Koi - Knowledge (XXG)

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Naturally, koi are bottom feeders with a mouth configuration adapted for that. Some koi have a tendency to eat mostly from the bottom, so food producers create a mixed sinking and floating combination food. Koi recognize the persons feeding them and gather around them at feeding times. They can be trained to take food from one's hand. In the winter, their digestive systems slow nearly to a halt, and they eat very little, perhaps no more than nibbles of algae from the bottom. Feeding is not recommended when the water temperature drops below 10 °C (50 °F). Care should be taken by hobbyists that proper oxygenation, pH stabilization, and off-gassing occur over the winter in small ponds. Their appetites do not come back until the water becomes warm in the spring.

1196: 1522:, a group that leads the breeding and dissemination of koi in Japan, there are more than 100 varieties of koi created through breeding, and each variety is classified into 16 groups. Koi varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, yellow, blue, and cream. Metallic shades of gold and platinum in the scales have also been developed through selective breeding. Although the possible colors are virtually limitless, breeders have identified and named a number of specific categories. The most notable category is 511:

sp.), as well as the East Asian ancient lineage of wild common carp (C. carpio), previously proposed on the basis of fossil data. However, it is unknown when the carp from the continent was introduced to Japan. In addition, a possible multiple origin of koi carp was indicated by the polyphyletic distribution of five mtDNA haplotypes of koi carp within the ‘Eurasian’ clade. Moreover, the oldest record of the introduction of non-native fish in Japan is that of goldfish from China (1502 or 1602), and there is no record of carp (including colored carp) until the introduction of the

689: 2796: 651:, as is the case with today's koi, but rather a mutation-induced color change. In ancient times, carp was farmed primarily for food. Mutational color variation in carp is relatively common in nature, but is not suitable for development alongside farming for food in poor rural communities; color inheritance is unstable and selection to maintain color variation is costly. For example, in current-day farming of koi as ornamental fish, the percentage of superior colored fish to the number of spawn is less than 1%. 1503: 38: 2755: 69: 1124: 259: 1186: 979: 1115:

particular, since the 21st century, some wealthy Chinese have imported large quantities of koi from Niigata in Japan, and the price of high-quality carp has soared. In 2018, one carp was bought by a Chinese collector for about $ 2 million, the highest price ever. There are also cases in which purchased carp are bred in China and sold to foreign countries, and many breeds are spreading all over the world.

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length of the fish (along both sides). The third type is the same as the second, with the addition of a line of (often quite large) scales running along the lateral line (along the side) of the fish, also referred to as "mirror koi". The fourth (and rarest) type is referred to as "armor koi" and is completely (or nearly) covered with very large scales that resemble plates of armor. It also is called

2694: 2479: 2463: 2415: 2537: 944: 2439: 2451: 2427: 2403: 1299:. This classification has not received much attention until recently, and it was thought that only one species of carp existed in Japan. However, recent analysis of mitochondrial DNA has revealed that there are at least two species of carp in Japan: native carp and carp from Eurasia. Currently, the Japanese native carp is assumed to be 2595:

are all capable of spotting out koi and eating them. A well-designed outdoor pond has areas too deep for herons to stand, overhangs high enough above the water that mammals cannot reach in, and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers-by. It may prove necessary to string nets or wires

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was held, the "Koi Exhibit Association" was formed mainly by koi breeders in Higashiyama and Takezawa villages, and koi were exhibited. At the time, they were still called "colored carp" or "patterned carp," and they were described as "the first of their kind ever seen in the Tokyo area." And the koi

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Around 1875, colored koi became popular and the number of breeders increased, and some expensive koi were produced, but Niigata Prefecture banned the aquaculture of ornamental koi because it was considered a speculative business, and the business suffered a major blow for a time. However, the ban was

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The Amur carp is a hardy fish, and koi retain that durability. Koi are coldwater fish, but benefit from being kept in the 15–25 °C (59–77 °F) range, and do not react well to long, cold, winter temperatures; their immune systems are very weak below 10 °C (50 °F). Koi ponds usually

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era (1615–1624). In the Nijūmuragō area, carp were also farmed in terraced ponds near terraced rice paddies by 1781 at the latest, but the ponds ran dry due to a severe drought that occurred around that time, and the carp escaped the disaster by taking refuge in ponds on the grounds of Senryu Shrine

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Like most fish, koi reproduce through spawning in which a female lays a vast number of eggs and one or more males fertilize them. Nurturing the resulting offspring (referred to as "fry") is a tricky and tedious job, usually done only by professionals. Although a koi breeder may carefully select the

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There are differences in the length distribution of carp excavated from Jomon and Yayoi sites, as estimated from the size of their pharyngeal teeth. Specifically, not only adult carp but also juvenile carp (less than 150 mm in length) have been found at the Yayoi site. This difference is thought to

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When koi naturally breed on their own they tend to spawn in the spring and summer seasons. The male will start following the female, swimming right behind her and nudging her. After the female koi releases her eggs they sink to the bottom of the pond and stay there. A sticky outer shell around the

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of the water because they are constantly stirring up the substrate. This makes waterways unattractive, reduces the abundance of aquatic plants, and can render the water unsuitable for swimming or drinking, even by livestock. In some countries, koi have caused so much damage to waterways that vast

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The semi-randomized result of the koi's reproductive process has both advantages and disadvantages for the breeder. While it requires diligent oversight to narrow down the favorable result that the breeder wants, it also makes possible the development of new varieties of koi within relatively few

2775:(they have no interesting colors) or may even be genetically defective. These unacceptable offspring are culled at various stages of development based on the breeder's expert eye and closely guarded trade techniques. Culled fry are usually destroyed or used as feeder fish (mostly used for feeding 2390:

scale patterns exist. The most common type (referred to above) has a row of scales beginning at the front of the dorsal fin and ending at the end of the dorsal fin (along both sides of the fin). The second type has a row of scales beginning where the head meets the shoulder and running the entire

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Several varieties are recognized by Japanese breeders and owners, distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, orange, yellow, blue, brown and cream, besides metallic shades like gold and silver-white ('platinum') scales. The most popular

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revealed a significant evolutionary divergence (phylogenetic split) within common carp Cyprinus carpio between the native wild form found in Lake Biwa and the Eurasian wild form, along with domesticated varieties. This supports the idea of the ancient origin of the native Japanese form (Cyprinus

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Koi are an omnivorous fish. They eat a wide variety of foods, including peas, lettuce, and watermelon. Koi food is designed not only to be nutritionally balanced, but also to float so as to encourage them to come to the surface. When they are eating, koi can be checked for parasites and ulcers.

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The hobby of keeping koi eventually spread worldwide. They are sold in many pet aquarium shops, with higher-quality fish available from specialist dealers. Collecting koi has become a social hobby. Passionate hobbyists join clubs, share their knowledge and help each other with their koi. In

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have a metre or more of depth in areas of the world that become warm during the summer, whereas in areas that have harsher winters, ponds generally have a minimum of 1.5 m (5 ft). Specific pond construction has been evolved by koi keepers intent on raising show-quality koi.

243: 2509:(960–1279), yellow, orange, white, and red-and-white colorations had been developed. Goldfish were introduced to Japan in the 16th century and to Europe in the 17th century. On the other hand, most ornamental koi breeds currently distributed worldwide originate from Amur carp ( 2229:, "tea-colored", this koi can range in color from pale olive-drab green or brown to copper or bronze and more recently, darker, subdued orange shades. Famous for its docile, friendly personality and large size, it is considered a sign of good luck among koi keepers. 794:), or hidden rice fields in the mountains, unknown to the lord, which allowed the farmers to avoid taxes and become relatively wealthy. Breeding of koi was promoted as a hobby of farmers who could afford it, and high-quality individuals came to be bought and sold. 1493:

carp from eastern and southeastern Asia may be necessary, as the genetic variations do not fully match the currently recognized species pattern, with one study of mtDNA suggesting that koi are close to the Southeast Asian carp, but not necessarily the Chinese.

