84:
49:
77:
42:
909:
895:
473:(7,656 ft) high. and the 2,333-metre (7,654 ft)-high Miri is considered the youngest cone. Its crater is nested; the outer crater has a diameter of 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) and the inner crater, formed by resurgent activity, has a diameter of 800 metres (2,600 ft). Miri's summit, south of the crater, is surrounded by a zone of altered rock. Subsidiary volcanic centres also exist in the form of
881:
789:
465:
394:
481:; those around Miri are named Bag Koh, Batal Koh, Chhota Dalil, Dam Koh, Koh-e-Dalil, Koh-e-Malik and Mit Koh. The volcanic pile covers an area of 500 to 770 square kilometres (190 to 300 sq mi), and the volcanic complex has an area of 27 by 16 kilometres (17 mi × 10 mi) running west-northwest. Although Koh-i-Sultan is considered
690:
Jazzak formation. The Chagai topography is dominated by a sand-covered plain, rising to an altitude of 750–900 metres (2,460–2,950 ft). Wind-eroded rocks and dry lake beds are also present. Other tectonic objects are the Ras Koh range, the
Mirjawa range and the Chagai Hills east of Koh-i-Sultan.
642:
Although the volcano has experienced relatively little dissection, the western cone has been eroded to the base. Post-volcanic erosion has created an apron of rock fragments at Koh-i-Sultan's base, with radially incised valleys bearing traces of energetic stream erosion emanating from the volcanic
820:
within the volcanic rock. The Koh-i-Sultan deposits are the principal native source of sulfur in
Pakistan. They were probably formed by the interaction of sulfuric acid and hydrogen sulfide or from sulfur-containing hot springs when the volcano was still active. Another theory suggests that they
472:
Koh-i-Sultan is a volcanic complex with at least three cones, named
Kansuri, Abu and Miri after their respective summits. Each has a central crater—the largest of which is over 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) wide—which have been heavily affected by erosion. The summit of Koh-i-Sultan is 2,334 metres
622:
Potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating of the Miri summit has yielded an age of 200,000 years, and an older date (5,900,000 ± 2,800,000) has been obtained from the northwestern centre. Between the two are andesite dates of 5,630,000 ± 90,000 years and 2,390,000 ± 50,000 years. Although the last activity
734:
exist around Koh-i-Sultan, with the Talu spring the best known. Other springs (Batal Kaur, Miri Kaur and Padagi Kaur) are in riverbeds near the Miri crater. Temperatures of 25–36 °C (77–97 °F) have been measured in water samples, but the three springs have temperatures lower than the
808:
activity. According to a 1975 report, about 20 tonnes per day (0.23 long ton/ks) of 50-percent-sulfur ore were mined; the report indicated that between 1941 and 1944, 66,700 tonnes (65,600 long tons; 73,500 short tons) of ore were produced. The recovery of sulfur, asafoetida and
611:-derived magma. The satellite centre rocks differ from the main centre rocks in composition, suggesting that different processes generated the magmas which constructed the cones. There is a compositional trend from Bazman over Taftan to Sultan, with the latter having more
651:") is a major spear-shaped rock formation, about 300 metres (1,000 ft) high with a basal diameter of 91 metres (300 ft). Weathering has created longitudinal fissures in the rock. Similar pillars are found elsewhere on the volcano, reminding early explorers of
2453:
Richards, J. P.; Spell, T.; Rameh, E.; Razique, A.; Fletcher, T. (15 February 2012). "High Sr/Y Magmas
Reflect Arc Maturity, High Magmatic Water Content, and Porphyry Cu Mo Au Potential: Examples from the Tethyan Arcs of Central and Eastern Iran and Western Pakistan".
