45:
386:, the speakers of the contributing dialects mix, and there is some levelling. The first native-born generation of speakers continues the leveling process. However, in the instances that Trudgill was able to document (such as first-generation speakers of Tyssedal and Odda dialects of Norwegian), the speech of that generation still reflected considerable variability in use of marked forms, both between speakers and in the repertoire of individual speakers.
163:
389:
It is the third generation that focuses the variations and stabilizes the dialect. Trudgill admits cases in which the focusing takes place in the first generation of native-born speakers and also instances that might be only in the fourth or even later generations. The dialect in its emerging state,
779:
the children of pidgin-speaking parents face a big problem, because pidgins are so rudimentary and inexpressive, poorly capable of expressing the nuances of a full range of human emotions and life situations. The first generation of such children spontaneously develops a pidgin into a more complex
378:
contexts in which the new dialect develops, and individual networks of adults involved in the accommodation process. Additionally, both
Trudgill and Mesthrie also comment on the process of reallocation in which features that have been retained from contributing dialects take on new meanings or
146:
between neighbouring dialects is not regarded as koineization. A koiné variety emerges as a new spoken variety in addition to the originating dialects. It does not change any existing dialect, which distinguishes koineization from the normal evolution of dialects.
266:
is formed when a strong regional dialect comes into contact with dialects of speakers who move into the region. Often, the use of the koiné spreads beyond the region in which it was formed. The original koiné, of the regional variety, was based on the
286:
is a new dialect that forms in a community settled by immigrants speaking two or more mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, speakers of a variety of
886:
Kerswill, P. (2002). Koineization and accommodation. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill & N. Schilling-Estes (Eds.), The handbook of language variation and change (pp. 669–702). Oxford: Blackwell.
247:. Change can be shown to originate with particular social groups based on those divisions. However, a number of linguists have recently argued that language change lies with the individual.
761:. Life Science Series. Contributor: University of California, Los Angeles. IGPP Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 81.
374:
and simplification. The processes of levelling and simplification are both dependent on a wide range of factors, including the relative prestige of the contributing dialects,
236:
from different parts of a single language area. Koineization typically takes two or three generations to complete, but it can be achievable within the first generation.
971:
Britain, D; Trudgill, Peter (1999), "Migration, new-dialect formation and sociolinguistic refunctionalisation: Reallocation as an outcome of dialect contact.",
957:
Coblin, W. South (2000a), "A brief history of
Mandarin", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 120 (4): 537–552, doi:10.2307/606615, JSTOR 606615.
299:
world. Speakers of the dialects came together in varying proportions under different conditions and developed distinctive Hindi koinés. Those Hindi/
1131:
628:
734:
470:). In layman's terms, the dialect is a compromise between the thicker "low-class" accents of the mountains (Tyari) and the prestigious "
364:
and the other third from other parts of the country. The dialects that evolved in both towns were thus very different from each other.
271:
Greek dialect that underwent a koineization process when it came into contact with other Greek dialects spoken in the
Athenian seaport
1097:
766:
1136:
127:
As speakers already understood one another before the advent of the koiné, the process of koineization is not as drastic as
679:
1116:
44:
1121:
170:
120:
that has arisen as a result of the contact, mixing, and often simplification of two or more mutually intelligible
1126:
341:
151:
994:
864:
674:
415:
221:
103:
38:
920:
684:
613:, both mutually intelligible and sometimes known as "Standard Hokkien", had developed from a mixture of
121:
382:
Trudgill posits a multigenerational model of the development of a koine. During the first (immigrant)
897:
791:
Siegel, 1985, p.358; Bubenik, 1993, Dialect contact and koineization: the case of
Hellenistic Greek.
517:
292:
639:
dynasties, based on multiple northern
Mandarin dialects, later evolving into modern Mandarin Chinese
375:
324:
356:, drew migrants from different parts of Norway. The workers in Odda came predominantly (86%) from
1066:
1029:
948:
Odisho, Edward: The Sound System of Modern
Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) – Weisbaden, Harrassowitz, 1988
780:
language termed a creole. he evolution of a pidgin into a creole is unconscious and spontaneous.