2513:) bred in Japan in the first half of the 19th century. Koi are domesticated Amur carp that are selected or culled for color; they are not a different species, and will revert to the original coloration within a few generations if allowed to breed freely. 2528:, have body shapes and coloration that are similar to koi, and can be difficult to tell apart from koi when immature. Goldfish and koi can interbreed; however, as they were developed from different species of carp, their offspring are sterile. 2659:

and produced by Kovax, to immunise fish against KHV. Israel is currently the only country in the world to vaccinate koi against the KHV. The vaccine is injected into the fish when they are under one year old, and is accentuated by using an

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Higuchi, Masahito (23 August 2023). "ミトコンドリア DNA 調節領域の塩基配列からみたニシキゴイの遺伝的変異とその起源" [Genetic variability and ancient origin of the Japanese ornamental carp (koi) using the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA control region].

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at the end of the Early Jomon Period (11,500 – 7,000 years ago). In addition, pharyngeal teeth of all six subfamilies of the Cyprinidae family living in Japan today, including carp (Cyprinus), have been found at the Awazu lakebed site

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or spotted carp. The leather carp is a low scaled variety bred in 1782 in Austria, and was sent to Japan from Munich, Germany in 1904, along with the mirror carp, which also has few scales. In Japan, these two varieties are called

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Nakajima, Tsuneo (31 January 2011). "コイ科魚類咽頭歯遺存体から見える先史時代の漁撈と稲作との関係に関する一考察" [A Speculation on Relationships between Freshwater Fishing and Rice Cultivation in Prehistoric Ages from a Viewpoint of Tooth Remains of Carps].

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Koi produce thousands of offspring from a single spawning. However, unlike cattle, purebred dogs, or more relevantly, goldfish, the large majority of these offspring, even from the best champion-grade koi, are not acceptable as

932:(1843), mentions that in addition to Asagi, purple, red, and white carp, there are "spotted carp (also known as Bekko carp)." This probably refers to two- or three-colored carp caused by mutation, and is a valuable record of 1467:

found a clear separation between the European/West Asian population and the East Asian population, with koi belonging in the latter. Consequently, recent authorities have suggested that the ancestral species of the koi is

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eras (1804 – 1830), people in the Nijūmuragō area bred red and white koi in addition to black koi, and crossed them to produce red and white colored koi. After that, they further crossed them and perfected them.

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have been released into lakes and rivers throughout Japan, causing genetic contamination with native carp and making research on the origin of the Japanese carp difficult. Koi is thought to be primarily of this

249: 2680:, and required complete depopulation of the ponds and a lengthy quarantine period. For a while after this, some koi farmers in neighboring states stopped importing fish for fear of infecting their own stocks. 781:, etc. From this original handful of koi varieties, all other Nishikigoi varieties were bred, with the exception of the Ogon variety (single-colored, metallic koi), which was developed relatively recently. 3900: 2047:

is a "catch-all" term for koi that cannot be put into one of the other categories. This is a competition category, and many new varieties of koi compete in this one category. It is also known as

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Grossa, Riho; Klaus Kohlmannb & Petra Kerstenb (2002). "PCR–RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial ND-3/4 and ND-5/6 gene polymorphisms in the European and East Asian subspecies of common carp (

247: 634:) as Japanese names corresponding to the above Chinese names, suggesting that carp of these colors existed in China and Japan in those days. In addition, Hitomi Hitsudai's drug dictionary 2987: 1894:

koi is light blue above and usually red below, but also occasionally pale yellow or cream, generally below the lateral line and on the cheeks. The Japanese name means pale greenish-blue,

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versions of almost all other varieties of koi occur, and they are fashionable. Their sparkling, glittering scales contrast to the smooth, even, metallic skin and scales seen in the

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Thai, B.T.; Burridge, C.P.; Pham, T.A.; Austin, C.M. (2005). "Using mitochondrial nucleotide sequences to investigate diversity and genealogical relationships within common carp (

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light. The vaccine has a 90% success rate and when immunized, the fish cannot succumb to a KHV outbreak and neither can the immunised koi pass KHV onto other fish in a pond. Only

1459:(mtDNA) was unable to find a clear genetic structure matching the geographic populations (possibly because of translocation of carp from separate regions), others based on mtDNA, 784:

Koi breeding flourished in the Nijūmuragō area for two reasons: 1) the custom of raising koi in fallow fields for emergency food during the winter, and 2) the existence of many

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Koi is an informal name for the colored variants of carp kept for ornamental purposes. There are many varieties of ornamental koi, originating from breeding that began in

5115: 4964: 422:, and their ability to survive and adapt to many climates and water conditions allowed the domesticated species to be propagated to many new locations, including Japan. 2275:-scaled fish with curling white markings. The patterns are thought to be reminiscent of Japanese ink paintings of dragons. They famously change color with the seasons. 3465: 3342: 4680: 4361: 3469: 3346: 3181:"Discovery of an ancient lineage of Cyprinus carpio from Lake Biwa, central Japan, based on mtDNA sequence data, with reference to possible multiple origins of koi" 2763:

egg helps keep it in place so it does not float around. Although the female can produce many spawns, many of the fry do not survive due to being eaten by others.

2363:) is a hybrid of koi and Asian carp with long flowing fins. Various colorations depend on the koi stock used to cross. It also is considered by some to not be 503:

be due to the fact that the Jomon only collected carp from lakes and rivers, while the Yayoi cultivated primitive carp along with the spread of rice paddies.

4524: 2936:, has been increasing. In addition, there are increasing numbers of Japanese koi bred in China that are sold domestically and exported to foreign countries. 2163:

is a koi with metallic (glittering, metal-flake-appearing) scales. The name translates into English as "gold and silver scales"; it is often abbreviated to

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infections. Water changes help reduce the risk of diseases and keep koi from being stressed. Two of the biggest health concerns among koi breeders are the

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of tanks and equipment can prevent the spread of the disease and limit the loss of fish stock. In 2002, spring viraemia struck an ornamental koi farm in

746: 4772: 4633: 246: 1562:(also known as longfin koi, or dragon carp), also developed in the 1980s, are notable for their long and flowing fins. They are hybrids of koi with 5175: 2619:

of one of the koi's scales reported that Hanako was 226 years old. Some sources give an accepted age for the species at little more than 50 years.

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Yabumoto, Yoshitaka (2010). "Ikiculter chojabaruensis, a New Genus and Species of Cyprinid Fish from the Miocene of Iki Island, Nagasaki, Japan".

2984: 4932: 5025: 5264: 5241: 5218: 4748: 4674: 4423: 4252: 3894: 5048: 4803: 4714: 4603: 3808: 1103: 1934:. The fish has no scales, except for a single line of large mirror scales dorsally, extending from head to tail. The most common type of 5137: 4472: 2779:

due to the belief that it will enhance its color), while older culls, within their first year between 3 and 6 inches long (also called

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Illustration of a three-colored carp in Ritsurin Garden, 1900. This is the oldest illustration of koi. It has the kanji characters for

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The words "koi" and "nishikigoi" come from the Japanese words 鯉 (carp), and 錦鯉 (brocaded carp), respectively. In Japanese, "koi" is a

1514:, Japan, is the only museum in the world that exhibits both varieties of living koi and data that show the history of their breeding. 4581: 4057: 2741: 2330:

pattern developed by Mr. Seiki Igarashi of Ojiya City. At least six different genetic subvarieties of this general variety are seen.

1942:/gray color above the lateral line and red or orange (and very, very rarely bright yellow) below the lateral line and on the cheeks. 3861: 3293: 2767:

parents they wish based on their desired characteristics, the resulting fry nonetheless exhibit a wide range of color and quality.