739:
beneath the volcano. Water is probably stored in fractures within the
Sinjrani volcanics, and is heated by a reservoir with a temperature of 200–300 °C (392–572 °F) or 112–207 °C (234–405 °F). At least one spring is associated with a
691:
The
Sinjrani and Chagai volcanics crop out primarily west of Koh-i-Sultan, and are part of the older Chagai volcanic arc. Some geologists consider Koh-i-Sultan part of the Chagai arc. Two nearby volcanic centres are Damodin and Koh-i-Dalel, and
380:
conducted mining and reconnaissance operations from 1941 to 1944. In 1961, a truck-accessible mining road was built from
Nokkundi to the volcano's summit. Its name, translated as "Mountain of the King", is a reference to a saint in the local
324:
has indicated an age range from 5,900,000 to 90,000 years. Subsequent erosion has generated a large debris apron around the base of the volcano and carved rock formations which impressed early explorers; one well-known rock formation is
405:
following the collision of the
Eurasian and Indian plates. As a result of this activity, hydrothermal alteration and hydrothermal activity are expected to be widespread in Pakistan. Koh-i-Sultan is the youngest volcano in Pakistan.
804:, 47,000 tonnes (46,000 long tons; 52,000 short tons) of which were high-grade and 38,000 tonnes (37,000 long tons; 42,000 short tons) low-grade ore. Sulfur is found on Sultan's southern flank, where it originated from
606:
rocks tend to be dacitic. At least five cycles of andesite rock formation have been found on the southwest side of Koh-i-Sultan. Its rocks are typical volcanic-arc rocks in elemental chemistry, and may stem from
748:
data and composition indicate that the hot-spring water is precipitation-related; its composition is modified by interaction with hot rocks, with the water following a path beginning northeast of Miri crater.
524:
and tuff. Andesitic lava flows have thicknesses of 1–2 metres (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in); two at Miri are 3 metres (9.8 ft) and 100 metres (330 ft) thick. The dacites form
765:. The region is the least developed in Pakistan, and Koh-i-Sultan may be a usable source of geothermal energy; however, the lack of rainfall may make it hydrologically unsuitable for energy generation.
816:
The sulfur deposits, south of Koh-i-Sultan's crater, are named Batar, Miri, Nawar and Zond and are within a 18-square-kilometre (7 sq mi) area. In the deposits, the sulfur is in the form of
659:. Neza e Sultan (possibly named after the mythical Sultan-i-Pir-Khaisar, who is reportedly buried nearby), at the westernmost crater, was discovered by Europeans in 1877. The rock formations may be
2475:
Saadat, Saeed; Stern, Charles R. (July 2011). "Petrochemistry and genesis of olivine basalts from small monogenetic parasitic cones of Bazman stratovolcano, Makran arc, southeastern Iran".
339:
are ongoing, and the volcano has been prospected for the possibility of obtaining geothermal energy. The geothermal activity has resulted in widespread rock alteration and the formation of
1235:
Lawrence, R. D.; Yeats, R. S.; Khan, S. H.; Farah, A.; DeJong, K. A. (1 January 1981). "Thrust and strike slip fault interaction along the Chaman transform zone, Pakistan".
1614:
Nicholson, K.N.; Khan, M.; Mahmood, K. (August 2010). "Geochemistry of the Chagai–Raskoh arc, Pakistan: Complex arc dynamics spanning the
Cretaceous to the Quaternary".
772:
have been reported around the volcano, preventing the mining of underground sulfur deposits, and the gas is also present in the hot springs. The confirmed presence of
2224:
Razique, A.; Tosdal, R. M.; Creaser, R. A. (27 August 2014). "Temporal
Evolution of the Western Porphyry Cu-Au Systems at Reko Diq, Balochistan, Western Pakistan".
686:
are accompanied by other intrusions with additional minerals. Other formations are the mostly sedimentary Humai formation of the late Cretaceous and the probably
757:, are found in the waters. The springs' sulfur is of magmatic origin. Hydrothermal activity has modified the rocks around Koh-i-Sultan, with Miri Kaur featuring
420:, forming the Chagai volcanic zone. Tectonic activity related to this subduction is ongoing. Before the onset of volcanic activity at Koh-i-Sultan in the early
2638:
2613:
674:
Previous volcanic activity in the area includes the Cretaceous Sinjrani volcanics, resembling those of Koh-i-Sultan, and activity which produced the Chagai
247:
76:
800:
are found at Koh-i-Sultan; sulfur is the most important. Reserves were estimated in 1976 at 85,000 tonnes (84,000 long tons; 94,000 short tons) of sulfur
41:
320:. The rocks have typical arc-volcano chemistry and composition, with a progression from andesite to dacite in the eruption products with younger age.
