218:, were crated and shipped overseas in KD form, in various degrees of completeness, to Allied countries to sustain their war effort. Assembly lines were preferably set up in local automotive factories where appropriate tooling and equipment could be easily found, but, where needed, other types of buildings could be used, especially in on-the-field situations, and on occasion, even open-air rebuilding camps were set up, managed by military personnel. Owing to male mobilization, sometimes a female workforce was employed. CKD military vehicles could be stored for shipment in one-vehicle-per-crate form (or SUP, Single Unit Pack), or as several vehicles (usually two to three) divided in two or more crates. Vehicles shipped to certain countries could be lacking some items, such as cabs, beds, or tires, that were built and provided locally.
22:
1051:
184:
preferences, the manufacturer needs to "localize" the car further, i.e., increase the share of parts produced by local manufacturers, such as tires, wheels, seats, headlights, windscreens and glass, batteries, interior plastics, etc., even down to the engine and transmission. At some point, the steel body could be pressed, welded, and painted locally, effectively making KD assembly only a few steps away from full-scale production.
1024:; again using European-made fuselages, wings, and tail sections. However, the Mobile final assembly line will use more locally sourced components than the Tianjin line; engines, interior components, and avionics will be sourced mainly from American suppliers. Both the Airbus Tianjin and Mobile plants receive their fuselages, wings, and tail sections from Europe via
156:
1066:
mail-order catalog offered over 400 styles of homes. Buyers were provided with all of the materials and the instructions needed to build a house. Everything that arrived by train or in the mail was designed to fit together, therefore buyers could build the houses themselves or hire contractors. Sears
355:
of its
European operations in late 1978, the Rootes business basis in Iran became the primer for the very significant PSA Peugeot Citroën business in Iran involving engine and CKD deliveries, particularly from the 405, introduced in 1990 and facelifted as the Pars in 1999 and 206 introduced in 2001.
92:
industries, as well as electronics, furniture and other products. Businesses sell knocked-down kits to their foreign affiliates or licensees for various reasons, including the avoidance of import taxes, to receive tax preferences for providing local manufacturing jobs, or even to be considered as a
146:
Knock-down kit assembly plants are less expensive to establish and maintain because they do not need modern robotic equipment, and the workforce may be less costly than in the country of origin. The plants may also be effective for low-volume production. The CKD concept allows firms in developing
183:
for assembly (a "complete" kit) or obtained from third parties (an "incomplete" kit); all of the interiors are already installed at the originating factory. The term SKD for semi-knocked-down refers to a kit with a complete, welded car body, usually coated or already painted. To gain extra tax
430:. Local content requirements were met by using Australian suppliers for the interiors (seats, carpeting, etc.) as well as for lights, heaters, and other components. Various Rambler models were assembled in New Zealand from the early 1960s until 1971 by Campbell Motors in
632:. Mahindra planned to export CKDs to the United States as complete vehicles that will be assembled in the United States from kits of parts shipped in crates. However, Mahindra's United States CKD and export plans never materialized and were subject to several lawsuits.
317:(FDI). The arrangement benefited the French automaker because its product range lacked large-sized cars, and it needed to offer an "executive" model for its European markets. The situation changed by 1977. By this time, AMC sought outside support for a new car in the
1742:
76:), which is a kit of entirely unassembled parts of a product. It is also a method of supplying parts to a market, particularly in shipping to foreign nations, and serves as a way of counting or pricing. CKD is a common practice in the
453:
and providing local employment, despite the small size of the local market. Following economic reforms in the 1980s, including the lowering of import tariffs, and the ability to import
Australian-built vehicles duty-free under the
655:, but not all of Europe since only cars imported to the EU benefit from circumventing the 10% import duty (e.g. cars to Norway are shipped directly from the United States). For the most part, the car is still manufactured in the
773:
provisions for US public transit agencies and tariff rules. Since 2009 the
Plattsburgh assembly plant has had full stainless steel welding and fabrication capability, allowing for cars to be fully assembled and completed
1753:
139:. The degree of "knock-down" depends on the desires and technical abilities of the receiving organization or government import regulations. Developing nations may pursue trade and economic policies that call for
112:(although it has never been assembled) is a kit of the partially assembled parts of a product. Both types of KDs, complete and incomplete, are collectively referred to within the auto industry as
1417:
195:, the Ford Motor Company was already shipping car parts from its Michigan plants for final assembly in the regions of the United States or foreign countries where the cars would be sold.
