1045:
Alexander in the siege of this city, which lasted for seven months. During the final attack, the
Cypriots managed to occupy the Sidonian harbour and the northern part of Tyre, while the Phoenicians loyal to Alexander occupied the Egyptian harbour. Alexander also attacked the city with siege engines by constructing a "mole", a strip of soil from the coast opposite Tyre, to the island where the city was built. In this operation, Alexander was helped by many Cypriot and Phoenician engineers who built earthworks on his behalf. Many siege engines battered the city from the "mole" and from "ippagoga" ships.
117:
412:
1166:
Ptolemy in 312 BCE gave more power to the kings of Solon and Paphos, and particularly to
Nicocreon of Salamis, whom Ptolemy seems to have appreciated and trusted completelyand who won the cities and the wealth of expelled kings. Salamis extended its authority throughout eastern, central and northern Cyprus, since Kition and Lapithos were absorbed into it and Tamassos already belonged. Furthermore, Nicocreon of Salamis took office as chief general in Cyprus with the blessing of Ptolemy, effectively making him master of the whole island.
35:
2292:
658:
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771:
476:. This is further supported by the discovery of a Late Bronze Age settlement lying several kilometres from the site of the remains of the Hellenic city of Kourion, whose pottery and architecture indicate that Mycenaean settlers did indeed arrive and augment an existing population in this part of Cyprus in the twelfth century BC. The kingdom of Kourion in Cyprus is recorded on an inscription dating to the period of the Pharaoh
1052:, the Cypriots managed to help capture the city for Alexander. His gratitude was shown, for example, by the help he gave to Pnytagora, who seems to have been the main driver of this initiative to support Alexander, to incorporate the territory of the Cypriot kingdom of Tamassos into that of Salamis. The kingdom of Tamassos was then ruled by King Poumiaton of Kition who had purchased it for 50 talents from king Pasikypro.
971:
265:
1185:, where he particularly distinguished himself. In 307 BCE he liberated Athens, restoring democracy there and in 306 BCE, led the war against the Ptolemies. Wishing to use Cyprus as a base for attacks against Western Asia, he sailed from Cilicia to Cyprus with a large infantry force, cavalry and naval ships. Meeting no resistance, he landed in the
1145:
Cypriot kingdoms chose alliance with
Ptolemy, others sided with the Antigonus, yet others tried to remain neutral, leading to inevitable controversy and confrontation. The largest city and kingdom of Cyprus then appears to have been Salamis, whose king was Nicocreon. Nicocreon strongly supported Ptolemy. According to
1144:
The
Cypriot kings who, so far, had managed largely to maintain their kingdoms' independence, found themselves in a new and difficult position. This was because, as Cyprus became the focus of discord between Ptolemy and Antigonus, the kings of the island now had to make new choices and alliances. Some
1075:
Cyprus was an experienced seafaring nation and
Alexander used the Cypriot fleet during his campaign into India; because the country had many navigable rivers, he included a significant number of shipbuilders and rowers from Cyprus, Egypt, Phoenicia and Caria in his military expedition. Cypriot forces
946:
in 390 BC to request support, Evagoras received less help from the
Athenians than he had hoped for and in about 380 BCE, a Persian force besieged Salamis and Evagoras was forced to surrender. In the end, he remained king of Salamis until he was murdered in 374 BCE, but only by accepting his role as a
1103:
The policy of
Alexander the Great on Cyprus and its kings soon became clear: to free them from Persian rule but to put them under his own authority. Away from the coast of Cyprus, the interior kingdoms were left largely independent and the kings maintained their autonomy, although not in issues such
1387:
There is evidence for both a local trade of
Cypriot oil and for a larger trading network that may have reached as far as the Aegean, although most Cypriot oil was probably limited to the Eastern Mediterranean. Many olive oil presses have been found on Cyprus, and not just in rural areas, where they
1379:
was a very important part of daily life in the
Mediterranean in the Roman Period. It was used for food, as a fuel for lamps, and as a basic ingredient in things like medicinal ointment, bath oils, skin oils, soaps, perfumes and cosmetics. Even before the Roman Period, Cyprus was known for its olive
1352:
civilians were killed. Although this number may be exaggerated, there were few or no Roman troops stationed on the island to suppress the insurrection as the rebels wreaked havoc. After forces were sent to Cyprus and the uprising was put down, a law was passed that no Jews were permitted to land on
989:
Long and sustained efforts to overthrow
Persian rule proved unsuccessful and Cyprus remained a vassal of the Persian Empire until the Persian's defeat by Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon and Alexander III of Macedon), was born in Pella in 356 BCE and died in Babylon in
1165:
Ptolemy entered Cyprus with further military forces in 312 BCE, captured and killed the king of Kition and arrested the pro-Antigonid kings of Marion and Lapithos-Kyrenia. He destroyed the city of Marion and annulled most of the former kingdoms of Cyprus. This crucial and decisive intervention by
1076:
were led by Cypriot princes such as Nikoklis, son of King Pasikrati of Solon, and Nifothona, son of King Pnytagora of Salamis. As Alexander took over control of the administrative region that had been the Persian Empire, he promoted Cypriots to high office and great responsibility; in particular,
1044:
Tyre, then the most important Phoenician city, was built on a small island that was 700 metres from the shore and had two harbors, the Egyptian to the south and Sidonian to the north. The Cypriot kings, in command of 120 ships, each with a very experienced crew, provided substantial assistance to
1013:
The Cypriot kings, learning of the victory of Alexander at Issus, and knowing that sooner or later, Alexander would be the new ruler of the island, since the occupation of Cyprus was necessary (along with that of Phoenicia) to open lines of communication to Egypt and Asia, rose up against their
1117:. The death of Alexander the Great marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period of Cypriot history. After the death of Alexander the Great, Cyprus passed on to the Ptolemaic rule. Still under Greek influence, Cyprus gained full access to the Greek culture and thus became fully hellenised.
