469:, ESA's Director General, put the refusal to fund the study into context: "It is not a question of member states for and member states against. I think the decision could not be taken for reasons that are not linked to Clipper itself. The decision could not be taken because of budgetary restraints." Dordain concluded that he was convinced that European support for Kliper was vital for ESA's future involvement in space transport and that a favourable decision can be achieved until June 2006. In concluding "We need two transportation systems in the world", Dordain also outlined shortly after the European Space Summit that the primary requirement of Europe's involvement in the Kliper project was to rely on two separate systems to support the
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away from the rocket along with the reentry module, and the fairing over the spacecraft was designed to successfully split apart either circumferentially just below the reentry module in such an emergency or longitudinally if the flight should be successful. Kliper was designed with the
Orbital Module below its reentry module, and the docking mechanism below that. This was made possible by constructing a reentry module broader than the orbital module, so that a pair of rocket nozzles for orbital maneuvering could have been fitted alongside it, as the later
25:
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have our own access to orbit around the Moon." In the same context, Alain
Fournier-Sicre, head of the ESA permanent mission in the Russian Federation, also stated that: "The objective is to have a vehicle which is more comfortable than the Soyuz capsule which will be used with pilots and four passengers… It is meant to service the space station and to go between Earth and an orbit around the Moon with six crew members."
251:
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656:-shuttle type vehicle as well as part of a spacecraft able to go beyond Earth orbit to the Moon and even Mars (there were outline suggestions of lunar applications in September 2005). The modular design would have included the Kliper crew module and - depending on the mission - a mission module or propulsion module. Although far-fetched, this corresponds to announcements by the
265:(FSA) told journalists that the Kliper project had been included in the Russian federal space program for 2005-15. At that point he announced that if the program was implemented successfully, the first launch would take place in five years' time. Kliper had been developed since 2000 and reportedly relied heavily on research studies as well as proposals for a small Russian
739:. Though this aim had already been suggested, the comment was made in the context of facility upgrades for Kourou that are already under way since 2003 and expected to be finished in 2007 with the first launch of a Soyuz rocket from French Guiana in 2008. It had been suggested that Kliper could have been launched from both
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potential involvement in the Kliper project. In denying funding for the study ESA members stated that, among other factors that seemed unfavourable, under the current
Russian proposal Europe would not share control over the design of the program and would be limited to being a small industrial contributor.
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test flights around the year 2012. The project was officially halted in June 2007, after the biggest proponent of the project, Nikolai
Sevastyanov, was dismissed from the position of the president of RSC Energia. The newly appointed president of RSC Energia, Vitaly Lopota, confirmed that Kliper would
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Dordain's remarks were echoed by Daniel
Sacotte, ESA's director of human spaceflight, microgravity and exploration, in saying simply that "The Russians are not going to finance it, we will finance it from our side", despite adding a cautionary note that "We needed the support from at least two states
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has made it clear that they are more likely to join the project if ESA does so first, which was in doubt after ESA members rejected a study for Europe's involvement in the Kliper project in
December 2005. The addition of Japan would make Kliper a truly multinational project, potentially combining the
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Kliper, as a vehicle alone, would have been primarily a crewed spaceship, carrying six cosmonauts and payloads of up to 700 kilograms (mostly experiments and other equipment used for carrying through experiments in orbit) and was planned to stay in orbit for approximately 15 days independently and
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was another attempt to solve the geometric problems of spacecraft. Soyuz has an
Orbital Module, a hollow sphere, to be used for eating and hygiene, and an airlock located above the Reentry module (the capsule), with the docking mechanism at the top. In the event of an emergency, it would be lifted
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Although there seemed to be a lot of enthusiasm for Kliper within Alan
Thirkettle's team at ESA (as outlined in the above paragraph), on December 7, 2005, the European space summit of governmental officials of ESA member states declined to approve a 50-million-euro two-year study focusing on ESA's
