263:
40:
643:
for most individuals with KFS is good if the disorder is treated early and appropriately. Activities that can injure the neck should be avoided, as they may contribute to further damage. Other diseases associated with the syndrome can be fatal if not treated, or if found too late to be treatable.
606:
If symptomatic treatment fails, spinal surgery may provide relief. Adjacent segment disease and scoliosis are two examples of common symptoms associated with
Klippel–Feil syndrome, and they may be treated surgically. The three categories treated for types of spinal cord deficiencies are massive
610:
Adjacent segment disease can be addressed by performing cervical disc arthroplasty using a device such as the Bryan cervical disc prosthesis. The option of the surgery is to maintain range of motion and attenuate the rate of adjacent segment disease advancement without fusion. Another type of
281:
KFS is associated with many other abnormalities of the body, hence thorough evaluation of all patients with fused cervical vertebrae at birth is required. Furthermore, it is unclear whether KFS is a unique disease, or if it is one part of a spectrum of congenital spinal deformities.
586:
However, in 2006, Dino
Samartzis and colleagues proposed three classification-types that specifically addressed the cervical spine anomalies and their associated cervical spine-related symptoms, with additional elaboration on various time-dependent factors regarding this syndrome.
227:
The syndrome is difficult to diagnose, as it occurs in a group of patients affected with many different abnormalities who can only be unified by the presence of fused or segmental cervical vertebrae. KFS is not always genetic and not always known about on the date of birth.
1897:
1890:
1794:
1779:
974:
de Lima, Marina de Deus Moura; Ortega, Karem Lopez; Araújo, Luis Carlos Arias; Soares, Marcelo Melo; de Magalhães, Marina Helena Cury
Gallottini (2009-12-01). "Dental team management for a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome: case report".
224:). It can result in a limited ability to move the neck and shortness of the neck, resulting in the appearance of a low hairline. Most people only have one or two of those symptoms so it may not be noticeable without medical imaging.
1883:
705:
discovered the remains of a young man around age 25, "Burial 9", living between 2000 BC and 1500 BC with
Klippel–Feil syndrome, who had apparently been supported by his subsistence-level community for at least a decade before his
451:
cause a reduced number of functional proteins that are coded by these genes, but it is unclear exactly how a shortage in these proteins leads to incomplete separation of the vertebrae in people with KFS. However, when the
667:
of KFS is unknown due to the lack of studies to determine its prevalence. It is estimated to occur 1 in 40,000 to 42,000 newborns worldwide. In addition, females seem to be affected slightly more often than males.
1216:
Samartzis DD, Herman J, Lubicky JP, Shen FH (2006). "Classification of congenitally fused cervical patterns in
Klippel-Feil patients: epidemiology and role in the development of cervical spine-related symptoms".
285:
KFS is usually diagnosed after birth. The most common signs of the disorder are restricted mobility of the neck and upper spine and a shortened neck with the appearance of a low hairline at the back of the head.
607:
fusion of the cervical spine (Type I), the fusion of 1 or 2 vertebrae (Type II), and the presence of thoracic and lumbar spine anomalies in association with type I or type II Klippel–Feil syndrome (Type III).
2579:
1562:
892:
Feil A (1919). "These de medicine, Paris. L'absence et la diminution des vertèbres cervicales (étude clinique et pathogénique); le syndrome de réduction numérique cervicales".
1649:
843:
Belykh, Evgenii; Malik, Kashif; Simoneau, Isabelle; Yagmurlu, Kaan; Lei, Ting; Cavalcanti, Daniel D.; Byvaltsev, Vadim A.; Theodore, Nicholas; Preul, Mark C. (July 2016).
960:
552:, extension, and rotation are all concentrated in the area of an abnormal odontoid process or poorly developed ring of C1 which cannot withstand the effects of aging.
548:
Type II—Long fusion below C2 with an abnormal occipital-cervical junction. Similar to the C2-C3 fusion of McRae and could be viewed as a more elaborate variation.
1206:
Feil A. L'absence et la diminuaton des vertebres cervicales (etude cliniqueet pathogenique); le syndrome dereduction numerique cervicales. Theses de Paris; 1919.
1576:
Tilley, Lorna; Oxenham, Marc F (March 2011). "Survival against the odds: Modeling the social implications of care provision to seriously disabled individuals".
