denying that her father ever made this attempt. In February 1922, Rhinelander's father, Philip, attempted to end the relationship by sending his son away to Bermuda on a chaperoned excursion that would separate the couple for two years, as he traveled to Washington, D.C., Havana, Panama and California. In October 1922, Philip Rhinelander placed his son in an Arizona private school. However, the couple kept in contact through letters, as evidenced by letters produced at the trial, and when Leonard Rhinelander turned 21 years old, he returned to New York. On October 14, 1924, he married Jones in a civil ceremony at New Rochelle's city hall. The marriage certificate listed both the groom and the bride as "white." Once Jones' ethnicity came into question, the fact that her marriage license identified her as "white" was reported, implying that she had sought to hide her mixed racial ancestry. During the trial, Jones' attorney asked Leonard Rhinelander whether the city hall clerk who had filled out their marriage license had asked either of them whether they were white or "colored." Rhinelander said the clerk had not.
276:. The jury was all-white and all-male. Jones' attorney Davis said openly that his client and Rhinelander had engaged in sex before they were married; he read love letters written by Rhinelander that detailed the couple's intimate sexual activity. Davis contended that Rhinelander had seen Jones' "dusky" breasts and legs, thus making it impossible for him not to have known that Jones was biracial. He also showed that Rhinelander had clearly pursued her, overturning Mills' presentation of Rhinelander as having been bewitched by an older woman. In an unusual turn,
93:, to Adelaide Brady (née Kip) and Philip Jacob Rhinelander. Nicknamed "Kip" (his mother's maiden name), Rhinelander was the youngest of five children, including four sons and one daughter. The couple's eldest child, Isaac Leonard Kip, died in infancy. Rhinelander's mother Adelaide died on September 11, 1915, after sustaining burns when an
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323:"Lou Russell," had grown a mustache, put on weight and was working as a woodcutter. Jones remained in New York where she filed a separation suit against Rhinelander, charging him with abandonment and his father with interference with the marriage. In December 1929, Rhinelander was granted a divorce by default in
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well as two nieces, and two granddaughters, Adelaide promptly stopped the quarterly payments. The disbursements accounted for only 0.0004 of the estate, but the heirs opposed them as "an onerous demand for life support." Jones took
Phillip Rhinelander's heirs to court. After two years of court battles, the
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in 1686, where he amassed considerable property holdings, the basis for the family's wealth. The
Rhinelanders are considered one of the nation's earliest shipbuilders. The family also had holdings in real estate and owned the Rhinelander Real Estate Company. By the late 19th century, many members of
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tells the story of Clare Kendry, a biracial woman who passes as caucasian and marries a white man. She passes in order to get away from her past troubles in terms of race and class, both of which arise in the
Rhinelander case. In the novel, Clare marries John Bellew, a wealthy white man, who is not
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After weighing all the evidence, the jury ruled in Jones' favor. The annulment
Rhinelander requested was denied and the marriage was upheld. "Alice's court victory may have been enabled by the fact that Alice performed her racial identity as the all-white, male, married jurors expected of a colored
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The trial was notorious for Jones being asked to display a portion of her body to the jury in the judge's chambers. Wearing a coat over underwear, she dropped the coat to the top of her breasts so they could see her shoulders; then she pulled it up so they could see her lower legs. The question of
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After
Rhinelander's death, his father, Philip, followed the advice of the family attorney and continued to pay Jones her yearly settlement money. However, when Phillip died four years later in March 1940, at age 74, leaving his multimillion-dollar estate to his lone surviving child, Adelaide, as
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32,500 (approximately $ 593,000) and $ 3,600 a year for the remainder of her life—$ 300 a month, which was never adjusted for inflation. In return, Jones forfeited all claims to the
Rhinelander estate and agreed not to use the Rhinelander name or to speak publicly or write about her story. She
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was called to testify that he did not have an affair with Jones, after a letter was disclosed at the trial in which she said she heard from a co-worker that Jolson was a "flirt." "It was a year-long event marked by several bizarre developments, including rumors of bribery and extortion, public
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reporters were eager to learn about Jones' background and began investigating. Reporters discovered that Jones was the daughter of
English immigrants and her father, George, was a "colored man." The Rhinelanders got wind that reporters had discovered Jones' heritage and attempted to keep the
293:" and that Rhinelander had to have been aware that she had some black ancestry, and thus could be reasonably sure that she had not tried to deceive him about her racial identity. The judge barred reporters from seeing the demonstration to prevent any photographs. The tabloid newspaper
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After her final court battle with the
Rhinelanders, Alice Jones remained out of the public eye. She also never remarried; she continued to live with her parents in Pelham Manor until their deaths. Alice Jones died in a Westchester hospital on September 13, 1989, of a
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Although the couple attempted to keep their marriage secret—Jones' sister Grace claimed the couple even paid reporters not to announce their marriage—the press soon announced the news of the marriage. Because of the
Rhinelanders' fortune and social standing,
212:, a nurse or a laundress. Other media accounts referred to the jobs of Jones’ family; her father was identified as a cab driver or stagecoach driver and her uncle as a butler, which at the time were understood to be positions held mainly by black people (
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to depict various events, usually salacious in nature, created a photograph depicting a model stripped to the waist with her back to the camera being viewed by a group of lawyers and one woman in a courtroom. The photo ran on the front page of the
489:"MRS. P. RHINELANDER IS BURNED TO DEATH; Alcohol Lamp in Her Tuxedo Home Explodes, Enveloping Her in Flames. LINGERS FOR TWELVE HOURS Physicians Work All Night in an Effort to Save Her ;- Two Sons on Way from the Coast".