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saw the Kliper operating, and how it might have done so. This configuration was unlike anything seen so far for a crewed space vehicle, with the solar arrays needed for electrical power vastly bigger than the habitable volume at the centre. It was also unclear what the mode of propulsion was. The
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reported that Alan
Thirkettle, head of ESA's Human Spaceflight Development Department, stated that Kliper would be used: "For future exploration, when we have the objective of going to the Moon, it is important to have several possibilities to go there, and within this framework of cooperation to
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would not be able to lift Kliper into low earth orbit, because the spacecraft (the version designed without Parom) was expected to weigh between 13 and 14.5 metric tons (with payload and crew) whereas Soyuz only has a lifting capacity of around 8 metric tons. It was originally planned to heavily
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that "the first regular lift-off is scheduled for 2012, while a complete transport system will be in place by 2015." After the termination of the
Russian Space Agency's tender for a new spacecraft, Energia announced that this would push its Kliper proposal's first flight — if developed at
233:. In either case, the craft would have been able to glide into the atmosphere at an angle that produces much less stress on the human occupants than the current Soyuz. Kliper was intended to be designed to be able to carry up to six people and to perform ferry services between Earth and the
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Information on Kliper's beyond LEO mission capabilities were expanded further by RSC Energia, with a picture released in December 2005 of what a possible Kliper interplanetary configuration might have looked like. The design was entirely theoretical but made for a view of where
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In 2008 Vitaly Lopota shared his vision for the new Russian spacecraft. He mentioned two possible options: a space capsule, better for missions to the Moon and Mars, and a lifting body design for low Earth orbit missions. According to his new plans, instead of Kliper, the new
521:) which started in September 2006 and evaluate a capsule type concept, derived from Soyuz. While this program is the follow-on project of the RSA's and ESA's collaboration on a new space vehicle, this program is no longer connected to Energia's winged Kliper design.
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with a selection date of February 3, 2006. Concerns about the bids led to a delay in the process, with a resubmission deadline of March 2006 and selection was rescheduled for April 2006. Following further delays, the tender was cancelled on 18 July 2006.
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The European companies will likely contribute avionics, materials, and cabin systems. Many different options are on the table, and in the near future we expect to form Russian-European working groups specialized in different subsystems and fields of
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With regard to launch sites for Kliper, further information became available as of October 2005, with a planning-stage declaration from Nikolai Moiseev, Deputy Director of the Russian Space Agency that Kliper could have been launched from ESA's
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claimed that the craft would be able to land in a predetermined one-square-kilometre area. Artistic impressions showed that the Kliper would have resembled a cylinder topped by a cone. Originally, landing proposals involved both a landing by
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not be displayed at the 2007 MAKS air show. He said that Energia would spend more time on the project analysis, perform additional dynamic modeling, revise the design and appearance and then would come up with new proposals for Roscosmos.
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to the International Space Station. This highlighted both the Russian/European and the American change in space transportation philosophy. Rather than focusing on the lifting of cargo and a crew, in the same way as the Space Shuttle or
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In late July 2006, the Russian Space Agency and the European Space Agency agreed to collaborate on a different project to develop a new spacecraft. They decided to fund a study under a program labelled Crew Space Transportation System
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619:, the Russian space agency adopted a 'people first' philosophy with the aim of 'bolting' extra capabilities for more advanced missions onto Kliper at a later date. Each orbiter was intended to make 25 flights prior to retirement.
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In late 2005 Kliper's design was changed again. In order to fit the Kliper on the planned upgraded version of the Soyuz-2 rocket, labeled the Soyuz-2-3, Kliper would be 'split up' into two spacecraft, the Kliper crew vehicle and
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system might have been contemplated for such a mission, though it might also simply be that there was another reason for such a large array, such as increased power for better telemetry transmission rates over large distances.