1752:
2477:
1970:
1875:
1441:
647:
In less than 30% of cases, individuals with KFS will present with heart defects. If these heart defects are present, they often lead to a shortened
246:, André Feil suggested another classification of the syndrome, encompassing not only deformation of the cervical spine, but also deformation of the
1514:
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format title. Retrieved from
818:
1182:
436:
specifically is involved in the formation of vertebral bones, among others, and establishing boundaries between bones in skeletal development.
513:; decreased range of motion (ROM) in the cervical spine; and a low hairline. Feil subsequently classified the syndrome into three categories:
1418:
845:"Monsters and the case of L. Joseph: André Feil's thesis on the origin of the Klippel-Feil syndrome and a social transformation of medicine"
2418:
424:
gene are associated with KFS. The cause of the condition is unknown in individuals with KFS who do not have mutations of these two genes.
1809:
1166:
1052:
Farsetti P, Weinstein SL, Caterini R, De Maio F, Ippolito E (May 2003). "Sprengel's deformity: long-term follow-up study of 22 cases".
1029:
555:
Type III—A single open interspace between two fused segments. Cervical spine motion is concentrated at single open articulation. This
1541:
1105:
775:
262:
925:
651:, the average being 35–45 years of age among males and 40–50 among females. This condition is similar to the heart failure seen in
466:, where one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder, is especially associated with C2-C3 fusion.
2372:
1622:
2091:
432:
provide the body with instructions for making proteins involved in regulating the growth and maturation of bone and cartilage.
469:
Autosomal recessive inheritance, where both copies of a gene contain mutations, is especially associated with C5-C6 fusion.
2207:
1910:
2377:
2096:
1926:
1914:
710:
563:. This pattern can be recognized as the cervical spine is often seen to be at an angle or hinge at this open segment.
2408:
1309:"Failure of cervical arthroplasty in a patient with adjacent segment disease associated with Klippel-Feil syndrome"
596:
2382:
2317:
1960:
1823:
509:
and Andre Feil independently provided the first descriptions of KFS. They described patients who had a short,
476:), known as KFS with laryngeal malformation, has been identified. It is also known as segmentation syndrome 1.
2589:
2584:
2354:
1988:
1965:
526:
363:
274:
616:
556:
1445:
2257:
1922:
954:
897:
1183:"Segmentation syndrome 1 | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
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822:
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240:
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congenital condition characterized by the abnormal fusion of any two of the seven bones in the neck (
1186:
2290:
1906:
1798:
338:
2152:
1389:
1289:
1242:
1149:
742:
270:
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221:
130:
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39:
1120:"Mutations in GDF6 are associated with vertebral segmentation defects in Klippel-Feil syndrome"
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165:
114:
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2134:
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1371:
1330:
1320:
1273:
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1061:
984:
856:
735:
358:
247:
60:
2550:
2285:
2115:
2081:
2034:
1442:"Klippel Feil syndrome - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center"
1101:
910:
793:
728:
648:
542:
518:
506:
232:
188:
936:
717:
is believed by some to have had
Klippel–Feil syndrome, though others dispute this claim.
567:
A classification scheme for KFS was proposed in 1919 by Andre Feil, which accounted for
2413:
2344:
2308:
2280:
2202:
2106:
1980:
1863:
1803:
1692:
1492:
1467:
1376:
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1308:
1230:
560:
353:
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343:
328:
1393:
1293:
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1246:
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2240:
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1998:
1993:
1153:
631:
is the last resort in pain relieving procedures, usually when arthroplasties fail.
318:
299:
217:
144:
140:
123:
1828:
1675:
1021:
Clinical
Imaging - E-Book: With Skeletal, Chest and Abdomen Pattern Differentials
16:
Congenital condition characterised by fusion of two or more vertebrae in the neck
2428:
2195:
2186:
2071:
2003:
746:
714:
683:
628:
595:
Treatment for KFS is symptomatic and may include surgery to relieve cervical or
534:
510:
386:
172:
119:
1676:"The skull and cervical spine radiographs of Tutankhamen: a critical appraisal"
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332:
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369:
The disorder also may be associated with abnormalities of the head and face,
2510:
2455:
2262:
2147:
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2017:
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This article incorporates information in the public domain prepared by the
1701:
1607:
1385:
1344:
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1238:
1145:
1073:
1004:
878:
1501:
1307:
Papanastassiou ID, Baaj AA, Dakwar E, Eleraky M, Vrionis FD (March 2011).
