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becomes a powerful behavioral chain. According to cognitive-behavioral theory (CBT), both antecedents and consequences may either be in the environment or cognitions. For example, Kohn and
Antonuccio (2002) describe a client's antecedent cognitions, which include thoughts such as "I’m smarter than others and can get away with it"; "they deserve it"; "I want to prove to myself that I can do it"; and "my family deserves to have better things". These thoughts were strong cues to stealing behaviors. All of these thoughts were precipitated by additional antecedents which were thoughts about family, financial, and work stressors or feelings of depression. "Maintaining" cognitions provided additional reinforcement for stealing behaviors and included feelings of vindication and pride, for example: "score one for the 'little guy' against the big corporations". Although those thoughts were often afterward accompanied by feelings of remorse, this came too late in the operant sequence to serve as a viable punisher. Eventually, individuals with kleptomania come to rely upon stealing as a way of coping with stressful situations and distressing feelings, which serve to further maintain the behavior and decrease the number of available alternative coping strategies.
58:
421:(OCD), since the irresistible and uncontrollable actions are similar to the frequently excessive, unnecessary, and unwanted rituals of OCD. Some individuals with kleptomania demonstrate hoarding symptoms that resemble those with OCD. Prevalence rates between the two disorders do not demonstrate a strong relationship. Studies examining the comorbidity of OCD in subjects with kleptomania have inconsistent results, with some showing a relatively high co-occurrence (45%-60%) while others demonstrate low rates (0%-6.5%). Similarly, when rates of kleptomania have been examined in subjects with OCD, a relatively low co-occurrence was found (2.2%-5.9%).
409:, in the treatment of both kleptomania and substance use disorders) could present additional support for a joint relationship between kleptomania and substance use disorders. Based on the idea that kleptomania and substance use disorders may share some etiological features, it could be concluded that kleptomania would react optimistically to the same treatments. As a matter of fact, certain non-medical treatment methods that are successful in treating substance use are also accommodating in treating kleptomania.
405:
percentage of cases of kleptomania has been noted in adolescents and young adults, and a lesser number of cases among older adults, which imply an analogous natural history to that seen in substance use disorders. Family history data also propose a probable common genetic input to alcohol use and kleptomania. Substance use disorders are more common in kin of persons with kleptomania than in the general population. Furthermore, pharmacological data (e.g., the probable efficacy of the opioid antagonist,
197:, and privacy issues accompanying the act of stealing. These signs are considered to either cause or intensify general comorbid disorders. The characteristics of the behaviors associated with stealing could result in other problems as well, which include social segregation and substance use. The many types of other disorders frequently occurring along with kleptomania usually make clinical diagnosis uncertain.
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460:. In certain instances, the use of combining several methods such as hidden sensitisation along with exposure and response prevention were applied. Even though the approaches used in CBT need more research and investigation in kleptomania, success in combining these methods with medication was illustrated over the use of drug treatment as the single method of treatment.
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579:, believed that the underlying dynamics of human behaviours associated with uncivilized savages—impulses were curbed by inhibitions for social life. He did not believe human behaviour to be rational. He created a large theoretical corpus which his disciples applied to such psychological problems as kleptomania. In 1924, one of his followers,
583:, read the case of a female kleptomaniac who was driven by suppressed sexual urges to take hold of "something forbidden, secretly". Stekel concluded that kleptomania was "suppressed and superseded sexual desire carried out through medium of a symbol or symbolic action. Every compulsion in psychic life is brought about by suppression".
