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stated, "We followed up the
Sacramento River killing plenty of game, and an occasional Indian. Of the latter we made it a rule to spare none of the bucks." Expedition member Thomas E. Breckenridge said that the men "had orders while in camp or on the move to shoot Indians on sight. While on the march
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reported that "people look upon it there as a war of extermination and are killing all grown up males." Judge
Fletcher of Klamath County stated of fleeing natives that "whites are hunting them down like deer." Captain H.M. Judah reported men advocating "the total extermination of all the Indians in
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On the night of 9 May 1846, a band of 15–20 Klamath natives retaliated and attacked Frémont's group under cover of darkness, killing 2–3 members of the party. Frémont was "determined to square accounts with these people." His scouts killed two
Klamath warriors on 11 May 1846, but Frémont considered
120:, Frémont and his men moved about the northern half of the state for several months, provoking the Mexican authorities and building up patriotic sentiment among Americans who had settled there. On 5 April 1846 Frémont and his men committed the
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terminated the tribal status of the
Klamath, forcing them to give up their claim to the land and lose all federal services in exchange for a monetary payoff. In 1986 their tribal status was restored, but their land was not returned.
192:. Frémont became Military Governor of California in January 1847, but was forced to resign less than two months later. In 1850, Frémont became California's first U.S. Senator. In 1856, Frémont was nominated as the
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was a prominent leader of this movement, into which he enlisted his son-in-law, John C. Frémont. Benton obtained government funding for several expeditions led by Frémont to map and explore the western territory.
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In 1864, the
Klamath people were forced to give up claims to twenty million of the twenty-two million acres they had lived on, with the remaining two million acres forming the
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John C. Frémont and his band continued to kill Native
Americans on sight on the way back down to California and committed a "preemptive" attack on a
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on the shores of
Klamath Lake. The assailants destroyed the village and killed at least 14 villagers without taking a single casualty themselves.
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reported that miners were "determined to commence an indiscriminate massacre of all the
Indians" in the Klamath watershed, while the
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Kit Carson's Own Story of His Life, As dictated to Col. And Mrs. D.C. Peters about 1856-1857, and never before published
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Frémont and his band had taken to killing Native
Americans on sight as they traveled. In his memoirs, expedition member
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Neither Frémont nor any of his expedition members were charged or punished in any way for the killings. The
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on this land due to a profitable timber mill, cattle ranching, and other enterprises. In 1954 an Act of
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of the 1840s motivated many
Americans to work to push America's borders out into land claimed by
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On 12 May 1846, Frémont's assistant Kit Carson led an assault on a Klamath village named
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552:"John E. Wool, Major General to Lieut. Col. L. Thomas, Assistant Adjutant General",
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the crack of a rifle and the dying yell of a native was not an unusual occurrence."
80:, captured the idea that the young American nation was destined to rule all of the
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454:. University of Missouri at Columbia: Western Historical Manuscripts Collection.
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A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California before the Gold Rush
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215:, including a long string of similar massacres and attacks. By 1855, the
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556:, serial 811, 75, Washington, DC: National Archives, 11 April 1855
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The Klamath people continued to be subject to violence from
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ordered Frémont back to California to participate in the
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The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War
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With Frémont to California and the Southwest 1845-1849
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421:
554:
S. Exec. Doc. 1, Part 2, 34th Cong., 1st Sess., 1855
289:Bear Flag Rising: The Conquest of California, 1846
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545:Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West
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176:, and he did not return to Oregon territory.
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463:. Taos, NM: Santa Fe New Mexican Publishing.
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196:candidate for President, losing the race to
480:Memoirs of My Life, By John Charles Frémont
116:, a possession of Mexico. Upon arriving in
23:refers to the murder of at least fourteen
16:1846 murder of the Native People of Oregon
104:In 1845, Captain Frémont was sent by the
604:Massacres committed by the United States
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560:”Kit” Carson, Kentucky history article
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529:. New York, New York: Vintage Books.
293:. New York: Macmillan. p. 81.
128:. They then proceeded north up the
39:, on 12 May 1846 by a group led by
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594:Native American history of Oregon
450:Breckenridge, Thomas E. (1894).
108:on an expedition to survey the
76:", a term coined by journalist
477:Frémont, John Charles (1887).
452:Thomas E. Breckenridge Memoirs
435:John E. Wool to L. Thomas 1855
124:on its banks near present-day
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599:Massacres of Native Americans
525:Richards, Leonard L. (2007).
520:. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books.
511:. Ashland, OR: Lewis Osborne.
619:History of racism in Oregon
483:. Chicago: Belford, Clark.
410:Sacramento Daily Union 1855
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507:Martin, Thomas S. (1975).
422:Daily Alta California 1855
231:. They became financially
516:Paddison, Joshua (1999).
250:Sacramento River massacre
122:Sacramento River massacre
624:Native American genocide
285:Walker, Dale L. (1999).
255:List of Indian massacres
82:North American continent
543:Sides, Hampton (2006).
200:. He later fought as a
579:1846 in Oregon Country
536:Sacramento Daily Union
221:Sacramento Daily Union
190:Sutter Buttes massacre
70:Native American tribes
470:Daily Alta California
62:Expansionist Movement
21:Klamath Lake massacre
534:"untitled article".
498:"untitled article".
468:"untitled article".
459:Carson, Kit (1924).
547:. Random House Inc.
472:. 20 February 1855.
398:Humboldt Times 1855
229:Klamath Reservation
204:general during the
126:Redding, California
502:. 3 February 1855.
376:, pp. 495–497
364:, pp. 492–494
328:, pp. 123–124
316:, pp. 418–420
174:war against Mexico
94:Thomas Hart Benton
78:John L. O'Sullivan
609:History of Oregon
589:Massacres in 1846
538:. 22 August 1856.
350:Breckenridge 1894
153:that inadequate.
27:on the shores of
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146:Thomas S. Martin
134:Oregon Territory
132:Valley and into
130:Sacramento River
74:Manifest Destiny
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114:Alta California
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41:John C. Frémont
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213:White settlers
198:James Buchanan
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106:War Department
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31:in modern-day
25:Klamath people
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374:Frémont 1887
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362:Frémont 1887
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314:Frémont 1887
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29:Klamath Lake
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386:Carson 1924
340:, p. 8
338:Martin 1975
110:Great Basin
573:Categories
444:References
433:quoted in
326:Sides 2006
300:0312866852
194:Republican
118:California
88:Democratic
56:Background
45:Kit Carson
261:Footnotes
206:Civil War
186:rancheria
180:Aftermath
158:Dokdokwas
244:See also
237:Congress
140:Incident
98:Missouri
614:Klamath
91:Senator
51:History
487:
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66:Mexico
33:Oregon
202:Union
562:here
485:ISBN
295:ISBN
112:and
68:and
60:The
43:and
19:The
96:of
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