118:. Southwards the range terminates in the deep valley of the Ruhuhu River in 10° 30′ S, the first decided break in the highlands that is reached from the north along the east coast of Lake Malawi. Towards the south the range appears to have a width of some 20 miles only, but northwards it widens out to about 40 miles, though broken here by the depression, drained towards the Great Ruaha, on the south side of which is Mtorwe (2961 m), the highest known summit of the range.
144:
75:
361:
125:, formerly the Elton Plateau, is a high plateau in the northern part of the range, defined by tall ridges running northwest–southeast. Mtorwe and Ishinga (2688 m) overlook the Great Ruaha River valley, while Chaluhangi (2933 m) overlooks the Lake Malawi basin. Ngosi (2621 m) is the main peak in the Poroto Mountains.
295:
Irungu Forest
Reserve, 240.32 km, lies in the northwestern edge of the range, and abuts Kitulo National Park on the south. Chimala Scarp Forest Reserve, on the northern escarpment of the range overlooking the Usangu Plains lying to the north, was established in 1960 and covers and area of 180.68 km².
291:
was created in 2002, and covers an area of 1,574 km in the northeastern portion of the range, and an adjacent portion of the Usangu Plains. The game reserve incorporated the 350.78 km
Kipengere Range Forest Reserve, established in 1958. The proposed Ndukunduku forest reserve (27.19 km²) would connect
249:
Montane evergreen forests occur in river valleys and hollows. The south-facing slopes at the northwestern end of the range, which were formerly the
Livingstone Forest Reserve and are now part of Kitulo National Park, have the most extensive areas of montane evergreen forest. The Ndumbi forest, at the
284:
was created in 2005, and covers an area of 465.4 km. The new national park incorporated the
Livingstone Forest Reserve (240.34 km²) and Ndumbi Valley forest Reserve (27.71 km², est. 1956). The forest reserves protected the range's largest tracts of montane evergreen forest and bamboo thickets, and
225:
Rainfall comes mostly from convectional thunderstorms originating above Lake Malawi. Mean annual rainfall on the Kitulo
Plateau is 1500 mm, and rainfall is greater at higher elevations on slopes facing the lake. Most rainfall occurs during the November to May rainy season, and April is the wettest
204:
rocks. A zone of gneiss runs along the southwestern face of the range overlooking Lake Malawi, in a series of ridges and valleys generally parallel to its axis. The ridge nearest the lake (Mount
Jamimbi or Chamembe, at 9° 41′ S), rises to an absolute height of 2,400 metres (7,900 ft), falling
65:
Some sources use the names
Kipengere Range or Livingstone Mountains to describe the entire range, while others distinguish the Livingstone Mountains as the southwest-facing escarpment which runs along the shore of Lake Malawi, and the Kipengere Range as the high ridge that defines the northeastern
105:
In parts the range presents more the character of a plateau than of a true mountain range, but the latter name may be justified by the fact that they form a comparatively narrow belt of country, which falls considerably to the east as well as to the west. Most of the range lies above 2000 meters
437:"Strengthening the Protected Area Network in Southern Tanzania: Improving the Effectiveness of National Parks in Addressing Threats to Biodiversity." Project Document for UN Environment Program, Republic of Tanzania, and Global Environment Facility. Accessed 5 September 2019.
205:
1,900 metres (6,200 ft) almost sheer to the water, the same steep slope continuing beneath the surface. Northeast of Buanyi, as in the eastern half of the range generally, table-topped mountains occur, composed above of horizontally bedded
299:
Protected areas in the southern part of the range are not as extensive, as well-protected, or as studied as those in the north. They include the
Madenge (1,146 ha), Mdando (5,140 ha), Msiora (315 ha) and Sakaranyumo (840 ha) forest reserves.
238:, and other afro-alpine plants. During the wet season the montane grasslands are carpeted with numerous flowers. Many species are limited to the Kipengere Range and nearby highlands, and three –
619:
326:
62:. The range is mostly clad in montane grasslands, renowned for their botanical diversity and displays of flowers, with montane evergreen forests mostly in stream valleys.
373:
438:
382:
213:
and conglomerates. The Poroto
Mountains are volcanic in origin, and in the northwestern portion of the range younger volcanic rocks associated with the
285:
the park also includes the Kitulo
Plateau's montane grasslands lying between the two forest reserves, and montane grasslands to the southeast.