452:(CBT) has primarily substituted the psychoanalytic and dynamic approach in the treatment of kleptomania. Numerous behavioural approaches have been recommended as helpful according to several cases stated in the literature. They include: hidden sensitisation by unpleasant images of nausea and vomiting,
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after the person steals some items. If this individual experiences minimal or no negative consequences (punishment), then the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur is increased. As the behavior continues to occur, stronger antecedents or cues become contingently linked with it, in what ultimately
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are regarded as practical in lessening urge-related symptoms, which is a central part of impulse control disorders; for this reason, they are used in treatment of substance use. This quality makes them helpful in treating kleptomania and impulse control disorders in general. The most frequently used
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There is a difference between ordinary theft and kleptomania: "ordinary theft (whether planned or impulsive) is deliberate and motivated by the usefulness of the object or its monetary worth," whereas with kleptomania, there "is the recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal items even though the
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define the condition as an indication of a defense mechanism deriving in the unconscious ego against anxiety, prohibited intuition or desires, unsettled struggle or forbidden sexual drives, dread of castration, sexual excitement, and sexual fulfillment and orgasm throughout the act of stealing. The
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Although the disorder has been known to psychologists for a long time, the cause of kleptomania is still ambiguous. Therefore, a diverse range of therapeutic approaches have been introduced for its treatment. These treatments include: psychoanalytic oriented psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, and
514:
There have been no controlled studies of the psycho-pharmacological treatment of kleptomania. This could be as a consequence of kleptomania being a rare phenomenon and the difficulty in achieving a large enough sample. Facts about this issue come largely from case reports or from bits and pieces
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A likely connection between depression and kleptomania was reported as early as 1911. It has since been extensively established in clinical observations and available case reports. The mood disorder could come first or co-occur with the beginning of kleptomania. In advanced cases, depression may
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Skeptics have decried kleptomania as an invalid psychiatric concept exploited in legal defenses of wealthy female shoplifters. During the twentieth century, kleptomania was strongly linked with the increased prevalence of department stores, and "department store kleptomaniacs" were a widely held
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argued that kleptomaniacs were sexually underdeveloped people who felt deprived of love and had little experience with human sexual relationships; stealing was their sex life, giving them thrills so powerful that they did not want to be cured. Male kleptomaniacs, in his view, were homosexual or
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Disagreement surrounds the method by which kleptomania is considered and diagnosed. On one hand, some researchers believe that kleptomania is merely theft and dispute the suggestion that there are psychological mechanisms involved, while others observe kleptomania as part of a substance-related
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An alternative explanation too based on opioid antagonist studies states that kleptomania is similar to the "self-medication" model, in which stealing stimulates the person's natural opioid system. "The opioid release 'soothes' the patients, treats their sadness, or reduces their anxiety. Thus,
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was used to propose that the act of stealing is a defense mechanism which serves to modulate or keep undesirable feelings or emotions from being expressed. Some French psychiatrists suggest that kleptomaniacs may just want the item that they steal and the feeling they get from theft itself.
532:
were advanced as theories to explain these seemingly nonsensical behaviors, and many linked kleptomania to immaturity, given the inclination of young children to take whatever they want. These French and German observations later became central to psychoanalytic explanations of kleptomania.
404:
Data from epidemiological studies additionally propose that there is an affiliation between kleptomania and substance use disorders along with high rates in a unidirectional manner. Phenomenological data maintain that there is a relationship between kleptomania and drug addictions. A higher
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as the core treatment method for a number of years. Like most psychiatric conditions, kleptomania was observed within the psycho-dynamic lens instead of being viewed as a bio-medical disorder. However, the prevalence of psychoanalytic approach contributed to the growth of other approaches,
468:
The phenomenological similarity and the suggested common basic biological dynamics of kleptomania and OCD, pathological gambling and trichotillomania gave rise to the theory that the similar groups of medications could be used in all these conditions. Consequently, the primary use of
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Empirically based conceptual articles have argued that kleptomania is becoming more common than previously thought, and occurs more frequently among women than men. These ideas are new in recent history but echo those current in the mid to late nineteenth century.
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Many psychoanalytic theorists suggested that kleptomania is a person's attempt "to obtain symbolic compensation for an actual or anticipated loss", and feel that the key to understanding its etiology lies in the symbolic meaning of the stolen items.
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Some studies using SSRIs have observed that opioid antagonists appear to reduce the urge to steal and mute the "rush" typically experienced immediately after stealing by some subjects with kleptomania. This would suggest that poor regulation of
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Kleptomania seems to be linked with other psychiatric disorders, especially mood swings, anxiety, eating disorders, and alcohol and substance use. The occurrence of stealing as a behavior in conjunction with eating disorders, particularly
209:
Initial models of the development of kleptomania came from the field of psychoanalysis. These have been replaced by cognitive-behavioral models, which supplement biological ones based mostly on pharmacotherapy treatment studies.
182:, impotence to resist the compulsion to engage in stealing, and the release of internal pressure following the act. These symptoms suggest that kleptomania could be regarded as an obsessive-compulsive type of disorder.
218:
Several explanations of the mechanics of kleptomania have been presented. A contemporary social approach proposes that kleptomania is an outcome of consumerism and the large quantity of commodities in society.
250:
Cognitive-behavioral models have been replacing psychoanalytic models in describing the development of kleptomania. Cognitive-behavioral practitioners often conceptualize the disorders as being the result of
523:
In the nineteenth century, French psychiatrists began to observe kleptomaniacal behavior, but were constrained by their approach. By 1890, a large body of case material on kleptomania had been developed.
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Kindler, Seth; Dannon, Pinhas N.; Iancu, Iulian; Sasson, Yehuda; Zohar, Joseph (1997-04-01). "Emergence of
Kleptomania During Treatment for Depression with Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors".
355:
It has been suggested that because kleptomania is linked to strong compulsive and impulsive qualities, it can be viewed as a variation of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, together with
598:
A famous large-scale analysis of shoplifters in the United
Kingdom ridiculed Stekel's notion of sexual symbolism and claimed that one out of five apprehended shoplifters was a "psychiatric".