1355:
1192:
Treloar, P. J.; Izatt, C. N. (1 January 1993). "Tectonics of the Himalayan collision between the Indian Plate and the Afghan Block: a synthesis".
2432:
Perello, J.; Razique, A.; Schloderer, J.; Asad-ur-Rehman (1 December 2008). "The Chagai Porphyry Copper Belt, Baluchistan Province, Pakistan".
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cones. Koh-i-Sultan's remaining rock formations often have irregular shapes with a striking appearance; a 1909 report noted the presence of a
2309:"Investigation of origin, subsurface processes and reservoir temperature of geothermal springs around Koh-i-Sultan volcano, Chagai, Pakistan"
1948:
1135:
2643:
2633:
132:
2111:
Alam Zaigham, Nayyer; Alam Nayyar, Zeeshan; Hisamuddin, Noushaba (January 2009). "Review of geothermal energy resources in Pakistan".
2628:
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farther north. The environment around the volcano is arid, with little vegetation; according to an 1895–1896 report, however,
2618:
678:. The Sinjrani volcanics, about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) thick, consist primarily of lava. Other rocks are agglomerates,
305:. Its summit is 2,334 metres (7,657 ft) high, and the crater associated with the Miri cone has a smaller crater inside.
2331:
1790:
922:
125:
235:
2353:"Notes on some Volcanic and other Rocks, which occur near the Baluchistan-Afghan Frontier, between Chaman and Persia"
695:
is northeast of Koh-i-Sultan. The crust beneath the volcano reaches a thickness of about 60 kilometres (37 mi).
397:
The formation of the Koh-i-Sultan volcano is related to the subduction of the Arabian Plate under the Eurasian Plate
343:
deposits, which were mentioned in a 1909 report and later mined. Koh-i-Sultan also has deposits of other minerals.
559:. Andesites range from green to gray in colour, and dacites are pink- and light-gray. The andesitic lavas contain
2559:"Small-volume melts of lithospheric mantle during continental collision: Late Cenozoic lavas of Mahabad, NW Iran"
926:
369:
2544:
2505:
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862:
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Sulfur, a common mineral associated with volcanic activity, is the most important mineral found at Koh-i-Sultan
647:-shaped rock 91 metres (300 ft) and a dome-shaped rock formation, Koh-i-Kansuri. Neza e Sultan ("Sultan's
548:
1450:
Nasa. Goddard Space Flight Center Symp. On Significant Results Obtained from the Erts-1, Vol. 1, Sect. A and B
2549:
761:
rocks and the area southwest of Miri featuring acidic alteration. Some springs in the area have a very low
750:
321:
213:
635:, is 90,000 ± 10,000 years. Koh-i-Sultan's Pleistocene activity is probably related to the formation of
262:
246:
185:
61:
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rocks, among others, of Taftan and Koh-i-Sultan. The related Makran subduction zone is one of the few
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2484:
1625:
1244:
1201:
250:
While most of Pakistan is located on the Indian Plate, Koh-i-Sultan is situated on the Eurasian Plate
1966:"Tectonic, magmatic, and metallogenic evolution of the Tethyan orogen: From subduction to collision"
692:
1472:
652:
373:
197:
1045:
2372:
1837:
1473:"Exploration for porphyry copper deposits in Pakistan using digital processing of Landsat-1 data"
1414:
1260:
1217:
1013:
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ambient temperature: 25.6–34.8 °C (78.1–94.6 °F). The hydrothermal activity suggests a
708:
537:
517:
453:
2506:"Petrogenesis of Plio – Pleistocene v olcanic r ocks from the Chagai arc, Balochistan, Pakistan"
2386:"Reconnaissance of the geology and ore mineralization in part of the Chagai District, Pakistan"
2308:
1944:
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332:
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1977:
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1044:(in French). Société belge d 'astronomie, de météorologie et de physique du globe. pp.
