379:
766:
623:
of this administration, Charles V instituted a special ministry, the
Council of Orders, composed of a president named by the king, whom he represented, and six knights, two delegates from each order. To this council belonged the presentation of knights to vacant commanderies and jurisdiction in all matters, civil or ecclesiastical, save the purely spiritual cases reserved for ecclesiastical dignitaries. Thus ended the autonomy of the orders, but not their prestige.
539:
162:
632:
history. Changes were made so that maternal grandparents are included in verifying noble ancestry. The applicant must be a practicing Roman
Catholic, be of legitimate birth through both parents and grandparents, not be descended from non-Christians, and prove at least 200 years of confirmed nobility of birth (not of privilege) from each of their four grandparents by legitimate marriage. Duties added in 1655 included defence of the belief in the
598:, which still existed in the eighteenth century, but from which exemption was easily purchased. Authority was exercised by a grand master assisted by a Council of Thirteen, which elected the grand master and had the right to depose him for due cause; they had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes between members of the order. The first grand master, Pedro Fernández de Castro, died in 1184. He had had 39 successors, among them several Spanish
665:
54:
878:
1585:
699:; had been an attorney, moneylender, notary public, retail merchant, or had worked where they lived or would have lived from their trade; had been dishonoured, had neglected the laws of honor and executed any act not proper for a perfect gentleman, or who lacked means of support. The prospective member then had to live three months in the galleys and reside for a month in the monastery to learn the Rule.
1235:
1630:
454:
594:, in modern-day Portugal. They also had a share in the fatal dissensions which disturbed the Christians of Iberia and brought about more than one schism in the order. Finally they took part in the maritime expeditions against the Muslims. Thus arose the obligation imposed upon aspirants to serve six months in the
622:
annexed to the crown of Spain the three great military orders (Alcántara, Calatrava, and
Santiago) with hereditary transmission even in the female line (1522). Thenceforth the three orders were united under one government, though their titles and possessions remained separate. To discharge the detail
892:
Each "encomienda" had to support the knight commander and the other knights living there, and to pay and arm a certain number of spearmen, who had to be properly equipped and take part in military actions they were called to by their master. All of them formed the armed retinue or army of the Order,
694:
Many classes of people were permanently disqualified from membership of the order due to their origins or circumstances. They included the following categories and their descendants: Jews, Muslims, heretics, converts to
Christianity, or a mixture of these, no matter how far removed. Also included
780:
In 1275, the Order also had six convents for nuns, who called themselves the
Mothers Superior. The wives and family of the friars could stay there when they went to war or died. The friars only professed conjugal chastity, but not everlasting, and because of this they could leave the convent and
553:
The mildness of this rule furthered the rapid spread of the order, which eclipsed the older orders of
Calatrava and Alcántara, and whose power was reputed abroad even before 1200. The first Bull of confirmation, that of Pope Alexander III, already enumerated a large number of endowments. At its
514:
of the order, secured them all the privileges and exemptions of other monastic orders. The order comprised several affiliated classes: canons, charged with the administration of the sacraments; canonesses, occupied with the service of pilgrims; religious knights living in community, and married
631:
The Order of
Santiago still exists under the protection of the Spanish Crown. As of 2014, there were 35 knights and 30 novices in the order. Admission to the Order was restricted to applicants of noble blood. Until 1653, nobility was checked by looking at only the paternal grandparents' family
353:, and is a red cross resembling a sword, with the shape of a fleur-de-lis on the hilt and the arms. The knights wore the cross stamped on the royal standard and white cape. The cross of the royal standard had a Mediterranean scallop in the center and another one at the end of each arm.
690:
Once the
Reconquest was finalized, a candidate who wished to join the Order of Santiago must have proved in his first four last names that he, his parents, and his grandparents were of noble descent by blood and not by privilege, and had never worked in manual or industrial labor.