314:
fourth edition (DSM IV-TR), a frequent and widely used guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, the following symptoms and characteristics are the diagnostic criteria for kleptomania:
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Gürlek Yüksel, E.; Taşkin, E.O.; Yilmaz Ovali, G.; Karaçam, M.; Esen Danaci, A. (2007). "Case report: kleptomania and other psychiatric symptoms after carbon monoxide intoxication".
310:
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stealing is a mechanism to relieve oneself from a chronic state of hyperarousal, perhaps produced by prior stressful or traumatic events, and thereby modulate affective states."
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In the early twentieth century, kleptomania was viewed more as a legal excuse for self-indulgent haut bourgeois ladies than a valid psychiatric ailment by French psychiatrists.
1201:
1498:
Matsunaga, H.; Kiriike, N.; Matsui, T.; Oya, K.; Okino, K.; Stein, D.J. (2005). "Impulsive disorders in
Japanese adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder".
185:
People diagnosed with kleptomania often have other types of disorders involving mood, anxiety, eating, impulse control, and drug use. They also have great levels of
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Presta, S.; Marazziti, D.; Dell'Osso, L.; Pfanner, C.; Pallanti, S.; Cassano, G.B. (2002). "Kleptomania: clinical features and comorbidity in an
Italian sample".
432:, another impulse disorder, has many ties to kleptomania. Many pyromaniacs begin fires alongside petty stealing which often appears similar to kleptomania.
1422:
Baylé, F.J.; Caci, H.; Millet, B.; Richa, S.; Olié, J.P. (2003). "Psychopathology and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in patients with kleptomania".
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2971:
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Grant, J.E.; Grant, M.P.H.; Odlaug, Brian L.; Kim, S.W. (2010). "Kleptomania: Clinical
Characteristics and Relationship to Substance Use Disorders".
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170:, have yielded positive results. However, there have also been reports of kleptomania induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
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473:(SSRI) group, which is a form of antidepressant, has been used in kleptomania and other impulse control disorders such as binge eating and OCD.
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result in self-inflicted injury and could even lead to suicide. Some people have reported relief from depression or manic symptoms after theft.
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470:
273:
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Aizer, A.; Lowengrub, K.; Dannon, P.N. (2004). "Kleptomania after head trauma: two case reports and the combination treatment strategies".
456:(for example, aversive holding of breath to achieve a slightly painful feeling every time a desire to steal or the act is imagined), and
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1053:"From stack-firing to pyromania: medico-legal concepts of insane arson in British, US and European contexts, c. 1800-1913". Part I.
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in brain synapses, and that the efficacy of this type of therapy will be relevant to kleptomania and to other comorbid conditions.
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288:, and/or natural opioids within the brain are to blame for kleptomania, linking it with impulse control and affective disorders.
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repeated inability to defend against urges to steal things that are not essential for private use or for their economic value;
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Biological models explaining the origins of kleptomania have been based mostly on pharmacotherapy treatment studies that used
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Durst, Rimona; Katz, Gregory; Teitelbaum, Josef Zislin; Dannon, N.P. (2001). "Kleptomania: Diagnosis and
Treatment Options".
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items, usually for reasons other than personal use or financial gain. First described in 1816, kleptomania is classified in
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psychoanalytic and psycho-dynamic approach to kleptomania granted the basis for prolonged psychoanalytic or psycho-dynamic
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Grant, J.E.; Kim, S.W. (2002). "Clinical characteristics and associated psychopathology of 22 patients with kleptomania".
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1685:"Consumer Misbehavior: The Rise of Self-Service Grocery Retailing and Shoplifting in the United Kingdom c. 1950-1970".
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The SSRI's usage is due to the assumption that the biological dynamics of these conditions derives from low levels of
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The disorder is frequently under-diagnosed and is regularly associated with other psychiatric disorders, particularly
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Grant, JE (2004). "Co-occurrence of personality disorders in persons with kleptomania: a preliminary investigation".
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561:(mania) "mad desire, compulsion". Its meaning roughly corresponds to "compulsion to steal" or "compulsive stealing".
551:
3234:
2149:
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John, C.S.; Kalal, D. M.; Kastell, K.; Viera, J. (2006). "Kleptomania". In Fisher, J. E.; O'Donohue, W. T. (eds.).
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the thieving is not better accounted for by behavior disorder, a manic episode, or antisocial personality disorder.
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the theft is not executed to convey antagonism or revenge, and is not in reaction to a delusion or a fantasy; and
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259:, distorted cognitions, and poor coping mechanisms. Cognitive-behavioral models suggest that the behavior is
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375:. This point achieves support from the unusually higher cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; see
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addiction. Yet others categorize kleptomania as a variation of an impulse control disorder, such as
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1384:; Pope, H.G.; Hudson, J.I.; Keck, P.E.; White, K.L. (1991). "Kleptomania: a report of 20 cases".
