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transition to knowledge construction. In the study, students enrolled in an online course initially modeled after a guided inquiry format, in which the teacher played a significant role in setting students' goals and monitoring their progress. This format eventually shifted to a self-organized inquiry model focused on knowledge construction, where students were expected to replace the teacher in setting class goals and monitoring their own progress. This fundamental change entailed the instructorâs concession of increasing responsibility to students. The studyâs results indicate that students in the self-organized course engaged in critical thinking and displayed a greater effort to go beyond the given information than students in the guided inquiry course. To that effect, the authors concluded "...there is a suggestion in the early pilot work reported, that the self-organized inquiry approach favours a shift towards a knowledge construction perspective more so than the guided inquiry approach."
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and corporate settings. Likewise, learning management systems commonly contain tools for discussion that have been used as the platform for KBCs, though the alignment of these tools with the requirements of community knowledge building has been questioned. Knowledge mapping software can increase the number of hypotheses generated in group problem solving as well as the likelihood that a group will converge on a consensus. Real-time collaborative editing platforms, like Google Docs, enable multiple people to work on a document simultaneously. These tools allow "evolving documents" to be refined repeatedly by multiple collaborators, and come equipped with built-in chat functionality, commenting, and reviewing tools for facilitating knowledge construction through suggestion-making.
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approach. This approach âdefines core values and principles, leaving teachers the challenge of engaging in reflective interpretation, using discretionary judgment, and making adaptive classroom decisions to accommodate their different contexts and possibilities.â The KBC model immerses students in collaborative efforts to extend knowledge of the classroom community rather than just individual learning. Students take ownership of their learning and knowledge building by completing the tasks of goal setting, long-term planning, and impromptu process control, rather than following predetermined scripts for learning set by the teacher. Understanding, integrating, and sharing information are all vital components of sustained KBC models.
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of a topic advances from their current understanding. Knowledge building is outwardly focused on generating contributions that learners can give back to the community. Thus, the product of knowledge building should be an âartifactââsuch as a publication, an illustrated model, or a theoryâwhich other learners can then use to advance their own understanding of that subject. Knowledge building philosophy, theory and practice should not be confused with similar, yet very different practices, such as project- or problem-based learning, intentional learning, communities of practice and the like.
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commercial use as
Knowledge Forumâ˘. This software provides support for cognitive processes involved in knowledge building, making these visible to both the instructors and the students. Discussions, comments, knowledge artifacts, and knowledge advances are all visible and improvable within Knowledge Forum. The software also includes tools that can be used for formative (self-)assessment of the quantity of activity of students and the connections between them. Knowledge Forum has been used as a tool to support knowledge building communities in K-12 and higher-education settings.
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significant effect on participation patterns, and individual feelings of autonomy, relatedness, and intrinsic motivation all influence behaviors in KBCs. Diversity among peers, response lags, and deadlines can be negative influences on collaboration causing stress, frustration, and difficulties in negotiating meaning and consensus. Without effective guidance from teachers, students tend to focus on individualistic contributions related to their areas of personal interest rather than developing a shared understanding or pursuing a common line of inquiry.
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Despite some promising results, efforts to implement KBCs in classrooms have also seen unintended consequences. Disparities in participation and maladaptive strategies aimed at reducing individual workload can lessen the effectiveness of KBCs for the community as a whole. Student relationships have a
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Knowledge
Building is a theory developed by Carl Bereiter and Marlene Scardamalia that deals with the construction of knowledge. To build knowledge, learners should collaborate with one another and establish common goals, hold group discussions, and synthesize ideas in such a way that their knowledge
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With the rapid growth of social networking software, a wide range of Web 2.0 tools with the capability to support community knowledge building have become available. Blogs, micro-blogs, wikis, and virtual worlds are just some of the Web 2.0 tools that have been implemented in K-12, higher education,
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Specific to a KBC is the objectification of knowledge artifacts. More precisely, if in a regular class, questions, ideas and discussions are personal and ethereal constructs, in a KBC classroom, they are public artifacts that have a permanent presence in a digital format, usually in the classroom
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The collaborative technology itself could also be problematic. The tool of choice may be difficult to use and thus pose a slow learning curve for collaborators. In a review of fifty studies, Hew, Cheung, & Ng (2010) identified a series of "design quirks" common to these tools that frustrate
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Because learners at the post-secondary level are more cognitively mature than younger students, researchers have observed many successful implementations of KBCs in higher education. Stefano
Cacciamani published a study in 2010 that explored how an instructor could make the shift from knowledge
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Successful knowledge building initiatives at an elementary school âdemonstrated sustained advancement of knowledge building as a principle-based, school-wide innovation.â Rather than focusing on a particular procedure or pedagogical approach to KBC, this study emphasized using a principle-based
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Scardamalia, Bereiter, and their team at the Center for
Applied Cognitive Science at the University of Toronto developed a networked software system called Computer Supported Intentional Learning Environments, or CSILE, in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the system was re-engineered and released for
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The key focus for KBCs has been research on fostering KBCs in classrooms. Transforming a classroom into a KBC requires a significant shift in classroom norms and also in student and teacher identities. In this context, students define themselves through their personal learning goals and
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Participants in a 2012 study by Philip used
Knowledge Forum, an online environment designed to support knowledge building, to read, post, and respond to notes over the course of one semester. The author identified several likely indicators of the presence of a KBC, including:
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A school culture that fosters KBCs supports research, innovation, and high expectations for student achievement and participation. The twelve KB principles are continuously emphasized for and by teachers, students, and the school environment as a whole.
