596:
29:
276:
In
October 2022 it was announced that a previously undetected magma chamber had been discovered approximately 2 to 4 km below sea level in the Kolumbo underwater volcano. Scientists had determined that it is gradually filling with melt. Although an eruption is not imminent, it does pose a threat
256:
The 2006 expedition initiated new seismic air-gun techniques in order to determine the volume and distribution of the submarine volcanic deposit of pumice and ash on the sea floor around
Santorini, which has been studied extensively since 1975. Revised, more accurate estimates of the total
537:
Kilias, S.P., Nomikou, P., Papanikolaou, D., Polymenakou, P.N., Godelitsas, A., Argyraki, A., Carey, S., Gamaletsos, P., Mertzimekis, T.J., Stathopoulou, E., Goettlicher, J., Steininger, R., Betzelou, K., Livanos, I., Christakis, Ch., Croff Bell, K., Scoullos, M. (2013). New insights into
252:
community, the 2006 NOAA expedition discovered. Superheated (measured as hot as 224 °C) metal-enriched water issuing from the vents has built chimneys of polymetallic sulfide/sulfates to a maximum height of 4 m, apparently accumulated since the 1650 event.
198:
island. The largest of a line of about twenty submarine volcanic cones extending to the northeast from
Santorini, it is about 3 km in diameter with a crater 1.5 km across. It first noticed by humans when it breached the sea surface in 1649-50. The
670:
580:
Vougioukalakis, G., A. Sbrana and D. Mitropoulos, 1995. "The 1649-50 Kolumbo submarine volcano activity, Santorini, Greece," in F. Barberi, R. Casale, M. Fratta, (eds.)
234:
514:
Haraldur
Sigurdsson, S. Carey, C. Mandeville, 1990. "Assessment of mass, dynamics and environmental effects of the Minoan eruption of the Santorini volcano" in
655:
538:
hydrothermal vent processes in the unique shallow-submarine arc-volcano, Kolumbo (Santorini), Greece. Scientific
Reports 3. doi:10.1038/srep02421
660:
650:
226:
that caused damage on nearby islands up to 150 km distant. The highest parts of the crater rim are now about 10 m below sea level.
238:
433:
Chrapkiewicz, K.; Paulatto, M.; Heath, B. A.; Hooft, E. E. E.; Nomikou, P.; Papazachos, C. B.; Schmid, F.; Toomey, D. R.; Warner, M. R.;
214:
across the sea surface to the shores and slopes of
Santorini, where about seventy people and many animals died. A small ring of white
265:
on the island of
Santorini, is likely about 60 km, a greatly increased estimate, comparable to the largest historic explosion,
630:
489:
291:
79:
499:
494:
544:
Preine, J.; Karstens, K.; Hübscher, C.; Nomikou, P.; Schmid, F.; Crutchley, G.J.; Druitt, T.H.; Papanikolaou, D. (2021).
625:
207:
treats it as part of the
Santorini volcano, though at least one source maintains that it is a separate magmatic system.
72:
522:
504:
635:
620:
318:
Most of the information in this article is derived from the on-line reports of the NOAA Ocean
Explorer, in References.
665:
360:"A distinct source and differentiation history for Kolumbo submarine volcano, Santorini volcanic field, Aegean arc"
244:
The crater floor, averaging about 505 m below the sea surface, is marked in its northeast area by a field of
640:
615:
148:
358:
Klaver, Martijn; Carey, Steven; Nomikou, Paraskevi; Smet, Ingrid; Godelitsas, Athanasios; Vroon, Pieter (2016).
645:
333:
204:
338:
200:
439:"Magma Chamber Detected Beneath an Arc Volcano With Full-Waveform Inversion of Active-Source Seismic Data"
126:
258:
450:
371:
261:
volume of the Minoan event(s), consisting of pyroclastic sea floor deposits, distal ash fallout and
600:
567:
468:
521:
Haraldur
Sigurdsson and S. Carey "Marine investigations of Greece's Santorini volcanic field" (
397:
245:
183:
131:
557:
458:
387:
379:
230:
211:
546:"Spatio-temporal evolution of the Christiana-Santorini-Kolumbo volcanic field, Aegean Sea"
286:
454:
375:
210:
The 1650 explosion, which occurred when the accumulating cone reached the surface, sent
392:
359:
609:
571:
472:
434:
266:
233:
from the two Aegean explosions were explored, sampled and mapped by an expedition by
143:
249:
218:
that formed was rapidly eroded away by wave action. The volcano collapsed into its
139:
328:
262:
187:
65:
33:
94:
81:
195:
401:
595:
277:
which has prompted them to recommend real-time monitoring of the volcano.
516:
Thera and the Aegean World III: Proceedings of the Third Thera Conference
463:
438:
383:
28:
270:
223:
219:
155:
562:
545:
215:
191:
114:
269:
1815; the increased estimate affects the size of the ensuing
16:
Active submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea near Santorini
584:(Luxembourg: EC European Science Commission) pp 189–92.
495:
NOAA Ocean Explorer: Thera 2006 Expedition detailed Log
582:
The European Laboratory Volcanoes: Workshop Proceeding
556:. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America: 96–100.