589:). In China in those days, carp were called horses because they were believed to be the vehicles of hermits and to run in the sky. 201: 2627:

Koi are very hardy. With proper care, they resist many of the parasites that affect more sensitive tropical fish species, such as

4502: 2816:. They quickly revert to the natural coloration of an Amur carp within a few generations. In many areas, they are considered an 644:, Japanese Medicine Encyclopedia, 1697) states that red, yellow, and white carp of the three colors were in Japan at that time. 5107: 4953: 4322: 3942: 3749: 3672:

Toyama, Kametaro (June 1910). "金銀目の猫と源平咲別の花" [Cat with gold and silver eyes and blooming flowers of two mixed colors].

2655:(SVC). No treatment is known for either disease. Some koi farms in Israel use the KV3 vaccine, developed by M. Kotler from the 2616: 2386:(generally, fish with only a single line of scales along each side of the dorsal fin). Also written as 独逸鯉, four main types of 1026: 4847: 1177:, which was the original name for the popular Taishō Sanshoku variety, gradually became the term used for all ornamental koi. 967:, and the price was over 1,000 yen per fish, which was a high price for that time. The three-colored carp had a red belly and 506:

It was previously thought that all Japanese carp were introduced from China in prehistoric times. However, recent analysis of

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Koi: everything about selection, care, nutrition, diseases, breeding, pond design and maintenance, and popular aquatic plants

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category and the Japanese name means "gold". The variety was created by Sawata Aoki in 1946 from wild carp he caught in 1921.

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is a variety of which the whole body is one color and the body is shiny, and it is called differently depending on the color.

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received much attention, winning a silver medal. After the exposition closed, they presented eight koi to the Crown Prince (

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Nakajima, T.; Nakajima, M.; Yamazaki, T. (2010). "Evidence for fish cultivation during the Yayoi Period in western Japan".

1740:. The Japanese name means "tortoise shell", and is commonly written as 鼈甲. The white, red, and yellow varieties are called 5303: 4353: 736:) in Japan. In Niigata Prefecture, Amur carp were farmed for food in Musubu Shinden, Kanbara County (present Akiba Ward, 3925: 2677: 2639: 1045:

is said to have been given by Kei Abe, who was the chief fisheries officer of the Niigata Prefectural Government in the

1014:, Tokyo, was 100 to 150 yen per fish, which was "extremely expensive" at the time. Therefore, even at that time, mutant 4908: 4546: 4392: 2920:

favorite, symbolizing abundance as well as perseverance and strength, and has a mythical potential to transform into a

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New koi varieties are still being actively developed. Ghost koi developed in the 1980s have become very popular in the

3323:]. Vol. 2. Japan Society for the Publication of Complete Works of Classical Japanese Literature. p. 19. 2962: 5078: 2704: 2338: 2095:

pattern over reticulated (fishnet pattern) scales. The base color can range from nearly black to very pale, sky blue.

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from the common carp of Europe and Western Asia, leading recent authorities to recognize them as a separate species,

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from Lake Biwa, central Japan, based on mtDNA sequence data, with reference to possible multiple origins of koi".

2723: 2708: 2318:(金輝黒竜, literally "gold sparkle black dragon" or "gold glitter black dragon") is a metallic-skinned version of the 5288: 3022: 2902: 1278: 68: 3957: 2884: 1153:(模様鯉) meaning patterned carp. There are various theories as to how these words came to be disused, in favor of 4442: 2795: 1102:(by Shigekichi Hoshino) was fixed as a breed, and in 1939, koi were exhibited at the Japanese pavilion at the 2939:

Koi are also popular in many countries in the equatorial region, where outdoor water gardens are popular. In

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for 恋, another word that means "affection" or "love", so koi are symbols of love and friendship in Japan.

181: 2248:光者). The most commonly encountered colors are gold, platinum, and orange. Cream specimens are very rare. 5167: 4693:... and there are reports of fish that have achieved ages of 100–200 years (Purdom 1993; Billard 1999). 3180: 2932:

are found in Chinese communities around the world, and the number of people who keep koi imported from

2615:" was owned by several individuals, the last of whom was Komei Koshihara. In July 1974, a study of the 5256: 1994:, except each of the scales within the red patches has a blue or black edge to it. Less common is the 688: 4133: 4094: 3193: 2807: 2715: 2502: 1424: 696:

The systematic breeding of ornamental Amur carp began in the 1820s in an area known as "Nijūmuragō" (

656: 478: 154: 20: 1275:), which was previously thought to have been introduced to Japan from Eurasia in prehistoric times. 1070:), which was created by Tokyo-based goldfish breeder Kichigoro Akiyama in 1906 by crossing a female 1018:

were known to some fish breeders and hobbyists in Tokyo, but artificial breeds such as Nijūmuragō's

5206: 5017: 4929: 4031: 2957: 2754: 1631:. This variety was first exhibited in 1914 by the koi breeder Gonzo Hiroi, during the reign of the 1578: 1502: 1251: 1223: 925: 901: 873: 845: 817: 704: 556: 447: 372: 46: 37: 1863:

means to print (the black markings are reminiscent of ink stains). Genetically, it is the same as

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between different populations, coupled with widespread translocations, has muddled the historical

4795: 4706: 4611: 3459: 3336: 3052: 2864: 2860: 2462: 2356: 1511: 1484: 1034:). This exhibition triggered an expansion of sales channels, and the market value of koi soared. 750: 729: 725: 648: 594: 210: 63: 3512: 2302:-style) pattern, reminiscent of autumn leaves on water. The Japanese name means "fallen leaves". 1209:

The koi are a group of breeds produced by artificial selection primarily from black carp called

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by Elizaburo Hoshino, an early 20th-century koi breeder. The red and white versions are called

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lifted soon after, thanks to the petition of the villagers. At that time, colored koi included

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amounts of money and effort have been spent trying to eradicate them, largely unsuccessfully.

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The bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators; a white-skinned

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color pattern. The oldest attested form is the yellow form, called "black and yellow markings"

1632: 1456: 1388: 1123: 971:(light blue) back with black spots, and is thought to have been a mutation similar to today's 964: 507: 332: 306: 4664: 4468: 3993: 2414: 1002:(variant carp), and said that even skilled fish breeders did not know how they could produce 4988: 4281: 4215: 4178: 4141: 4102: 4081:

Mabuchi, K.; Senou, H.; Suzuki, T.; Nishida, M. (2005). "Discovery of an ancient lineage of

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Koi have been accidentally or deliberately released into the wild in every continent except

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is a white-skinned koi, with large red markings on the top. The name means "red and white";

1555: 1412: 1370: 534: 451: 284: 4824: 3960:[Elucidation of the Roots of Japanese Carp and Scenarios for Conservation]. KAKEN. 3835: 4999: 4936: 4882: 4851: 4831: 4736: 4330: 2991: 2829: 2821: 2592: 2517: 2308:(輝黒竜, literally "sparkle" or "glitter black dragon") is a metallic-skinned version of the 1348: 1344: 1011: 956: 921: 661: 542: 472: 4573: 1595:

was one of the first ornamental varieties to be established in Japan (late 19th century).

