56:
227:
715:
40:
1609:
597:
1561:
1525:
234:
1597:
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255:
1537:
1573:
1549:
730:
mounted on 11 m tower platform directs sunlight via a flat mirror into a 60 m long underground horizontal 'tunnel'. A 38 cm aperture f/90 achromat forms a 34 cm diameter solar image at the focal plane. The telescope has an option to mount a 20 cm achromat, which provides an f/90 beam
352:
As early as 1881, Mr. Blanford, then
Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India, recommended "the improvement of the work of solar observations in order to obtain accurate measures of the sun’s heating power at the earth’s surface and its periodic variations". In May 1882, the government
836:
The modern meeting and accommodation facilities are often used for national and international meetings, workshops and classes for up to 40 participants on subjects such as
Kodaikanal Summer School in Physics, the Kodai-Trieste Workshop on Plasma Astrophysics and the Solar Physics Winter School.
746:
in conjunction with a 600 lines/mm grating gives 9 mm/A dispersion in the fifth order of the grating. Together with the 5.5 arcsec/mm spatial resolution of the image, it forms a high resolution set up for solar spectroscopy. Recording of the spectrum can be done photographically or with a
379:, decided to establish a solar physics observatory at Kodaikanal, based on its southern, dust free, high altitude location. Michie Smith was selected to be superintendent. Starting in 1895 there was a rapid transfer of work and equipment from the
686:
spectroheliograph was operational in 1911. Since 1912, prominent pictures over the full limb are being obtained in K by blocking the solar disc. These observations and the white light pictures are obtained around 200 days a year.
832:
is one of the observatory's proud possessions. It has a collection of astronomical literature, which is of archival value. The library maintains a skeletal collection of current literature in solar and solar terrestrial physics.
1197:
Swarup Govind, "Historical perspective and research centres in India in the fields of solar astronomy and Sun-Earth relationship," National Centre for Radio
Astrophysics, TIFR, Pune 411007, India. retrieved 3/13/2007
581:
Public education about astronomy including tours of the facility, access to the astronomy library, nighttime telescopic sky viewing, and presentation of specialized university-level courses, seminars and
1321:
1349:
307:
was first detected at this observatory in
January 1909. Solar data collected by the lab is the oldest continuous series of its kind in India. Precise observations of the equatorial
747:
Photometrix 1k x 1k CCD system. A large format CCD system is being procured to enhance the coverage of spectrum especially for the broad resonance lines and the nearby continuum.
1389:
1314:
1021:
754:
with
Littrow arrangement using a 3.43 m achromat. The photographic camera behind the second slit is being replaced by a Raticon linear array and a data acquisition system.
547:
Studies of the equatorial electrojet and of the structure and dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and its response to solar and interplanetary variability are being made.
1634:
1110:
971:
921:
645:, has been in use since the early 1900s to obtain daily 20 cm white light pictures of the sun, sky permitting. The 20 cm refractor is used occasionally for
1487:
368:
On 20 July 1893 following a famine in Madras
Presidency, which underscored the need for a study of the sun to better understand monsoon patterns, a meeting of the
1307:
1629:
694:
objective which provides an f/15 beam and a 2 cm image. A prefilter and a daystar Ca K narrow band filter are used together with a
Photometrix 1k x 1k
1649:
544:
Studies on the structure and dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and its response to the solar and interplanetary variability are being carried out.
226:
94:
1419:
638:
183:
258:
538:
851:
494:
874:
567:
334:
520:
Observations and interpretation of the morphological changes in active regions and their role in occurrence of transients such as
1457:
1394:
1379:
505:
289:
66:
1462:
1384:
1267:
563:
330:
1492:
1414:
1364:
1061:"Charles Michie Smith – founder of the Kodaikanal (Solar Physics) Observatory and beginnings of physical astronomy in India"
634:
773:
was installed in 1955, for vertical soundings of the ionosphere. Quarterly soundings were made round the clock. In 1993, a
1283:
Cambridge
University Library: Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory, archive papers 1892-1963
87:
870:
Global
Atmosphere Watch, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland.
1515:
1119:
1030:
980:
930:
1644:
1502:
1434:
1282:
1199:
803:
and a Watson magnetometer were installed and have been used regularly at the observatory since the early 1900s.
1477:
699:
821:
on campus for the visitors. The displays are mainly pictorial, with a few models, a live solar image and the
1482:
1439:
338:
477:
1429:
900:
Indian
Institute of Astrophysics - A Brief History, Solar Observatory at Kodaikanal, retrieved 3/13/2007.