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RSC Energia continued to pursue the project without Russian government support and announced that it would seek private investment for the craft. News reports in Russia indicated that Kliper was still expected to be ready for
301:) had become its major partner in space activities during the preceding years. In May 2005, rumours started in the press that Europe would join the Kliper project in a specially funded venture that would be part of the
636:), a space tug. Parom would have been a permanent orbital spacecraft awaiting Kliper in orbit, docking with it and then providing orbital manoeuvering and boosting Kliper to higher orbits in order to dock with the
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50,000,000 feasibility study for the Kliper project at the European space summit in December 2005, Russian space officials have announced that Russia would fund Kliper even without any European contribution.
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rocket, which was scheduled to make its first launch in 2012 (the Angara program has been delayed and Angara-A3 may not be developed in light of the funding of the development of Soyuz 2-3) or possibly a
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We are 99% sure that it will be a spaceship with upturned little wings, enabling the Kliper to land on any class-one military airfield with a runway from three to three and a half kilometres in length.
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out of France, Italy and Germany. We didn't get it." What this means in practical terms remains to be seen; ESA officials are still pushing for Europe's involvement in the Kliper project.
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rugged reliability of Russian launchers with Japanese computer technology. A greater pan-national consensus would have allowed for a lighter funding burden on each participant as well.
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if an abort of the mission during orbital ascent is required. An abort would be possible during every phase of the launch with the limitation of the first seconds after launch.
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Very negative comments relative to Kliper were brought by the various national delegations at the December meeting, in particular by the French Minister of Research
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488:. In short, there remain for the time being member states strongly committed to Kliper, and others just as strongly opposed. The long-term view remains uncertain.
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Given the Russian Space Agency's preference for Energia's lifting body proposal this part of the article concentrates entirely on Energia's design for Kliper.
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640:. The Parom was planned to be indefinitely reusable, refueling itself via the cargo container, space station, or spacecraft that it is attached to.
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305:. These rumours turned out to be correct when both Russian and European space officials announced their intent to cooperate on Kliper during the
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400,000,000). In looking at costs for human space travel it was clear that the 10 billion rubles figure was a rather low estimate. In May 2005
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Vladimir Taneev, the leading designer of the Kliper system, speculated on the contribution of Europe to the project in the following way:
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1,800,000,000 was speculated to come from Europe. Different sources in 2005 have reported that the money needed for the program would be
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At the end of 2005, Kliper's design was changed again (as outlined above) and the most likely solution for a carrier rocket became the
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rocket. This enhanced Soyuz should have been able to launch Kliper into space because of weight reduction resulting in the use of the
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and as an alternative, in a modified version, a landing on a runway similar to an aircraft, or the Space Shuttle. Leading designer
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On July 14, 2005 the Russian government approved the national space program for 2006 to 2015 with a budget of 305,000,000,000
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Announcements and speculations following the February 2004 press conference suggested a development budget of 10,000,000,000
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In 2004 it was announced that it was likely that Kliper would make its first launch as early as 2010 or 2011, the same time the
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1079:"Виталий Лопота: Нужно прийти к тому, чтобы новый образец космической техники появлялся не через десятилетия, а через месяцы"
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News on September 27, 2005, that the first flight tests were planned for 2011, with the first crewed flights in 2012 and the
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A lighter version of Kliper (which would work in combination with the Parom space tug) is under consideration by RSA and ESA
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15,000,000,000). The budget included the needed funding for the Kliper program. Thus in face of Europe's denial to fund a
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In connection with this new design, Kliper would feature a launch escape system that would enable it to detach from the
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747:, by Alan Thirkettle, head of ESA's human spaceflight, microgravity and exploration directorate, in December 2005.
281:. It was planned to be the successor to the Soyuz spacecraft, which has been built as various versions since 1961.