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Koi have been reported to achieve ages of 100–200 years. One famous scarlet koi named "

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originated by crossbreeding numerous different established varieties with "scaleless"

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because they were not suitable for the social situation of war. Another theory is that

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Apart from the koi of Niigata Prefecture's Nijūmuragō area, there is a variety called

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However, it is believed that these single-colored carp were not a variety created by

538: 411: 120: 3741: 3489: 3149: 3056: 2438: 978: 559:(4th century A.D.) in China, carp of the following colors are described: red horse ( 4844: 2925: 2909: 2855: 2844: 2673: 2506: 2011:

overlay that gives it the appearance of bunches of grapes. Very rarely seen is the

1895: 1650: 1416: 1158: 1071: 459: 382: 353: 4834:. KoVax Ltd. – Specializes in Aqua culture vaccines development and Manufacturing. 3801:商工省監理局 (1941). Supervisory Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (ed.). 3388: 2943:, interior courtyards most often have one or several fish ponds dedicated to koi. 2450: 5049:"The Men of Koiyama: Keeping the Gion Festival Tradition for the Next Generation" 3812:]. Supervisory Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. p. 122. 2402: 1400:(Amur carp) lineage, but it also carries some genes of the native Japanese carp. 1267:), which inhabit lakes, ponds, and rivers in Japan. The black carp refers to the 1057:(by Kunizo Hiroi), which had first been produced in the 1880s, was also assured. 3943:

The reason why wealthy Chinese started to buy a lot of Japanese "nishikigoi" 3/3

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The reason why wealthy Chinese started to buy a lot of Japanese "nishikigoi" 1/3

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varieties. Recently, these characteristics have been combined to create the new

1931: 1464: 1404: 677: 529: 512: 5083:(in Japanese). Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from 3048: 2891:

and are closely associated with the country's national identity. The custom of

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is a koi with colored markings over a metallic base or in two metallic colors.

1563: 1432: 1366: 937: 668:. Amur carp were previously identified as a subspecies of the common carp (as 443: 435: 407: 130: 3703:]. Tokyo Taisho Exposition Memorial Book Publishing Society. p. 63. 3412: 3213: 322: 4900: 4875: 4550: 4384: 3404: 2940: 2917: 2893: 2836: 2633: 2541: 2525: 1440: 1391:. These carp were famous for their delicious taste. Since the Meiji period, 1310: 1135: 960: 665: 489: 80: 5281:

Feature article on treating sick fish, especially koi, "Surgery to Scale,"

4293: 4229: 2536: 1685:. In America, the name is often abbreviated to just "Shōwa". The amount of 1635:. In the United States, the name is often abbreviated to just "Sanke". The 1281:

of the Netherlands, who stayed in Japan during the Edo period, reported in

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of wild carp and Ogon koi and are distinguished by their metallic scales.

943: 4066: 3591:新潟県水産試験場 (1931). Niigata Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station (ed.). 3285: 2929: 2601: 2545: 2490: 2083:

pattern. The Japanese name means "five colors". It appears similar to an

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In many areas of North America, koi are introduced into the artificial "

672:), but recent authorities treat it as a separate species under the name 2572: 2483: 431: 337: 3091: 680:

as a food fish at least as long ago as the fifth century BC in China.

3817: 3787: 3744:[Increasingly popular every year! Attraction of Nishikigoi]. 3681: 3631: 3604: 3451: 3373: 3328: 3252: 2921: 2913: 1899: 761: 733: 90: 4220: 4199: 3708: 3658: 3577: 3547: 3118: 2345:

and wild carp with metallic scales, is considered by some to be not

2194:

is any koi with a solitary red patch on its head. The fish may be a

1965:

pattern. This variety first arose in the 1950s as a cross between a

1566:. Butterfly koi and ghost koi are considered by some to be not true 4495:"Koi Fish vs Goldfish: 10 Differences to Help You Distinguish Them" 1403:

In the past, koi were commonly believed to have been bred from the

462:

period sites. For example, pharyngeal teeth of the extinct species

273: 3701:

Overview of the Judging of Exhibits at the Tokyo Taisho Exposition

2901:(1603–1867), is still practiced today and displayed in gardens on 2854: 2794: 2753: 2576: 2568: 2560: 2535: 2498: 2477: 1799: 1501: 1194: 1184: 1122: 1006:, but only waited for them to be produced by chance. The price of 977: 942: 757: 741: 687: 455: 415: 257: 241: 3274:]. Fisheries Agency, Research Department, Resources Division. 1697:近代昭和), to the point that it can be difficult to distinguish from 801:(brocaded carp) did not exist until the 1910s. Before that time, 3748:. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. August 2023. 3368:]. Vol. 7. Hirano Uji Denzaemon, Hiranoya Katsuzaemon. 2880: 2872: 2597: 2580: 1473: 1128: 403: 395: 3599:]. Vol. 1. Niigata Agricultural Society. p. 100. 3315:深江, 輔仁, 平安中期; 与謝野, 寛, 1873-1935 (1927). Fukae, Sukehito (ed.). 499:) dating from the Middle Jomon Period (5500 – 4400 years ago). 2687: 2588: 2584: 293: 3178:

Mabuchi, K.; Senou, H.; Suzuki, T.; Nishida, M. (June 2005).

2924:. Since the late 20th century, the keeping of koi in outdoor 2799:

Various colors of koi feeding in a pond in Qingxiu Mountain,

2032:

pattern is such a dark burgundy that it appears nearly black.

1961:-style pattern with blue or black-edged scales only over the 1727:

is a white-, red-, or yellow-skinned koi with black markings

2985:

Japanese Ornamental Koi Carp: Origin, Variation and Genetics

1287:(1833–1850) that there were three species of carp in Japan: 4663:

Felicity Huntingford; Malcolm Jobling; Sunil Kadri (2012).

4418:. Neptune City, New Jersey: TFH Publications. p. 191. 4200:"Genome sequence and genetic diversity of the common carp, 4574:"Instructions for training koi fish to eat from your hand" 3173: 3171: 2887:

in the face of adversity. Ornamental koi are symbolic of

2298:

is a light blue/gray koi with copper, bronze, or yellow (

1798:

is a black koi with white, red, or yellow markings, in a

1618:, except for the addition of small black markings called 1157:(錦鯉), which is used today. One theory holds that, during 555:, Annotations on the Ancient and Modern Period) from the 3780:

Attraction of Nishikigoi : To raise swimming jewels

1343:

have been famous since the Edo period as farmed carp in

1303:, and a new scientific name for it is being considered. 545:) in the fourth year of his reign (74 AD). In Cui Bao's 482:) have been excavated from the Akanoi Bay lakebed site ( 4437: 4435: 2559:

is highly noticeable against the dark green of a pond.

262:

A school of koi containing multiple different varieties

692:

Terraced rice paddies in Yamakoshi, Niigata Prefecture

348:

sp.) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor

5168:"The detail: koi fish pond, Sri Lanka | The Voyageur" 5018:"An Inked Guide to Symbolism Within Japanese Tattoos" 4443:"19 Features of Koi Fish: from Symbolism to Serenity" 1041:(by Eizaburo Hoshino) was fixed as a breed. The name 290: 3438:川本, 信之, 1898-1985 (1967). Kawamoto, Nobuyuki (ed.). 3272:

Progress of introduction of new foreign fish species

2928:

has become popular among the more affluent Chinese.

2783:), are often sold as lower-grade, pond-quality koi. 1479:) or at least an East Asian carp species instead of 1435:

of the common carp, often under the scientific name

537:

released carp in a pond for viewing when he visited

5108:"What's with China's internet users and this fish?" 3572:]. Vol. 2. Tokyo Prefecture. p. 861. 3393:

Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association

3080:

Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History

287: 254:

Several koi swim around in a pond in Japan. (video)