614:
226:
month. There is a May to October dry season, with nightly frosts common between June and August. Temperate crops can be raised with success.
401:
609:
234:
The range is generally covered in montane grassland. The grasslands are home to 350 species of plants, including numerous ground orchids,
604:
270:
316:
424:
Jon C. Lovett and Erik Prins (1994) "Estimation of land-use changes on Kitulo Plateau, Tanzania, using satellite imagery".
411:
Jon C. Lovett and Erik Prins (1994) "Estimation of land-use changes on Kitulo Plateau, Tanzania, using satellite imagery".
338:
Jon C. Lovett and Erik Prins (1994) "Estimation of land-use changes on Kitulo Plateau, Tanzania, using satellite imagery".
288:
20:
565:
266:
214:
553:
BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Livingstone Mountains forests. Downloaded from
147:
Panorama of the Kipengere Range and its forests taken from the edge of the Kitulo Plateau looking west.
281:
129:
168:
people live along the shore of Lake Malawi along the southwestern escarpment of the range. The
252:
115:
111:
91:
59:
51:
513:
366:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
143:
99:
315:"Uporoto, Livingstone, and Kipengere ranges". Tanzania Tourism. Accessed 6 September 2019.
258:
157:
122:
106:
elevation. The northern end is well marked in 8° 50′ S by an escarpment falling to the
50:. It is a plateau-like ridge of mountains running southeastwards from the basin of the
598:
377:
367:
181:
173:
107:
35:
78:
Map showing areas above 2000 meters elevation in the Kipengere and adjoining ranges.
262:) can be found between the upper montane forests and the high altitude grasslands.
250:
eastern end of Kitulo National Park, has montane evergreen and East African cedar (
185:
177:
169:
165:
133:
95:
74:
55:
201:
189:
161:
94:, extending about 100 km down the north-eastern shore of the lake to the
87:
43:
19:"Livingstone Mountains" redirects here. For the mountain range in Canada, see
580:
567:
483:
468:
210:
543:
528:
498:
453:
235:
39:
386:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 816.
206:
137:
142:
83:
73:
265:
The range is surrounded at lower elevations by miombo woodland —
58:
in the south, and forms part of the eastern escarpment of the
128:
At the foot of the mountains on Lake Malawi are the ports of
554:
292:
Kitulo National Park and Mpanga-Kipengere Game Reserve.
86:
the range runs south-east and forms part of the eastern
620:Southern Rift montane forest–grassland mosaic
102:form a north-western extension of the range.
8:
240:Brachystelma kituloensis, Impatiens rosulata
200:Geologically the range is formed of ancient
192:people live in the interior of the range.
16:Mountain range in Njombe Region, Tanzania
354:
352:
350:
348:
140:, at the north-east corner of the lake.
46:. Near Lake Nyasa they are known as the
308:
217:overlay the older Precambrian rocks.
7:
269:to the north, east, and south, and
271:Central Zambezian miombo woodlands
246:– are limited the Kitulo Plateau.
14:
493:"Kipengere Range Forest Reserve"
359:
538:"Chimala Scarp Forest Reserve"
256:) forests. Thickets of bamboo (
463:"Livingstone Forest Reserve".
396:"Tanzania's Other Mountains".
1:
542:. Accessed 5 September 2019.
527:. Accessed 5 September 2019.
512:. Accessed 5 September 2019.
497:. Accessed 5 September 2019.
400:. Accessed 2 September 2019.
289:Mpanga-Kipengere Game Reserve
615:Southern Highlands, Tanzania
508:"Ndukunduku Forest Reserve"
110:, the eastern branch of the
66:edge of the Kitulo Plateau.
54:in the north to that of the
610:Mountain ranges of Tanzania
482:Accessed 5 September 2019.
467:Accessed 5 September 2019.
452:Accessed 5 September 2019.
636:
605:Geography of Njombe Region
21:Livingstone Range (Canada)
18:
372:Heawood, Edward (1911). "
329:. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
523:"Irungu Forest Reserve"
478:"Ndumbi Forest Reserve"
448:"Kitulo National Park".