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was collected nearby. There is a large difference in temperature between summer and winter.
608:
513:
290:
206:
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in Chagai, about 160 millimetres per year (6.3 in/year). Koh-i-Sultan drains into two
401:
Pakistan is part of the active tectonic belt which is responsible for the formation of the
1891:"Phototectonic Interpretation of Selected Areas on the Western Margin of the Indian Ocean"
1443:"Use of ERTS-1 images in the search for porphyry copper deposits in Pakistani Baluchistan"
886:
741:
616:
486:
482:
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form the Sultan volcanic arc. Also known as the Makran or Baluchistan volcanic arc, it is
425:
361:
357:
298:
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2488:
1629:
1248:
1205:
1039:
2027:
1530:
Sheikh, Munawar A. (December 2009). "Renewable energy resource potential in Pakistan".
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in its rocks than the other centres. Such compositional trends may come from different
505:
478:
429:
417:
302:
266:
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was the first to report the volcano's existence in 1862, and the Geological Survey of
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1890:
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981:
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218:
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Evaluation of Sulphur Deposits, Koh-i-Sultan (district Chagai) Baluchistan, Pakistan
1982:
1965:
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and subsidiary centres. Rock fragments are widely buried by long lava flows, and an
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1898:
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551:, containing silicic lavas such as dacite. Their overall composition ranges from
504:. Lava flows make up about 10 percent of the volcanic pile, and the remainder is
2409:
2385:
1791:"The frontiers of Baluchistan: travels on the borders of Persia and Afghanistan"
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500 kilometres (310 mi) long and stretches in an east-northeast direction.
377:
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2237:
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and tuff, and the Cretaceous rocks are mainly andesitic. The monzonitic Chagai
2467:
968:
Shuja, Tauqir Ahmed (January 1988). "Small geothermal resources in Pakistan".
876:
758:
731:
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ratios and different fluid contributions to magma generation at each volcano.
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402:
1582:"Geology, Water, and Wind in the Lower Helmand Basin, Southern Afghanistan"
2028:"Geothermal resources of Pakistan and methods for early stage exploration"
428:
occurred in the region. Koh-i-Sultan and the Iranian volcanoes Bazman and
393:
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842:
834:
822:
668:
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599:
564:
309:
2504:
Siddiqui, Rehan H.; Asif Khan, M.; Qasim Jan, M.; Ogasawara, M. (2009).
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Kheirkhah, M.; Neill, I.; Allen, M.B.; Ajdari, K. (September 2013).
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1833:
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1410:
1394:
2188:
Sharma, N. L. (4 November 2014). "The Sulphur Resources of India".
2410:"Sulfur, fluorspar, magnesite, and aluminous chromite in Pakistan"
846:
787:
777:
648:
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463:
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392:
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2332:"Letters on the Baluch-Afghan Boundary Commission of 1896 (1909)"
265:. It is part of the tectonic belt formed by the collision of the
2393:
2313:
1592:
858:
501:
297:. The volcano consists of three main cones, with heavily eroded
294:
631:
began earlier. The youngest date, obtained from K-Ar dating of
1127:
Himalaya to the Sea: Geology, Geomorphology and the Quaternary
810:
801:
762:
555:
to dacite, and the dominant lava rocks are andesite and
468:
Koh-i-Sultan is the central mountain in the Chagai Hills
440:
generated by the relatively shallow subduction of the
1356:"Physiography of Chagai-Kharan Region, West Pakistan"
1018:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1978. p. A27.
301:
running west-northwest and surrounded by a number of
825:. Other mineral deposits found at Koh-i-Sultan are
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109:
23:
2351:McMahon, C. A.; McMahon, A. H. (1 February 1897).
2251:Sharma, N. L. (26 August 2014). "Aluminium Ores".
516:. Andesitic-dacitic materials dominate, including
1237:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1194:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1884:
1882:
1797:. University of Nebraska, Omaha. pp. 43–44
1480:Journal of Research of the US Geological Survey
1932:
1930:
1889:Bankwitz, Peter; Bankwitz, E. (January 1988).