5138:"Japan's Koi fish gaining popularity around world" 3399:(1). Japan Veterinary Medical Association: 20–24. 3247:]. Vol. 1. Kokusho Kan-kai. p. 265. 3179: 592:Japan's oldest drug dictionary, Fukane Sukehito's 1169:(which can have sexual meanings) were changed to 982:Odd-eyed cat and Spotted carp, from the magazine 4164:"Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp 2832:in Australia, they are considered noxious fish. 2271:' （literally "nine tattooed dragons" is a black 4352:Scientist, Atsushi Hoshino (22 December 2023). 3695:東京大正博覧会 (1914). Tokyo Taisho Exposition (ed.). 3391:[Basic Fish Pathology (Nishikigoi) 1]. 1811: 1681:was exhibited in 1927, during the reign of the 1141:Colored ornamental carp were originally called 1053:when he first saw it. In 1917, the fixation of 533:(Chronicles of Japan, 720), it is written that 4032:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166052A1108337.en 3483: 3481: 3479: 3086:. National Museum of Japanese History: 49–63. 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 2375: 2291: 2264: 2237: 2222: 2187: 2156: 2133: 2118: 2103: 2068: 2053: 2040: 2017: 2000: 1983: 1950: 1911: 1887: 1859:(piebald color morph), respectively. The word 1852: 1839: 1826: 1805: 1791: 1772: 1759: 1746: 1733: 1720: 1662: 1624: 1607: 1584: 1528: 1378: 1360: 1318: 1244: 1216: 1065: 894: 866: 838: 810: 789: 697: 639: 629: 623: 617: 611: 605: 599: 494: 483: 470:) in addition to the modern species of carp ( 418:, where they were used as food fish. Carp are 398:are a large group of fish originally found in 320: 271: 4157: 4155: 3132:Jordan, David Starr; Fowler, Henry W (1903). 2908:In Chinese culture, the koi represents fame, 2596:above the surface. A pond usually includes a 584: 578: 572: 566: 560: 550: 8: 4743:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 201. 3464:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3341:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2486:on the lip that are not visible in goldfish. 1779:, respectively. It may be confused with the 3676:. No. 82. Jijishinposha. p. 143. 3513:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6181A12559362.en 3134:"A review of the cyprinoid fishes of Japan" 3002: 3000: 2722:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1324: 1250: 1222: 1074:imported from Germany with a male Japanese 955:In 1900, there was a three-colored carp in 900: 872: 844: 816: 703: 3937: 3935: 3920: 3918: 3570:Tokyo Taisho Exposition Examination Report 3468:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3345:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3018: 3016: 3014: 1022:were still unknown to the general public. 36: 27: 4954:"Freshwater pest fish in New South Wales" 4845:ISRAELI KOI ...and the battle against KHV 4794:Doctor, Atsushi Ueno (18 December 2023). 4572:Doctor, Atsushi Ueno (18 December 2023). 4525:"The difference between koi and goldfish" 4383:Informer (Abi), Pond (13 February 2022). 4358:Zen Koi Garden Biological Research Center 4354:"Research campaign on butterfly koi fish" 4305: 4303: 4219: 4182: 4030: 3769: 3767: 3559: 3557: 3511: 3107:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2742:Learn how and when to remove this message 2214:), which also has a red spot on its head. 1922:was created in 1910 by Yoshigoro Akiyama（ 1313:of Eurasian origin, traditionally called 4899:Doctor, Atsushi Ueno (5 December 2023). 4414:Tamadachi M apter=Koi varieties (1990). 4162:Chistiakov, D.A.; Voronova, N.V (2009). 3994:10.34394/aquaticanimals.2023.0_AA2023-18 1127:Koi in an artificial pond at a hotel in 990:The magazine "Shonen" (1910) introduced 4669:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 12–. 4469:"Background information about goldfish" 3446:]. Koseisha Koseikaku. p. 59. 3239:国書刊行会 (1915). Kokusho Kanko-kai (ed.). 2974: 2398: 5148:from the original on 28 September 2020 4775:from the original on 27 September 2011 3807:Report of the Government Visit to the 3597:Farmers' Sideline Fish Farming Methods 3457: 3419:from the original on 27 September 2023 3334: 2980: 2978: 732:(located on the northeastern coast of 5118:from the original on 16 November 2022 5028:from the original on 28 November 2020 4796:"Research On Khv Disease In Koi Fish" 4505:from the original on 3 September 2021 4475:from the original on 15 December 2011 4395:from the original on 7 September 2022 3988:. 2023.0_AA2023-18. Aquos Institute. 3730:]. Dai Nippon Tosho. p. 319. 3653:]. Mataoma Yasujiro. p. 79. 2897:(carp streamers), which began in the 2516:Some goldfish varieties, such as the 2244:is a metallic koi of one color only ( 660:) is a member of the cyprinid family 331: 305: 7: 5059:from the original on 26 January 2021 5016:Staff, Inked Mag (9 November 2020). 4961:NSW Department of Primary Industries 4364:from the original on 7 February 2024 3809:Golden Gate International Exposition 3626:]. Yoshimi Shoten. p. 311. 3564:東京府 (1916). Tokyo Prefecture (ed.). 3220:from the original on 10 October 2023 2720:adding citations to reliable sources 2395:(鏡鯉、カガミゴイ), or mirror carp (ミラーカープ). 1104:Golden Gate International Exposition 5106:Pinghui, Zhuang (4 November 2018). 4449:from the original on 15 August 2023 4171:Central European Journal of Biology 4018:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3752:from the original on 7 October 2023 3534:Fujita, Masakatsu (November 1906). 3499:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3296:from the original on 2 October 2023 2668:measures such as prompt detection, 1573:The major named varieties include: 3929:, Gendai Business. 29 March 2019. 3774:徳間書店 (1966). Tokuma Shoten (ed.). 3488:Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). 3156:from the original on 14 March 2023 2532:Health, maintenance, and longevity 2501:more than a thousand years ago by 1867:, but lacking either red pigment ( 1351:). Other carp of the same type as 1049:(1912–1926), after he admired the 14: 4970:from the original on 19 June 2022 4765:"AnAge entry for Cyprinus carpio" 4717:from the original on 24 June 2018 3946:, Gendai Business. 29 March 2019. 3883:Fletcher, Nick (1 January 1999). 3864:from the original on 13 June 2010 3542:]. Suisan Shoin. p. 18. 3023:The History of Nishikigoi 錦鯉とその起源 2871:In Japan, the koi is a symbol of 1820:in the 19th century, but renamed 951:on its back and red on its belly. 342:, are colored varieties of carp ( 5178:from the original on 2 July 2018 5047:Azuma, Mariko (21 August 2020). 5022:Tattoo Ideas, Artists and Models 4911:from the original on 16 May 2024 4806:from the original on 16 May 2024 4683:from the original on 16 May 2024 4584:from the original on 16 May 2024 4286:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01215.x 4247:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 297. 4107:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x 3964:from the original on 16 May 2024 3903:from the original on 16 May 2024 3387:Nakajima, Kenji (January 1976). 3206:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x 2692: 2604:system to keep the water clear. 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2007:, which has a darker (burgundy) 1973:. The most commonly encountered 1087:and its lineage are also called 283: 226:Cyprinus carpio ssp. rubrofuscus 67: 4866:. Impact Worksheet•17 July 2002 4843:Reynolds, Paula (October 2011) 4705:Barton, Laura (12 April 2007). 4634:"Temperatures to feed koi fish" 4549:. Aquatic-oasis. Archived from 3618:Abe, Masanobu (February 1977). 3266:Maruyama, Tamezo (March 1987). 3150:10.5479/si.00963801.26-1334.811 3007:Ojiya Nishikigoi no Sato Museum 2206:. It is named for the Japanese 1693:has increased in modern times ( 4905:Zen Koi Garden research center 4800:Zen Koi Garden Research Center 4578:Zen Koi Garden Research Center 3958:"日本産コイ(コイ目コイ科)のルーツ解明と保全へのシナリオ" 3624:Suruga Miscellaneous Records 2 3366:Japanese Medicine Encyclopedia 2657:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1149:(花鯉) meaning floral carp, and 16:Colored varieties of Amur carp 1: 4385:"Complete Guide to Ghost Koi" 4146:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00836-5 3832:"MPKS Ray Jordan Koi History" 2091:below the lateral line and a 527:In the Japanese history book 450:. In addition, numerous carp 234:Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 232:Cyprinus carpio haematopterus 5251:Nicholas Saint-Erne (2010). 