108:
The immigrant ancestor of the
Rhinelander family in America was Philip Jacob Rhinelander, a German-born French Huguenot who immigrated to North America in 1686 to escape religious persecution following the revocation of the
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For a time, Rhinelander stood by his wife during the intense national coverage of their marriage. But after two weeks under a threat of disinheritance, he succumbed to his family's demands that he leave Jones and signed an
236:' Stunned Over Marriage of White Millionaire to Colored Beauty." Most larger city papers were wary of printing such a scandalous story, deferential to or fearful of the Rhinelanders' wealth and prominent social status.
379:. Her bank account contained $ 25,000 and she owned a one-third interest in her family home on Pelham Road, worth about $ 70,000. Her death certificate indicated that she had spent nearly a year in hospitalization.
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aware of her true racial identity. The literature as well as the Rhinelander case explore the complexity of racial identity in a public institution such as marriage. The Rhinelander Case also appears in
1364:
Nov. 17, 1925 Ltr from Andrew F. Jackson, manager of Cinema News Service, to the manager (probably William M. Smith, manager of the Douglass Theatre) advertising newsreels, including one from the
289:"whiteness" was not litigated, but this was Davis' attempt to show what Rhinelander would have seen. (245 N.Y. 510). The jury viewed her shoulders, back and legs, concluding that she was indeed "
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while setting up their household. Rhinelander did not tell his family of the marriage, but continued to stay in Manhattan and work at Rhinelander Real Estate Company during the week.
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In September 1921, Rhinelander began a romance with Alice Beatrice Jones, the daughter of a working-class family. The two met while Rhinelander was attending the Orchard School in
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204:." Other papers picked up the story but most were also careful to omit the racial angle, choosing instead of focus on the differences in Rhinelander and Jones’
150:. Jones was a few years older than Rhinelander and the daughter of English immigrants; her mother was white and her father was of mixed race (then termed "
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complaint that his father's lawyers had prepared. The document asserted that Jones had intentionally deceived Rhinelander by hiding her true race and had
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for his family's company, the Rhinelander Real Estate Company. Rhinelander never remarried. On February 20, 1936, at the age of 32, Rhinelander died of
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and immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. The trial also touched on the vague legal definition of the time as to who was to be considered "
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Carlson, A. Cheree. (1999) "'You Know It When You See It:' The Rhetorical Hierarchy of Race and Gender in Rhinelander V. Rhinelander."
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woman, and that Leonard failed to perform his racial, gender, and class identities as expected of him as a white, wealthy gentleman."
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Rhinelander and Jones eventually reached a settlement in the separation suit. Rhinelander was ordered to pay Jones a lump sum of
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was obvious. Rhinelander later said that Jones hadn't deceived him outright but did so by letting him believe she was white.
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that if the story was printed, there would be "dire punishment." The editor ignored the threat and on November 13, 1924, the
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Rhinelander appealed several times but the verdict was upheld. He disappeared from public view but was discovered living in
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trial highlighted contemporary strains related to the instability of the upper class, as well as racial anxiety about "
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reading of Leonard's love-letters, the partial disrobing of the defendant so that the jurors could examine her skin."