1322:
1195:
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747:
143:
1786:
Juqueller, Paul; Vinchon, Jean (1914). "Revue de
Psychiatrie et de Psychologies Experimental".
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Grant, J.E. (2003). "Family history and psychiatric comorbidity in persons with kleptomania".
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1093:
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Cupchik, W.; Atcheson, D.J. (1983). "Shoplifting: An
Occasional Crime Of The Moral Majority".
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Grant, J.E. (2006). "Understanding and treating kleptomania: new models and new treatments".
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Grant, Jon (2006). "Understanding and
Treating Kleptomania: New Models and New Treatments".
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131:. Patients with kleptomania are typically treated with therapies in other areas due to the
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108:. Some of the main characteristics of the disorder suggest that kleptomania could be an
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2006:
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Wilhelm, Stekel; Teslaar, James S. Van (trans.) (1924). "Sexual root of kleptomania".
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recurring or compulsive participation in a behavior in spite of undesirable penalties;
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When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store
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Kleptomania and drug addictions seem to have central qualities in common, including:
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a positive pleasure-seeking condition throughout the act of the disturbing behavior.
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2017:
1043:(4th ed.). Arlinton, VA: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 667–668.
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gathered from a comparatively small number of cases enclosed in a group series.
132:
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Levy, Sidney (2007). "Challenging the Philosophical Assumptions of Marketing".
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1991:
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a need or desire condition before taking part in the problematic behavior; and
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1861:(Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology): 239–246.
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Friedemann, Max; Willard, Clara (trans.) (1930). "Psychoanalytical Review".
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Goldman, Marcus J. (1991). "Kleptomania: Making Sense of the Nonsensical".
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843:
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1578:"Impulse control disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder"
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1668:"Introduction to the Special Issue on the History of Marketing Thought".
525:
348:, is frequently taken as a sign of the harshness of the eating disorder.
324:
satisfaction, fulfillment or relief at the point of performing the theft;
285:
256:
223:
theories depend on a variety of points of view in defining the disorder.
112:
disorder, but also share similarities with addictive and mood disorders.
97:
1722:"Shoplifting as Moral Insanity: Historical Perspectives on Kleptomania"
321:
escalating sense of pressure immediately prior to performing the theft;
194:
1974:
773:
2713:
2528:
1986:
1029:. 1st ed. Arlington: American Psyschiatric Publishing Inc. p. 223-4.
201:
items are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value."
178:
Some of the fundamental components of kleptomania include recurring
1651:"Historical Research in the Journal of Macromarketing, 1981-2005".
2491:
1151:
Fullerton, Ronald A. (2016-08-11). "Psychoanalyzing kleptomania".
503:, a long-acting competitive antagonist. Naltrexone acts mainly at
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London: The Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency
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grievances rather than issues directly related to kleptomania.
1086:
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
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276:(SSRIs), mood stabilizers, and opioid receptor antagonists.
1628:
Kaplan and Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry
794:
Something for Nothing: Shoplifting Addiction & Recovery
1576:
Fontenelle, L.F.; Mendlowicz, M.V.; Versiani, M. (2005).
867:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
1625:
Sadock, Benjamin J; Sadock, Virginia A (21 April 2008).
1190:. the University of California: T.T. Clark. p. 607.
417:
Kleptomania is frequently thought of as being a part of
1702:"Sources of Immoderation and Proportion in Marketing".
972:
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi (Turkish Journal of Psychiatry)
1953:
Gibbens, T.C.N.; Prince, Joyce (1961). "Shoplifting".
1802:"Drug Suppresses The Compulsion To Steal, Study Shows"
774:"Word List: Definitions of Mania Words and Obsessions"
96:: Κλεπτομανία) is the inability to resist the urge to
1817:
La Légende de la Kleptomanie Affection Mental Fictive
999:
The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences
832:
The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences
818:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1964:
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Practitioner's guide to evidence-based psychotherapy
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1765:(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
1720:Fullerton, Ronald A.; Punj, Girish N. (June 2004).
379:) in close relatives of patients with kleptomania.
335:social stereotype that had political implications.
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1186:And Son, And Son, Thomas Murray, J. Smith (1886).
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1836:Cleptomanis: The Analytic and Forensic Aspects
1535:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
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394:weakened control over the disturbing behavior;
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1200:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1026:Clinical Manual of Impulse-Control Disorders
146:interventions for kleptomania has occurred.
649:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
485:(sodium valproate) have been used as well.
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214:Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approach
3235:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
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1918:(1929). "Some remarks on kleptomania".
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274:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
233:particularly in the biological domain.
152:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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797:. Haverford, PA: Infinity Publishing.
471:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
138:Over the last 100 years, a shift from
1877:Kleptomania and Other Psychopathology
1815:A., Antheaume (1925). "L'Encéphale".