1952:
1948:
1930:
1483:
1262:"Preliminary clinical experience with the Bryan Cervical Disc Prosthesis"
572:
530:
403:
370:
305:
1771:
2520:
2178:
1136:
1119:
1083:. Elk Grove Village IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. pp. 231–4.
702:
549:
522:
309:
266:
1598:
619:. Total disc replacement objective is to reduce pain or eradicate it.
1783:
1756:
1629:. No. 17 December 2012, New York edition, D1. The New York Times
576:
378:
243:
33:
Congenital dystrophia brevicollis, cervical vertebral fusion syndrome
1081:
Pediatric
Orthopaedics and Sports Injuries: A Quick Reference Guide
529:
is concentrated within the C1 and C2 vertebrae. As with aging, the
420:
382:
261:
2063:
1817:
1814:
1170:
568:
414:
408:
1879:
766:
Andrews, James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
521:. In 1953, further complications were later reported by McRae;
2496:
2026:
1939:
456:
gene was removed in mice, the result was the fusion of bones.
313:
199:
1 in 40,000 to 42,000 births, females more affected than males
1118:
Tassabehji M, Fang ZM, Hilton EN, et al. (August 2008).
1739:
95:
81:
1650:"Tutankhamun shows his face 80 years after tomb is opened"
1171:
Klippel-Feil
Syndrome 1, Autosomal Dominant; KFS1 - 118100
1468:"Audiological abnormalities in the Klippel-Feil syndrome"
1260:
Goffin J, Casey A, Kehr P, et al. (September 2002).
440:
is involved with bone and cartilage growth. Mutations of
72:
517:
Type I—Fusion of C2 and C3 with occipitalization of the
1740:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
623:
is commonly used to correct spinal deformities such as
533:
can become hypermobile, narrowing the space where the
611:
arthroplasty that is becoming an alternate choice to
92:
66:
63:
1761:
1407:
Cathy C. Cartwright; Donna C. Wallace (3 May 2007).
599:
and constriction of the spinal cord, and to correct
98:
84:
78:
69:
2543:
2519:
2495:
2486:
2441:
2391:
2353:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2273:
2233:
2177:
2170:
2105:
2062:
2025:
2016:
1979:
1947:
1938:
1921:
1849:
1765:
768:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology
195:
181:
171:
161:
151:
129:
113:
89:
51:
29:
24:
1516:http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
1410:Nursing care of the pediatric neurosurgery patient
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
926:"Klippel−Feil Syndrome – Review of the Literature"
1674:Boyer RS, Rodin EA, Grey TC, Connolly RC (2003).
472:Another autosomal dominant form (mapped on locus
1561:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
147:, respiratory problems, other syndromic features
1623:"Ancient Bones That Tell a Story of Compassion"
2580:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
459:These mutations can be inherited in two ways:
231:The disease was initially reported in 1884 by
1891:
1466:McGaughran JM, Kuna P, Das V (October 1998).
8:
959:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
489:of KFS has made it difficult to outline the
75:
2492:
2322:
2313:
2174:
2022:
1944:
1935:
1898:
1884:
1876:
1762:
1544:. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10
21:
1691:
1597:
1542:"Oldest Known Paralyzed Human Discovered"
1491:
1375:
1358:Phillips FM, Garfin SR (September 2005).
1334:
1324:
1135:
860:
277:(arrow), as seen in Klippel–Feil syndrome
1680:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
693:In 2009, archaeologists excavating at a
559:may lead to instability or degenerative
289:Associated abnormalities may include:
1578:International Journal of Paleopathology
1079:Sarwark, JF; LaBella, CR, eds. (2010).
759:
1554:
952:
906:
895:
1717:"Small gains from wealth of partners"
924:Paradowska, Szeląg, Sławecki (2007).
7:
2419:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
788:
786:
784:
733:"Big" Ed Brown from the TLC series,
1167:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
800:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
1909:malformations and deformations of
1377:10.1097/01.brs.0000175192.55139.69
1231:10.1097/01.brs.0000239222.36505.46
214:cervical vertebral fusion syndrome
14:
296:(sideways curvature of the spine)
1278:10.1227/00006123-200209000-00048
1066:10.1097/01202412-200305000-00007
989:10.1111/j.1754-4505.2009.00101.x
59:
47:Woman with Klippel–Feil syndrome
38:
2092:Congenital patellar dislocation
1971:Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome
690:dated between 4500 and 4000 BC.
1272:(3): 840–5, discussion 845–7.