748:
727:
Many rail equipment builders have used kits or incomplete vehicles, often to meet local assembly and production requirements or quotas, or to satisfy tariffs. Some examples include:
466:, because they were less expensive than locally assembled used cars, and outsold the 'NZ New' vehicles. The last companies to construct CKD kits in New Zealand were Toyota, Nissan,
1447:
708:, to Anniston for final assembly. NABI expanded production operations in Anniston to allow full production with its first fully domestically produced bus unit in 2008.
663:. During the final assembly in the Netherlands, various parts are added to the car, most notably the rear subframe with the drive train as well as the battery pack.
777:
135:
because the knock-downs were never built up in the first place. The parts shipments are often not in the form of kits, but rather bulk-packed by type of part into
1299:
391:, Nigeria, Portugal, Perú, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Uruguay; the 504, mainly in Argentina, Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, South-Africa, Australia, and China by the
1664:
143:
or local content regulations. Companies with CKD operations help the country substitute the finished products it imports with locally assembled substitutes.
1269:
147:
markets to gain expertise in a particular industry. At the same time, the CKD kit exporting company gains new markets that would otherwise be closed.
1498:
285:. Beginning in 1962, and continuing until 1967, AMC also sold CKD kits of its passenger cars to Renault. They were assembled in Renault's factory in
1020:
and locally sourced components for interiors. Airbus opened a similar A320 final assembly line in the United States in
September 2015, located in
383:. The 404 and 504 were massively marketed worldwide through local CKD assembly shops: the 404 was assembled, besides France and Argentina, in
1138:
21:
392:
328:, which opened in 1963, completed vehicles in CKD form from Sweden for North American consumers. Halifax Assembly closed in December 1998.
618:
1690:
934:
716:
The practice of selling "knocked down" railcars, called by that name, pre-dates the 20th century, as evidenced by an advertisement by
1589:
1382:
1357:
52:) is a collection of parts required to assemble a product. The parts are typically manufactured in one country or region, and then
1809:
938:
864:
678:, assembly plant in 1963, as part of an expansion into the US market. Unfinished KD (knocked down) coach bodies are shipped from
856:
800:. Later the plant was tasked with the local manufacturing of further CRH2 train orders, through technology transfer from Japan.
215:
160:
1779:
211:
1630:
1401:
958:
221:
1050:
882:
878:
693:
458:
agreement, many car companies ended assembly in New
Zealand. They switched to importing completely built-up vehicles from
1716:
1819:
1326:
926:
1303:
232:. Mahindra expanded its operations to include domestic manufacture of Jeep vehicles with a high level of local content
1076:
1045:
423:
241:
1528:
1472:
744:
690:" provisions (49 USC 5323(j) and 49 CFR Part 661) for public agencies purchasing new equipment with federal funds.
168:
929:'s assembly plant in Hsinchu County, Taiwan has assembled several rolling stock models using knock-down kits from
954:
942:
754:
740:
455:
314:
267:
1277:
427:
172:
1067:
sourced building materials at a high volume, thus keeping prices low and competitive with the local builders.
810:, assembly plant produces final completed cars using stainless body assemblies shipped from the Lapa plant in
986:
237:
474:, which closed their plants in 1998 when the government announced plans to abolish import tariffs on cars.
1814:
1506:
1086:
908:
671:
582:
325:
120:), and cars assembled in the country of origin and exported whole to the destination market are known as
852:
766:
762:
675:
387:, Belgium, Canada (at the SOMA plant shared with Renault), Chile, Ireland, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia,
25:
270:(BMC) products were still either imported or assembled from CKD kits in several international markets.