1631:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1582:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
445:Behavioral and cognitive intervention
27:Inability to resist the urge to steal
7:
1023:Hollander, Eric; Stein, Dan (2006).
647:adding citations to reliable sources
2938:Physiological and physical behavior
587:Second generation of psychoanalysis
528:, imbecility, cerebral defect, and
2884:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
2278:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1424:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1386:The American Journal of Psychiatry
906:10.1097/01.wnf.0000144042.66342.d3
565:First generation of psychoanalysis
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3064:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
2364:X-linked intellectual disability
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1932:10.1097/00005053-192903000-00001
1595:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01328.x
1311:10.2165/00023210-200115030-00003
941:10.1097/00002826-199704000-00003
791:Shulman, Terrence Daryl (2004).
619:
2193:Intermittent explosive disorder
2118:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1512:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.001
575:, the creator of controversial
2836:Dissociative identity disorder
2101:Adult personality and behavior
1214:Gauthier & Pellerin, 1982.
1118:American Journal of Psychiatry
1:
1474:10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00150-0
450:Cognitive-behavioural therapy
419:obsessive-compulsive disorder
413:Obsessive-compulsive disorder
303:obsessive-compulsive disorder
110:obsessive-compulsive spectrum
3240:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2777:Generalized anxiety disorder
2510:Neurological and symptomatic
2155:Sexual relationship disorder
1788:L'Historie de la Kleptomanie
1223:Kohn & Antonuccio, 2002.
1188:The Journal of Jurisprudence
168:cognitive behavioral therapy
32:Kleptomania (disambiguation)
3333:Habit and impulse disorders
3016:REM sleep behavior disorder
2485:Seasonal affective disorder
2283:Separation anxiety disorder
1761:Abelson, Elaine S. (1989).
1436:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1509
496:Opioid receptor antagonists
246:Cognitive-behavioral models
160:opioid receptor antagonists
3354:
3283:Symptoms and uncategorized
2384:developmental disabilities
2150:Sexual maturation disorder
1855:Peculiarities of Behaviour
1072:Journal of Macro-marketing
929:Clinical Neuropharmacology
894:Clinical Neuropharmacology
737:Portrait of a Kleptomaniac
458:systematic desensitisation
66:Portrait of a Kleptomaniac
29:
3288:
3277:
3245:Simple-type schizophrenia
3214:Schizophreniform disorder
3166:
3145:
3098:
3080:
2943:
2932:
2680:
2659:
2592:Mild cognitive impairment
2577:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2515:
2504:
2475:Major depressive disorder
2428:
2414:
2380:Psychological development
2247:
2234:
2106:
2095:
1726:Journal of Macromarketing
1687:Journal of Macromarketing
1653:Journal of Macromarketing
1547:10.3109/00952991003721100
475:Electroconvulsive therapy
64:
55:
3293:Impulse-control disorder
3209:Schizoaffective disorder
3204:Brief reactive psychosis
2901:Mass psychogenic illness
2864:Body dysmorphic disorder
2643:Post-concussion syndrome
2253:Emotional and behavioral
1739:10.1177/0276146704263811
1704:Thought Marketing Theory
1500:Comprehensive Psychiatry
1462:Comprehensive Psychiatry
1345:Comprehensive Psychiatry
1257:Comprehensive Psychiatry
1165:10.1177/1470593107083160
555:(klepto) "to steal" and
106:impulse control disorder
3230:Childhood schizophrenia
2582:Frontotemporal dementia
2539:High-functioning autism
2356:Intellectual disability
1357:10.1053/comp.2002.29851
1269:10.1053/comp.2002.34628
595:invariably effeminate.
507:, but also antagonises
2747:Specific social phobia
2638:Organic brain syndrome
2480:Melancholic depression
2241:Childhood and learning
383:Substance use disorder
3303:Psychomotor agitation
3093:and substance-related
3036:Postpartum depression
2916:Somatization disorder
2802:Acute stress reaction
2567:AIDS dementia complex
2050:at Wikimedia Commons
1672:. September 1, 2005.
1398:10.1176/ajp.148.5.652
1237:. New York: Springer.
1130:10.1176/ajp.148.8.986
1055:History of Psychiatry
577:psychoanalytic theory
545:was derived from the
357:pathological gambling
305:or eating disorders.