1656:
Radner, K. 2010: "The Stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A focus for an emerging Cypriot identity?”, in R. Rollinger, B. Gufler, M. Lang, I. Madreiter (eds), Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt: Vorderasien, Hellas, Ägypten und die vielfältigen Ebenen des Kontakts, Wiesbaden,
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But the situation was fluid and the rulers of Solon and Paphos had been kept in power. Soon, King Nikoklis of Paphos was considered suspect; he was besieged and forced to suicide, and his entire family put to death (312 BCE). The following year (311 BCE) Nicocreon of Salamis died.
990:
323 BCE. Son of King Philip II and Olympias, he succeeded his father to the throne of Macedonia in 336 BCE at the age of 20. He was perhaps the greatest commander in history and led his army in a series of victorious battles, creating a vast empire that stretched from Greece to
707:. Paphian inscriptions call her "the Queen". Pictures of Aphrodite appear on the coins of Salamis as well, demonstrating that her cult had a larger regional influence. In addition, the King of Paphos was the High Priest of Aphrodite, and a great pilgrim temple of her, the
849:
A definite influence from Greece was responsible for the production of some very important sculptures. The archaic Greek art with its attractive smile on the face of the statue is found on many Cypriot pieces dating between 525–475 BCE; that is, the closing years of the
1149:, he had the support of Pasikratis of Solon, Nikoklis of Paphos and Androcles of Amathus. Other kings of Cyprus, however, including Praxippos of Lapithos and Kyrenia, the Poumiaton (Pygmalion) of Kition and Stasioikos of Marion, allied themselves with Antigonus.
1152:
Against these, Nicocreon and other pro-Ptolemaic kings conducted military operations. Ptolemy sent military support to his allies, providing troops under the command of Seleucus and Menelaus. Lapithos-Kyrenia was occupied after a siege and Marion capitulated.
755:. This brief period of Egyptian domination left its influence mainly in the arts, especially sculpture, where the rigidity and the dress of the Egyptian style can be observed. Cypriot artists later discarded this Egyptian style in favour of Greek prototypes.
447:, and Cyprus became thoroughly Hellenised. Cyprus figures prominently in the early history of Christianity, being the first province of Rome to be ruled by a Christian governor, in the first century, and providing a backdrop for events in the New Testament
1014:
Persian overlords and made available to the fleet of Alexander the ships formerly in the service of Persia. There was a mutuality of interests: Alexander the Great increased the capacity of his fleet, and the Cypriot kings achieved political independence.
787:
weight system. Coins minted by the kings were required to have the overlord's portrait on them. King Evelthon of Salamis (560–25 BCE) was probably the first to cast silver or bronze coins in Cyprus; the coins were designed with a ram on the obverse and an
1305:
was sent to annex Cyprus and organize it under Roman law. Cato was relentless in protecting Cyprus against the rapacious tax farmers that normally plagued the provinces of the Republican period. After the civil wars that ended the Roman Republic,
862:, however, although common in Greece, are extremely rare in Cyprus, while women (Korai) are always presented dressed with rich folds in their garments. The pottery in Cyprus retained its local influences, although some Greek pottery was imported.
403:
rule. The Persians did not interfere in the internal affairs of Cyprus, leaving the city-kingdoms to continue striking their own coins and waging war amongst one another, until the late-fourth century BC saw the overthrow of the Persian Empire by
1100:. The hope of full independence for Cyprus following the fall of the Persian Empire, however, was slow to be realized. The mints of Salamis, Kition and Paphos began to stamp coins on Alexander's behalf rather than in the name of the local kings.
1028:
From the area of Phoenicia, only Tyre resisted Alexander's control, and so he undertook a siege. The Cypriot fleet, together with Cypriot engineers, contributed much to the capture of this highly fortified city. Indeed, king Pnytagoras of
1938:
Winbladh, M-L., 'Adventuring with Cyprus. A Chronicle of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition 1927 – 1931' in The Northern Face of Cyprus. New Studies in Cypriot Archaeology and Art History, eds. Hazar Kaba & Summerer, Latife, Istanbul
586:(721–05 BC) in 709 BC over seven kings in the land of Ia', in the district of Iadnana or Atnana. The land of Ia' is assumed to be the Assyrian name for Cyprus, and some scholars suggest that the latter may mean 'the islands of the
897:, brother of the King of Salamis, whom he dethroned for not wanting to fight for independence. The Persians crushed the Cypriot armies and laid siege to the fortified towns in 498 BCE. Soloi surrendered after a five-month siege.
1189:
and occupied the cities Urania and Karpasia. Meanwhile, Menelaus, brother of Ptolemy I Soter, the new general of the island, gathered his forces at Salamis. Ptolemy arrived to aid his brother, but was decisively defeated at the
1453:(Elymas) was obstructing the Apostles in their preaching of the Gospel. Paul rebuked him, announcing that he would temporarily become blind due to God's judgment. Paul's prediction immediately came true. As a result of this,
1408:
indicate that the vessel, a typical small merchant ship, was carrying oil and there is evidence from the location of the wreck and the ship itself that it was traveling only a short distance, probably west around the island.
1112:
The death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, while still in his early thirties, put an end to Greek aspirations for global domination. The empire he had created was divided between his generals and successors, who immediately
782:
conquered Cyprus. Under the Persians, the Kings of Cyprus retained their independence but had to pay tribute to their overlord. The city-kingdoms began to strike their own coins in the late-sixth century BCE, using the
1347:
inspired by Messianic hopes broke out. Their leader was Artemion, a Jew with a Hellenised name, as was the practice of the time. The island suffered great losses in this war; it is believed that 240,000 Greek and
1396:
made in Cyprus known as Late Roman 1 or LR1 that was used to carry oil. This indicates that a lot of Cypriot oil was being imported into Egypt. There is also evidence for Cypriot trade with Cilicia and Syria.