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A further element of this process was made public on October 12, 2005, when various press agencies revealed that
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around Europe and Asia, in order to recruit international partners to co-fund and co-develop the spacecraft. The
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spacecraft approaching the International Space Station - the Soyuz spacecraft would have been replaced by Kliper
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and was therefore designed (similar to the Orion) to be part of a modular system that enabled it to be both a
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spacecraft from the 1990s. Externally its design was comparable to the cancelled European minishuttle
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April 2004—Energija's Nikolaj Brjuchanov and ESA's Joerg Feustel-Buechl on Kliper in ARD (German TV)
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329:, the Japanese space agency, had been officially approached by Russia to participate in the project.
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1213:(in Russian) (Also see buran.ru author's comments about this section at Новости Космонавтики forum:
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The most recent article on Kliper stated that the project would have incurred 16,000,000,000
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ESA on its permanent cooperation with Russia in space and Putin's commitment to the Kliper project
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2015:
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being phased out over time until 2014. An article on December 3, 2005 cited the president of the
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11,000,000,000). The whole budget for the 10-year period was to have been 425,000,000,000
214:. Due to lack of funding from the ESA and RSA, the project was indefinitely postponed by 2006.
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3,000,000,000 (for development and construction of Kliper until 2015) of which the bulk of
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Short note concerning the RSA's outline intention to use the Kourou launch site for Kliper
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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The Kliper program was proposed as the Russian-European counterpart to the American
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or Soyuz-3. Until late 2005 it was much more likely that Kliper would have used an
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Detailed website about the Kliper shuttle, contains many diagrams and explanations
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all — back further. In the event, the development project did not continue.
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Article in the Pravda over the European-Russian partnership with Kliper (English)
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design would not only allow a smoother descent into Earth's atmosphere than the
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Article in the Pravda on planned Kliper exposition at Le Bourget'2005 airshow
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Japanese Space Agency confirms its invitation to participate in the project
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Lighter Kliper could make towed trip to ISS-01/11/2005-Flight International
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announced that a tender for Kliper would be held in January 2006 between
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1,800,000,000) and on December 12, 2005 an article stated it would be
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Flightglobal: Farnborough Air Show - Energia's Klipper work continues
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of which will be financed by the government and 5,000,000,000
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Tender to build new-generation spaceship has started. (in Russian)
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664:, a landing on the Moon could be achieved within the next decade.
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206:(excluding orbital section and thermal protection shield) crewed
16:
Proposed partly reusable crewed spacecraft concept by RSC Energia
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813:"BBC NEWS - Science/Nature - Plans for Euro-Russian spaceplane"
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Report on the Paris Air Show, partly about Kliper (in Russian)
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18:
1054:"Акционеры РКК "Энергия" избрали Виталия Лопоту президентом"
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ESA's part in Kliper — uncertainty over European cooperation
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enhance the Soyuz rocket - a project that was labelled the
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especially looked to Europe as the European Space Agency (
261:
In February 2004 Nikolai Moiseyev, the deputy director of
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about the presentation on November 30, 2004 (in Russian).
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1,000,000,000 (solely in relation to development costs).
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ESA chiefs release more information on the collaboration
1315:
Europeans Unlikely to Back Russia's Manned Space Vehicle
1273:
RSC Energia: Concept of national manned space navigation
913:"Russian govt agrees 12.5 bln eur 10-yr space programme"
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Russian Space - Manned Spaceflight To Be Cost-Efficient
1259:
Europe envisages cooperation on new Russian space plane
1013:
RSC Energia: Concept of Russian Manned Space Navigation
409:
600,000,000) in development costs, 11,000,000,000
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Mosnews - Russia Prepares Launch of New Space Shuttle
1032:"Russian spaceship maker fires head, to tighten belt"
888:"Europe Keen to Join Russia in New Spaceship Project"
1173:"Russia's Next Spaceship: Alternative to NASA's CEV"
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Europe keen to join Russia in new spaceship project
660:that according to a lunar mission study, using the
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2405:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
354:reported that costs were estimated to be roughly
221:, Kliper was proposed in two versions: as a pure
81:S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia
586:design, such as Soyuz; but also permit control.