554:
height
Santiago alone had more possessions than Calatrava and Alcántara together. In Spain, these possessions included 83 commanderies (of which 3 were reserved to the grand commanders), 2 cities, 178 boroughs and villages, 200 parishes, 5 hospitals, 5 convents, and 1 college at
893:
which answered to the orders of its master. The revenue of the Order came from land, pastures, industries, toll and right of way, taxes, and tithe. The revenue was allocated between the respective "encomiendas" and the board that financed the Master of the Order.
864:
The most important internal subdivision of the military orders were called "encomiendas", which were local units directed by a knight commander of military order. The "encomienda" could place the headquarters or residence of the knight commander in a
873:
or in a small town and was the administrative or economic center in which the rents of the estate and properties relevant to that "encomienda" were paid and received; it was the habitual residence of the knight commander and some other knight.
589:
Their military history is linked with that of the
Iberian states. They assisted in the eviction of the Muslims and doing battle with them, sometimes separately, sometimes with the royal armies, a notable example being the
430:, was regarded as the headquarters of the order; there the grand master habitually resided, aspirants passed their year of probation, and the rich archives of the order were preserved until united in 1869 with the "
447:
414:. At that time (1157–1230) the royal dynasty was divided into two branches, the rivalry of which tended to obscure the beginnings of the order. The Knights of Santiago had possessions in each of the kingdoms, but
503:
in that town for the protection of pilgrims to the shrine of St. James and the hospices on the roads leading to Compostela. This explains the mixed character of their order—hospitaller and military—like that of
908:
Women were admitted into the order from the beginning, since its members could marry. The work of the ladies of the order, who were required to be of noble status and to prove the purity of their blood
508:. They were recognized as religious by Pope Alexander III, whose Bull of 5 July 1175, was subsequently confirmed by more than twenty of his successors. These pontifical acts, collected in the
359:
The sword represents the chivalrous character of the apostle St. James and his martyr ways, since he was decapitated with a sword. It can also symbolize taking the sword in the name of
1245:
398:, in Galicia, the centre of devotion to this Apostle, is neither the cradle nor the principal seat of the order. Two cities contend for the honour of having given it birth,
669:
1537:
924:
115:
1298:
543:
422:, in bestowing them, set the condition that the seat of the order should be in their respective states. Hence arose long disputes which only ended in 1230 when
378:
881:
1400:
915:) with corresponding records, was limited to the task of educating the children of the knights. However, some were given authority over certain tasks.
1134:
1084:
312:
in 1931. With the fall of the Republic and the re-establishment of the Monarchy, the Order of Santiago was definitely restored with the kingship of
1315:
765:
1542:
1527:
370:, when the knights took with them small crosses with sharpened bottoms to stick them in the ground and carry out their daily devotions.
1203:
231:
356:
The three fleurs-de-lis represent the "honor without stain", which is in reference to the moral features of the Apostle's character.
1291:
1224:
1173:
523:, was accorded them from the beginning under certain conditions, such as the authorization of the king, the obligation of observing
153:
1532:
33:
591:
786:
687:
In its beginnings, entrance into the Order was not difficult, but after mid-thirteenth century it became more complicated.
1558:
633:
615:
431:
1604:
1284:
946:
made by Paradox Interactive, the Order of Santiago can be created, as a militarized order akin to the Knights Templar.
1375:
759:
1214:
1655:
1572:
524:
949:
Knights of Santiago are a unique crusading military units that can be raised by the Spanish faction in the game
1390:
516:
469:
423:
72:
308:
as a nobiliary institute of honorable character. The Order was again suppressed after the proclamation of the
1584:
1496:
1066:
834:
547:
419:
415:
320:
309:
1506:
951:
743:
603:
558:. The number of knights was then 400 and they could muster more than 1000 lances. They had possessions in
395:
301:
1522:
1365:
1088:
885:
1486:
1481:
1250:
505:
243:
769:
484:
450:, also known as Pedro Fernández de Fuentecalada, a soldier of King Ferdinand II and a former crusader.