915:, elicited Persian support for the Athenians against Sparta and urged Greeks from the Aegean to settle in Cyprus, assisting the Athenians in so many ways that they honoured him by erecting his statue in the
1104:
as mining rights. Alexander sought to make clear that he considered himself the master of the island, and abolished the currencies of the Cypriot kingdoms, replacing them by the minting of his own coins.
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1964:
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The royal inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), kings of Assyria / Hayim Tadmor and Shigeo Yamada ; with the editorial assistance of Jamie Novotny
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In 331 BCE, while Alexander was returning from Egypt, he stayed for a while in Tyre, where the Cypriot kings, wishing to reaffirm their trust and support for him, put on a great show of honour.
1178:
After the intervention of Ptolemy in Cyprus, which subjugated the island, Antigonus and his son Demetrius reacted against the besiegers and Demetrius led a large military operation in Cyprus.
1209:
sent from Egypt and sometimes formed a minor Ptolemaic kingdom during the power struggles of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Also, the Seleucid Empire briefly took the island over during the
958:(Kition) or the Cypriot syllabic alphabet were still used. Together with Egypt and Phoenicia, Cyprus rebelled against Persian rule again in 350 BCE, but the uprising was crushed by
1908:, Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26–9, 2002, edited by J. Eiring and J. Lund, Aarhus, Aarhus University Press: pp 189–202.
1951:
Voskos, I. & Knapp A.B. 2008, ”Cyprus at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Crisis and Colonization or Continuity and Hybridization?” American Journal of Archaeology 112
1832:. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26–9, 2002, edited by J. Eiring and J. Lund, 189–202. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
2636:
2340:
1922:Şevketoğlu, M. 2015, ”Akanthou- Arkosykos, a ninth Millenium BC coastal settlement in Cyprus” in Environmental Archaeology, Association for Environmental Archaeology
923:. At the beginning of the 4th century BC, he took control of the whole island of Cyprus and within a few years was attempting to gain independence from Persia with
2007:
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became a believer, being astonished at the teaching of the Lord. In this way, Cyprus became the first country in the world to be governed by a Christian ruler.
2600:
1201:
in 301 BC and Demetrius, having reorganized the army, was proclaimed King of Macedon, but was evicted by Lysimachus and Pyrrhus. Cyprus came once again under
911:
of Salamis (435–374 BCE) dominated Cypriot politics for almost forty years until his death in 374 BCE. He had favoured Athens during the closing years of the
2629:
2302:
1429:, who came to the island at the beginning of their first missionary journey in 45 AD, according to Christian tradition, converting the people of Cyprus to
293:
1985:
1961:
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Yon, M., Malbran-Labat, F. 1995: "La stèle de Sargon II à Chypre", in A. Caubet (ed.), Khorsabad, le palais de Sargon II, roi d’Assyrie, Paris, 159–179.
1388:
might be expected for personal, local use. They have been found in some of the larger coastal cities as well, including Paphos, Curium and Amathus. In
1544:
1739:
1404:, indicate that the oil produced in these areas was mostly used locally or shipped to nearby towns. The amphora found on a contemporary shipwreck at
842:), had houses built of rubble masonry with square stone blocks forming the corners. Temples and sanctuaries were built mainly in a Phoenician style.
2291:
1343:(Roman peace) was only twice disturbed in Cyprus in three centuries of Roman occupation. The first serious interruption occurred in 115–16, when a
1710:
822:
walls on stone foundations and rectangular bastions. The houses were constructed of mud-bricks as well, whereas public buildings were faced with
116:
1919:. Proceedings of a conference at Somerville College, Oxford, 29 May 1999, edited by S. Kingsley and M. Decker, Oxford, Oxbow Books: pp 107–28.
1487:
Several earthquakes led to the destruction of Salamis at the beginning of the 4th century, at the same time drought and famine hit the island.
900:
Around 450 BCE, Kition annexed Idalion with Persian help. The importance of Kition increased again when it acquired the Tamassos copper-mines.
1206:
1213:, but gave the island back as part of a treaty arranged by the Romans. During this time, Cyprus forged strong commercial relationships with
206:
2333:
1815:. Proceedings of a conference at Somerville College, Oxford, 29 May 1999, edited by S. Kingsley and M. Decker, 107–28. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
669:, the last great Assyrian king. Cemeteries from this period are chiefly rock-cut tombs. They have been found, among other locations, at
758:
Statues in stone often show a mixture of Egyptian and Greek influence. In particular, ceramics recovered on Cyprus show influence from
3149:
2000:
1945:
Winbladh, M.-L., The Origins of The Cypriots. With Scientific Data of Archaeology and Genetics, Galeri Kultur Publishing, Lefkoşa 2020
550:(approx. 1200 BC), the Greeks settled on the island (ca. 1100 BC), acting decisively in the formation of their cultural identity. The
534:
of Egypt subdued Cyprus in 1500 BC and forced its inhabitants to pay tribute, which continued until Egyptian rule was replaced by the
3298:
1877:
1616:
1576:
1437:. After their arrival in Salamis, they proceeded to Paphos where they converted the Roman governor Sergius Paulus to Christ. In the
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Winbladh, M.-L., Kıbrıs Macerası – The Cyprus Adventure – Περιπετεια στην Κυπρο (1927–1931), Galeri Kültür Kitabevi, Lefkoşa 2013
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when he said that "in fertility Cyprus is not inferior to any one of the islands, for it produces both good wine and good oil".
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who was born at Kition about 336 BCE and founded the famous Stoic School of Philosophy at Athens, where he died about 263 BCE.
286:
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established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
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control in 294 BC and mostly remained under Ptolemaic rule until 58 BC, when it became a Roman province. It was ruled by a
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1993:
1974:
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Na'aman, N., 'Sargon II and the rebellion of the Cypriote kings against Shilta of Tyre', Orientalia 67 (1998), 239–247 .