226:, however, ran a front-page banner headline: "RHINELANDER WEDS NEGRESS/Society dumbfounded." And the black newspaper
605:"A Beautiful Lie: Exploring Rhinelander v. Rhinelander as a Formative Lesson on Race, Identity, Marriage, and Family"
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on her dressing table exploded. The third son, T.J. Oakley Rhinelander, died in France in 1918 while serving in the
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The case's depiction of interracial marriage influenced some of the literature and art of this period. The writer
535:"CALLS RHINELANDER DUPE OF GIRL HE WED; Husband's Counsel Says He Will Prove Bride Was Negro and Practiced Fraud"
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Miscegenation and "The Dicta of Race and Class": The Rhinelander Case and Nella Larsen's Passing from Passing
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Miscegenation and "The Dicta of Race and Class": The Rhinelander Case From Nella Larsen's Passing
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327:. The divorce was not recognized in New York, where Jones still had a separation suit pending.
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woman who was a working-class daughter of English immigrants, made national headlines in 1924.
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as a white woman. Jones' attorney denied Rhinelander's claim on her behalf, saying that her
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printed the story with the headline, "Rhinelander's Son Marries Daughter of Colored Man."
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78:," alternately portraying race as biologically determined and knowable or as more fluid.
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1171:"Hidden in Plain Sight: Defying Juridical Racialization in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander"
66:" at a time when New York was a destination for numerous blacks from the South in the
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Property rites : the Rhinelander trial, passing, and the protection of whiteness
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43:. Leonard "Kip" Rhinelander (May 9, 1903 – February 20, 1936) was an American
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Why privacy isn't everything : feminist reflections on personal accountability
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upheld the original settlement agreement, and the heirs resumed Jones' payments.
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Property Rites: The Rhinelander Trial, Passing, and the Protection of Whiteness
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683:"Caucasian '400' Stunned Over Marriage of White Millionaire to Colored Beauty"
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Literary Adaptations in Black American Cinema: From Micheaux to Toni Morrison
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the family were active in philanthropic causes and were active in New York
913:"Kip Rhinelander, Figure In a Sensational Divorce Suit, Dies of Pneumonia"
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referred to both parties' races, with the front-page headline "Caucasian '
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Heidi Ardizzone and Earl Lewis, "Love and Race Caught in the Public Eye"
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information out of the papers. According to one article printed in the
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Excerpt from Mark Kittrell, Review: Earl Lewis and Heidi Ardizzone,
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Rhinelander family. His marriage at the age of 21 to Alice Jones, a
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Rhinelander eventually returned to New York where he worked as an
209:
208:. In a number of newspapers, Jones was variously identified as a
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picked up the story but was hesitant to identify Jones' father as
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The Blues, Black Vaudeville, and the Silver Screen, 1912-1930s
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Interracial marriages in New York State were legal, but rare.
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and attracted national attention. Rhinelander's attorney was
180:, the Rhinelanders sent an "agent" to warn the editor of the
1370:, Selections from the Records of Macon's Douglass Theatre,
1093:. New York: The University of Rochester Press. p. 168.
740:"When One Of New York's Glitterati Married A 'Quadroon'"
161:, ordered furniture and moved in with Jones' parents in
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The ensuing divorce trial in New Rochelle was known as
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Love on Trial: an American Scandal in Black and White
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Love on Trial: An American Scandal in Black and White
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272:justice. Jones retained a former protégé of Mills,
47:and a member of the socially prominent and wealthy
520:Americana, American historical magazine, Volume 14
415:. The case also served as the basis for the movie
200:. They instead referred to George Jones as being "
1224:. New York Genealogical and Biographical Society.
1218:The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record
1033:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
1064:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp.
456:, Appellate Division, Second Department (1927).
133:Alice Jones Rhinelander, from a 1924 newspaper.
1436:Race-related controversies in the United States
1421:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
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784:. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 387–393.
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335:honored those terms for the rest of her life.
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973:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1426:Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
738:Johnson, Theodore R. III (June 7, 2014).
1252:Mixed Race America and the Law: A Reader
941:Smith-Pryor, Elizabeth M. (2009-04-30).
762:
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523:. University of California. p. 287.
450:Leonard Rhinelander v. Alice Rhinelander
319:in July 1929. Rhinelander was using the
113:. He settled in the newly formed French
1354:Composograph of Alice Rhinelander, 1925
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1139:Ardizzone, Heidi; Lewis, Earl (2002).
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308:and boosted the paper's circulation.