4901:"Research On Tosai Koi Fish" 4876:"Blackwater Creek Koi Farms" 4245:Freshwater Fisheries Ecology 4198:Xu, P.; et al. (2014). 3834:. Ray Jordan. Archived from 3697:東京大正博覧会出品審査概況 : 附・受賞人名簿 3651:Goldfish Question and Answer 3444:Introduction to Fish Farming 2678:Kernersville, North Carolina 2640:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 1705:, 三色, may be read as either 1639:, 三色, may be read as either 363:in the early 19th century. 5211:Barron's Educational Series 5201:George C. Blasiola (1995). 4310:The Varieties of Nishikigoi 2963:Japanese white crucian carp 1812: 1647:(from its earlier name 三毛). 1309:is thought to refer to the 1145:(色鯉) meaning colored carp, 442:) have been excavated from 5335: 3049:10.2517/1342-8144-14.4.277 2805: 2505:colored varieties; by the 1990:, which is colored like a 1918:means "autumn green"; the 1535:, which is made up of the 1439:. However, they differ in 604:, 918) mentions red carp ( 371:, which is made up of the 18: 5319:National symbols of Japan 4825:"KV3 Vaccine against KHV" 4184:10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2 3645:Miyoshi, Otojiro (1903). 3360:Hitomi, Hitsudai (1697). 2859:61st Nagaoka Koi Show at 2835:Koi greatly increase the 2758:Feeding of a large school 2474:Differences from goldfish 2376: 2292: 2265: 2238: 2223: 2188: 2157: 2134: 2119: 2104: 2069: 2054: 2041: 2018: 2001: 1984: 1951: 1912: 1888: 1853: 1840: 1827: 1806: 1792: 1773: 1760: 1747: 1734: 1721: 1669:is a black koi with red ( 1663: 1625: 1608: 1585: 1529: 1455:). Although one study of 1379: 1361: 1319: 1279:Philipp Franz von Siebold 1245: 1217: 1066: 895: 867: 839: 811: 790: 698: 640: 630: 624: 618: 612: 606: 600: 585: 579: 573: 567: 561: 551: 495: 484: 454:have been excavated from 321: 272: 216: 209: 187: 180: 64:Scientific classification 62: 53: 44: 35: 30: 5112:South China Morning Post 5079: 4666:Aquaculture and Behavior 4547:"Aquatic-oasis articles" 4323:"Guide to Koi Varieties" 4070:. November 2016 version. 4056:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3776:錦鯉の魅力 : 泳ぐ宝石を育てるために 3722:Tanaka, Shigeho (1936). 3245:Miscellaneous Art Series 3037:Paleontological Research 2990:20 December 2020 at the 2863:Branch Office, Nagaoka, 2075:is a dark koi with red ( 1677:白地) markings. The first 583:), and yellow pheasant ( 519:(German carp), in 1904. 4769:genomics.senescence.inf 4529:Living the Country Life 4087:Journal of Fish Biology 3540:Fish Farming Management 3405:10.12935/jvma1951.29.20 3186:Journal of Fish Biology 2653:spring viraemia of carp 1957:is a white fish with a 1926:, by crossing Japanese 1614:is very similar to the 1437:C. carpio haematopterus 1419:of the common carp and 1334:carp of Yamato Province 1106:held in San Francisco. 1027:Tokyo Taishō Exposition 920:A geographical book on 751:Higashitakezawa Village 367:category of koi is the 312:, or more specifically 4864:Spring Viremia of Carp 4007:Huckstorf, V. (2012). 3956:Seno, Hiroshi (2010). 3782:]. Tokuma Shoten. 2868: 2803: 2759: 2548: 2487: 2024:, which is similar to 1515: 1307:Cyprinus haematopterus 1289:Cyprinus haematopterus 1206: 1192: 1190:Cyprinus haematopterus 1131: 987: 952: 740:) from the end of the 693: 676:. Amur carp have been 263: 255: 5289:Koi in the NIWA Atlas 4935:28 March 2015 at the 4881:21 March 2015 at the 4850:23 March 2014 at the 4025:: e.T166052A1108337. 2858: 2798: 2757: 2651:carpio, which causes 2539: 2481: 1505: 1198: 1188: 1126: 981: 946: 691: 333:[ɲiɕi̥kiꜜɡoi] 261: 253: 5304:Domesticated animals 5228:David Twigg (2001). 4830:29 June 2017 at the 4535:on 18 November 2019. 4243:Craig, J.F. (2015). 4060:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 4011:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 3506:: e.T6181A12559362. 3138:Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus 2808:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 2716:improve this section 2511:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 2503:selectively breeding 2497:) were developed in 2087:, with little or no 1871:) or white pigment ( 1431:) were considered a 1297:Cyprinus conirostris 1204:Cyprinus conirostris 657:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 649:artificial selection 628:), and yellow carp ( 479:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 408:Various carp species 191:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 21:Koi (disambiguation) 19:For other uses, see 5207:Hauppauge, New York 4998:10 May 2009 at the 4604:"Koi Feeding Guide" 4416:The Cult of the Koi 4312:Zen Nippon Airinkai 4138:2002Aquac.204..507G 4099:2005JFBio..66.1516M 3286:"古今注 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆" 3198:2005JFBio..66.1516M 3025:Zen Nippon Airinkai 2958:Japanese aesthetics 2824:. In the states of 2482:Koi have prominent 2140:is a cross between 1520:Zen Nippon Airinkai 1477:C. c. haematopterus 1449:C. c. haematopterus 1083:(German carp), and 926:Shizuoka Prefecture 749:and Juni Shrine in 747:Higashiyama Village 670:C. c. haematopterus 557:Western Jin Dynasty 448:Nagasaki Prefecture 155:C. rubrofuscus 47:Conservation status 5087:on 4 February 2023 4614:on 27 January 2021 4445:. 11 August 2023. 3803:紐育金門万国博覧会政府参同事務報告書 2869: 2865:Niigata Prefecture 2804: 2760: 2549: 2488: 1516: 1512:Niigata Prefecture 1510:no Sato Museum in 1301:Cyprinus melanotus 1293:Cyprinus melanotus 1207: 1200:Cyprinus melanotus 1193: 1132: 1025:In 1914, when the 1010:at a fish show in 998:(spotted carp) or 994:under the name of 988: 953: 928:), Abe Masanobu's 730:Niigata Prefecture 694: 264: 256: 5266:978-1-59247-400-4 5253:Advanced Koi Care 5243:978-0-7645-6242-6 5234:Howell Book House 5220:978-0-8120-3568-1 4907:(in Vietnamese). 4802:(in Vietnamese). 4750:978-1-4027-5623-8 4676:978-1-4051-3089-9 4580:(in Vietnamese). 4425:978-0-86622-085-9 4360:(in Vietnamese). 4254:978-1-118-39442-7 4214:(11): 1212–1219. 3896:978-1-86054-146-9 3742:"年々、人気上昇中！錦鯉の魅力" 3290:zh.wikisource.org 3144:(1334): 811–862. 3092:10.15024/00001857 2851:In common culture 2752: 2751: 2744: 2495:Carassius auratus 2208:red-crowned crane 2129:Hikari-utsurimono 1457:mitochondrial DNA 1423:. Traditionally, 1389:Nagano Prefecture 965:Kagawa Prefecture 508:mitochondrial DNA 251: 240: 239: 195:koi or nishikigoi 173:koi or nishikigoi 57: 5326: 5270: 5257:Erne Enterprises 5255:. Glendale, AZ: 5247: 5224: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5013: 5007: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4896: 4890: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4854:. mitchkoi.co.uk 4841: 4835: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4737:Carwardine, Mark 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4644:on 13 April 2014 4640:. Archived from 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4610:. Archived from 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4531:. Archived from 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4501:. 5 April 2019. 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4333:on 12 April 2014 4329:. Archived from 4319: 4313: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4132:(3–4): 507–516. 4117: 4111: 4110: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3953: 3947: 3939: 3930: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3886:The Ultimate Koi 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3818:10.11501/1716726 3798: 3792: 3791: 3788:10.11501/2510714 3771: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3682:10.11501/1793889 3669: 3663: 3662: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3632:10.11501/9537491 3615: 3609: 3608: 3605:10.11501/1226542 3588: 3582: 3581: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3515: 3485: 3474: 3473: 3463: 3455: 3452:10.11501/2513721 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3374:10.11501/2569419 3357: 3351: 3350: 3340: 3332: 3329:10.11501/1111774 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3253:10.11501/1869566 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3192:(6): 1516–1528. 