261:positively reinforced
144:psychopharmacological
3298:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
3128:Substance dependence
3041:Postpartum psychosis
2587:Huntington's disease
2369:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
2218:Personality disorder
643:improve this section
253:operant conditioning
30:For other uses, see
3178:Delusional disorder
3123:Stimulant psychosis
3113:Physical dependence
2967:Rumination syndrome
2869:Conversion disorder
2846:Psychogenic amnesia
2696:with depressed mood
2694:Adjustment disorder
2597:Parkinson's disease
2572:Alzheimer's disease
2465:Atypical depression
2301:Social functioning
2176:Munchausen syndrome
2171:Factitious disorder
257:behavioral chaining
3197:schizophrenia-like
2841:Dissociative fugue
2290:Movement disorders
748:Pathological lying
611:In popular culture
180:intrusive thoughts
174:Signs and symptoms
70:Théodore Géricault
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3141:
3140:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2817:
2816:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2612:Vascular dementia
2534:Asperger syndrome
2500:
2499:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2344:Tourette syndrome
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2046:Media related to
2038:
2037:
1896:Missing or empty
778:phrontistery.info
679:
678:
671:
511:and λ-receptors.
441:pharmacotherapy.
361:compulsive buying
308:According to the
268:Biological models
150:treatments using
140:psychotherapeutic
87:
86:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3345:
3279:
3168:
3147:
3082:
2957:Anorexia nervosa
2945:
2934:
2911:Psychogenic pain
2879:Globus pharyngis
2727:Childhood phobia
2710:
2682:
2661:
2517:
2506:
2416:
2315:Selective mutism
2266:Conduct disorder
2249:
2236:
2213:Trichotillomania
2188:Gender dysphoria
2183:Fear of intimacy
2140:Sexual anhedonia
2108:
2097:
2084:Mental disorders
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2045:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1717:
1711:
1706:. June 1, 2005.
1700:
1694:
1689:. June 1, 2005.
1683:
1677:
1670:Marketing Theory
1666:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1153:Marketing Theory
1148:
1142:
1141:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1081:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1015:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
967:
961:
960:
924:
918:
917:
889:
883:
882:
862:
856:
855:
827:
821:
815:
809:
808:
788:
782:
781:
770:
754:Kleptoparasitism
674:
667:
663:
660:
654:
623:
615:
602:New perspectives
454:aversion therapy
373:trichotillomania
156:mood stabilizers
121:eating disorders
60:
40:
21:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3284:
3265:
3249:
3218:
3196:
3187:
3162:
3137:
3094:
3091:substance abuse
3068:
3045:
3022:
2976:
2962:Bulimia nervosa
2939:
2920:
2896:Hypochondriasis
2891:False pregnancy
2874:Ganser syndrome
2856:Somatic symptom
2850:
2813:
2765:
2754:Specific phobia
2699:
2676:
2647:
2621:
2553:
2549:Savant syndrome
2521:Autism spectrum
2511:
2496:
2424:
2402:
2381:
2375:
2350:
2243:
2222:
2198:Dermatillomania
2159:
2145:Sexual anorexia
2102:
2091:
2081:
2039:
2034:
2033:
1977:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1895:
1885:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1701:
1697:
1684:
1680:
1667:
1663:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1254:
1253:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1022:
1018:
996:
995:
991:
969:
968:
964:
926:
925:
921:
891:
890:
886:
864:
863:
859:
829:
828:
824:
816:
812:
805:
790:
789:
785:
772:
771:
767:
762:
750:(or mythomania)
732:
719:Hotel 21 (2023)
675:
664:
658:
655:
640:
624:
613:
604:
589:
567:
539:
521:
466:
447:
438:
427:
415:
385:
346:bulimia nervosa
341:
298:
270:
248:
216:
207:
176:
164:antidepressants
148:Pharmacological
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3163:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Rebound effect
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3059:Hypersexuality
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2792:Panic disorder
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2759:Claustrophobia
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2742:Anthropophobia
2734:
2732:Social anxiety
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Pick's disease
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2088:Classification
2082:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2009:
1994:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:Classification
1961:
1960:
1945:
1926:(3): 241–251.
1916:Wittels, Fritz
1907:
1873:Fritz, Wittels
1864:
1845:
1826:
1807:
1793:
1778:
1772:978-0195071429
1771:
1753:
1712:
1695:
1678:
1661:
1644:
1637:
1617:
1568:
1541:(5): 291–295.
1525:
1487:
1449:
1430:(8): 1509–13.
1411:
1370:
1332:
1305:(3): 185–195.
1282:
1240:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1178:
1159:(4): 335–352.
1143:
1103:
1076:
1063:
1046:
1031:
1016:
989:
974:(in Turkish).
962:
935:(2): 126–129.
919:
884:
857:
822:
810:
803:
783:
764:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
751:
745:
740:
731:
728:
727:
726:
720:
711:
710:
698:
697:
691:
677:
676:
627:
625:
618:
612:
609:
603:
600:
588:
585:
581:Wilhelm Stekel
566:
563:
538:
535:
520:
517:
465:
464:Drug treatment
462:
446:
443:
437:
434:
426:
423:
414:
411:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
384:
381:
340:
337:
332:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
297:
294:
269:
266:
247:
244:
225:Psychoanalysts
215:
212:
206:
203:
175:
172:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3350:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:Schizophrenia
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:Schizophrenia
3148:
3144:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Drug overdose
3101:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3051:Sexual desire
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2931:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:Social phobia
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:-related and
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1638:9780781787468
1634:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:(6): 437–41.