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762:. Men often wore Egyptian wigs and Assyrian-style beards. Armour and dress showed western Asiatic elements as well.
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96:
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Fundamental Links in the Economic Chain: Local Ports and International trade in Roman and Early Christian Cyprus.
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Fundamental Links in the Economic Chain: Local Ports and International trade in Roman and Early Christian Cyprus.
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Winbladh, M.-L., Adventures of an archaeologist. Memoirs of a museum curator, AKAKIA Publications, London 2020
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The untold story of the New Testament church : an extraordinary guide to understanding the New Testament
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in 609 BC, whereupon the city-kingdoms of Cyprus gained independence once more. Following a brief period of
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1326:"divided into four districts centred around Paphus, Salamis, Amathus and Lapethus." After the reforms of
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1010:(333 BCE) and on the coast of Asia Minor, Syria and Phoenicia, where Persian naval bases were situated.
1718:
1400:
Olive oil was also traded locally, around the island. Amphorae found at Alaminos-Latourou Chiftlik and
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tells us that Amathus was forced to provide hostages, while Kition was laid siege to in about 315 BCE.
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Demetrius was born in 336 BC and initially fought under the command of his father in 317 BCE against
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was the payment of tribute and the supply of armies and ships for his foreign campaigns. Thus, when
735:, as attested by amulets. Animal sacrifices are attested to on terracotta-votives. The Sanctuary of
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1002:. The various kingdoms of Cyprus became allies of Alexander following his victorious campaigns at
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1464:. At least three Cypriot bishops (the sees of Salamis, Tremithus, and Paphos) took part in the
770:
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Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
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590:', or Greece. There are other inscriptions referring to the land of Ia' in Sargon's palace at
519:
444:
443:. During this period, Phoenician and native Cypriot traits disappeared, together with the old
436:
400:
183:
105:
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Tyree, E.L. 1996, "The Olive Pit and Roman Oil Making". The Biblical Archaeologist 59: 171–8.
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1256:. Ptolemaic rule was rigid and exploited the island's resources to the utmost, particularly
1210:
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855:
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had regained control and Cyprus remained under Ptolemaic rule until 58 BC, when it became a
1667:
1502:
granted the archbishop of Cyprus the right to carry a sceptre instead of a pastoral staff.
854:. During the Persian rule, Ionian influence on the sculptures intensified; copies of Greek
811:, was built around 520 BCE and destroyed in 380 BCE. It contained Royal audience chambers (
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188:
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Periods of Cyprus's ancient history from 1050 BC have been named according to styles of
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218:
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and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
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Alexander's conquests only served to accelerate an already clear drift towards
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by the Assyrians) appears to have begun earlier than this, during the reign of
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Winbladh, M.-L., Cypriote Antiquities in the Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm 1977.
711:, was situated in Paphia. Other Gods venerated include the Phoenician Anat,
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Cypriot ships were also sent to help the admiral of Alexander the Great,
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in Cyprus. His premature death in 323 BC led to a period of turmoil as
364:
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Turmoil sprang up two centuries later in 333–4, when a local official
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1381:
1290:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1214:
1146:
1085:
931:
924:
920:
859:
823:
720:
692:
614:
575:
566:
An early written source of Cypriot history mentions the nation under
555:
503:
360:
356:
1917:
Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity
1813:
Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity
3741: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
1696:. Abridged edition, with an introduction by George W Stocking, Jr.
1490:
In 431 AD, the Church of Cyprus achieved its independence from the
1267:
A great contemporary figure of Cypriot letters was the philosopher
877:, Cyprus contributed 150 ships to the Persian military expedition.
3390:
3385:
3365:
2132:
2107:
2042:
1129:
inevitably began to involve Cyprus, and focused on two claimants,
999:
991:
969:
812:
796:
769:
724:
704:
656:
626:
571:
410:
372:
3105:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
1244:. A number of cities were founded during this time. For example,
677:, built in about 600 BC, imitate wooden houses. The pillars show
435:
fought together for supremacy in that region, but by 294 BC, the
2258:
2161:
866:
789:
732:
712:
3674:
3134:
2728:
2664:
2625:
2322:
1989:
1318:, but it became a Roman province again after his defeat at the
665:
Cyprus gained independence after 627 BC following the death of
803:
on the North coast. They closely follow Persian examples like
774:
The Achaemenid Empire shown on the map at its greatest extent.
728:
673:, Soloi, Patriki and Trachonas. The rock-cut 'Royal' tombs at
28:
1638:. Filokipros Publishing Co. Ltd., Nicosia. Introduction, p 7.
1460:
Paul is credited with underpinning claims for ecclesiastical
1221:, two of the most important commercial centres of antiquity.
1197:
Demetrius's father Antigonus Monophthalmus was killed in the
865:
The most important obligation of the kings of Cyprus to the
688:
The main deity of ancient Cyprus was the Great Goddess, the
1668:"The Cypriot rulers as client kings of the Assyrian empire"
1636:
Kourion: A Complete Guide to Its Monuments and Local Museum
2699:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
1906:
Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean
1830:
Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean
1472:
in 344. Early Cypriot Saints include: St. Heracleidius,
1364:. This rebellion ended with the arrival of troops led by
681:
influence. Some graves contain the remains of horses and
383:
there in 709 BC. Assyrian domination of Cyprus (known as
858:
appear, as well as statues of men in Greek dress. Naked
795:
Royal palaces have been excavated in Palaepaphos and in
1468:
in 325, and twelve Cypriot bishops were present at the
893:
in 499 BC. The revolt on Cyprus was led by Onesilos of
818:
Towns in Cyprus during this period were fortified with
1869:
The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture
1786:
vol. 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press), p. 244.
1700:, Adonis in Cyprus, pp 397–404. Penguin Books Limited.