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813:at Koh-i-Sultan was claimed in a 1909 report.
508:material. Other layers alternate between ash,
316:rocks, with fragmentary rocks prevailing over
2307:Ahmad, M.; Rafique, M.; Iqbal, N.; Fazil, M.
2021:
2019:
1525:
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8:
2037:. Geothermal Training Programme. p. 251
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1471:Schmidt, Robert G. (January–February 1976).
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273:: specifically, a segment influenced by the
2357:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
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1503:
1501:
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963:
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452:zones still active, and has formed a large
2253:Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society
2190:Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society
2080:
2078:
1119:
1117:
20:
1981:
1940:The Making of India: Geodynamic Evolution
1868:
1866:
1864:
1818:"The Southern Borderlands of Afghanistan"
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
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1291:
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1149:
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1124:John F. Shroder Jr. (26 September 2002).
1103:
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2113:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1532:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1087:
1085:
995:
993:
991:
29:Koh-e-Sultan, Kuh-i-Sultan, Kuh-e-Sultan
943:
368:, Pakistan. A nearby settlement is the
1395:"The Indian Survey Report for 1895–96"
671:and dunes, also found in dry valleys.
281:beneath the Asian plate and forming a
230:Sultan/Makran/Baluchistan volcanic arc
857:. Copper deposits which also contain
409:It is tectonically influenced by the
352:Political geography and human history
7:
2035:National Energy Authority of Iceland
1964:Richards, Jeremy P. (October 2015).
1015:Geological Survey Professional Paper
372:, 37 kilometres (23 mi) south.
96:Koh-i-Sultan (Balochistan, Pakistan)
83:
48:
2639:Landforms of Balochistan (Pakistan)
2614:Mountains of Balochistan (Pakistan)
2513:Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences
2338:. Baluch-Afghan Boundary Commission
934:, at the Iranian side of the border
444:rises to the surface and forms the
845:, used as a yellow dye, and a red
14:
2419:. USGS Publications Warehouse: 46
2369:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1897.053.01-04.23
1937:K.S. Valdiya (26 November 2015).
99:Show map of Balochistan, Pakistan
2599:. Geological Survey of Pakistan.
2026:Mughal, Mohammad Naseer (1998).
907:
893:
879:
82:
75:
47:
40:
2566:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
1983:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.11.009
598:. Andesites are more common in
536:makes up part of the volcano's
2265:10.1080/0371750X.1946.10877806
2202:10.1080/0371750X.1943.11012015
837:, which can be used to obtain
1:
1816:McMahon, A. H. (April 1897).
1789:Tate, George Passman (1909).
1393:B., C. E. D. (January 1898).
1257:10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.33
1214:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.074.01.06
923:List of mountains in Pakistan
829:-containing alterations with
753:salts, probably dissolved by
627:(probably a large eruption),
433:
2586:10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.06.002
2497:10.1016/j.lithos.2011.03.014
2446:10.2113/gsecongeo.103.8.1583
1691:Saadat and Stern 2011, p.617
1679:Saadat and Stern 2011, p.611
1638:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.05.008
1363:Pakistan Geographical Review
1169:Saadat and Stern 2011, p.609
982:10.1016/0375-6505(88)90075-2
493:activity has been recorded.
120:2,334 m (7,657 ft)
2644:Two-thousanders of Pakistan
2634:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
2408:Nagell, Raymond H. (1976).
2384:Nagell, Raymond H. (1975).
784:Mining and mineral deposits
711:, and is responsible for a
639:deposits, which are mined.
303:subsidiary volcanic centres
2665:
2336:digitalcommons.unomaha.edu
2238:10.2113/econgeo.109.7.2003
2125:10.1016/j.rser.2007.07.010
1795:digitalcommons.unomaha.edu
1544:10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.029
1354:Abu Bakr, M. (July 1963).
2468:10.2113/econgeo.107.2.295
1580:Whitney, John W. (2006).
1130:. Routledge. p. 26.
663:of old volcanic centres.