1089:
founded a mail-order business for knock-down furniture in response to a lack of affordable furniture.
613:. Unlike the CKD Dodge Sprinter, the ProMaster is fully imported to the U.S. from a Chrysler plant in
793:
732:
463:
352:
278:
920:
202:, a significant number of US- and Canadian-built vehicles, most notably light and heavy trucks like
868:
851:. Car shells are assembled, outfitted, and completed for delivery at this site, which is served by
818:
used the same production method when it built new passenger cars at the
Hornell shops in the 1990s.
789:
781:
660:
586:
506:
450:
431:
140:
77:
682:, by flatbed trailer and completed, outfitted, and delivered at Pembina. This practice simplifies
131:
Technically, the terms "knock-down", "incompletely disassembled kit", and "kits of parts" are all
60:, on the other hand, stands for "Completely Built Up" and signifies import of a finished product.
1230:
1001:
930:
875:
848:
844:
826:
679:
624:
In 2009, Mahindra & Mahindra
Limited announced that it would export pickup trucks powered by
598:
435:
415:
176:
136:
1555:
1585:
1378:
1353:
1134:
950:
946:
807:
697:
467:
419:
167:
In the automotive industry, the most basic form of a vehicle in the KD kit lacks the wheels,
822:
815:
717:
571:, Volkswagen Group had a plant that was expected to have an annual output of 150,000 units.
510:
407:
344:
94:
1187:
1405:
1105:
1021:
916:
770:
687:
462:, Australia, or Europe. More significantly, the easing of import restrictions led to many
758:
1025:
898:
785:
652:
601:—essentially to circumvent the 25% tariff on imported light trucks known as the "
578:
318:
286:
89:
1803:
1085:
being easily disassembled for transportation. In the late 1940s, Australian designer
1017:
965:
961:
894:
860:
840:
833:
sent commuter train bodies from Japan to US finishers, including an
American unit of
830:
736:
656:
648:
644:
628:
from India to the United States in knockdown kit (CKD) form, again to circumvent the
625:
556:
518:
494:
233:
1082:
982:
548:
544:
502:
411:
372:
336:
332:
256:
199:
1743:"Blueprint to Patterncraft: DIY Furniture Patterns and Packs in Postwar Australia"
1638:
1397:
1181:
811:
1081:
Knock-down furniture dates back to at least the mid-19th century, with the 1859
797:
636:
629:
610:
602:
552:
403:
388:
380:
376:
368:
357:
306:
252:
1131:
Doing business in newly privatized markets: global opportunities and challenges
1224:
1013:
990:
902:
683:
606:
594:
574:
522:
514:
505:
for full-scale production and equipping it with a domestic engine. The German
414:. The components were shipped in containers to Australia from AMC's plants in
310:
248:
188:
1245:
1155:
410:
versions of their automobiles to markets such as
Australia, New Zealand, and
985:, packaging them with serviceable aircraft. This allows them to be used for
890:
825:
in 1982 until the opening of a full-body manufacturing and assembly line in
540:
498:
384:
348:
203:
1605:
313:. The deal allowed AMC to sell its cars in new markets without significant
277:
began negotiations for a first partnership agreement with AMC to assemble
1009:
1008:, China, assembles fuselage, wing, and tail sections made in Europe with
978:
834:
701:
207:
132:
367:
introduced CKD-based production of a light pick-up vehicle based on the
321:
market segment, which led to the first of many agreements with
Renault.
1448:"Mahindra Planning Kit Assembly of Diesel Pickups To Avoid Chicken Tax"
1005:
912:
705:
640:
536:
478:
399:
364:
298:
294:
290:
274:
375:) under the name Peugeot 4TB. In 1973, this model was replaced by the
997:
886:
803:
614:
568:
560:
532:
525:
443:
439:
340:
302:
282:
53:
1665:"Sears Sold 70,000 Homes From Their Catalog. Are You Living in One?"