3183: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3074: 3061: 3060: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3009: 3004: 2995: 2982: 2953:Culture of Japan 2889:Japanese culture 2818:invasive species 2747: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2696: 2688: 2645:koi herpes virus 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2099:Hikari-mujiimono 2074: 2072: 2071: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1809: 1808: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1483:. Regardless, a 1382: 1381: 1364: 1363: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1069: 1068: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 898: 897: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 870: 869: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 842: 841: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 814: 813: 793: 792: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 701: 700: 643: 642: 633: 632: 627: 626: 621: 620: 615: 614: 609: 608: 603: 602: 588: 587: 582: 581: 577:), white horse ( 576: 575: 571:), black horse ( 570: 569: 564: 563: 554: 553: 498: 497: 487: 486: 452:pharyngeal teeth 410:were originally 341: 335: 330: 326: 325: 311: 309: 304: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 289: 282: 277: 276: 252: 197: 72: 71: 56: 40: 28: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5294: 5293: 5283:Cosmos Magazine 5277: 5267: 5250: 5244: 5230:How to Keep Koi 5227: 5221: 5200: 5197: 5195:Further reading 5192: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5172:thevoyageur.net 5166: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000:Wayback Machine 4991:Cyprinus carpio 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4963:. August 2014. 4956: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4941:daff.qld.gov.au 4937:Wayback Machine 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4883:Wayback Machine 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4852:Wayback Machine 4842: 4838: 4832:Wayback Machine 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4686: 4684: 4677: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4553:on 22 June 2010 4545: 4544: 4540: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4499:Fish Tank World 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4301: 4270:Cyprinus carpio 4267: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4221:10.1038/ng.3098 4208:Nature Genetics 4202:Cyprinus carpio 4197: 4196: 4192: 4166:Cyprinus carpio 4161: 4160: 4153: 4122:Cyprinus carpio 4119: 4118: 4114: 4083:Cyprinus carpio 4080: 4079: 4075: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3986:Aquatic Animals 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3933: 3923: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3897: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3860:. Netpets.org. 3858:"Early Records" 3856: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3838:on 23 July 2009 3830: 3829: 3825: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3773: 3772: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3709:10.11501/951452 3694: 3693: 3689: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3659:10.11501/904129 3644: 3643: 3639: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3578:10.11501/954707 3563: 3562: 3555: 3548:10.11501/802628 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3492:Cyprinus carpio 3487: 3486: 3477: 3456: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3389:"魚病学基礎講座(錦鯉篇)1" 3386: 3385: 3381: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3333: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3119:10.1002/oa.1005 3104: 3103: 3099: 3076: 3075: 3064: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2992:Wayback Machine 2983: 2976: 2971: 2949: 2853: 2830:New South Wales 2810: 2793: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2713: 2697: 2686: 2625: 2534: 2518:common goldfish 2476: 2469: 2466: 2457: 2454: 2445: 2442: 2433: 2430: 2421: 2418: 2409: 2406: 2373: 2341:), a hybrid of 2289: 2279:compete in the 2262: 2252:compete in the 2235: 2220: 2212:Grus japonensis 2185: 2154: 2131: 2116: 2114:Hikari-moyomono 2101: 2066: 2051: 2038: 2015: 1998: 1981: 1948: 1909: 1885: 1850: 1837: 1824: 1803: 1789: 1770: 1757: 1744: 1731: 1718: 1660: 1622: 1605: 1599:Taishō Sanshoku 1582: 1541:Taishō Sanshoku 1526: 1500: 1409:Cyprinus carpio 1349:Nara Prefecture 1345:Yamato Province 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1273:Cyprinus carpio 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1183: 1121: 1112: 1051:Taishō Sanshoku 1039:Taishō Sanshoku 957:Ritsurin Garden 940:(1603 – 1868). 922:Suruga Province 914: 911: 908: 905: 886: 883: 880: 877: 858: 855: 852: 849: 830: 827: 824: 821: 717: 715:twenty villages 714: 711: 708: 686: 662:species complex 654:The Amur carp ( 622:), white carp ( 616:), black carp ( 565:), blue horse ( 543:Gifu Prefecture 525: 473:Cyprinus carpio 434:fossils of the 428: 393: 379:Taishō Sanshoku 328: 318: 302: 286: 280: 279: 269: 242: 220:Cyprinus carpio 205: 199: 189: 176: 158: 66: 58: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5275:External links 5273: 5272: 5271: 5265: 5248: 5242: 5225: 5219: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5159: 5129: 5098: 5070: 5039: 5008: 4993:) – FactSheet" 4989:"Common Carp ( 4981: 4945: 4922: 4891: 4868: 4856: 4836: 4817: 4786: 4756: 4749: 4741:Animal Records 4728: 4707:"The Guardian" 4697: 4675: 4655: 4638:mitchkoi.co.uk 4625: 4595: 4564: 4538: 4516: 4486: 4460: 4431: 4424: 4406: 4375: 4344: 4327:mitchkoi.co.uk 4314: 4299: 4260: 4253: 4235: 4190: 4177:(3): 304–312. 4151: 4112: 4073: 4054:Froese, Rainer 4045: 3999: 3975: 3948: 3931: 3914: 3895: 3875: 3849: 3823: 3793: 3763: 3733: 3714: 3687: 3664: 3637: 3610: 3583: 3553: 3526: 3475: 3430: 3379: 3352: 3307: 3277: 3258: 3231: 3167: 3124: 3113:(2): 127–134. 3097: 3062: 3043:(4): 277–292. 3027: 3010: 2996: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2910:family harmony 2903:Children's Day 2883:, and also of 2852: 2849: 2801:Nanning, China 2792: 2789: 2750: 2749: 2700: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2624: 2621: 2533: 2530: 2522:comet goldfish 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2368: 2350: 2331: 2313: 2303: 2284: 2257: 2230: 2215: 2204:Tanchō Goshiki 2180: 2149: 2126: 2111: 2096: 2061: 2033: 1943: 1903: 1880: 1814:Kuro ki madara 1784: 1713: 1673:緋) and white ( 1652:Shōwa Sanshoku 1648: 1633:Taishō Emperor 1596: 1552:United Kingdom 1545:Shōwa Sanshoku 1499: 1496: 1470:C. rubrofuscus 1461:microsatellite 1453:junior synonym 1445:C. rubrofuscus 1429:C. rubrofuscus 1284:Fauna Japonica 1182: 1179: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1100:Shōwa Sanshoku 930:Sunkoku Zasshi 917:), and so on. 912:patterned carp 720:) which spans 685: 682: 674:C. rubrofuscus 636:Honchō Shokkan 610:), blue carp ( 524: 521: 427: 424: 420:coldwater fish 400:Central Europe 392: 389: 384:Shōwa Sanshoku 361:Niigata, Japan 307:[koꜜi] 238: 237: 236: 235: 229: 228:Lacepède, 1803 223: 222:Linnaeus, 1758 214: 213: 207: 206: 200: 185: 184: 182:Trinomial name 178: 177: 166: 164: 160: 159: 152: 150: 146: 145: 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 111:Actinopterygii 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 60: 59: 54: 51: 50: 45: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5331: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5314:Fish of Japan 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5099: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5071: 5058: 5054: 5053:JAPAN Forward 5050: 5043: 5040: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4923: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4818: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4787: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4656: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4613: 4609: 4608:lagunakoi.com 4605: 4599: 4596: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4565: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4407: 4394: 4390: 4389:Pond Informer 4386: 4379: 4376: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3976: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3879: 3876: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3728:Fish of Japan 3725: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3431: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926:water gardens 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2845:water hazards 2841: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2787:generations. 