414:
Ref. University of Rhode Island: Kolumbo; Fouqué 1879
169:
164:
154:
137:
125:
120:
110:
71:
61:
56:
48:
40:
21:
490:NOAA Ocean Explorer: Thera 2006 Expedition Summary
194:, about 8 km northeast of Cape Kolumbo,
8:
671:Former islands from the last glacial maximum
370:(8). American Geophysical Union: 3254–3273.
500:University of Rhode Island: Kolumbo Volcano
525:) Sigurdsson and Carey's revised estimate.
27:
18:
561:
462:
391:
309:Ref. University of Rhode Island: Kolumbo
302:
7:
443:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
364:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
656:Landforms of Thira (regional unit)
449:(11). American Geophysical Union.
14:
594:
423:Compare Sigurdsson et al. 1990.
273:as it has been widely modeled.
292:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
1:
661:Landforms of the South Aegean
651:17th-century volcanic events
687:
52:400 m (1,312 ft)
509:Santorin et ses éruptions
149:South Aegean Volcanic Arc
26:
334:Global Volcanism Program
205:Global Volcanism Program
44:−10 m (−30 ft)
631:Volcanoes of the Aegean
339:Smithsonian Institution
248:and covered by a thick
201:Smithsonian Institution
505:Ferdinand André Fouqué
603:at Wikimedia Commons
511:(Paris: Masson) 1879.
259:dense rock equivalent
95:36.51667°N 25.49167°E
518:, vol II, pp 100–12.
464:10.1029/2022GC010475
384:10.1002/2016GC006398
231:pyroclastic deposits
626:Volcanoes of Greece
455:2022GGG....2310475C
376:2016GGG....17.3254K
235:NOAA Ocean Explorer
229:In 2006, sea floor
91: /
636:Submarine calderas
621:Calderas of Greece
246:hydrothermal vents
100:36.51667; 25.49167
666:Ephemeral islands
599:Media related to
212:pyroclastic flows
184:submarine volcano
177:
176:
132:Submarine volcano
678:
641:Active volcanoes
616:Minoan geography
598:
575:
565:
563:10.1130/G49167.1
477:
476:
466:
430:
424:
421:
415:
412:
406:
405:
395:
355:
349:
348:
346:
345:
325:
319:
316:
310:
307:
237:, equipped with
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
31:
19:
686:
685:
681:
680:
679:
677:
676:
675:
646:VEI-4 volcanoes
606:
605:
592:
587:
543:
533:
531:Further reading
528:
485:
480:
432:
431:
427:
422:
418:
413:
409:
357:
356:
352:
343:
341:
327:
326:
322:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
287:Minoan eruption
283:
222:, triggering a
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
684:
682:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
608:
607:
591:
590:External links
588:
586:
585:
577:
576:
540:
539:
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:
519:
512:
502:
497:
492:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:
425:
416:
407:
350:
320:
311:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
289:
282:
279:
175:
174:
171:
170:Discovery date
167:
166:
162:
161:
158:
152:
151:
146:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
75:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
683:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
611:
604:
602:
597:
589:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
482:
474:
470:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Morgan, J. V.
429:
426:
420:
417:
411:
408:
403:
399:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
354:
351:
340:
336:
335:
330:
324:
321:
315:
312:
306:
303:
297:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
278:
274:
272:
268:
267:Mount Tambora
264:
260:
254:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:is an active
181:
172:
168:
163:
159:
157:
156:Last eruption
153:
150:
147:
145:
141:
136:
133:
130:
128:
124:
119:
116:
113:
109:
104:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
593:
581:
553:
549:
523:on-line text
515:
508:
446:
442:
428:
419:
410:
367:
363:
353:
342:. Retrieved
332:
323:
314:
305:
275:
255:
243:
228:
209:
179:
178:
41:Summit depth
329:"Santorini"
263:ignimbrites
98: /
73:Coordinates
610:Categories
483:References
344:2017-07-12
241:robotics.
188:Aegean Sea
86:25°29′30″E
83:36°31′00″N
66:Aegean Sea
34:Aegean Sea
572:241834116
473:253104406
250:bacterial
196:Santorini
138:Volcanic
437:(2022).
402:27917071
281:See also
62:Location
57:Location
601:Kolumbo
550:Geology
451:Bibcode
393:5114867
372:Bibcode
271:tsunami
224:tsunami
220:caldera
186:in the
180:Kolumbo
165:History
121:Geology
111:Country
22:Kolumbo
570:
471:
400:
390:
216:pumice
192:Greece
115:Greece
49:Height
568:S2CID
469:S2CID
298:Notes
144:chain
398:PMID
173:1649
160:1650
127:Type
558:doi
459:doi
388:PMC
380:doi
239:ROV
203:'s
190:in
140:arc
612::
566:.
554:50
552:.
548:.
507:,
467:.
457:.
447:23
445:.
441:.
396:.
386:.
378:.
368:17
366:.
362:.
337:.
331:.
574:.
560::
475:.
461::
453::
404:.
382::
374::
347:.
142:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