637:
in the interior of the island. Later inscriptions add
399:
domination in the sixth century BC, Cyprus fell under
1962:
Ancient History of Cyprus, by the Cypriot government
546:) in the 13th century BC. After the invasion of The
3600:
3507:
3419:
3351:
3308:
3297:
3245:
3207:
3159:
3148:
3075:
3028:
2965:
2954:
2912:
2864:
2816:
2753:
2742:
1980:
History of Cyprus, Lonely Planet Travel Information
1594:
The Phoenician Colonization and Expansion in Cyprus
1539:
1537:
1194:, after which Cyprus came under Antigonid control.
1860:Excerpta Cypria, materials for a history of Cyprus
1803:
1801:
1301:. The renowned Stoic and strict constitutionalist
1392:, Egypt, there is a large presence of a type of
1088:of the Supreme Court and Drangon in 329 BCE and
415:Jug with Scenic Decoration, Cyprus, 800–600 BC,
1694:The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion
792:(Egyptian symbol of good luck) on the reverse.
1630:
1628:
1224:Full Hellenisation of Cyprus took place under
3722:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
2637:
2334:
2001:
1322:in 31 BCE. From 22 BCE onwards, Cyprus was a
1236:languages disappeared, together with the old
1041:, took a personal part in the siege of Tyre.
954:to Cyprus. In other parts of the island, the
391:(744–727 BC), and ended with the fall of the
287:
8:
1872:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1862:. Cambridge. Includes the Classical Sources.
3745:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
2303:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
1895:Two Late Roman Wrecks from Southern Cyprus.
1866:Hermary, Antoine; Mertens, Joan R. (2014).
1843:Two Late Roman Wrecks from Southern Cyprus.
1353:Cyprian soil, even in cases of shipwreck.
1092:who was also from Soli appointed satrap of
815:), open courtyards, bathhouses and stores.
498:, colonized some cities of Cyprus, such as
3671:
3305:
3156:
3145:
3131:
2962:
2750:
2739:
2725:
2661:
2644:
2630:
2622:
2341:
2327:
2319:
2008:
1994:
1986:
889:, the Kingdoms of Cyprus took part in the
359:begins in the 8th century BC. The town of
318:dating from the 9th millennium BC, and at
294:
280:
90:
2679:. Provincial administration reformed and
1417:Roman Cyprus was visited by the Apostles
1289:in 58 BCE. This came about, according to
574:found in 1845 in the city formerly named
464:(5th century BC) claims that the city of
310:shows a precocious sophistication in the
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2653:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
1372:Olive oil trade in the late Roman period
42:This article includes a list of general
1533:
930:Following resistance from the kings of
472:, was founded by Achaean settlers from
104:
93:
1929:. London, British Museum Publications.
1449:describes how a Jewish magician named
846:had a small temple with a Greek plan.
314:era visible in settlements such as at
1900:Leonard, J. and Demesticha, S, 2004.
1824:Leonard, J. and S. Demesticha. 2004,
950:Evagoras I of Salamis introduced the
7:
2350:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
1773:. Routledge. Roman Cyprus, pp 156–7.
1611:. Shippensburg, Pa.: Destiny Image.
747:In 570 BCE, Cyprus was conquered by
605:in 673–2 BC have been identified as
1913:The Economy of Late Antique Cyprus.
1809:The Economy of Late Antique Cyprus.
1692:Frazer, J G, 1922, reprinted 1996.
703:. She was called "the Cypriote" by
582:, commemorates the victory of King
1975:A rundown of the history of Cyprus
1782:George Hill, (1940, reprint 2010)
1571:. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns.
48:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1769:Talbert, Richard J A (Ed), 1985.
3085:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
2711:in c. 640–660, although in
2599:
2290:
1927:Cyprus BC, 7000 years of history
1248:was founded between old and new
942:, who fled to the great king of
739:contained over 2,000 figurines.
699:, later known by the Greek name
263:
115:
33:
2695:established after the death of
807:. Vouni, on a hill overlooking
661:Ancient city-kingdoms of Cyprus
375:that commemorated a victory by
339:Cypro-Geometric III: 850–700 BC
3043:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
2967:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
1925:Tatton-Brown, Veronica, 1979.
1228:rule. During this period, the
1133:in Syria (assisted by his son
1127:wars of Alexander's successors
351:Cypro-Classical II: 400–323 BC
336:Cypro-Geometric II: 950–850 BC
333:Cypro-Geometric I: 1050–950 BC
1:
3110:Tripolitania (Roman province)
2688:
1545:"Prism | British Museum"
1512:List of earthquakes in Cyprus
1368:and the death of Calocaerus.
885:Except for the royal city of
709:Sanctuary of Aphrodite Paphia
621:and Kition on the coast, and
348:Cypro-Classical I: 475–400 BC
1717:. N.S. Gills. Archived from
1314:of Egypt and their daughter
1240:, which was replaced by the
1115:started fighting one another
715:, Eshmun, Reshef, Mikal and
460:The Ancient Greek historian
345:Cypro-Archaic II: 600–475 BC
3718: Re-established after
3030:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
1672:The many kingdoms of Cyprus
342:Cypro-Archaic I: 700–600 BC
3786:
1771:Atlas of Classical History
1278:
1021:
982:
974:Map of Alexander's empire.
355:The documented history of
3708:
3691:Quaestura exercitus (536)
3681:
3670:
3144:
3130:
2738:
2724:
2671:
2660:
2608:
2597:
2359:
2299:
2288:
2053:
1517:Pottery of ancient Cyprus
1462:independence from Antioch
826:. The Phoenician town of
653:Independent city-kingdoms
526:Egyptian and Hittite rule
480:(1186–1155 BC) in Egypt.