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2746: 2743: 2735: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2701:This section 2699: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468:Gin Rin Shōwa 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:Butterfly koi 2351: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:Kin-Kikokuryū 2314: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2130: 2127: 2115: 2112: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2065: 2062: 2050: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2014: 2010: 1997: 1993: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1849: 1836: 1823: 1816: 1815: 1801: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1769: 1756: 1743: 1730: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683:Shōwa Emperor 1680: 1676: 1672: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1621: 1617: 1604: 1603:Taishō Sanke) 1600: 1597: 1594: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Butterfly koi 1557: 1554:; they are a 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1525: 1521: 1518:According to 1513: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:its relatives 1418: 1414: 1413:hybridization 1411:). Extensive 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383:, introduced 1376: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1355:are known as 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1269:Eurasian carp 1253: 1242: 1225: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1116: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037:In 1917, the 1035: 1033: 1032:Emperor Showa 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 985: 980: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 950: 945: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924:(present-day 923: 918: 903: 892: 875: 864: 847: 836: 819: 808: 804: 800: 795: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 766: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 706: 690: 684:Modern period 683: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 658: 652: 650: 645: 637: 597: 596: 590: 558: 548: 544: 540: 539:Mino Province 536: 535:Emperor Keikō 532: 531: 522: 520: 518: 514: 509: 504: 500: 491: 481: 480: 475: 474: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 425: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 390: 388: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 370: 364: 362: 357: 355: 354:water gardens 351: 347: 346: 339: 336:, literally " 334: 324: 317: 316: 308: 298: 275: 268: 260: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 215: 212: 208: 203: 198: 196: 192: 186: 183: 179: 175: 174: 170: 165: 162: 161: 157: 156: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121:Cypriniformes 119: 116: 115: 112: 109: 106: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 85: 82: 79: 76: 75: 70: 65: 61: 55:Domesticated 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 5282: 5252: 5232:. New York: 5229: 5202: 5180:. Retrieved 5171: 5162: 5150:. Retrieved 5141: 5132: 5120:. Retrieved 5111: 5101: 5089:. Retrieved 5085:the original 5080:五月人形と鯉のぼりの由来 5073: 5061:. Retrieved 5052: 5042: 5030:. Retrieved 5021: 5011: 5003: 4990: 4984: 4972:. Retrieved 4960: 4948: 4940: 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4904: 4894: 4886: 4871: 4859: 4839: 4820: 4808:. Retrieved 4799: 4789: 4777:. Retrieved 4768: 4759: 4740: 4731: 4719:. Retrieved 4711:The Guardian 4710: 4700: 4692: 4685:. Retrieved 4665: 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4642:the original 4637: 4628: 4616:. Retrieved 4612:the original 4607: 4598: 4586:. Retrieved 4577: 4567: 4555:. Retrieved 4551:the original 4541: 4533:the original 4528: 4519: 4507:. Retrieved 4498: 4489: 4477:. Retrieved 4463: 4451:. Retrieved 4415: 4409: 4397:. Retrieved 4388: 4378: 4366:. Retrieved 4357: 4347: 4335:. 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It is a 2899:Edo period 2877:prosperity 2826:Queensland 2814:Antarctica 2806:See also: 2773:nishikigoi 2647:(KHV) and 2630:Trichodina 2602:filtration 2393:Kagami-goi 2371:Doitsu-goi 2365:nishikigoi 2347:nishikigoi 2281:Kawarimono 2254:Kawarimono 2246:hikarimono 2202:, or even 2179:varieties. 2142:utsurimono 2036:Kawarimono 2028:, but the 1898:color, or 1787:Utsurimono 1568:nishikigoi 1564:Asian carp 1487:review of 1433:subspecies 1375:Shinshūgoi 1367:Yodo River 1175:Nishikigoi 1171:Nishikigoi 1155:Nishikigoi 1047:Taisho era 1043:Nishikigoi 1020:Nishikigoi 1016:Nishikigoi 1008:Nishikigoi 1004:Nishikigoi 992:Nishikigoi 938:Edo period 934:Nishikigoi 803:Nishikigoi 799:Nishikigoi 664:native to 444:Iki Island 440:Cyprinidae 430:In Japan, 426:Prehistory 315:nishikigoi 169:C. r. 131:Cyprinidae 5182:1 January 4618:2 October 4453:15 August 3968:8 October 3756:7 October 3593:農家の副業的養魚法 3460:cite book 3423:3 October 3413:0446-6454 3337:cite book 3300:3 October 3224:3 October 3214:0022-1112 3160:4 January 2941:Sri Lanka 2930:Koi ponds 2918:feng shui 2905:, 5 May. 2894:koinobori 2861:Yamakoshi 2837:turbidity 2703:does not 2670:isolation 2634:Epistylis 2542:Yu Garden 2526:shubunkin 2361:ひれながにしきごい 2306:Kikokuryū 2283:category. 2277:Kumonryu 2152:Kinginrin 2093:Kōhaku Hi 2049:kawarigoi 1979:Ai Goromo 1877:Ki Utsuri 1873:Hi Utsuri 1835:Hi Utsuri 1822:Ki Utsuri 1755:Aka Bekkō 1498:Varieties 1485:taxonomic 1481:C. carpio 1441:meristics 1425:Amur carp 1398:Yamatogoi 1393:Yamatogoi 1353:Yamatogoi 1341:Yamatogoi 1315:Yamatogoi 1311:Amur carp 1262:true carp 1234:wild carp 1136:homophone 1119:Etymology 1098:In 1927, 1093:Doitsugoi 1081:Doitsugoi 1000:Kawarigoi 996:Madaragoi 961:Takamatsu 835:Kawarigoi 807:Madaragoi 797:The name 779:Ki Utsuri 726:Yamakoshi 666:East Asia 541:(present 517:Doitsugoi 515:, called 490:Lake Biwa 464:Jōmon Koi 350:koi ponds 329:Japanese: 303:Japanese: 281:English: 163:Variety: 149:Species: 87:Kingdom: 81:Eukaryota 31:Koi fish 5176:Archived 5146:Archived 5142:ANI News 5116:Archived 5057:Archived 5026:Archived 5004:usgs.gov 4996:Archived 4965:Archived 4933:Archived 4909:Archived 4879:Archived 4848:Archived 4828:Archived 4804:Archived 4773:Archived 4739:(2008). 4721:11 April 4715:Archived 4681:Archived 4582:Archived 4503:Archived 4473:Archived 4447:Archived 4393:Archived 4362:Archived 4337:12 April 4294:15670127 4230:25240282 4067:FishBase 3962:Archived 3901:Archived 3868:11 April 3862:Archived 3842:26 April 3750:Archived 3417:Archived 3294:Archived 3218:Archived 3154:Archived 3057:85972532 2994:May 2015 2988:Archived 2947:See also 2684:Breeding 2573:raccoons 2546:Shanghai 2491:Goldfish 2320:Kumonryu 2310:Kumonryu 2260:Kumonryū 1940:sky-blue 1768:Ki Bekkō 1707:sanshoku 1641:sanshoku 1490:Cyprinus 1463:DNA and 1451:being a 1181:Taxonomy 1095:in koi. 1012:Fukagawa 547:Gǔjīnzhù 485:赤野井湾湖底遺跡 345:Cyprinus 338:brocaded 211:Synonyms 202:Lacépède 142:Cyprinus 127:Family: 101:Chordata 97:Phylum: 91:Animalia 77:Domain: 5144:. 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