328:
282:
139:
1501:
1413:
1370:
1408:
747:
715:
710:
The Order of Santiago operated convents, both male and female. Aside from the convents for friars of
640:
465:
461:
344:
59:
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1385:
1380:
719:
1491:
842:
810:
755:
648:
305:
1423:
1634:
1444:
1307:
968:
942:
911:
897:
751:
575:
480:
473:
443:
439:
411:
324:
135:
1355:
1345:
403:
538:
1476:
1220:
1199:
1169:
956:
936:
846:
457:
350:
286:
255:
1599:
1360:
973:
850:
837:, the most important ones being Castille and León because of their number of properties and
727:
583:
332:
275:
247:
226:
218:
179:
143:
100:
1024:
664:
399:
161:
773:
535:, and on certain festivals of the year, which they spent at their monasteries in retreat.
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316:
with the character of a nobiliary, honorable, and religious order; and remains as such.
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32:
This article is about the Spanish Order of knighthood. For the Portuguese Order, see
1270:
877:
702:
Later the King and the Council of the Orders abolished many of these prerequisites.
53:
1340:
841:. At the head of each province there was a military commander with headquarters in
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17:
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Jakubska cesta - stred (Banská Bystrica - Zvolen), Nitra (B. Štiavnica - Nitra)
1460:
1330:
492:
1265:
297:
forever united the office of Grand Master of Santiago to the Crown in 1523.
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510:
453:
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281:
With the culmination of the Reconquista and the death of the Grand Master
870:
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579:
559:
438:. The order received its first rule in 1171 from Cardinal Jacinto (later
407:
367:
267:
263:
896:
By 1185, the order possessed lands as far afield as France, England and
578:. Abrantes, their first commandery in Portugal, dates from the reign of
781:
marry. The convents that are mentioned are: Santa Eufemia de Cozuelos (
731:
599:
571:
1276:
866:
838:
822:
802:
595:
563:
528:
435:
360:
271:
234:
founded in the 12th century. It owes its name to the patron saint of
606:
induced the pope to assign to him the administration of the order.
274:. The Order's insignia is particularly recognisable and abundant in
1238: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
876:
764:
663:
567:
452:
377:
251:
235:
90:
532:
499:. At León, they offered their services to the Canons Regular of
27:
Spanish religious and military order founded in the 12th century
1280:
1273:, history of the St James' Cross used by the Order of Santiago.
1186:
The Rule of the Spanish Military Order of St. James – 1170–1493
304:
suppressed the Order in 1873, but it was re-established in the
203:
246:). Its initial objective was to protect the pilgrims on the
209:
197:
188:
849:, León. The province of León was divided into two parts,
206:
1048:
1046:
793:, given to the Order in 1233; San Vicente de Junqueras (
992:
990:
695:
were people who had been punished for acts against the
366:
It is said that its shape originated in the era of the
797:), founded in 1212; San Pedro de la Piedra (1260), in
191:
185:
182:
194:
1592:
1567:
1551:
1543:
Jakubska cesta - západ (Trnava - Bratislava - Wien)
1528:
Jakubska cesta - Spiš (Košice - Levoča - Litmanová)
1515:
1469:
1453:
1437:
1399:
1323:
1314:
976:, an Irish soldier and Knight of Santiago, fl. 1607
349:The Order's insignia is said to originate from the
200:
149:
131:
126:
114:
106:
96:
86:
78:
67:
41:
1019:
1017:
586:released from the jurisdiction of Uclés in 1290.