369:ancient history of Cyprus
308:ancient history of Cyprus
3567:Palaestina III Salutaris
2763:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
2389:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
1757:Cyprus – Ancient History
1496:First Council of Ephesus
1330:it was placed under the
1048:Although they lost many
917:Stoa (portico) Basileios
852:Archaic period in Greece
778:In 525 BCE, the Persian
518:and founded the city of
3734: Placed under the
3095:Mauretania Caesariensis
2914:Diocese of the Britains
2536:Mauretania Caesariensis
1740:Arrian, Anabasis, 3.6.3
1711:"Persian Wars Timeline"
1634:Christou, Demos, 1986.
1592:Gjersad, Einar (1979).
1466:First Council of Nicaea
1295:Publius Clodius Pulcher
1238:Cypriot syllabic script
1131:Antigonus Monophthalmus
601:listed on the prism of
445:Cypriot syllabic script
367:, recorded part of the
63:more precise citations.
3577:Phoenice II Libanensis
3280:Macedonia II Salutaris
2693:praetorian prefectures
2655:(4th–7th centuries AD)
2509:Hispania Tarraconensis
1807:Papacostas, T., 2001,
1567:Tadmor, Hayim (2011).
1297:held a grudge against
1024:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
975:
839:
775:
662:
433:Demetrius I of Macedon
420:
3299:Praetorian prefecture
3174:Noricum mediterraneum
3150:Praetorian prefecture
3100:Mauretania Sitifensis
2995:Picenum Suburbicarium
2956:Praetorian prefecture
2744:Praetorian prefecture
2691: 293. Permanent
2249:Hellespontine Phrygia
1911:Papacostas, T, 2001,
1893:Leidwanger, J, 2007,
1841:Leidwanger, J. 2007,
1607:Viola, Frank (2004).
1380:oil, as indicated by
1135:Demetrius Poliorcetes
994:in Africa and to the
973:
904:Evagoras I of Salamis
773:
660:
414:
3730:Diocese of Illyricum
3724:Prefecture of Africa
3479:Galatia II Salutaris
3247:Diocese of Macedonia
3137:Eastern Roman Empire
2899:Mauretania Tingitana
2731:Western Roman Empire
2541:Mauretania Tingitana
2434:Corsica and Sardinia
2374:Africa proconsularis
1888:Footprints in Cyprus
1784:A History of Cyprus,
1751:Loizides, Antonios.
1492:Patriarch of Antioch
1443:Acts of the Apostles
1065:Amphoterus (admiral)
1037:, and Pasikratis of
799:in the territory of
456:Mycenaean settlement
322:from about 7500 BC.
3770:Phoenician colonies
3736:Quaestura exercitus
3509:Diocese of the East
3499:Pontus Polemoniacus
3161:Diocese of Pannonia
2990:Lucania et Bruttium
2937:Maxima Caesariensis
2932:Flavia Caesariensis
2439:Crete and Cyrenaica
2414:Bithynia and Pontus
1897:IJNA 36: pp 308–16.
1890:. London, Trigraph.
1858:Cobham, C D, 1908.
1522:Ancient Cypriot art
1324:senatorial province
1310:gave the island to
1207:series of governors
985:Alexander the Great
979:Alexander the Great
578:, near present-day
538:(who called Cyprus
486:Phoenician presence
468:, near present-day
406:Alexander the Great
393:Neo Assyrian Empire
389:Tiglath-Pileser III
3587:Syria II Salutaris
3444:Armenian Satrapies
3217:Dacia Mediterranea
3139:(395–c. 640)
3067:Venetia et Histria
2975:Apulia et Calabria
2676:Notitia Dignitatum
2526:Lycia et Pamphylia
2504:Hispania Lusitania
2484:Gallia Narbonensis
2479:Gallia Lugdunensis
2263:Samaritan Province
1967:8 May 2006 at the
1932:Tyree, E L, 1996.
1470:Council of Sardica
1187:Karpasia peninsula
1108:Death of Alexander
1059:Help to Amphoterus
976:
966:Hellenistic period
947:vassal of Persia.
873:in 480 BC invaded
776:
663:
554:called Cyprus The
421:
3752:
3751:
3714:Septem Provinciae
3704:
3703:
3676:Other territories
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3449:Armenia III (536)
3421:Diocese of Pontus
3411:Phrygia Salutaris
3406:Phrygia Pacatiana
3310:Diocese of Thrace
3293:
3292:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3077:Diocese of Africa
2950:
2949:
2818:Diocese of Vienne
2808:Maxima Sequanorum
2720:
2719:
2619:
2618:
2571:Pannonia Superior
2566:Pannonia Inferior
2494:Germania Superior
2489:Germania Inferior
2353:
2316:
2315:
2021:Achaemenid Empire
2019:Provinces of the
1674:. 5 November 2012
1433:and founding the
1366:Flavius Dalmatius
1360:revolted against
1332:Diocese of Oriens
1299:Ptolemy of Cyprus
1192:Battle of Salamis
1161:Ptolemy to Cyprus
1071:Alexander in Asia
956:Phoenician script
913:Peloponnesian War
780:Achaemenid Empire
719:and the Egyptian
695:, and Phoenician
690:Assyro-Babylonian
562:Assyrian conquest
437:Ptolemaic kingdom
304:
303:
270:Cyprus portal
184:Kingdom of Cyprus
154:Ten city-kingdoms
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
3777:
3728: Later the
3712: Later the
3672:
3650:Thebais Inferior
3645:Thebais Superior
3602:Diocese of Egypt
3592:Theodorias (528)
3454:Armenia IV (536)
3306:
3209:Diocese of Dacia
3199:Valeria ripensis
3157:
3146:
3132:
3015:Tuscia et Umbria
2963:
2866:Diocese of Spain
2751:
2740:
2726:
2690:
2673:As found in the
2662:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2603:
2499:Hispania Baetica
2469:Gallia Aquitania
2351:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2294:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1883:
1846:
1845:IJNA 36: 308–16.