1472:
1359:
1344:
695:
453:
1497:
1369:
1228:
1163:
1123:
1087:
1034:
984:
934:
575:
354:
314:
459:
1639:
1589:
1404:
683:
571:
465:
714:
39:
1577:
1565:
1409:
1354:
1077:
846:
642:
471:
380:
1277:
1151:
889:
1016:
962:
912:
751:
657:
777:
ionosonde model IPS 42/DBD43 was commissioned enabling five minute or better sounding rates.
1601:
1541:
1171:
1131:
992:
942:
672:
329:
observations are made here regularly. Summaries of the data obtained are sent to national (
1424:
1232:
1068:
1060:
878:
871:
822:
691:
490:
304:
1299:
1167:
1127:
1091:
1038:
988:
938:
1613:
786:
486:
441:
405:
17:
1623:
1467:
789:
767:
735:
682:
lens. The two prism K-alpha spectroheliographs were acquired in 1904 and the H-alpha
679:
668:
611:
426:
393:
358:
1608:
1553:
1529:
800:
774:
739:
723:
600:
596:
521:
432:
399:
372:
293:
55:
750:
The converging solar beam from the objective can be diverted to a high dispersion
742:
is the main instrument of the telescope. A 20 cm diameter, 18 m focal length
1374:
1336:
1012:
807:
650:
551:
447:
376:
326:
318:
285:
1293:
1176:
1136:
1105:
997:
966:
947:
916:
763:
675:
308:
297:
76:
653:
observations and sometimes made available to visitors for night sky viewing.
109:
96:
1449:
770:
727:
626:
623:
501:
362:
173:
1596:
1288:
Further reading: Antia H. M., Bhatnagar A., Ulmschneider P. (ed.s) (2006)
254:
743:
559:
555:
534:
322:
698:
to record the K filtergram. Regular observations began in 1996. Besides
537:
for long-term studies of the last ten solar cycles, in an effort led by
267:
1262:
901:
829:
793:
690:
Light from the 46 cm siderostat is diverted to a 15 cm Zeiss
665:
661:
630:
615:
608:
485:
A 12 m solar tower with modern spectrograph was established in 1960 by
146:
818:
344:
They have a full-time staff of two scientists and three technicians.
1548:
1268:
Subramanian, T.S. (1999) the Hindu, Volume 16-Issue 13, June 19. "
1082:
706:
sequences are being obtained on days of good to excellent seeing.
646:
80:
1248:
527:
Study of contributing factors to chromospheric calcium K indices.
703:
417:
369:
1303:
383:
to Kodaikanal and the observatory was founded on 1 April 1899.
811:
792:
was built indigenously and made operational to study F-region
660:
giving 6 cm diameter full disc photographs of the sun in
604:
282:
386:
The first observations were commenced at Kodaikanal in 1901.
1211:
The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
500:
In 1977, many of the astronomers from Kodaikanal shifted to
196:
H-alpha Telescope – 6562.8 A (Lower Chromosphere Telescope)
1278:
Madras and Kodaikanal Observatories : A Brief History
1222:
637:
of Paris, acquired in 1850 and remodeled to 20 cm by
311:
are made here due to the unique geography of Kodaikanal.
1263:
Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Kodaikanal Observatory
1350:
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
361:
of the sun and the stars using a 20-inch (51 cm)
1513:
1390:
Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations
1290:
Lectures on Solar Physics (Lecture Notes in Physics)
766:
and geomagnetic effects of solar activity. A NBS C3
233:
188:
Spectro Heliograph (Film – Photograph not available)
1448:
1335:
1022:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
365:, which could be at a hill station in South India.
208:
200:
192:
182:
172:
163:
141:
133:
125:
86:
72:
62:
49:
1292:, Cambridge University Press, New York, 335 pages
1156:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1111:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
972:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
922:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
516:Areas of current interest at the observatory are
1488:Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope
1059:Rao, N. K.; Vagiswari, A.; Birdie, C. (2014).
212:Radio spectrograph – 35–85 MHz daily operation
1315:
1224:Kodai-Trieste workshop on Plasma Astrophysics
375:, Indian Observatories Committee, chaired by
8:
726:60 cm diameter two-mirror fused quartz
178:62 cm reflector – KSO Tunnel Telescope (KTT)
32:
678:feeds light to a 30 cm aperture f/22,
489:and used to perform some of the first ever
1322:
1308:
1300:
671:are in regular use. A 46 cm diameter
169:
54:
31:
1175:
1135:
1081:
996:
946:
1635:Astronomical observatories in Tamil Nadu
817:The observatory has a popular astronomy
713:
595:
357:, proposed the need for photography and
242:Location of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
137:Year 1895 (British – East India Company)
1520:
1243:Indian Institute of Astrophysics, 2006
863:
493:investigations. Measurements of vector
1420:National Centre for Radio Astrophysics
622:A 15 cm aperture English-mounted
530:Measurement of vector magnetic fields.