585:
vans for sale in the United States and Canada at Mercedes-Benz and
155:
1063:
1049:
590:
471:
459:
225:
154:
85:
20:
449:
New Zealand had developed a car assembly industry as a means of
1093:
1033:
1029:
1004:
aircraft outside Europe. The Airbus A320 final assembly line in
564:
490:
486:
422:. Assembly of Rambler and AMC vehicles in Australia was done by
360:
produced 281'000 Peugeot vehicles, securing a 36% market share.
263:
229:
347:). Bought by Chrysler in 1967 and then part of the sale to the
1691:"Sears Is Fading, But Memories Of Its Mail-Order Homes Endure"
482:
481:, which has almost prohibitive import taxes on finished cars.
81:
1780:"Ikea's Billy bookcase designer Gillis Lundgren dies aged 86"
1270:"Le cimetière des autos oubliées: Renault Rambler (1962-67)"
1473:"Tesla Motors Opens Assembly Plant in Tilburg, Netherlands"
981:
are also sold as "knock-downs" after they have ended their
1226:
148th MVA Ordnance - WWII - Dad in France on Assembly Line
406:
for distribution in Europe. American Motors also provided
1717:"The Chair Men: Gebrüder Thonet and the Number 14 Chair"
643:, the Netherlands. It is used for the assembly of their
402:, began assembly of CKD kits of AMC's newly introduced
788:, that carried out final assembly of first 10 sets of
1398:"ZAZ increased car output by 7% in Q1 2006" Bank AVAL
605:". The Sprinter was eventually replaced in the Dodge/
1300:"Peugeot Pars: petite histoire de la 405 iranienne"
1054:Advertisement for knocked-down kits for houses, in
769:, facilities for final assembly. These are to meet
259:that applied to sales of fully assembled vehicles.
1529:"Tesla assembly plant in Tilburg at full capacity"
609:lineup with the similar Ram ProMaster, a rebadged
915:in Kasado, Japan, with assembly completed at the
398:In 1968, the independent German automotive firm,
56:to another country or region for final assembly.
228:began its business in 1947 with assembling CKD
700:, in 1993, with incomplete buses shipped from
501:cars. It went as far as adopting a version of
1302:(in French). 5 September 2015. Archived from
859:, allowing delivery of new cars by rail. The
739:body shells and trucks north for assembly by
395:which developed a specific crew cab version.
16:Collection of manufactured parts for assembly
8:
1584:. Indiana University Press. pp. 56–57.
1556:"MCI Celebrates 80 Years of Buss Production"
1499:"Customs clearance & import tax US cars"
1375:Assembly: New Zealand car production 1921-98
871:were purchased and delivered in this method.
28:CKD crate being unloaded in a Swedish harbor
1631:"Expansion of Rochelle Production Facility"
1377:. New Zealand: Reed Books. pp. 1–223.
1133:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 281.
1096:began selling flat-pack furniture in 1956.
751:was purchased and delivered in this method.
262:By 1959, and with the introduction of the
1441:
1439:
1276:(in French). 4 April 2007. Archived from
1249:Tommy Lind's History of Renault 1898-1975
1160:Tommy Lind's History of Renault 1898-1975
1124:
1122:
1120:
757:ships incomplete cars from its plant at
535:, KD assembling facilities are owned by
1658:
1656:
1116:
792:high-speed trains, itself derived from
639:started operating an assembly plant in
563:using facilities that once belonged to
1233:from the original on 12 December 2021.
1180:Ford, Henry; Crowther, Samuel (1922).
885:fleets have aluminium bodies built by
784:has a joint venture assembly plant in
911:fleets have aluminum bodies built by
513:also produces SKDs in Ukraine at its
371:in Peugeot's Berazategui factory (in
97:projects with "buy national" rules).
7:
1610:Market Street Railway, San Francisco
1325:Uldane, Mauricio (6 February 2015).
1213:. No. 37. 1991. pp. 13–22.
847:, located in an industrial park off
393:Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company
339:to Iran where they were sold as the
1186:. Garden City Publishing. pp.
996:The European aircraft manufacturer
821:From their first US order from the
619:North American Free Trade Agreement
446:, Hino, Renault, and Peugeot cars.