618:
553:
403:
337:
194:
370:
sees three processes in operation during what
Mesthrie calls the accommodation period: mixing,
108:
1093:
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214:
113:
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229:
143:
136:
79:
220:
Koineization brings new dialect varieties about as a result of contact between speakers of
935:
588:
459:
429:
411:
233:
174:
132:
1009:
865:"Creole and pidgin language structure in cross-linguistic perspective | Abstracts"
669:
659:
581:
550:, which is unique in being a temporal koine of different stages of the Hebrew language.
522:
439:
435:
425:
367:
361:
357:
345:
228:. Koineization is a particular case of dialect contact, and it typically occurs in new
186:
53:
49:
360:. In Tyssedal, only about one third came from western Norway, another third came from
1110:
836:
Croft, 2000, Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach. Harlow: Longman.
664:
561:
547:
276:
190:
1070:
818:
Labov (1972), Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania
University Press.
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455:
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240:
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471:
349:
296:
268:
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61:
31:
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512:
495:
479:
383:
258:
Paul
Kerswill identifies two types of koinés, namely, regional and immigrant:
1012:(1998), "Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class",
985:
421:
312:
17:
530:
162:
353:
320:
225:
27:
Contact language from mutually intelligible dialects of the same language
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407:
390:
a state marked by the heterogeneity of forms, is called by
Trudgill an
272:
202:
117:
1033:
499:
443:
308:
244:
210:
206:
201:
periods. It arose as a mixed vernacular among ordinary people in the
128:
185:, meaning "common" in Greek, was first used to refer to the form of
1025:
827:
J. Milroy, 1992, Linguistic variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell
809:
Thomson, 1960, The Greek language. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
340:
that emerged in two towns around smelters built at the head of the
491:
463:
451:
288:
161:
154:, koiné languages arise naturally, rather than being constructed.
43:
570:, which is both a script and an emerging literary version of the
636:
632:
483:
467:
447:
406:, a dialect that initially emerged as a mixture of 18th-century
304:
394:
and is often called an interlanguage in other dialect studies.
239:
Language variation is systematic in that it can be related to
88:
544:, the language that has given name to the general phenomenon.
135:. Unlike pidginization and creolization, there is often no
94:
56:
entities to maintain commercial and diplomatic relations.
912:
898:"Data and Ressarches for Korean dialect in Central Asia"
1040:
Mesthrie, R. (2001), "Koinés", in Mesthrie, R. (ed.),
91:
85:
414:, and was subsequently influenced to some degree by
82:
800:Thomson, 1960, p.34, quoted in Siegel, 1985, p.358
729:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 175.
48:Despite their different dialects, koineization in
1049:Siegel, Jeff (1985), "Koines and koineization.",
1000:, in Trudgill, Peter; Schilling-Estes, N (eds.),
1004:, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 669–702
1002:The handbook of language variation and change
8:
37:"Koiné" redirects here. For other uses, see
1089:Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems
631:was spoken within the royal courts of the
462:etc.) under the influence of the standard
442:based on the various mountain dialects in
984:
525:, the basis of Norway's most widely-used
1042:Concise encyclopedia of sociolinguistics
973:Transactions of the Philological Society
1044:, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 485–489
701:
930:
929:
918:
708:
291:dialects were conscripted to serve as
243:within a community, such as class and
502:), where the Assyrians immigrated to.
348:in the mid-20th century. Both towns,
7:
723:"Koiné formation and creole genesis"
854:Arends, Muysken & Smith (1995)
379:functions within the new dialect.
25:
139:target involved in koineization.
995:"Koineization and Accommodation"
436:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Iraqi Koiné
428:and multiple other varieties of
422:Central Asian Korean (Koryo-mar)
78:
1081:, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
1:
1132:Language varieties and styles
680:Naturalistic planned language
685:Post-creole speech continuum
213:from different parts of the
336:Kerswill also examined the
275:. It ultimately became the
169:became the language of the
1153:
173:; it was widely used as a
36:
29:
1086:Weinreich, Uriel (1953).
1063:10.1017/s0047404500011313
279:of the Hellenistic world.