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students, such as the inaccessibility of other posts and features while in composition mode and the inability to edit and delete messages after posting. Unforeseen glitches in the technology can also add strain to the collaborative process.
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database. For this reason, they can be analyzed, pointed at, talked about, and progressively refined over time. In order to be successful, the members of the knowledge building community should accomplish the following:
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Suthers, D. D., Vatrapu, R., Medina, R., Joseph, S., & Dwyer, N. (2008). Beyond threaded discussion: Representational guidance in asynchronous collaborative learning environments. Computers & Education, 50(4),
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Cacciamani, S. (2010). Towards a knowledge building community: from guided to self-organized inquiry. Canadian
Journal of Learning and Technology/La revue canadienne de lâapprentissage et de la technologie,
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Zhang, J., Hong, H., Scardamalia, M., Teo, C., & Morley, E. A. (2011) Sustaining
Knowledge Building as a Principle-Based Innovation at an Elementary School, Journal of the Learning Sciences, 20(2),
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Zhang, J., Hong, H., Scardamalia, M., Teo, C., & Morley, E. A. (2011) Sustaining
Knowledge Building as a Principle-Based Innovation at an Elementary School, Journal of the Learning Sciences, 20(2),
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Zhang, J., Hong, H., Scardamalia, M., Teo, C., & Morley, E. A. (2011) Sustaining
Knowledge Building as a Principle-Based Innovation at an Elementary School, Journal of the Learning Sciences, 20(2),
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Hew, K. F., Cheung, W. S., & Ng, C. S. L. (2010). Student contribution in asynchronous online discussion: A review of the research and empirical exploration. Instructional
Science, 38(6), 571-606.
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Zhang, J., Scardamalia, M., Reeve, R., & Messina, R. (2009). Designs for collective cognitive responsibility in knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 18(1), 7-44.
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Mylläri, J., Ă
hlberg, M., & Dillon, P. (2010). The dynamics of an online knowledge building community: A 5âyear longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(3), 365-387.
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The presence of reciprocal strong ties among students that indicate the potential for the transfer of complex information and âcollective responsibility for the development of the communityâ
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Philip, D. (2012). Pilgrims' Progress: The Journey towards a Knowledge Building Community in a University Undergraduate Class. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 38(1), n1.
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collaboratively pursue them. Students are viewed as intentional learners, working at the edge of each competence. Knowledge advances are not circumscribed by a teacherâs knowledge.
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Onrubia, J., & Engel, A. (2009). Strategies for collaborative writing and phases of knowledge construction in CSCL environments. Computers & Education, 53(4), 1256-1265.
35:) is a community in which the primary goal is knowledge creation rather than the construction of specific products or the completion of tasks. This notion is fundamental in
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Xie, K., & Ke, F. (2011). The role of students' motivation in peerâmoderated asynchronous online discussions. British Journal of Educational Technology,42(6), 916-930.
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Rise Above â by transcending trivialities and oversimplifications, students work towards more inclusive principles and higher level formulations of problems
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Embedded and Transformative Assessment â integral to KB and helps to advance knowledge through identifying advances, problems, and gaps as work proceeds
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Robertson, O. A. (2007). Students' perceptions of online asynchronous discussion and group learning in graduate distance education courses, 1-185.
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Robertson, O. A. (2007). Students' perceptions of online asynchronous discussion and group learning in graduate distance education courses, 1-185.
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Zhang, J., & Sun, Y. (2011). Reading for idea advancement in a grade 4 Knowledge Building community. Instructional Science, 39(4), 429-452.
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Scardamalia, M. (2002). Collective cognitive responsibility for the advancement of knowledge. Liberal education in a knowledge society, 67-98.
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Heimbuch, S., Uhde, K., & Bodemer, D. (2014). âA new Wiki way?â - An experimental study of collaborative knowledge building scripts. In
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Constructive Use of Authoritative Sources â critically evaluate authoritative sources, don't just find âthe answerâ
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Idea Diversity â knowledge advancement depends on diversity of ideas, just as an ecosystem depends on biodiversity
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theory. If knowledge is not realized for a community then we do not have knowledge building. Examples of KBCs are
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Share openly what they do not understand, "What I need to understand..." or "What I need to know..."
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Pervasive KB â KB is a continuous process and can happen anywhere; it is not unique to the classroom
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Collective Responsibility for Community Knowledge â all participants contribute to community goals
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KB Discourse â problems progressively identified and addressed and new conceptualizations built
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Symmetric Knowledge Advance â âto give knowledge is to get knowledgeâ; there is no one expert
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Universal participation (online participation comprised 40% of the studentsâ final grades)
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Democratizing Knowledge â all participants are empowered; no knowledge have/have-not lines
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Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2014)
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A high level of overall activity (at least 50% of students read 60 or more postings)
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435:(Vol. WIPP), 10â12. Nara, Japan: Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education.
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In: E. De Corte, L. Verschaffel, N. Entwistle, & J. van MerriĂŤnboer (eds.),
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Unravelling Basic Components and Dimensions of Powerful Learning Environments.
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Real Ideas and Authentic Problems â students identify real problems to study
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Hewitt, J. (1997) Beyond threaded discourse, In: Proceedings of WebNet '97.
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Improvable Ideas â ideas are improvable rather than accepted or rejected
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12 Knowledge Building Principles (Adapted from Scardamalia, 2002)
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Focus work on making advances to what the community already knows
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Respect each other's perspectives and tentative understandings
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Epistemic Agency â students plan and engage in the process
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261:EARLI Advances in Learning and Instruction Series.
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