1330:Telescopes and Observatories in India
762:The lab is equipped for studying the
562:are made here and transmitted to the
533:Photographs of ~ 117 years are being
7:
718:Solar Tunnel Telescope at Kodaikanal
389:Partial List of Assistant Directors
1630:Astronomical observatories in India
872:Station Characteristics, Kodaikanal
814:receiver and magnetic variometers.
292:. It is on the southern tip of the
1213:, filtergram, retrieved 3/13/2007.
852:List of astronomical observatories
25:
890:Monthly Weather Review: May, 1906
568:World Meteorological Organization
497:were initiated during the 1960s.
335:World Meteorological Organization
1650:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1458:3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope
1395:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
1380:India-based Neutrino Observatory
1270:Centenary of a solar observatory
1106:"Professor Charles Michie Smith"
506:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
296:4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from
290:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
253:
232:
225:
67:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
38:
1463:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
1385:Indian Astronomical Observatory
564:India Meteorological Department
331:India Meteorological Department
1493:National Large Solar Telescope
1415:Mount Abu InfraRed Observatory
1365:Gauribidanur Radio Observatory
1152:"1953MNRAS.113..294. Page 294"
550:Hourly observation of surface
1:
1400:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
731:to form a 17 cm image.
279:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
44:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
33:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
1245:Solar Physics Winter School
806:They also have a broadband
1666:
1120:Royal Astronomical Society
1031:Royal Astronomical Society
981:Royal Astronomical Society
931:Royal Astronomical Society
288:owned and operated by the
1503:Pachmarhi Telescope Array
1435:Udaipur Solar Observatory
825:spectrum also presented.
264:
251:
220:
168:
37:
1478:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi
423:Charles Pritchard Butler
259:Related media on Commons
1483:Jantar Mantar, Varanasi
1440:Vainu Bappu Observatory
1177:10.1093/mnras/113.3.294
1137:10.1093/mnras/83.4.245a
998:10.1093/mnras/116.2.156
948:10.1093/mnras/117.3.253
438:A. L. Narayan 1937–1946
339:Global Atmosphere Watch
129:2,343 meters (7,687 ft)
53:Kodaikanal Observatory
1430:Trivandrum Observatory
1285:, retrieved 3/13/2007.
1247:, retrieved 3/13/2007.
719:
710:Solar tunnel telescope
641:in 1898 to serve as a
619:
353:astronomer at Madras,
50:Alternative names
18:Kodaikanal Observatory
1473:Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
1360:Devasthal Observatory
1345:Allahabad Observatory
1296:, retrieved 3/13/2007
1274:, retrieved 3/13/2007
717:
635:Lerebours et Secretan
599:
478:Annapurni Subramanian
416:Charles Michie Smith
315:Ionospheric soundings
209:{{{telescope5_name}}}
110:10.23222°N 77.46472°E
1498:Ooty Radio Telescope
1370:Girawali Observatory
576:atmospheric sciences
574:and research in the
504:and established the
355:Norman Robert Pogson
1405:Madhava Observatory
1226:retrieved 3/13/2007
1168:1953MNRAS.113..294.
1128:1923MNRAS..83R.245.
1092:2014arXiv1402.6189K
1039:1961QJRAS...2..278.
989:1956MNRAS.116..156.
939:1957MNRAS.117..253.
684:diffraction grating
614:observed during an
572:Weather forecasting
325:vertical drift and
204:SPECTRO – Telescope
106: /
34:
1410:Madras Observatory
1355:Colaba Observatory
1231:2012-06-25 at the
963:Stratton, F. J. M.
913:Stratton, F. J. M.
877:2007-09-28 at the
847:Kavasji Naegamvala
720:
658:spectroheliographs
620:
512:Current activities
412:List of Directors
381:Madras Observatory
373:Secretary of State
115:10.23222; 77.46472
1511:
1510:
1122:: 245–246. 1923.
752:spectroheliograph
592:Full disc imaging
539:Dipankar Banerjee
448:M. K. Vainu Bappu
275:
274:
216:
215:
16:(Redirected from
1657:
1645:Solar telescopes
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1139:
1102:
1096:
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1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1017:"Anil Kumar Das"
1009:
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1002:
1000:
959:
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952:
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909:
903:
898:
892:
887:
881:
868:
781:Other facilities
607:showing the red
454:J.C.Bhattacharya
341:) data centers.