1715:Murphy, Adrian (5 November 2019).
1400:, retrieved on: 3 September 2007.
1083:Thonet No. 14 chair bentwood chair
289:, and sold through its dealers in
14:
1582:History of the J.G. Brill Company
1424:(Press release). 28 February 2009
1348:Automobile Club of Italy (1972).
1000:uses knock-down kits to assemble
163:for assembly, probably a Plymouth
68:A common form of knock-down is a
1689:Abid, Ayesha (20 October 2018).
1418:"The Volkswagen Plant in Kaluga"
1327:"La primera camioneta de SAFRAR"
517:plant, producing cars under its
255:car in CKD form to avoid the UK
1637:. 30 April 2013. Archived from
1606:"Historic Streetcars: Car 1074"
1274:The graveyard of forgotten cars
1032:, as the plants are located in
893:with assembly completed at the
843:opened an assembly facility in
222:Mahindra & Mahindra Limited
93:bidder at all (for example, in
1778:Morby, Alice (14 March 2016).
444:Datsun (later known as Nissan)
179:. They are either supplied as
1:
1663:Dahl, Timothy (16 May 2016).
1422:volkswagen-media-services.com
1352:. Herald Books. p. 402.
1246:"International agreements..."
694:North American Bus Industries
110:incompletely disassembled kit
1554:Plachno, Larry (June 2013).
927:Taiwan Rolling Stock Company
577:has a CKD assembly plant in
161:AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik
1156:"Partnerships - a solution"
1129:Miller, Russell R. (2000).
1077:Ready-to-assemble furniture
1046:Kit houses in North America
796:, using parts shipped from
731:Between 1938 and 1951, the
485:assembles CKD kits of some
424:Australian Motor Industries
356:In 2004, Peugeot's partner
242:American Motors Corporation
1836:
1446:Kong, Benson (June 2009).
1092:Swedish furniture company
1074:
1043:
745:Toronto Transit Commission
741:Canadian Car & Foundry
191:co-wrote his 1922 memoir,
169:internal combustion engine
1750:Design History Foundation
1209:"CMP Assembly Overseas".
1028:using specially designed
955:Taoyuan Metro 1000 series
943:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
778:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
523:Volkswagen Passenger Cars
315:foreign direct investment
268:British Motor Corporation
1741:Carter, Nanette (2011).
1064:Sears, Roebuck & Co.
937:trains for Taipei Metro
438:), which had also built
428:Port Melbourne, Victoria
379:and later (1990) by the
247:In the 1950s and 1960s,
214:, and vehicles from the
159:CKD kit as delivered to
1810:Automotive technologies
1062:From 1908 to 1940, the
977:Unserviceable military
477:Other examples include
335:UK began exporting CKD
238:Kaiser Jeep Corporation
1505:. 2017. Archived from
1373:Webster, Mark (2002).
1329:(in Spanish). Taringa!
1087:Frederick Charles Ward
1059:
1016:made in the EU or the
909:British Rail Class 385
857:Philadelphia Belt Line
829:, thirty years later,
722:Street Railway Journal
672:Motor Coach Industries
583:Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
326:Halifax Assembly Plant
164:
29:
1580:Brill, Debra (2001).