429:was scheduled to be retired. It was reported by
835:"Europe to hitch space ride on Russia's rocket"
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1408:
956:"Flight International: Kliper choice delayed"
8:
3154:Former proposed space launch system concepts
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55:
1201:Images and information at Russian Space Web
538:would be developed from 2009 to 2017-2018.
421:First launch and target for regular flights
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1660:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
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2371:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
1655:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
2900:Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
1363:Spectrum article on Kliper at Le Bourget
492:Russian Space Agency's tender for Kliper
289:In 2005 Kliper was displayed in several
202:) was an early-2000s proposed partially-
783:
599:commented on this issue in June 2005:
54:
1430:government human spaceflight programs
1206:Images and information at Astronautix
935:"RosBusinessConsulting - News Online"
792:"ESA to join Russia's Kliper program"
7:
1345:ESA and Russia collaborate on Kliper
1291:Energia holds lead in Kliper contest
1247:thread at Новости Космонавтики forum
673:very large solar array suggested an
2415:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
1303:ESA vows to clinch cash for shuttle
1230:Winged Kliper at MAKS-2005 Air Show
473:as had been proven vital after the
1853:(incorporated into Salyut program)
1508:(incorporated into Salyut program)
1383:-- (with image of barebone Kliper)
759:- the American counterpart program
217:Designed primarily to replace the
14:
1105:"К "Клиперу" вернулась "Энергия""
977:"Europe unites over space budget"
491:
2457:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
1781:
477:Space Shuttle disaster in 2003.
23:
2420:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
578:On return from space, Kliper's
3164:Crewed space program of Russia
1211:Kliper section at www.buran.ru
919:. 15 July 2005. Archived from
773:Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle
1:
2366:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
1665:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
441:Rocket and Space Corporation
1911:Soviet crewed lunar programs
1243:Kliper mock-up photo gallery
263:Russian Federal Space Agency
3034:Ya Guidao Gainian Feixingqi
1971:International Space Station
1125:Kliper (Clipper) spacecraft
833:Robin McKie (22 May 2005).
638:International Space Station
246:Announcement of the program
235:International Space Station
67:Kliper spacecraft rendering
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454:On September 28, 2005 the
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1779:
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1245:(May 2005). Also see the
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72:
60:
32:This article needs to be
2452:Space industry of Russia
1034:. Reuters. July 31, 2007
860:"Europeans Take on NASA"
285:Early search for support
2826:Reusable Booster System
2816:Liquid Fly-back Booster
2499:Reusable launch systems
1979:Russian Orbital Segment
1582:Martian Piloted Complex
1456:Russian Orbital Segment
3029:Goodyear Meteor Junior
2563:(orbiter and boosters)
1650:List of Soyuz missions
1351:Europeans take on NASA
979:. Nature. 12 May 2005.
610:for up to 360 days if
258:
2956:Space Shuttle orbiter
1711:Russian space program
1373:February 15, 2005 --
1337:September 28, 2005 -
1285:Kliper choice delayed
366:1,500,000,000 (about
253:
1773:Vostochny Cosmodrome
1313:December 6, 2005 -
1283:February 14, 2006 -
1161:Flight International
991:www.flightglobal.com
658:Russian Space Agency
563:space stations had.
527:Russian Space Agency
496:At the end of 2005,
467:Jean-Jacques Dordain
295:Russian Space Agency
3169:Reusable spacecraft
2927:Buran-class orbiter
2768:Energia II (Uragan)
2393:Veterok and Ugolyok
1765:Svobodny Cosmodrome
1760:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
1738:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1343:August 21, 2005 --
1325:October 12, 2005 -
1319:November 1, 2005 -
1307:December 9, 2005 -
1301:December 9, 2005 -
1295:January 18, 2006 -
1289:January 31, 2006 -
733:Guiana Space Centre
574:Lifting body design
443:Nikolai Sevastyanov
57:
2665:Rocket Lab Neutron
2439:(1997 documentary)
2431:(1995 documentary)
2428:Out of the Present
2361:List of cosmonauts
2338:Images and artwork
2283:Deep Space Network
1930:(Mars/Venus flyby)
1379:September 2004 --
1331:October 6, 2005 -
1235:2005-11-03 at the
1018:2007-07-01 at the
757:Orion (spacecraft)
313:on June 10, 2005.