268:edit on Wikidata
257:
236:
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1425:Tara Wali Kothi
1331:
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1242:
1238:
1233:Wayback Machine
1221:
1217:
1209:Darling David,
1208:
1204:
1196:
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1182:
1180:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1069:Current Science
1063:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1013:Bappu, M. K. V.
1011:
1010:
1006:
961:
960:
956:
917:"John Evershed"
911:
910:
906:
899:
895:
888:
884:
879:Wayback Machine
869:
865:
860:
843:
783:
760:
712:
643:photoheliograph
594:
589:
514:
495:magnetic fields
491:helioseismology
484:
350:
305:Evershed effect
271:
247:
246:
245:
244:
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239:
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237:
193:WARM Telescope
145:
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1257:External links
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1251:
1236:
1215:
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1190:
1143:
1097:
1076:(3): 447–467.
1051:
1004:
967:"Thomas Royds"
954:
904:
893:
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862:
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854:
849:
842:
839:
787:high frequency
782:
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708:
702:observations,
669:spectral lines
629:by the French
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487:Amil Kumar Das
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460:Ramnath Cowsik
457:
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442:Anil Kumar Das
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406:Anil Kumar Das
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333:) and global (
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1337:Observatories
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1162:: 294. 1953.
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790:Doppler radar
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680:Cooke triplet
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639:Grubb-Parsons
636:
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612:spectral line
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427:John Evershed
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359:spectrography
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184:Grubb-Parsons
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41:
36:
27:
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1590:Solar System
1399:
1289:
1269:
1244:
1239:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1159:
1155:
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1115:
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1067:
1054:
1026:
1020:
1007:
976:
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866:
835:
827:
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801:magnetometer
798:
784:
761:
749:
740:spectrograph
733:
724:Grubb Parson
721:
689:
655:
621:
601:Chromosphere
522:solar flares
515:
499:
483:
480:2019–Present
433:Thomas Royds
411:
400:Thomas Royds
388:
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367:
351:
343:
313:
302:
294:Palani Hills
278:
276:
63:Organization
26:
1578:Outer space
1566:Spaceflight
1375:Gyarah Sidi
1044:17 February
1033:: 278–279.
983:: 156–158.
933:: 253–254.
808:seismograph
764:ionospheric
651:occultation
624:Heliostatic
570:for use in
552:temperature
474:2013 - 2018
472:P.Sreekumar
468:2006 - 2012
462:1992 - 2003
377:Lord Kelvin
319:geomagnetic
286:observatory
134:Established
113: /
88:Coordinates
29:Observatory
1640:Kodaikanal
1624:Categories
1450:Telescopes
1042:Retrieved
858:References
823:Fraunhofer
796:dynamics.
758:Ionosondes
676:siderostat
582:workshops.
309:electrojet
298:Kodaikanal
164:Telescopes
101:77°27′53″E
98:10°13′56″N
77:Kodaikanal
1602:Education
1542:Astronomy
1083:1402.6189
799:A lacour
771:ionosonde
728:coelostat
627:refractor
587:Equipment
535:digitized
502:Bangalore
456:1982-1990
450:1960–1982
444:1946–1960
435:1923–1937
429:1911–1923
420:1895–1911
408:1937–1946
402:1911–1923
396:1906–1911
363:telescope
174:Coelostat
1294:Excerpts
1229:Archived
1183:21 March
1015:(1961).
965:(1956).
915:(1957).
875:Archived
841:See also
768:analogue
744:achromat
704:temporal
700:synoptic
692:achromat
673:Foucault
647:cometary
633:firm of
566:and the
560:rainfall
556:pressure
323:F region
155:/centers
126:Altitude
73:Location
1614:Science
1516:Portals
1164:Bibcode
1124:Bibcode
1088:Bibcode
1035:Bibcode
985:Bibcode
935:Bibcode
830:library
794:Skywave
775:digital
736:Littrow
666:H-alpha
662:K-alpha
631:optical
616:eclipse
609:H-alpha
603:of the
348:History
327:surface
142:Website
819:museum
738:-type
252:
157:/kodai
1554:Stars
1530:India
1118:(4).
1078:arXiv
1064:(PDF)
1029:(4).
979:(2).
929:(3).
656:Twin
283:solar
281:is a
266:[
149:.iiap
81:India
1185:2024
1046:2017
828:The
664:and
649:and
558:and
418:FRSE
370:U.K.
303:The
277:The
151:.res
1172:doi
1160:113
1132:doi
1074:106
993:doi
977:116
943:doi
927:117
812:GPS
696:CCD
605:Sun
153:.in
147:www
1626::
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1090::
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1037::
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541:.
524:.
270:]
20:)
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