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:McElroy, S.L.
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:(5): 378–84.
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:(8): 986–96.
1123:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1092:(4): 343–54.
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
823:
820:IV. pp. 1211.
819:
814:
811:
806:
800:
796:
795:
787:
784:
779:
775:
769:
766:
759:
755:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:
734:
733:
729:
724:
721:
718:
717:
716:
715:
708:
705:
704:
703:
702:
695:
692:
689:
686:
685:
684:
683:
673:
670:
662:
652:
648:
644:
638:
637:
633:
628:This section
626:
622:
617:
616:
610:
608:
601:
599:
596:
593:
592:Fritz Wittels
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
573:Sigmund Freud
570:
564:
562:
560:
559:
554:
553:
548:
544:
536:
534:
531:
527:
518:
516:
512:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
491:
486:
484:
483:valproic acid
480:
476:
472:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
444:
442:
435:
433:
431:
424:
422:
420:
412:
410:
408:
399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
388:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
349:
347:
338:
336:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
316:
315:
313:
312:
306:
304:
295:
293:
289:
287:
283:
277:
275:
267:
265:
262:
258:
254:
245:
243:
240:
234:
231:
230:psychotherapy
226:
222:
221:Psychodynamic
213:
211:
204:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
129:substance use
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
3183:Folie à deux
3108:Intoxication
3089:substances,
3087:Psychoactive
3006:Night terror
2823:Dissociative
2787:Panic attack
2339:Tic disorder
2202:
2040:
2022:
2011:
1996:
1981:
1954:
1948:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1898:|title=
1889:cite journal
1880:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1762:
1756:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1627:
1620:
1588:(1): 30–37.
1585:
1581:
1571:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1503:
1499:
1465:
1461:
1427:
1423:
1392:(5): 652–7.
1389:
1385:
1348:
1344:
1302:
1298:
1260:
1256:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1187:
1181:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1121:
1117:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1002:
998:
992:
975:
971:
965:
932:
928:
922:
900:(5): 211–5.
897:
893:
887:
873:(4): 395–8.
870:
866:
860:
835:
831:
825:
817:
813:
793:
786:
777:
768:
743:Kleptolagnia
735:
722:
713:
712:
706:
700:
699:
693:
687:
681:
680:
665:
656:
641:Please help
629:
605:
597:
590:
571:
568:
556:
550:
542:
540:
522:
513:
494:
487:
467:
448:
439:
428:
416:
403:
386:
354:
350:
342:
333:
309:
307:
299:
290:
278:
271:
249:
239:Drive theory
235:
217:
208:
199:
184:
177:
162:, and other
137:
114:
89:
88:
18:Kleptomaniac
3156:schizotypal
2991:Hypersomnia
2981:Nonorganic
2722:Agoraphobia
2453:Cyclothymia
2448:Bipolar NOS
2423:(affective)
2295:Stereotypic
2203:Kleptomania
2048:Kleptomania
1732:(1): 8–16.
1506:(1): 43–9.
1351:(1): 7–12.
1074:. 27: 7-14.
1005:(2): 81–7.
978:(1): 80–6.
838:(2): 81–7.
694:Kleptomania
659:August 2024
543:kleptomania
505:μ-receptors
339:Comorbidity
166:along with
90:Kleptomania
48:Other names
43:Kleptomania
3327:Categories
3308:Stereotypy
3171:Delusional
3160:delusional
3133:Withdrawal
3001:Parasomnia
2906:Nosophobia
2686:Adjustment
2674:somatoform
2607:Sundowning
2460:Depression
2443:Bipolar II
2332:Stuttering
2327:Cluttering
2123:Paraphilia
1883:: 205–216.
1842:: 452–470.
1823:: 368–388.
1710:: 221-231.
1676:: 235-237.
1659:: 178-192.
804:0741417790
760:References
501:naltrexone
407:naltrexone
369:nailbiting
102:psychiatry
82:Psychiatry
51:Klopemania
3261:Catatonia
3193:Psychosis
3028:Postnatal
3011:Nightmare
2617:Wandering
2470:Dysthymia
2438:Bipolar I
2393:Pervasive
2208:Pyromania
2133:Voyeurism
2128:Fetishism
2024:SNOMED CT
1940:145589133
1748:145629064
1327:241313446
1299:CNS Drugs
1196:cite book
1173:220165913
1061:: 243-260
1041:DSM-IV-TR
949:0362-5664
852:236926707
630:does not
541:The term
537:Etymology
530:menopause
490:serotonin
436:Treatment
430:Pyromania
425:Pyromania
365:pyromania
296:Diagnosis
282:serotonin
154:(SSRIs),
77:Specialty
2996:Insomnia
2666:Neurotic
2633:Delirium
2559:Dementia
2398:Specific
2029:69361009
1875:(1942).