267:Eastern miombo woodlands
215:Rungwe Volcanic Province
132:, near the mouth of the
555:http://www.birdlife.org
383:Encyclopædia Britannica
42:at the northern end of
428:Vol 28 No 3 July 1994.
415:Vol 28 No 3 July 1994.
342:Vol 28 No 3 July 1994.
148:
79:
374:Livingstone Mountains
244:Pterygodium ukingense
146:
114:and the basin of the
77:
32:Livingstone Mountains
282:Kitulo National Park
30:, also known as the
577: /
34:, lies entirely in
398:The Alpine Journal
149:
80:
480:Protected Planet.
465:Protected Planet.
450:Protected Planet.
253:Juniperus procera
116:Great Ruaha River
112:East African Rift
92:East African Rift
82:From the town of
60:East African Rift
52:Great Ruaha River
627:
592:
591:
589:
588:
587:
582:
581:9.500°S 34.167°E
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
558:
551:
545:
540:Protected Planet
536:
530:
525:Protected Planet
521:
515:
510:Protected Planet
506:
500:
495:Protected Planet
491:
485:
476:
470:
461:
455:
446:
440:
435:
429:
422:
416:
409:
403:
394:
388:
387:
365:
363:
362:
356:
343:
336:
330:
324:
318:
313:
100:Poroto Mountains
635:
634:
630:
629:
628:
626:
625:
624:
595:
594:
585:
583:
579:
576:
571:
568:
566:
564:
563:
561:
552:
548:
537:
533:
522:
518:
507:
503:
492:
488:
477:
473:
462:
458:
447:
443:
436:
432:
423:
419:
410:
406:
395:
391:
371:
360:
358:
357:
346:
337:
333:
325:
321:
314:
310:
306:
279:
277:Protected areas
259:Yushania alpina
232:
223:
198:
154:
98:. The volcanic
72:
48:Kinga Mountains
28:Kipengere Range
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
633:
631:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
597:
596:
586:-9.500; 34.167
560:
559:
557:on 06/09/2019.
546:
531:
516:
501:
486:
471:
456:
441:
430:
417:
404:
389:
378:Chisholm, Hugh
344:
331:
319:
307:
305:
302:
278:
275:
231:
228:
222:
219:
197:
194:
153:
150:
123:Kitulo Plateau
71:
68:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
632:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
600:
593:
590:
556:
550:
547:
544:
541:
535:
532:
529:
526:
520:
517:
514:
511:
505:
502:
499:
496:
490:
487:
484:
481:
475:
472:
469:
466:
460:
457:
454:
451:
445:
442:
439:
434:
431:
427:
421:
418:
414:
408:
405:
402:
399:
393:
390:
385:
384:
379:
375:
369:
368:public domain
355:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
335:
332:
328:
323:
320:
317:
312:
309:
303:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:
276:
274:
273:to the west.
272:
268:
263:
261:
260:
255:
254:
247:
245:
241:
237:
229:
227:
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
203:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
151:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
108:Usangu Plains
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
76:
69:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:in southwest
37:
36:Njombe Region
33:
29:
22:
562:
549:
539:
534:
524:
519:
509:
504:
494:
489:
479:
474:
464:
459:
449:
444:
433:
425:
420:
412:
407:
397:
392:
381:
339:
334:
322:
311:
298:
294:
287:
280:
264:
257:
251:
248:
243:
239:
233:
224:
199:
155:
127:
120:
104:
96:Ruhuhu River
81:
64:
56:Ruhuhu River
47:
31:
27:
25:
584: /
327:Google Maps
202:Precambrian
599:Categories
304:References
211:sandstones
207:quartzites
88:escarpment
44:Lake Nyasa
236:geophytes
70:Geography
158:Nyakyusa
40:Tanzania
572:34°10′E
380:(ed.).
370::
230:Ecology
221:Climate
196:Geology
90:of the
569:9°30′S
376:". In
364:
182:Pangwa
174:Magoma
164:, and
152:People
138:Matema
136:, and
134:Ruhuhu
186:Ngoni
178:Kinga
170:Wanji
166:Manda
130:Manda
84:Mbeya
426:Oryx
413:Oryx
340:Oryx
242:and
190:Nena
188:and
162:Kisi
156:The
121:The
26:The
601::
347:^
209:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
172:,
160:,
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