308:The volcano is formed by
240:90,000 ± 10,000 years ago
33:
28:
2629:Pliocene stratovolcanoes
2593:Mohammad Muslim (1973).
2545:Global Volcanism Program
1822:The Geographical Journal
1399:The Geographical Journal
667:, pebbles and sand form
549:magmatic differentiation
496:The volcano consists of
370:Nokkundi railway station
2649:Stratovolcanoes of Asia
2624:Miocene stratovolcanoes
2550:Smithsonian Institution
1943:. Springer. p. 8.
1041:Les volcans de la terre
1038:Reclus, Elisée (1906).
356:Koh-i-Sultan is in the
2330:McMahon, A.H. (1909).
1774:McMahon 1909, pp.78–79
1441:Schmidt, R.G. (1973).
793:
590:. Textures range from
469:
398:
322:Potassium-argon dating
251:
2619:Volcanoes of Pakistan
791:
780:beneath the volcano.
543:The rocks follow the
467:
396:
347:Geography and geology
263:Balochistan, Pakistan
249:
186:Balochistan, Pakistan
148:29.12222°N 62.81694°E
62:Balochistan, Pakistan
2390:USGS Numbered Series
623:occurred during the
335:and the emission of
172:Mountain of the King
66:Show map of Pakistan
2578:2013JAESc..74...37K
2489:2011Litho.125..607S
1970:Ore Geology Reviews
1630:2010Litho.118..338N
1249:1981GSLSP...9..363L
1206:1993GSLSP..74...69T
776:would indicate hot
653:Gothic architecture
518:block-and-ash flows
374:Henry Walter Bellew
333:Geothermal activity
285:which includes the
169:English translation
144: /
16:Volcano in Pakistan
1760:McMahon 1909, p.51
821:formed during the
794:
571:, plagioclase and
470:
454:accretionary prism
399:
252:
153:29.12222; 62.81694
110:Highest point
2178:Nagell 1975, p.56
2137:Nagell 1975, p.57
1950:978-3-319-25029-8
1709:Nagell 1975, p.20
1700:Nagell 1975, p.54
1507:Nagell 1975, p.19
1431:Nagell 1976, p.6a
1137:978-1-134-91977-2
553:basaltic andesite
514:pyroclastic flows
244:
243:
2656:
2600:
2589:
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2526:
2524:
2510:
2500:
2483:(1–2): 607–619.
2471:
2456:Economic Geology
2449:
2440:(8): 1583–1612.
2434:Economic Geology
2428:
2426:
2424:
2414:
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2226:Economic Geology
2221:
2215:
2214:Nagell 1976, p.5
2212:
2206:
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2179:
2176:
2170:
2169:Nagell 1975, p.2
2167:
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915:Mountains portal
912:
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770:hydrogen sulfide
727:Geothermal field
703:There is little
435:
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941:
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906:
899:
892:
887:Pakistan portal
885:
880:
878:
875:
861:are part of an
786:
729:
701:
617:partial melting
575:. Dacites have
479:satellite cones
462:
426:tectonic uplift
391:
362:Quetta Division
358:Chagai District
354:
349:
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2533:External links
2531:
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2002:
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932:Taftan Volcano
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901:Geology portal
890:
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867:mineralization
785:
782:
774:sulfur dioxide
768:Emanations of
728:
725:
715:effect on the
700:
697:
693:Koh i-Kannesin
596:vitreophyritic
579:, hornblende,
506:volcaniclastic
475:volcanic plugs
461:
458:
418:Eurasian Plate
390:
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353:
350:
348:
345:
337:volcanic gases
267:Eurasian Plate
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1589:pubs.usgs.gov
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855:anthophyllite
852:
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840:
836:
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828:
824:
819:
814:
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807:
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799:
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766:
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755:sulfuric acid
752:
747:
743:
738:
737:magma chamber
733:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:precipitation
698:
696:
694:
689:
685:
681:
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672:
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582:
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574:
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566:
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558:
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546:
545:calc-alkaline
541:
539:
535:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
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494:
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488:
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466:
459:
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455:
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443:
439:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
411:Arabian Plate
407:
404:
395:
388:
386:
384:
379:
378:British India
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
328:
327:Neza e Sultan
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
293:volcanoes in
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Arabian plate
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
239:
237:
236:Last eruption
233:
229:
227:
223:
220:
219:Stratovolcano
217:
215:
214:Mountain type
211:
208:
204:
201:
199:
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184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
162:
157:
129:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
108:
78:
63:
43:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2595:
2569:
2565:
2543:
2521:. Retrieved
2516:
2512:
2480:
2476:
2459:
2455:
2437:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2416:
2397:. Retrieved
2389:
2360:
2356:
2340:. Retrieved
2335:
2319:. Retrieved
2312:
2301:Bibliography
2294:2012, p.3027
2291:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2210:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2133:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2034:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1939:
1921:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1899:ResearchGate
1897:
1873:
1855:
1850:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1794:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1705:
1696:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1657:2012, p.3127
1654:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1588:
1565:2008, p.1589
1562:
1535:
1531:
1488:. Retrieved
1483:
1479:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1449:
1436:
1427:
1405:(1): 58–61.