1053:
957:) and Nippon Sharyo (
763:Plattsburgh, New York
696:opened operations in
676:Pembina, North Dakota
158:
102:semi-knocked-down kit
24:
1404:11 July 2007 at the
794:E2 Series Shinkansen
733:St Louis Car Company
589:dealers, along with
353:Chrysler Corporation
343:(meaning "arrow" in
1820:International trade
1560:National Bus Trader
1211:Wheels & Tracks
869:SEPTA Regional Rail
867:and Philadelphia's
790:China Railways CRH2
765:, and (until 2002)
661:Fremont, California
451:import substitution
141:import substitution
137:shipping containers
114:knocked-down export
70:complete knock-down
1641:on 14 October 2017
1060:
931:Hitachi Rail Italy
876:London Underground
863:cars for Denver's
849:Columbus Boulevard
845:South Philadelphia
827:Rochelle, Illinois
782:CSR Qingdao Sifang
680:Winnipeg, Manitoba
599:Chrysler Group LLC
581:that re-assembles
436:Toyota New Zealand
416:Kenosha, Wisconsin
165:
30:
1669:Popular Mechanics
1635:Nippon Sharyo USA
1535:. 7 February 2017
1280:on 15 August 2012
1140:978-1-56720-260-1
1056:Popular Mechanics
865:RTD commuter rail
808:Hornell, New York
698:Anniston, Alabama
539:, which produced
420:Brampton, Ontario
363:In 1967 as well,
1827:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1759:on 25 April 2021
1758:
1752:. Archived from
1747:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1533:GoPress Mobility
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1479:. 27 August 2013
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1414:
1408:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1306:on 24 March 2019
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1183:My Life and Work
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1126:
823:South Shore Line
816:Morrison-Knudsen
718:JG Brill Company
511:Volkswagen Group
408:right-hand drive
193:My Life and Work
95:public transport
42:knocked-down kit
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1509:on 15 June 2017
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1406:Wayback Machine
1396:
1392:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
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1307:
1298:
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1174:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1106:Rules of origin
1102:
1079:
1073:
1048:
1042:
1022:Mobile, Alabama
987:cannibalization
975:
917:Newton Aycliffe
771:Buy America Act
714:
688:Buy America Act
686:and meets the "
669:
597:'s takeover of
593:dealers before
337:Hillman Hunters
281:automobiles in
153:
122:built-up export
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1770:
1733:
1707:
1681:
1652:
1622:
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1075:Main article:
1072:
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1044:Main article:
1041:
1038:
974:
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970:
969:
945:(Taipei Metro
924:
921:Country Durham
906:
899:Washwood Heath
872:
838:
819:
801:
786:Qingdao, China
775:
767:Barre, Vermont
752:
713:
710:
668:
665:
653:European Union
626:diesel engines
579:South Carolina
287:Haren, Belgium
210:/GPA, GMC-353/
152:
149:
65:
62:
34:knock-down kit
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1832:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Manufacturing
1813:
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1359:9780910714044
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966:EMU800 series
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895:Metro-Cammell
892:
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866:
862:
861:Silverliner V
858:
854:
850:
846:
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841:Hyundai Rotem
839:
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831:Nippon Sharyo
828:
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737:PCC streetcar
734:
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666:
664:
662:
658:
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650:
646:
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638:
633:
631:
627:
622:
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617:under of the
616:
612:
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63:
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43:
39:
38:knockdown kit
35:
27:
23:
19:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1749:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1694:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1634:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1532:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1507:the original
1502:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:
1426:. Retrieved
1421:
1412:
1393:
1374:
1368:
1349:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1273:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1182:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1149:
1130:
1091:
1080:
1061:
1055:
995:
983:service life
976:
759:La Pocatière
726:
721:
715:
692:
670:
651:SUV for the
634:
623:
587:Freightliner
573:
549:BMW 5 Series
545:BMW 3 Series
530:
503:Daewoo Lanos
476:
464:used imports
448:
412:South Africa
397:
373:Buenos Aires
362:
333:Rootes Group
330:
323:
272:
261:
257:purchase tax
246:
220:
200:World War II
197:
192:
187:By the time
186:
180:
173:transmission
166:
145:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
90:rail vehicle
73:
69:
67:
57:
49:
45:
44:, or simply
41:
37:
33:
31:
18:
1645:28 November
1615:28 November
1565:28 November
1539:8 September
1457:23 November
1452:Motor Trend
1333:28 November
1002:A320 family
991:spare parts
798:Kobe, Japan
761:Quebec, to
724:from 1898.