157:The newlyweds rented an apartment in
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571:"Blue Blood Marries "Colored Girl""
1326:. January 18, 1926. Archived from
1297:. December 7, 1925. Archived from
1269:Smith-Pryor, Elizabeth M. (2002).
848:"Kip Rhinelander Is Given Divorce"
569:Norwich, William (April 1, 2012).
517:National American Society (1920).
25:
1405:Journal of Law and Family Studies
945:. Chapel Hill. pp. 248–251.
1273:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
1169:Ehlers, Nadine (December 2004).
493:. September 12, 1915. p. 1.
452:; 219 A.D. 189; 219 N.Y.S. 548;
89:Rhinelander was born in 1903 in
1216:Greene, Richard Henry (1940).
1143:. W. W. Norton & Company.
919:. February 20, 1936. p. 1
854:. December 28, 1929. p. 1
1:
1207:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1104:The Trial of Mrs. Rhinelander
1089:Tepa Lupack, Barbara (2002).
435:The Trial of Mrs. Rhinelander
1441:Marriage in New York (state)
1431:People from Pelham, New York
1374:, Digital Library of Georgia
1197:– via Ingenta Connect.
1124:. Rowman & Littlefield.
874:"Kip, Alice Near Settlement"
1187:10.1080/1479142042000270458
1159:Quarterly Journal of Speech
696:– via Newspapers.com.
406:The House Behind the Cedars
299:, which had regularly used
35:was a divorce case between
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1366:Rhinelander v. Rhinelander
1250:Johnson, Kevin R. (2003).
1015:Ardizzone & Lewis 2002
1002:Ardizzone & Lewis 2002
989:Ardizzone & Lewis 2002
900:Ardizzone & Lewis 2002
880:. July 14, 1930. p. 6
828:. July 24, 1929. p. 1
708:Ardizzone & Lewis 2002
670:Ardizzone & Lewis 2002
477:Ardizzone & Lewis 2002
262:Rhinelander v. Rhinelander
186:New Rochelle Standard Star
182:New Rochelle Standard Star
32:Rhinelander v. Rhinelander
878:Rochester Evening Journal
826:Rochester Evening Journal
822:"Kip Cuts Wood In Nevada"
780:Madigan, Mark J. (2007).
454:Supreme Court of New York
418:Night of the Quarter Moon
216:, pp. 124–125). The
193:The New York Evening Post
1341:(Subscription required.)
1312:(Subscription required.)
1120:Allen, Anita L. (2003).
1027:J Madigan, Mark (2007).
441:, was released in 2024.
351:at his father's home in
296:New York Evening Graphic
1407:], University of Dayton
1163:(subscription required)
917:The Evening Independent
689:. 1924-11-22. p. 1
601:Onwuachi-Willig, Angela
1058:Larsen, Nella (2007).
687:The Pittsburgh Courier
624:Cite journal requires
391:, in her famous novel
361:New York Supreme Court
270:New York Supreme Court
229:The Pittsburgh Courier
134:
223:New York Daily Mirror
177:New York Daily Mirror
144:Stamford, Connecticut
132:
1388:"Till Divorce Do Us"
1358:American Photography
1301:on February 19, 2012
1161:85 (1999): 111–128,
1004:, pp. 247, 249)
852:The Pittsburgh Press
353:Long Beach, New York
1330:on February 4, 2013
991:, pp. 250–251)
433:novel about Jones,
427:John Drew Barrymore
27:American court case
539:The New York Times
491:The New York Times
431:historical fiction
412:Thirty Years Later
135:
85:Rhinelander family
1392:American Heritage
1237:Missing or empty
1075:978-0-393-97916-9
1044:978-0-393-97916-9
710:, pp. 12–13)
672:, pp. 10–11)
646:, pp. 23–24)
421:(1959), starring
274:Lee Parsons Davis
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809:Ehlers 2004
580:January 25,
505:Greene 1940
383:In the arts
339:Later years
268:, a former
202:West Indian
103:World War I
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1415:Categories
1113:References
768:Allen 2003
693:2020-02-23
552:2019-02-19
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280:performer
255:mixed race
148:stuttering
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575:nymag.com
547:0362-4331
460:Footnotes
325:Las Vegas
282:Al Jolson
278:blackface
247:annulment
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749:June 10,
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138:Marriage
115:Huguenot
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210:nanny
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1336:2008
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1275:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1243:help
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1145:ISBN
1126:ISBN
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