259:
3144:Crewed spacecraft
3131:
3130:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
2995:Orel (spacecraft)
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2676:Starship (SpaceX)
2465:
2464:
2388:Belka and Strelka
2378:Soviet space dogs
2245:Sputnik programme
2233:
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2166:
2121:
2100:
2079:
2010:
2009:
1975:
1931:
1923:
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1907:
1879:
1866:
1854:
1818:Human spaceflight
1769:
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1673:
1672:
1534:
1521:
1509:
1452:
1367:June 15, 2005 --
1361:June 17, 2005 --
1349:July 15, 2005 --
1179:. 7 December 2005
1085:. 5 February 2008
1083:Российская газета
768:MAKS (spacecraft)
763:Orel (spacecraft)
704:that is built in
623:Using a space tug
185:
184:
87:Country of origin
53:
52:
3176:
2978:Boeing Starliner
2885:
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2681:Stoke Space Nova
2630:8R (first stage)
2627:6X (first stage)
2522:
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650:Orion Spacecraft
486:François Goulard
417:by contractors.
303:Aurora Programme
219:Soyuz spacecraft
169:Cancelled (2006)
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2345:Mission patches
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1959:
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682:Carrier rockets
646:
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597:Vladimir Daneev
576:
552:
544:
494:
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423:
340:
338:Estimated costs
287:
248:
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28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3149:Lifting bodies
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2971:In development
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2436:Mission to Mir
2432:
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2400:Ivan Ivanovich
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2238:Communications
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2189:In development
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2105:Resurs-DK No.1
2102:
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2075:Phobos program
2072:
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2060:
2054:
2048:
2045:Luna programme
2042:
2036:
2029:
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2020:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1995:In development
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1467:In development
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1355:June, 2005 --
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1277:April, 2006 -
1275:
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1263:
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1196:
1195:External links
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1005:
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923:on 1 May 2007.
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2763:Chang Cheng-1
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2561:Space Shuttle
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2534:(first stage)
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1271:July, 2006 -
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44:November 2010
35:
30:
21:
20:
3120:* indicates
3060:
2984:Dream Chaser
2950:SpaceShipTwo
2944:SpaceShipOne
2799:
2538:Falcon Heavy
2434:
2426:
2217:
2069:Vega program
2057:Zond program
1954:
1906:(Moon flyby)
1903:Zond (7K-L1)
1862:Soyuz-Apollo
1755:Kapustin Yar
1731:Launch sites
1630:
1618:
1605:
1586:
1570:
1554:Zond (7K-L1)
1550:
1517:Apollo–Soyuz
1261:July 1, 2005
1181:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1142:
1131:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1026:
1008:
997:
986:
971:
959:. Retrieved
950:
938:. Retrieved
929:
921:the original
916:
907:
895:. Retrieved
891:
867:. Retrieved
863:
854:
842:. Retrieved
839:the Guardian
838:
828:
816:. Retrieved
807:
795:. Retrieved
786:
729:
710:
702:Zenit rocket
693:Onega rocket
688:Soyuz rocket
686:The present
685:
666:
647:
633:
626:
608:
603:
580:lifting body
577:
565:
553:
545:
536:Orel capsule
532:
523:
515:
495:
483:
479:
465:
461:
453:
424:
400:
376:
352:The Guardian
341:
324:
315:
288:
267:lifting body
260:
223:lifting body
216:
199:
191:
187:
186:
144:2004 to 2006
107:Applications
77:Manufacturer
41:
33:
3159:Spaceplanes
3077:Silver Dart
3009:upper stage
2938:Gemini SC-2
2895:Boeing X-37
2856:VentureStar
2788:Hyperbola-2
2715:Kankoh-maru
2648:Orbex Prime
2617:Hyperbola-3
2596:Ariane Next
2575:* (booster)
2569:* (booster)
2544:New Shepard
2128:(2011–2019)
2117:Fobos-Grunt
2107:(2006-2016)
2092:(1990-1992)
2086:(1989-1998)
2080:(1988-1989)
2071:(1984-1987)
2065:(1983-1991)
2059:(1964–1970)
2053:(1961–1985)
2047:(1958–1976)
2041:(1972–1996)
2035:(1961–1982)
1875:Shuttle–Mir
1750:Dombarovsky
1530:Shuttle-Mir
1389:(in German)
1266:In the news
1183:25 February
1147:Mosnews.com
1110:25 February
1089:25 February
1063:25 February
961:27 December
940:25 February
897:25 February
869:25 February
844:25 February
818:25 February
797:25 February
670:RSC Energia
588:RKK Energia
502:RKK Energia
255:Soyuz TMA-6
241:Development
229:with small
212:RSC Energia
210:concept by
141:Design life
3138:Categories
3122:suborbital
2878:Spacecraft
2841:Tianjiao-1
2836:Sea Dragon
2759:(boosters)
2692:Tianlong-3
2623:Long March
2503:spacecraft
2450:See also:
2309:Mars-Grunt
2271:Sputnik 99
2266:Sputnik 41
1922:(moonbase)
1743:Kazakhstan
1619:Capsules:
779:References
506:Khrunichev
311:Le Bourget
227:spaceplane
208:spacecraft
161:Production
112:spaceplane
3087:X-30 NASP
3049:Cancelled
3017:Proposals
3003:(capsule)
2997:(capsule)
2991:(capsule)
2980:(capsule)
2934:(capsule)
2798:Hopper /
2773:Falcon 1e
2708:Proposals
2700:(engines)
2642:New Glenn
2314:Mercury-P
2304:Laplace-P
2261:Sputnik 3
2256:Sputnik 2
2251:Sputnik 1
2225:Spektr-UV
2196:Luna-Glob
2180:Spektr-RG
2157:Elektro–L
1896:Cancelled
1768:(defunct)
1722:Roscosmos
1544:Cancelled
1177:Space.com
1058:Газета.Ru
725:space tug
713:Soyuz 2-3
697:Angara-A3
593:parachute
554:Kliper's
498:Roskosmos
291:air shows
135:Low Earth
101:Roskosmos
3124:vehicles
3007:Starship
2989:Mengzhou
2911:Shenlong
2906:Dragon 2
2778:Falcon 5
2734:Canceled
2686:Terran R
2654:Pallas-1
2611:Electron
2601:CALLISTO
2532:Falcon 9
2329:Venera-D
2324:Spektr-M
2292:Concepts
2219:Kazachok
2175:Resurs-P
2170:Meteor-M
2135:(failed)
2126:Spektr-R
2120:(failed)
2099:(failed)
2078:(failed)
2019:programs
1821:programs
1533:(joint)
1520:(joint)
1451:(joint)
1233:Archived
1016:Archived
751:See also
741:Baikonur
644:Missions
550:Overview
475:Columbia
204:reusable
174:Launched
97:Operator
3072:Mustard
2920:Retired
2902:(CSSHQ)
2800:Phoenix
2741:Adeline
2636:Miura 5
2554:Retired
2354:Related
2211:Luna 28
2206:Luna 27
2201:Luna 26
2165:(joint)
2162:ExoMars
2132:Luna 25
2096:Mars 96
2039:Prognoz
2016:Robotic
1974:(joint)
1883:Energia
1878:(joint)
1865:(joint)
1840:Voskhod
1643:Related
1594:Energia
1495:Voskhod
1428:Russian
1038:May 16,
717:Soyuz 2
706:Ukraine
634:"ferry"
584:capsule
510:Molniya
439:Energia
405:(about
389:(about
381:(about
346:(about
321:design.