674:opened its
630:chicken tax
611:Fiat Ducato
603:Chicken Tax
553:Kaliningrad
389:New Zealand
381:504 pick-up
377:404 pick-up
369:Peugeot 403
358:Iran Khodro
319:sub-compact
307:Netherlands
253:Lotus Seven
64:Definitions
1804:Categories
1789:30 January
1784:dezeen.com
1763:30 January
1726:30 January
1700:30 January
1674:30 January
1513:30 January
1483:30 January
1350:World cars
1310:30 January
1284:30 January
1254:30 January
1165:30 January
1112:References
1058:, May 1908
903:Birmingham
883:1996 Stock
814:, Brazil.
780:(KHI) and
755:Bombardier
684:US Customs
647:sedan and
595:Fiat Group
575:Daimler AG
515:Solomonovo
507:automotive
468:Mitsubishi
311:Luxembourg
249:Lotus Cars
240:and later
216:CMP family
189:Henry Ford
151:Automotive
78:automotive
1721:Europeana
1503:carfax.eu
1477:tesla.com
1428:22 August
1071:Furniture
919:works in
897:works in
891:Barcelona
812:São Paulo
749:PCC fleet
635:In 2013,
621:(NAFTA).
541:Hummer H2
426:(AMI) in
385:Australia
349:PSA Group
331:In 1967,
273:In 1961,
251:sold its
204:Willys MB
133:misnomers
46:knockdown
1402:Archived
1231:Archived
1100:See also
1036:cities.
1010:avionics
979:aircraft
973:Aircraft
835:Sumitomo
774:on-site.
735:shipped
702:Budapest
324:Volvo's
208:Ford GPW
84:, heavy
54:exported
26:Plymouth
1040:Housing
1014:engines
1006:Tianjin
913:Hitachi
855:on the
853:Conrail
720:in the
706:Hungary
649:Model X
645:Model S
641:Tilburg
537:Avtotor
526:marques
483:AutoZAZ
479:Ukraine
434:(later
404:Javelin
400:Karmann
365:Peugeot
351:by the
345:Persian
299:Belgium
295:Austria
291:Algeria
279:Rambler
275:Renault
244:(AMC).
198:During
177:battery
1588:
1381:
1356:
1194:8 June
1137:
998:Airbus
962:EMU700
935:EMU101
887:Alstom
804:Alstom
747:(TTC)
743:. The
615:Mexico
569:Kaluga
561:Moscow
555:, and
547:, and
533:Russia
509:giant
499:Daewoo
497:, and
470:, and
440:Toyota
432:Thames
341:Paykan
309:, and
305:, the
303:France
283:Europe
175:, and
88:, and
36:(also
1757:(PDF)
1746:(PDF)
1190:, 167
1030:ships
667:Buses
637:Tesla
591:Dodge
567:. In
519:Škoda
472:Honda
460:Japan
418:, or
236:from
230:Jeeps
226:India
181:parts
108:) or
86:truck
1791:2024
1765:2024
1728:2024
1702:2024
1676:2024
1647:2021
1617:2021
1586:ISBN
1567:2021
1541:2017
1515:2024
1485:2024
1459:2012
1430:2009
1379:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1335:2021
1312:2024
1286:2024
1256:2024
1196:2010
1167:2024
1135:ISBN
1094:IKEA
1034:port
1012:and
964:and
953:and
951:C381
947:C371
881:and
879:1995
874:The
712:Rail
565:AZLK
521:and
491:Opel
487:Lada
264:Mini
212:CCKW
1695:NPR
989:of
959:TRA
941:),
889:in
806:'s
659:in
607:Ram
559:in
551:in
531:In
456:CER
224:in
128:).
126:BUX
118:KDX
106:SKD
82:bus
74:CKD
58:CBU
48:or
1806::
1782:.
1748:.
1719:.
1693:.
1667:.
1655:^
1633:.
1608:.
1558:.
1531:.
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1438:^
1420:.
1272:.
1229:.
1188:81
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1119:^
993:.
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901:,
704:,
543:,
528:.
493:,
489:,
442:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
266:,
171:,
100:A
80:,
50:KD
40:,
32:A
1793:.
1767:.
1730:.
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1198:.
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206:/
124:(
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104:(
72:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