266:of Spain exclusively, and some members have been
250:, to defend Christendom and to remove the Muslim
582:in 1172, and soon became a distinct order which
1121:
1008:
925:List of grand masters of the Order of Santiago
1292:
1166:Orders of Knighthood, Awards and the Holy See
8:
1533:Jakubska cesta - sever (Žilina - Trojmedzie)
1025:"The symbolic power of the Way of St. James"
546:with the embroidered cross of the order, by
426:, united both crowns. Thereafter, Uclés, in
1320:
1299:
1285:
1277:
1135:"Las mujeres en las órdenes de Caballería"
1052:
495:, Santiago adopted the milder rule of the
1109:
683:Prerequisites for entrance into the Order
515:knights. The right to marry, which other
1216:Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
652:in heraldry), which recalls their title
537:
487:, which followed the severe rule of the
1196:Spain:A Partible Inheritance, 1157–1300
996:
986:
888:with the embroidered cross of the Order
460:(between 1388 and 1390; June 2, 1453),
1085:"The Military Order of Santiago (n.d)"
854:
643:, a red cross terminating in a sword (
38:
1065:Billington, Rachel (1 October 1989).
857:; in each of them there were various
225:
7:
1559:Jakobsweg Wien - Salzburg - Insbruck
1254:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1219:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
772:, parent headquarters of the order,
319:The Order of Santiago is one of the
833:The Order was divided into several
1246:Order of Saint James of Compostela
1244:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1164:Cardinale, Hyginus Eugene (1985).
934:In the grand strategy game series
718:, the Order had other convents in
472:of Santiago, and favorite of King
25:
1168:. Buckinghamshire: Colin Smythe.
262:. Entrance was not restricted to
154:Order of Saint James of the Sword
1628:
1583:
1233:
1183:Gallego Blanco, Enrique (1971).
519:only obtained at the end of the
289:incorporated the Order into the
178:
160:
52:
1213:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2003).
825:(1650) came after these dates.
34:Order of St. James of the Sword
821:) and the Mothers Superior of
446:. This first Grand Master was
270:Europeans from other parts of
71:Religious Order of Honour and
1:
673:
672:in the uniform of the order,
634:Immaculate Conception of Mary
1605:Confraternity of Saint James
1198:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
801:; Santos-o-Velho (1194), in
442:), then legate in Iberia of
321:four Spanish military orders
232:religious and military order
1141:(in Spanish). 15 March 2015
787:Convento de Sancti Spiritus
1672:
1067:"Santiago's Golden Legend"
922:
432:Archivo Histórico Nacional
342:
107:Religious affiliation
31:
1623:
1581:
448:Pedro Fernández de Castro
323:, together with those of
159:
51:
1391:Royal way of La Valdavia
1271:The Cross of Saint James
479:Unlike the contemporary
424:Ferdinand III, the Saint
101:House of Bourbon - Spain
1497:Camino Polaco del Norte
1194:Linehan, Peter (2011).
1071:New York Times Magazine
548:Frans Pourbus the Elder
497:Canons of St. Augustine
420:Alfonso VIII of Castile
1635:Catholicism portal
952:Medieval II: Total War
889:
777:
679:
604:Ferdinand the Catholic
550:
544:Íñigo López de Mendoza
476:
396:Santiago de Compostela
387:
382:Badge of order at the
363:, in a certain sense.