1790:: 47–64.
1693:: 66-75.
1655:. 2006;
1612:46151157
1604:15679537
1563:26969387
1555:20575650
1520:15714194
1482:14610719
1444:12900315
1365:11788913
1319:11463127
1277:12216013
1057:. 2010;
1011:16910369
984:17364271
914:15602100
879:15704625
848:ProQuest
844:16910369
730:See also
723:Trinkets
707:Trinkets
526:Hysteria
499:drug is
286:dopamine
133:comorbid
2705:Anxiety
2544:PDD-NOS
2433:Bipolar
2086: (
2018:D007174
1406:2018170
1138:1853988
1098:6661563
957:9099464
651:removed
636:sources
519:History
479:lithium
477:(ECT),
195:remorse
125:alcohol
117:anxiety
2949:Eating
2797:Stress
2714:Phobia
2670:stress
2529:Autism
2322:Speech
2111:Sexual
2007:312.32
1938:
1769:
1746:
1635:
1610:
1602:
1561:
1553:
1518:
1480:
1442:
1404:
1363:
1325:
1317:
1275:
1171:
1136:
1096:
1009:
982:
955:
947:
912:
877:
850:
842:
801:
725:(2013)
709:(2019)
701:Series
696:(1993)
690:(2003)
688:Klepto
682:Movies
552:κλέπτω
549:words
193:, and
187:stress
104:as an
3338:Theft
3254:Other
2983:sleep
2770:Other
2626:Other
2492:Mania
2164:Other
1992:F63.2
1936:S2CID
1922:. 3.
1879:. 2.
1857:. 2.
1744:S2CID
1608:S2CID
1559:S2CID
1323:S2CID
1169:S2CID
714:Books
558:μανία
547:Greek
377:below
205:Cause
191:guilt
98:steal
94:Greek
3158:and
2807:PTSD
2421:Mood
2261:ADHD
2013:MeSH
2002:9-CM
1902:help
1767:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1600:PMID
1551:PMID
1516:PMID
1478:PMID
1440:PMID
1402:PMID
1361:PMID
1315:PMID
1273:PMID
1202:link
1134:PMID
1094:PMID
1007:PMID
980:PMID
953:PMID
945:ISSN
910:PMID
875:PMID
840:PMID
799:ISBN
634:any
632:cite
481:and
371:and
158:and
127:and
3195:and
2782:OCD
2310:RAD
2305:DAD
2271:ODD
1998:ICD
1983:ICD
1928:doi
1734:doi
1590:doi
1543:doi
1508:doi
1470:doi
1432:doi
1428:160
1394:doi
1390:148
1353:doi
1307:doi
1265:doi
1161:doi
1126:doi
1122:148
937:doi
902:doi
645:by
142:to
68:by
3329::
3154:,
2668:,
2027::
2016::
2005::
1990::
1987:10
1934:.
1924:29
1893::
1891:}}
1887:{{
1840:17
1838:.
1821:20
1819:.
1742:.
1730:24
1728:.
1724:.
1691:25
1657:26
1606:.
1598:.
1586:59
1584:.
1580:.
1557:.
1549:.
1539:36
1537:.
1514:.
1504:46
1502:.
1490:^
1476:.
1466:44
1464:.
1452:^
1438:.
1426:.
1414:^
1400:.
1388:.
1373:^
1359:.
1349:43
1347:.
1335:^
1321:.
1313:.
1303:15
1301:.
1285:^
1271:.
1261:43
1259:.
1243:^
1198:}}
1194:{{
1167:.
1155:.
1132:.
1120:.
1106:^
1090:11
1088:.
1059:21
1003:43
1001:.
976:18
951:.
943:.
933:20
931:.
908:.
898:27
896:.
871:32
869:.
846:.
836:43
834:.
776:.
509:κ-
367:,
363:,
359:,
284:,
255:,
189:,
123:,
119:,
2386:)
2382:(
2090:)
2076:e
2069:t
2062:v
2000:-
1985:-
1975:D
1957:.
1942:.
1930::
1904:)
1900:(
1881:4
1859:2
1804:.
1775:.
1750:.
1736::
1708:5
1674:5
1641:.
1614:.
1592::
1565:.
1545::
1522:.
1510::
1484:.
1472::
1446:.
1434::
1408:.
1396::
1367:.
1355::
1329:.
1309::
1279:.
1267::
1204:)
1175:.
1163::
1157:7
1140:.
1128::
1100:.
1013:.
986:.
959:.
939::
916:.
904::
881:.
854:.
807:.
780:.
672:)
666:(
661:)
657:(
653:.
639:.
92:(
34:.
20:)
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