1402:
1398:
1371:. Retrieved
1366:
1362:
1334:
1300:
1278:
1273:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1182:2008, p.1586
1179:
1174:
1154:
1126:
1108:
1092:
1075:
1070:2008, p.1585
1067:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1040:
1014:
1008:
1000:
976:(2–3): 463.
973:
969:
833:and quartz;
815:
796:A number of
795:
767:
751:Country-rock
730:
717:Sistan Basin
702:
673:
641:
621:
542:
500:, flows and
498:agglomerates
495:
471:
442:Indian Plate
416:beneath the
408:
400:
355:
331:
307:
283:volcanic arc
271:Indian Plate
255:Koh-i-Sultan
254:
253:
226:Volcanic arc
90:Koh-i-Sultan
55:Koh-i-Sultan
24:Koh-i-Sultan
18:
2281:1897, p.305
2232:(7): 2004.
1748:1897, p.293
1538:(9): 2701.
970:Geothermics
732:Hot springs
713:rain shadow
699:Environment
625:Pleistocene
604:Pleistocene
602:rocks, and
592:porphyritic
588:phenocrysts
581:plagioclase
573:hypersthene
561:phenocrysts
366:Baluchistan
198:Age of rock
151: /
126:Coordinates
2608:Categories
2259:(3): 138.
2119:(1): 231.
1670:2009, p.21
1243:(1): 365.
939:References
865:-sulfidic
863:epithermal
759:silicified
721:asafoetida
684:intrusions
676:monzonites
637:travertine
569:hornblende
527:lava domes
489:, ongoing
450:Cretaceous
422:Quaternary
414:subducting
385:religion.
318:lava flows
275:subduction
2572:: 37–49.
2377:128720080
2290:Richards
2196:(2): 67.
1924:2009, p.2
1920:Siddiqui
1666:Siddiqui
1653:Richards
1337:2009, p.5
1333:Siddiqui
1281:2009, p.1
1277:Siddiqui
1265:128679350
1222:128736087
1200:(1): 84.
839:aluminium
806:solfatara
709:salt pans
688:Paleocene
680:limestone
629:volcanism
613:potassium
547:trend of
491:fumarolic
446:andesitic
403:Himalayas
177:Geography
139:62°49′1″E
136:29°7′20″N
116:Elevation
2540:"Sultan"
2277:McMahon
1854:McMahon
1744:McMahon
1561:Perello
1369:(2): 4–7
1178:Perello
1066:Perello
1052:2 August
873:See also
843:limonite
835:alunogen
823:Holocene
798:minerals
657:minarets
645:monolith
600:Pliocene
565:andesine
538:basement
389:Regional
310:andesite
182:Location
2574:Bibcode
2523:31 July
2485:Bibcode
2423:31 July
2399:29 July
2342:31 July
2321:31 July
2041:31 July
1976:: 332.