464:Autosomal dominant inheritance
1:
239:from France. In 1919, in his
1715:Hughes, Simon (1997-09-05).
1648:Barrow, Becky (2002-09-29).
1621:Gorman, James (2012-12-17).
1024:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2378:Oto-palato-digital syndrome
2373:Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
2097:Congenital knee dislocation
1915:musculoskeletal abnormality
1413:. Springer. pp. 205–.
1360:"Cervical disc replacement"
821:. HONselect. Archived from
2606:
2409:Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
1590:10.1016/j.ijpp.2011.02.003
1018:Marchiori, Dennis (2004).
597:craniocervical instability
396:
389:, arms, legs and fingers.
2383:Treacher Collins syndrome
2234:reduction deficits / limb
977:Special Care in Dentistry
862:10.3171/2016.3.FOCUS15488
323:Dental problems (delayed
46:
37:
2208:Cenani–Lenz syndactylism
1961:Cleidocranial dysostosis
770:. (10th ed.). Saunders.
2355:Craniofacial dysostosis
1326:10.4103/0019-5413.77139
1108:Genetics Home Reference
819:"Klippel-Feil Syndrome"
798:Genetics Home Reference
794:"Klippel-Feil syndrome"
135:Cervical spine fusion,
1911:musculoskeletal system
905:Cite journal requires
617:Total Disc Replacement
278:
2463:Klippel–Feil syndrome
1753:Klippel–Feil syndrome
1528:"Aspects historiques"
682:A case of a child in
265:
206:Klippel–Feil syndrome
25:Klippel-Feil syndrome
2473:Spina bifida occulta
1989:Madelung's deformity
1966:Sprengel's deformity
1484:10.1136/adc.79.4.352
1370:(17 Suppl): S27–33.
686:was discovered in a
399:Dominance (genetics)
364:Sprengel's deformity
339:Respiratory problems
275:Sprengel's deformity
241:Doctor of Philosophy
2291:RAPADILINO syndrome
849:Neurosurgical Focus
306:reproductive organs
2153:Rocker bottom foot
1850:External resources
1627:The New York Times
1137:10.1002/humu.20741
1054:J Pediatr Orthop B
743:Kansas City Chiefs
727:English cricketer
497:for this disease.
304:Problems with the
279:
271:cervical vertebrae
258:Signs and symptoms
222:cervical vertebrae
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2488:Thoracic skeleton
2468:Spondylolisthesis
2437:
2436:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2166:
2165:
2012:
2011:
1873:
1872:
1420:978-3-540-29703-1
713:Egyptian pharaoh
212:), also known as
203:
202:
166:Genetic mutations
19:Medical condition
2597:
2535:Pectus carinatum
2530:Pectus excavatum
2493:
2451:Spinal curvature
2443:Vertebral column
2363:Crouzon syndrome
2327:Craniosynostosis
2323:
2314:
2179:fingers and toes
2175:
2087:Discoid meniscus
2044:Upington disease
2023:
1945:
1936:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1763:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1472:Arch. Dis. Child
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1444:. Archived from
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1225:(21): E798–804.
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1185:. Archived from
1179:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1139:
1115:
1109:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1015:
1009:
1008:
971:
965:
964:
958:
950:
948:
947:
941:
935:. Archived from
933:Dent. Med. Probl
930:
921:
915:
914:
908:
903:
901:
893:
889:
883:
882:
864:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
790:
779:
764:
531:odontoid process
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
42:
22:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2555:
2551:Poland syndrome
2539:
2515:
2482:
2433:
2387:
2349:
2295:
2286:Larsen syndrome
2274:multiple joints
2269:
2229:
2162:
2101:
2082:Genu recurvatum
2058:
2035:Hip dislocation
2008:
1975:
1925:
1917:
1904:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1845:
1844:
1774:
1749:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1313:Indian J Orthop
1306:
1305:
1301:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1099:
1088:
1078:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
1016:
1012:
973:
972:
968:
951:
945:
943:
939:
928:
923:
922:
918:
904:
894:
891:
890:
886:
842:
841:
837:
828:
826:
817:
816:
812:
803:
801:
792:
791:
782:
765:
761:
756:
729:Gladstone Small
724:
679:
674:
661:
649:life expectancy
637:
593:
543:spinal stenosis
507:Maurice Klippel
503:
493:as well as the
483:
401:
395:
260:
233:Maurice Klippel
189:life expectancy
109:
88:
62:
58:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2590:Rare syndromes
2587:
2585:Genodermatoses
2582:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Dolichocephaly
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2345:Trigonocephaly
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2318:Skull and face
2311:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:Arthrogryposis
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:Arachnodactyly
2200:
2199:
2198:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2111:
2109:
2107:foot deformity
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1981:hand deformity
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1942:
1933:
1919:
1918:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1820:
1806:
1791:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:Classification
1760:
1759:
1748:
1747:External links
1745:
1733:
1732:
1707:
1666:
1640:
1613:
1568:
1533:
1519:
1507:
1458:
1433:
1419:
1399:
1350:
1299:
1252:
1208:
1199:
1174:
1159:
1130:(8): 1017–27.