222:
1507:Silesian-Moravian Way
1266:Catholic Encyclopedia
1251:Catholic Encyclopedia
919:List of grand masters
880:
768:
667:
660:Internal organization
541:
506:St. John of Jerusalem
456:
381:
343:Further information:
244:St. James the Greater
829:Territorial division
785:), founded in 1502;
641:cross of Saint James
462:Constable of Castile
416:Ferdinand II of León
404:kingdom of that name
345:Cross of Saint James
62:as used by the Order
60:Cross of Saint James
1523:Lesser Slovakia Way
1009:Gallego Blanco 1971
843:Segura de la Sierra
813:). The convents of
756:Segura de la Sierra
592:conquest of Algarve
481:orders of Calatrava
227:[sanˈtjaɣo]
1487:Lower Silesian Way
1482:Greater Polish Way
1308:Way of Saint James
1139:Errores Históricos
1091:on 28 January 2008
969:Order of Calatrava
943:Crusader Kings III
930:In popular culture
912:limpieza de sangre
890:
778:
770:Monastery of Uclés
680:
639:Their symbol is a
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477:
474:John II of Castile
444:Pope Alexander III
440:Pope Celestine III
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283:Alonso de Cárdenas
140:Order of Alcántara
136:Order of Calatrava
18:Knight of Santiago
1656:Order of Santiago
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1610:Order of Santiago
1579:
1578:
1477:Lesser Polish Way
957:Creative Assembly
937:Crusader Kings II
716:San Marcos (León)
610:Council of Orders
602:, when, in 1499,
351:Battle of Clavijo
287:Catholic Monarchs
256:Iberian Peninsula
223:Orden de Santiago
174:Order of Santiago
170:
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45:Orden de Santiago
42:Order of Santiago
16:(Redirected from
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1633:
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1600:Codex Calixtinus
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1502:Via Cervimontana
1414:Via Lemovicensis
1371:Camino de Madrid
1361:Camino Primitivo
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1087:. Archived from
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1031:. 25 August 2015
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774:Cuenca Province
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670:Count of Guaqui
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1424:Via Tolosane
1341:Northern Way
1249:
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1165:
1158:Bibliography
1143:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1079:
1070:
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1033:. Retrieved
1028:
1011:, p. 3.
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997:Linehan 2011
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724:Palas de Rei
709:
706:The convents
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654:De la Espada
653:
646:cross fleury
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552:
542:Portrait of
509:
489:Benedictines
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466:Grand Master
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318:
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280:
239:
173:
171:
44:
29:
1454:Switzerland
1376:Camino Real
1366:Catalan Way
1351:English Way
859:encomiendas
819:Ciudad Real
677: 1910
574:, and even
521:Middle Ages
391:Middle Ages
306:Restoration
276:Western art
260:Reconquista
97:Royal house
79:Established
1461:Via Jacobi
1346:Tunnel Way
1331:French Way
1095:7 December
981:References
955:, made by
740:Montánchez
525:continence
293:, and the
132:Equivalent
127:Precedence
1615:Via Regia
1035:25 August
898:Carinthia
835:provinces
815:Membrilla
807:Destriana
795:Barcelona
791:Salamanca
748:Montalbán
627:Modernity
616:Charles V
576:Palestine
556:Salamanca
511:Bullarium
485:Alcántara
329:Alcántara
325:Calatrava
258:with the
254:from the
116:Sovereign
1650:Category
1516:Slovakia
1438:Portugal
1189:. Brill.
1145:20 April
963:See also
871:fortress
783:Palencia
736:Portugal
668:The 3rd
600:Infantes
580:Afonso I
560:Portugal
368:Crusades
339:Insignia
268:Catholic
264:nobility
240:Santiago
1593:Related
1568:Germany
1552:Austria
1242::
855:Llerena
839:vassals
776:, Spain
744:Cáceres
732:Palmela
596:galleys
572:Hungary
527:during
493:Cîteaux
468:of the
412:Castile
402:in the
374:History
333:Montesa
230:) is a
219:Spanish
150:Related
87:Country
1470:Poland
1401:France
1316:Routes
1223:
1202:
1172:
886:László
867:castle
851:Mérida
823:Madrid
803:Lisbon
799:Lérida
754:) and
752:Teruel
649:fitchy
614:Under
564:France
529:Advent
436:Madrid
406:, and
361:Christ
331:, and
285:, the
272:Europe
1324:Spain
712:Uclés
568:Italy
434:" of
408:Uclés
252:Moors
236:Spain
91:Spain
1221:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1147:2022
1097:2007
1037:2015
940:and
853:and
811:León
805:and
760:Jaén
728:Lugo
714:and
533:Lent
483:and
418:and
400:León
300:The
172:The
82:1170
68:Type
58:The
1248:".
869:or
789:of
762:).
746:),
738:),
730:),
491:of
410:in
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1016:^
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204:ɑː
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207:ɡ
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195:t
192:n
189:ɒ
186:s
183:ˌ
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