1906:31 July
1842:1774479
1801:31 July
1626:Bibcode
1599:31 July
1490:31 July
1486:(1): 29
1456:31 July
1419:1774853
1373:31 July
1245:Bibcode
1202:Bibcode
831:alunite
746:Isotope
577:biotite
534:mélange
487:extinct
483:dormant
383:Baluchi
360:of the
299:craters
277:of the
259:volcano
203:Miocene
192:Geology
2519:: 1–24
2477:Lithos
2375:
2316:: INIS
2292:et al.
2279:et al.
2101:, p.17
2099:et al.
2097:Ahmad
2088:, p.14
2086:et al.
2084:Ahmad
2072:, p.22
2070:et al.
2068:Ahmad
2059:, p.13
2057:et al.
2055:Ahmad
2013:, p.21
2011:et al.
2009:Ahmad
2000:, p.19
1998:et al.
1996:Ahmad
1947:
1922:et al.
1874:et al.
1872:Ahmad
1856:et al.
1840:
1746:et al.
1733:et al.
1731:Ahmad
1668:et al.
1655:et al.
1617:Lithos
1563:et al.
1417:
1335:et al.
1301:et al.
1299:Ahmad
1279:et al.
1263:
1220:
1180:et al.
1155:et al.
1153:Ahmad
1134:
1111:, p.10
1109:et al.
1107:Ahmad
1093:et al.
1091:Ahmad
1068:et al.
1001:et al.
999:Ahmad
851:gypsum
827:copper
818:lenses
669:playas
665:Gravel
633:pumice
609:mantle
585:quartz
557:basalt
531:Eocene
522:lahars
430:Taftan
341:sulfur
314:dacite
291:Taftan
287:Bazman
164:Naming
2562:(PDF)
2509:(PDF)
2413:(PDF)
2373:S2CID
2031:(PDF)
1894:(PDF)
1876:, p.6
1838:JSTOR
1735:, p.5
1585:(PDF)
1476:(PDF)
1452:: 390
1446:(PDF)
1415:JSTOR
1359:(PDF)
1303:, p.7
1261:S2CID
1218:S2CID
1157:, p.9
1095:, p.4
1003:, p.8
847:ochre
778:magma
742:fault
661:necks
649:Spear
460:Local
438:Magma
257:is a
2525:2016
2425:2016
2401:2016
2394:USGS
2344:2016
2323:2016
2314:IAEA
2043:2016
1945:ISBN
1908:2016
1803:2016
1601:2016
1593:USGS
1492:2016
1458:2016
1375:2016
1132:ISBN
1054:2016
927:Iran
859:gold
853:and
811:dyes
655:and
583:and
512:and
510:lava
502:tuff
477:and
312:and
295:Iran
289:and
269:and
2582:doi
2493:doi
2481:125
2464:doi
2460:107
2442:doi
2438:103
2365:doi
2261:doi
2234:doi
2230:109
2198:doi
2121:doi
1978:doi
1830:doi
1634:doi
1622:118
1540:doi
1407:doi
1253:doi
1210:doi
1048:–25
978:doi
802:ore
594:to
563:of
485:or
261:in
2610::
2580:.
2570:74
2568:.
2564:.
2548:.
2542:.
2517:42
2515:.
2511:.
2491:.
2479:.
2458:.
2436:.
2415:.
2392:.
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2359:.
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2255:.
2228:.
2192:.
2142:^
2117:13
2115:.
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2033:.
2018:^
1974:70
1972:.
1968:.
1929:^
1896:.
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1863:^
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1765:^
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1684:^
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1591:.
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1552:^
1536:13
1534:.
1512:^
1500:^
1482:.
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1401:.
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1367:18
1365:.
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1196:.
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1100:^
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1024:^
990:^
974:17
972:.
958:^
946:^
925:,
869:.
841:;
763:pH
744:.
567:,
540:.
520:,
456:.
434:c.
424:,
364:,
329:.
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2470:.
2466::
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2240:.
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1953:.
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1844:.
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1805:.
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1494:.
1484:4
1460:.
1421:.
1409::
1377:.
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1247::
1241:9
1224:.
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984:.
980::
205:-
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