273:or the
200:Clipper
196:English
110:Crewed
34:updated
3061:Kliper
3024:Avatar
2932:Dragon
2888:Active
2846:Spiral
2793:HOPE-X
2757:Ares V
2751:Ares I
2746:Angara
2720:SASSTO
2698:Vulcan
2671:Skylon
2660:RLV-TD
2606:CORONA
2567:Petrel
2525:Active
2152:Bion-M
2145:Active
2137:(2023)
2122:(2011)
2113:(2009)
2101:(1996)
2084:Granat
2063:Astron
2051:Venera
1964:Active
1955:Kliper
1940:Zvezda
1935:Spiral
1919:Zvezda
1845:Salyut
1835:Vostok
1803:Proton
1798:Angara
1707:Soviet
1622:Zvezda
1606:Kliper
1590:Spiral
1578:Aelita
1566:Zvezda
1562:LK-700
1551:Moon:
1500:Salyut
1490:Vostok
1436:Active
1424:Soviet
1255:- 2004
917:Forbes
892:DW.COM
864:DW.COM
745:Kourou
632:(rus.
612:docked
561:Salyut
556:design
542:Design
277:study
271:Hermes
192:Клипер
188:Kliper
166:Status
131:Regime
91:Russia
56:Kliper
3040:SUSIE
3001:Orion
2831:Roton
2806:HOTOL
2783:Nexus
2383:Laika
2319:OPSEK
2090:Gamma
1986:Soyuz
1945:Zarya
1887:Buran
1850:Almaz
1808:Soyuz
1634:OPSEK
1626:Zarya
1598:Buran
1558:N1-L3
1505:Almaz
1443:Soyuz
723:as a
721:Parom
662:Soyuz
630:Parom
617:Buran
435:Soyuz
231:wings
3093:X-33
3082:SOAR
3066:Lynx
2961:X-15
2821:MAKS
2590:Amur
2573:Skua
2501:and
2026:Past
2002:Orel
1950:MAKS
1828:Past
1741:(in
1709:and
1602:MAKS
1483:Past
1474:Orel
1426:and
1185:2016
1112:2016
1091:2016
1065:2016
1040:2023
963:2006
942:2016
899:2016
871:2016
846:2016
820:2016
799:2016
743:and
519:CSTS
508:and
407:US$
391:US$
383:US$
368:US$
360:US$
356:US$
348:US$
331:JAXA
327:JAXA
279:X-38
275:NASA
3056:H-2
2851:V-2
2811:K-1
1927:TMK
1870:Mir
1857:TKS
1610:LKS
1574:TMK
1525:Mir
1512:TKS
1448:ISS
735:in
654:LEO
471:ISS
456:BBC
431:BBC
309:in
299:ESA
3140::
2033:DS
1885:/
1855:/
1624:,
1612:,
1608:,
1604:,
1600:,
1596:/
1592:,
1580:,
1576:,
1564:,
1560:,
1556:,
1510:/
1221:).
1217:,
1175:.
1153:^
1081:.
1056:.
915:.
890:.
879:^
862:.
837:.
727:.
708:.
504:,
237:.
198::
194:,
3101:*
3095:*
3089:*
3068:*
3036:*
2963:*
2952:*
2946:*
2940:*
2546:*
2491:e
2484:t
2477:v
1745:)
1699:e
1692:t
1685:v
1416:e
1409:t
1402:v
1219:2
1215:1
1187:.
1114:.
1093:.
1067:.
1042:.
981:.
965:.
944:.
901:.
873:.
848:.
822:.
801:.
517:(
415:₽
411:₽
403:₽
395:€
387:₽
379:₽
372:€
364:€
344:₽
190:(
177:0
46:)
42:(
36:.
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