1839:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1805:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1707:
1701:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1435:Church of Cyprus
1320:Battle of Actium
1316:Cleopatra Selene
1303:Cato the Younger
1285:Cyprus became a
1211:Sixth Syrian War
1155:Diodorus Siculus
379:(722–705 BC) of
296:
289:
282:
268:
267:
266:
231:History by topic
119:
109:
91:
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
59:this article by
50:inline citations
37:
36:
29:
21:
18:Koinon of Cyprus
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3700:
3677:
3654:
3630:Augustamnica II
3596:
3503:
3415:
3353:Diocese of Asia
3347:
3300:
3289:
3275:Macedonia Prima
3241:
3203:
3179:Noricum ripense
3151:
3140:
3114:
3071:
3024:
2957:
2946:
2908:
2860:
2826:Alpes Maritimae
2812:
2798:Lugdunensis III
2755:Diocese of Gaul
2745:
2734:
2733:(395–476)
2716:
2683:established by
2667:
2656:
2650:
2620:
2615:
2604:
2595:
2556:Moesia Superior
2551:Moesia Inferior
2384:Alpes Maritimae
2355:
2347:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2295:
2286:
2272:Skudra (Thrace)
2253:Greater Phrygia
2049:
2048:
2014:
1969:Wayback Machine
1958:
1886:Hunt, D, 1990.
1880:
1865:
1855:
1853:Further reading
1850:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1823:
1819:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1721:on 10 July 2014
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1590:
1586:
1579:
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1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1508:
1415:
1374:
1283:
1277:
1199:Battle of Ipsus
1176:
1163:
1123:
1121:Egypt and Syria
1110:
1073:
1061:
1033:, Androcles of
1026:
1020:
987:
981:
968:
906:
883:
768:
745:
743:Egyptian period
655:
564:
528:
488:
458:
453:
429:Ptolemy I Soter
300:
264:
262:
257:
256:
247:Ancient pottery
232:
224:
223:
209:
199:
198:
189:Venetian Cyprus
179:Theme of Cyprus
174:
164:
163:
149:
139:
138:
129:
107:
100:
85:
74:
68:
65:
55:Please help to
54:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3765:Ancient Cyprus
3757:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Libya Inferior
3637:
3635:Libya Superior
3632:
3627:
3625:Augustamnica I
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:Lycaonia (370)
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3222:Dacia Ripensis
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Carthaginensis
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2851:Novempopulania
2848:
2846:Narbonensis II
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:Lugdunensis IV
2800:
2795:
2793:Lugdunensis II
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
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760:ancient Crete
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451:Early history
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3696:Spania (552)
3557:Palaestina I
3537:Euphratensis
3484:Helenopontus
3464:Cappadocia I
3371:Hellespontus
3270:Epirus Vetus
3237:Praevalitana
3152:of Illyricum
2942:Valentia (?)
2927:Britannia II
2831:Aquitanica I
2709:theme system
2674:
2513:
2041: /
2037: /
2033: /
2029: /
1926:
1916:
1912:
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1901:
1894:
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1820:
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1808:
1791:
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1778:
1770:
1765:
1756:
1746:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1714:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1652:
1643:
1635:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1553:
1489:
1486:
1478:St. Hilarion
1474:St. Spiridon
1459:
1431:Christianity
1416:
1413:Christianity
1406:Cape Zevgari
1399:
1386:
1375:
1355:
1338:
1336:
1284:
1281:Roman Cyprus
1275:Roman period
1266:
1223:
1196:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1151:
1143:
1124:
1111:
1102:
1074:
1062:
1054:
1050:quinqueremes
1047:
1043:
1027:
1012:
988:
962:in 344 BCE.
949:
929:
907:
899:
884:
864:
848:
832:Rizokarpasso
817:
794:
777:
757:
746:
687:
667:Ashurbanipal
664:
599:ten kingdoms
596:
565:
532:Thutmose III
529:
489:
482:
459:
422:
417:Neues Museum
384:
368:
354:
329:as follows:
324:
316:Choirokoitia
307:
305:
146:
75:
69:January 2012
66:
47:
26:
3743:Justinian I
3615:Aegyptus II
3547:Mesopotamia
3494:Paphlagonia
3323:Haemimontus
3301:of the East
3265:Epirus Nova
3189:Pannonia II
2922:Britannia I
2783:Germania II
2614:'s reforms.
2546:Mesopotamia
1308:Mark Antony
1230:Eteocypriot
1006:(334 BCE),
996:Caspian Sea
809:Morphou Bay
617:, Kourion,
548:Sea Peoples
492:Phoenicians
252:Earthquakes
242:Ancient art
127:Prehistoric
106:History of
61:introducing
3759:Categories
3720:reconquest
3610:Aegyptus I
3572:Phoenice I
3527:Cilicia II
3434:Armenia II
3184:Pannonia I
2856:Viennensis
2778:Germania I
2773:Belgica II
2713:Asia Minor
2685:Diocletian
2612:Diocletian
2424:Cappadocia
2267:Sattagydia
2224:Massagetae
2175:(Gandhara)
2103:Cappadocia
2057:Akaufaka (
2031:Persepolis
1678:21 January
1498:. Emperor
1390:Alexandria
1358:Calocaerus
1340:Pax Romana
1328:Diocletian
1293:, because
1254:Ptolemy II
1234:Phoenician
1219:Alexandria
1141:in Egypt.