1110:
1086:
1044:
1031:978-0323071277
1030:
1010:
983:(6): 244–248.
966:
916:
907:|journal=
884:
835:
810:
780:
758:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
745:wide receiver
740:
731:
723:
720:
719:
718:
707:
699:Đa Bút culture
691:
678:
675:
673:
670:
660:
657:
636:
633:
592:
589:
565:
564:
561:osteoarthritis
553:
546:
502:
501:Classification
499:
482:
479:
478:
477:
470:
467:
394:
391:
367:
366:
361:
356:
354:Duane syndrome
351:
346:
341:
336:
321:
316:
302:
297:
269:showing fused
259:
256:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
185:
179:
178:
177:Family history
175:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
133:
127:
126:
117:
111:
110:
108:
107:
55:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2602:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:Sacralization
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Plagiocephaly
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:Hypertelorism
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Scaphocephaly
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:Brachydactyly
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:Either / both
2169:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Hip dysplasia
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1686:(6): 1142–7.
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1655:
1654:The Telegraph
1651:
1644:
1641:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1448:on 2021-04-11
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1189:on 2012-05-31
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:(3): 202–10.
1059:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
967:
962:
956:
942:on 2015-10-01
938:
934:
927:
920:
917:
912:
899:
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
825:on 2018-06-12
824:
820:
814:
811:
799:
795:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
776:0-7216-2921-0
773:
769:
763:
760:
753:
748:
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:90 Day Fiancé
732:
730:
726:
725:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:
685:
681:
680:
676:
672:Notable cases
671:
669:
666:
658:
656:
654:
650:
645:
642:
634:
632:
630:
626:
622:
621:Spinal fusion
618:
614:
613:spinal fusion
608:
604:
602:
598:
590:
588:
584:
582:
581:malformations
578:
574:
570:
562:
558:
557:hypermobility
554:
551:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
514:
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
487:heterogeneity
480:
475:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
455:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
416:
411:
410:
405:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
365:
362:
360:
359:Srb's anomaly
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:Short stature
347:
345:
344:Heart defects
342:
340:
337:
334:
333:missing teeth
330:
326:
322:
320:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
290:
287:
283:
276:
272:
268:
264:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
198:
194:
191:in some cases
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
116:
112:
103:
57:
56:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2462:
2399:Macrocephaly
2245:
2241:Acheiropodia
2213:Ectrodactyly
2133:
2114:
1999:Oligodactyly
1994:Clinodactyly
1923:Appendicular
1864:orthoped/408
1857:
1833:
1822:
1808:
1793:
1778:
1737:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1710:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1584:(1): 35–42.
1581:
1577:
1571:
1546:. Retrieved
1536:
1522:
1510:
1478:(4): 352–5.
1475:
1471:
1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:the original
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1409:
1402:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1319:(2): 174–7.
