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to the State
Chancellery, chanting their slogan "kmara" and demanding resignation of the "corrupt government" and President Shevardnadze. Since then, Kmara conducted several anti-government actions, drawing criticism from Shevardnadze's allies, who, initially suggested that the movement was financed
137:
the word "kmara" ("Enough!") on walls, buildings, streets, and elsewhere in even most remote places in
Georgia. The slogan was quickly upheld by those who saw the Shevardnadze regime increasingly corrupt and failing. This effort was supplemented by noisy protest marches and aggressive
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Kmara remained at the forefront of the mass rallies following the
November 2003 parliamentary election, which was criticized by the opposition, NGOs and international observers. After the demonstrations brought about the resignation of Shevradnadze, Kmara shifted its focus in
20:
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The Kmara movement emerged in April 2003. It was formed by the
Georgian student activists which received training by the Serbian Otpor! through the funding of the OSI. The training was focused on sharing the Serbian experience of
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Kmara organized a loose, decentralized network of the regional cells and employed simple, but effective methods to create a large-scale social movement against the government of Eduard
Shevardnadze. Members
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was approaching and many
Georgians feared the government was ready to resort to election fraud. On April 14, 2003, Kmara made its first major appearance, staging a march of some 200 students from the
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and virtual NGO, which was highly successful in mobilizing the young
Georgians, mostly students, against Shevardnadze's rule. Although Kmara was allied with the opposition parties, especially
111:, its behavior and tactics were nonpartisan, focusing on criticizing corruption and failures of the Shevardnadze regime, rather than promoting any particular politician or political party.
502:
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by the "Russian special services". On August 6, 2003, police force was used to disperse the Kmara rally, protesting against the arrival of the
Russian state-owned power company
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campaign. According to one of the co-founders of Kmara, Giorgi
Kandelaki, "Kmara succeeded in breaking through the public’s political apathy, particularly among young people."
183:. The movement was continuously harassed by the Adjarian regime, which, in its turn, fell to the increasing pressure from the new Georgian government of
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198:. In August 2005, two activists of the Georgian youth movement Kmara, Giorgi Kandelaki and Luka Tsuladze, were arrested in
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condemned the arrest and said that it "considers Luka
Tsuladze and Giorgi Kandelaki to be prisoners of conscience."
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Georgia from national awakening to Rose Revolution : delayed transition in the former Soviet Union
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87:'s regime in 2000, the Kmara members were trained and advised by the influential Georgian NGO
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Young Georgians holding the Kmara flags during the Rose Revolution in November 2003
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Uncertain democracy: U.S. foreign policy and Georgia's Rose Revolution
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and Kmara's logo was a near-exact copy of the Otpor's clenched fist.
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236:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 53–54.
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420:(Repr. ed.). Aldershot, Hampshire : Ashgate. p. 195.
64:, active in the protests prior to and during the November 2003
360:"Amid Controversy, Georgian Student Protest Movement Grows"
263:
Join the Club. How Peer Pressure Can Transform the World
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Georgia's Rose Revolution. A Participant's Perspective
190:In 2005, Kmara worked with their counterparts in
503:Youth organisations based in Georgia (country)
322:. United States Institute of Peace. p. 5.
202:and held in prison for 15 days on charges of "
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8:
179:, a southwestern autonomous republic ran by
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83:, which had been instrumental in defeating
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334:"Student Movement "Enough" Gains Momentum"
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158:The scale of Kmara's actions grew as the
266:(1st ed.). London: Gardners Books.
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68:, which toppled down the government of
287:Antelava, Natalia (4 December 2003).
171:(UES) to the Georgian energy market.
16:Georgian political youth organization
7:
160:November 2003 parliamentary election
99:(OSI). The movement was a hybrid of
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358:Lomsadze, Giorgi (June 9, 2003).
508:Nonviolent resistance movements
1:
513:Politics of Georgia (country)
230:Mitchell, Lincoln A. (2009).
72:. Consciously modeled on the
338:Civil Georgia. 22 April 2003
77:nongovernmental organization
414:Wheatley, Jonathan (2005).
289:"How to stage a revolution"
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518:Georgian words and phrases
313:Kandelaki, Giorgi (2006).
36:
260:Rosenberg, Tina (2011).
206:". The human rights NGO
164:Tbilisi State University
109:United National Movement
169:Unified Energy Systems
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97:Open Society Institute
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208:Amnesty International
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56:) was a civic youth
185:Mikheil Saakashvili
105:Mikheil Saakashvili
70:Eduard Shevardnadze
58:resistance movement
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91:and funded by the
85:Slobodan Milošević
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467:"Timeline — 2005"
442:"Timeline – 2004"
390:"Timeline – 2003"
122:nonviolent action
89:Liberty Institute
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474:. Retrieved
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368:the original
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293:The BBC News
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204:hooliganism
492:Categories
427:0754645037
214:References
194:, named
146:Activity
32:Georgian
476:16 June
451:16 June
399:16 June
374:16 June
343:16 June
298:16 June
192:Belarus
128:Tactics
95:-based
74:Serbian
62:Georgia
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177:Adjara
115:Origin
81:Otpor!
79:(NGO)
51:Enough
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320:(PDF)
200:Minsk
140:media
37:კმარა
28:Kmara
478:2012
453:2012
422:ISBN
401:2012
376:2012
345:2012
300:2012
268:ISBN
238:ISBN
196:Zubr
42:lit.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