909:Evagoras I
805:Persepolis
737:Ayia Irini
679:Phoenician
603:Esarhaddon
478:Ramses III
320:Kalavassos
44:references
3522:Cilicia I
3474:Galatia I
3429:Armenia I
3396:Pamphylia
3328:Moesia II
3285:Thessalia
3062:Raetia II
2894:Lusitania
2889:Gallaecia
2879:Balearica
2768:Belgica I
2531:Macedonia
2419:Britannia
2308:Herodotus
2301:See also
2239:Phoenicia
2152:Eber-Nari
2147:2nd Egypt
2143:1st Egypt
2138:Drangiana
2118:Chorasmia
2093:Babylonia
2073:Arachosia
1725:14 August
1451:Bar-Jesus
1445:, author
1377:Olive oil
1226:Ptolemaic
1203:Ptolemaic
1174:Demetrius
1098:Drangiana
1090:Stasander
840:Dipkarpaz
753:Amasis II
701:Aphrodite
592:Khorsabad
584:Sargon II
462:Herodotus
377:Sargon II
312:Neolithic
159:Roman Era
3489:Honorias
3459:Bithynia
3232:Moesia I
3227:Dardania
3169:Dalmatia
3090:Byzacena
3057:Raetia I
3005:Sardinia
2980:Campania
2958:of Italy
2681:dioceses
2454:Dalmatia
2369:Aegyptus
2352:(117 AD)
2214:Margiana
2184:Hyrcania
2179:Gedrosia
2113:Carmania
2059:Quhistan
2027:Behistun
1965:Archived
1753:"Cyprus"
1657:429–449.
1506:See also
1447:St. Luke
1441:book of
1427:St. Mark
1423:Barnabas
1078:Stasanor
1004:Granicus
925:Athenian
828:Carpasia
820:mudbrick
683:chariots
675:Tamassos
671:Tamassos
643:Lapithos
623:Tamassos
570:rule as
568:Assyrian
540:Alashiya
536:Hittites
530:Pharaoh
520:Lapathus
516:Tamassos
470:Limassol
419:, Berlin
397:Egyptian
385:Iatnanna
237:Timeline
172:Medieval
134:Alashiya
97:a series
95:Part of
3686:Taurica
3620:Arcadia
3582:Syria I
3552:Osroene
3542:Isauria
3401:Pisidia
3376:Islands
3343:Thracia
3338:Scythia
3333:Rhodope
3052:Aemilia
3048:Liguria
3020:Valeria
3010:Sicilia
3000:Samnium
2985:Corsica
2874:Baetica
2746:of Gaul
2701:Ravenna
2666:History
2591:Thracia
2581:Sicilia
2561:Noricum
2464:Galatia
2429:Cilicia
2409:Assyria
2399:Armenia
2244:Phrygia
2229:Parthia
2194:Hindush
2173:Gandāra
2169:(Nubia)
2128:Colchis
2123:Cilicia
2098:Bactria
2088:Assyria
2083:Armenia
2064:Amyrgoi
1494:at the
1394:amphora
1246:Arsinoe
1183:Eumenes
1035:Amathus
1031:Salamis
936:Amathus
895:Salamis
887:Amathus
836:Turkish
830:, near
785:Persian
717:Melkart
697:Astarte
647:Kyrenia
635:Chytroi
631:Idalion
619:Amathus
611:Salamis
588:Danaans
580:Larnaka
552:Hebrews
512:Salamis
500:Idalium
466:Kourion
401:Persian
381:Assyria
365:Larnaka
327:pottery
147:Ancient
57:improve
3738:in 536
3532:Cyprus
3517:Arabia
3318:Europa
3255:Achaea
2705:Africa
2576:Raetia
2521:Iudaea
2515:Italia
2459:Epirus
2444:Cyprus
2364:Achaia
2277:Sogdia
2234:Persis
2156:Levant
2068:Arabia
1876:
1615:
1575:
1382:Strabo
1291:Strabo
1262:copper
1258:timber
1250:Paphos
1215:Athens
1147:Arrian
1137:) and
1086:satrap
944:Persia
932:Kition
927:help.
921:Athens
875:Greece
871:Xerxes
860:kouroi
824:ashlar
801:Marion
751:under
721:Hathor
693:Ishtar
639:Marion
627:Ledrai
615:Paphos
576:Kition
508:Marion
504:Kition
363:, now
361:Kition
357:Cyprus
207:Modern
108:Cyprus
99:on the
46:, but
3391:Lydia
3386:Lycia
3366:Caria
3260:Creta
3194:Savia
2586:Syria
2449:Dacia
2282:Yehud
2219:Media
2204:Lydia
2199:Libya
2189:Ionia
2133:Dahae
2108:Caria
2043:Daeva
1528:Notes
1350:Roman
1039:Soloi
1008:Issus
1000:India
992:Egypt
856:korai
844:Soloi
813:liwan
797:Vouni
749:Egypt
725:Thoth
705:Homer
607:Soloi
572:stele
474:Argos
373:stele
371:on a
3361:Asia
2703:and
2404:Asia
2259:Saka
2209:Maka
2167:Kush
2162:Elam
2078:Aria
2039:Susa
1939:2016
1915:In:
1904:In:
1874:ISBN
1828:In:
1811:In:
1727:2014
1698:XXXI
1680:2016
1613:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1500:Zeno
1480:and
1425:and
1419:Paul
1337:The
1260:and
1232:and
1217:and
1125:The
1096:and
1094:Aria
1082:Soli
998:and
940:Soli
938:and
790:ankh
733:Ptah
731:and
713:Baal
633:and
597:The
514:and
496:Tyre
490:The
431:and
306:The
3050:et
1252:by
1080:of
919:in
729:Bes
649:).
542:in
3761::
2689:c.
2687:,
2145:/
2061:?)
1800:^
1755:.
1713:.
1670:.
1627:^
1536:^
1484:.
1476:,
1421:,
1334:.
1264:.
1067:.
934:,
838::
727:,
723:,
685:.
641:,
629:,
625:,
613:,
609:,
594:.
558:.
522:.
510:,
506:,
502:,
408:.
2645:e
2638:t
2631:v
2342:e
2335:t
2328:v
2310:)
2158:)
2154:(
2025:(
2009:e
2002:t
1995:v
1982:.
1971:.
1882:.
1759:.
1729:.
1682:.
1621:.
1596:.
1581:.
1547:.
834:(
295:e
288:t
281:v
82:)
76:(
71:)
67:(
53:.
20:)
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