1316:
1312:
1302:
1269:
1266:Neurosurgery
1265:
1255:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1177:
1162:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1100:
1080:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1020:
1013:
980:
976:
969:
955:cite journal
944:. Retrieved
937:the original
932:
919:
898:cite journal
887:
852:
848:
838:
827:. Retrieved
823:the original
813:
802:. Retrieved
797:
767:
762:
734:
722:Contemporary
711:18th Dynasty
701:of northern
697:site of the
662:
659:Epidemiology
646:
638:
609:
605:
594:
585:
566:
504:
484:
473:
458:
453:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
419:
413:
407:
402:
368:
319:Cleft palate
300:Spina bifida
288:
284:
280:
230:
226:
213:
209:
205:
204:
173:Risk factors
145:heart defect
141:spina bifida
124:orthopaedics
2429:Saddle nose
2196:Webbed toes
2187:Polydactyly
2072:Genu valgum
2004:Polydactyly
1426:25 December
747:Justyn Ross
715:Tutankhamun
684:Switzerland
629:Arthrodesis
535:spinal cord
511:webbed neck
387:spinal cord
152:Usual onset
120:Paediatrics
30:Other names
2574:Categories
2404:Platybasia
2340:Oxycephaly
2253:Phocomelia
2247:Ectromelia
2223:Stub thumb
2191:Syndactyly
2158:Hammer toe
2127:Pigeon toe
2077:Genu varum
2049:Coxa valga
1907:Congenital
1835:DiseasesDB
1726:2007-12-13
1660:2007-07-12
1599:1885/54871
1548:2014-01-18
1452:2020-10-15
1193:2009-06-13
1124:Hum. Mutat
1037:25 January
946:2015-09-30
829:2013-01-20
804:2018-08-18
754:References
688:necropolis
665:prevalence
539:brain stem
397:See also:
375:sex organs
237:André Feil
156:Congenital
2456:Scoliosis
2263:Hemimelia
2148:Pes cavus
2141:Flat feet
2122:Club foot
2054:Coxa vara
1859:eMedicine
997:1754-4505
871:1092-0684
855:(1): E3.
695:Neolithic
653:gigantism
641:prognosis
635:Prognosis
625:scoliosis
601:scoliosis
591:Treatment
527:extension
505:In 1912,
495:prognosis
491:diagnosis
481:Diagnosis
404:Mutations
325:dentition
294:Scoliosis
196:Frequency
183:Prognosis
137:scoliosis
115:Specialty
2506:Cervical
1953:shoulder
1949:clavicle
1931:dysmelia
1721:Cricinfo
1702:12812942
1656:. London
1633:12 April
1608:29539340
1557:cite web
1394:46420208
1386:16138062
1345:21430874
1294:41447240
1286:12188968
1247:19744236
1239:17023841
1169:(OMIM):
1146:18425797
1074:12703036
1005:19886936
879:27364256
573:thoracic
569:cervical
541:travel (
393:Genetics
371:skeleton
329:cavities
312:and the
252:thoracic
187:Shorter
131:Symptoms
2521:sternum
1829:D007714
1693:8149017
1502:9875048
1493:1717726
1336:3051126
1154:5276691
703:Vietnam
677:Ancient
550:Flexion
523:flexion
406:of the
379:muscles
310:kidneys
267:CT scan
254:spine.
216:, is a
2544:other:
2258:Amelia
2135:valgus
1818:214300
1815:118100
1804:756.16
1757:Curlie
1700:
1690:
1606:
1500:
1490:
1417:
1392:
1384:
1343:
1333:
1292:
1284:
1245:
1237:
1152:
1144:
1072:
1028:
1003:
995:
877:
869:
774:
706:death.
579:spine
577:lumbar
575:, and
474:8q22.2
248:lumbar
244:thesis
162:Causes
106:
2511:Bifid
2392:other
2309:Axial
2116:varus
1789:Q76.1
1390:S2CID
1364:Spine
1290:S2CID
1243:S2CID
1219:Spine
1150:S2CID
940:(PDF)
929:(PDF)
519:atlas
449:MEOX1
442:GDF6,
421:MEOX1
383:brain
2497:ribs
2064:knee
1940:Arms
1927:limb
1840:7197
1824:MeSH
1810:OMIM
1799:9-CM
1698:PMID
1635:2015
1604:PMID
1563:link
1498:PMID
1428:2010
1415:ISBN
1382:PMID
1341:PMID
1282:PMID
1235:PMID
1142:PMID
1070:PMID
1039:2018
1026:ISBN
1001:PMID
993:ISSN
961:link
911:help
875:PMID
867:ISSN
772:ISBN
709:The
663:The
639:The
537:and
525:and
485:The
454:GDF6
447:and
445:GDF3
438:GDF3
434:GDF6
430:GDF3
428:and
426:GDF6
418:and
415:GDF3
409:GDF6
385:and
314:ribs
273:and
250:and
235:and
218:rare
2027:hip
2018:Leg
1795:ICD
1780:ICD
1755:at
1688:PMC
1594:hdl
1586:doi
1488:PMC
1480:doi
1372:doi
1331:PMC
1321:doi
1274:doi
1227:doi
1132:doi
1106:NLM
1104:at
1062:doi
985:doi
857:doi
615:is
210:KFS
2576::
2189:/
2037:/
1951:/
1929:/
1913:/
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1802::
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