209:, which was inhabited by
152:zonal auxiliary languages
1077:Trudgill, Peter (1986),
751:Campbell, John Howland;
727:Creolization and Contact
30:Not to be confused with
986:10.1111/1467-968x.00050
913:Institute of Humanities
896:Kwak, Chung-gu (2007).
911:: 231–272 – via
877:Wardhaugh (2002:56–57)
675:Mutual intelligibility
578:Great Andamanese koine
416:Received Pronunciation
303:dialects are found in
178:
124:of the same language.
57:
39:Koine (disambiguation)
1137:Cultural assimilation
905:Journal of Humanities
721:Siegel, Jeff (2001).
478:was developed in the
222:mutually intelligible
165:
112: 'common') is a
47:
621:into a Koine of the
518:Caribbean Hindustani
474:" dialect of Urmia.
418:in the 19th century.
293:indentured labourers
234:people have migrated
52:enabled the various
1117:Pidgins and creoles
1079:Dialects in contact
1051:Language in Society
430:Northeastern Korean
325:Trinidad and Tobago
1122:Standard languages
1010:McWhorter, John H.
758:Creative Evolution
753:Schopf, J. William
619:Zhangzhou dialects
404:Australian English
338:Norwegian dialects
224:varieties of that
179:
58:
928:External link in
736:978-90-272-9771-6
690:Standard language
655:Dialect levelling
650:Dialect continuum
615:Quanzhou dialects
611:Taiwanese Hokkien
572:Manding languages
205:, the seaport of
171:Macedonian Empire
150:While similar to
16:(Redirected from
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1127:Sociolinguistics
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556:, also known as
537:Hutterite German
527:written standard
241:social divisions
137:prestige dialect
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755:, eds. (1994).
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748:
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719:
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698:
646:
558:Palembang Malay
509:
507:Koiné languages
438:, a variety of
408:Cockney English
400:
376:socio-political
334:
295:throughout the
284:immigrant koiné
253:
175:second language
160:
81:
77:
54:Greek political
42:
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979:(2): 245–256,
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440:Suret language
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426:Yukjin dialect
419:
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398:Koine dialects
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368:Peter Trudgill
362:eastern Norway
358:western Norway
346:Hardangerfjord
344:branch of the
333:
330:
329:
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280:
264:regional koiné
252:
249:
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70:koiné language
50:Ancient Greece
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907:(in Korean).
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548:Modern Hebrew
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412:Irish English
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277:lingua franca
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215:Mediterranean
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191:lingua franca
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129:pidginization
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104:Ancient Greek
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607:Amoy Hokkien
560:, spoken in
557:
475:
466:variety (in
392:interdialect
391:
388:
381:
366:
335:
332:Koineization
317:South Africa
283:
263:
254:
238:
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182:
180:
166:
149:
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133:creolization
126:
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76:(pronounced
73:
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18:Koineization
709:Siegel 1985
542:Koiné Greek
476:Iraqi Koine
424:, based on
232:, to which
230:settlements
195:Hellenistic
193:during the
167:Koiné Greek
142:The normal
102:; from
62:linguistics
32:Koine Greek
1111:Categories
931:|via=
774:2014-04-20
696:References
513:Fiji Hindi
384:generation
189:used as a
158:Background
116:or common
625:language.
496:Habbaniya
482:areas of
464:Urmežnaya
372:levelling
313:Mauritius
203:Peiraieus
181:The term
144:influence
122:varieties
1071:12830293
1014:Language
644:See also
354:Tyssedal
342:Sørfjord
321:Suriname
301:Bhojpuri
297:colonial
256:Linguist
226:language
114:standard
965:Sources
629:Guanhua
623:Hokkien
488:Baghdad
460:Nochiya
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118:dialect
74:dialect
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245:gender
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207:Athens
1067:S2CID
1030:JSTOR
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599:on a
585:Khora
582:mixed
492:Basra
480:urban
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289:Hindi
269:Attic
251:Types
199:Roman
187:Greek
183:koine
109:κοινή
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763:ISBN
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637:Qing
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633:Ming
617:and
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