1351:
1460:. Under Scots law, partnerships are legal persons distinct from the partners. However, lawsuits may still be filed against the partners by name, the general partners are still exposed to 'pass-through' liability, and partners are still jointly and severally liable (although in the case of limited partners, only to the extent of their capital contribution). There has been discussion over whether limited partnerships operating under English law should be made separate legal entities as under Scots law, and in the same way as limited liability partnerships are. The
1303:, Limited Partnerships are a form of partnership involving General Partners, (who are liable for all the debts and liabilities of the partnership) and Limited Partners (who are liable to the extent of their capital contribution to the partnership). The Limited Partnerships Act 2008 replaces Special Partnerships that exist under Part 2 of the Partnership Act 1908. Special partnerships are considered obsolete as they do not provide the appropriate structure preferred by foreign venture capital investors.
1213:. Neither limited partnerships nor LPFs are separate and distinct legal persons. Instead, they are simply partnerships of persons, some of whom enjoy limited liability as a result of compliance with statutory requirements. Like many other jurisdictions, the partners who enjoy such limited liability are known as limited partners and their limited liability is contingent upon them not taking an active role in the management of the partnership.
2549:
2539:
2519:
2499:
2489:
1507:" partnerships, where one or more financial backers prefer to contribute money or resources while the other partner performs the actual work. In such situations, liability is the driving concern behind the choice of limited partnership status. The limited partnership is also attractive to firms wishing to provide shares to many individuals without the additional tax liability of a corporation.
43:
2529:
2509:
1066:(abbreviated K/S) is the Danish equivalent of the limited partnership. The owners are divided into general partners (komplementarer in Danish) and limited partners (kommanditister in Danish). Often the only general partner of a K/S is an Anpartsselskab with the least possible capital, thus reducing the liability of the K/S to the capital of the Anpartsselskab.
160:
1482:
constituted by an agreement in writing. The order relaxed the rules applying to private fund partnerships in order to remove some uncertainty in the application of the law, reduce administrative costs, and help ensure "that the UK remains an attractive and competitive location for private investment
1468:
suggested that creation of separate legal personality should be left as an option for the partners to decide upon when a partnership is formed. There were concerns that automatically making partnerships separate legal entities would restrict their ability to trade in some
European countries and also
942:
registration office. Limited partners must explicitly disclose their status when dealing with other parties, so that such parties are on notice that the individual negotiating with them carries limited liability. It is customary that the documentation and electronic materials issued to the public by
927:
as corporate shareholders. However, it is more difficult to pierce the limited partnership veil because limited partnerships do not have many formalities to maintain. So long as the partnership and the members do not co-mingle funds, it would be difficult to pierce the veil. In some jurisdictions
1534:
Before 2001, the limited liability enjoyed by limited partners was contingent upon their refraining from taking any active role in the management of the firm. However, Section 303 of the
Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (if adopted by a state legislature) eliminates the so-called "control
916:. This means that the limited partners have no management authority, and (unless they obligate themselves by a separate contract such as a guarantee) are not liable for the debts of the partnership. The limited partnership provides the limited partners a return on their investment (similar to a
1013:
was not a common form for a long-term business venture as most long-term businesses were still expected to be secured against the assets of their individual proprietors. As an institution, the commenda is very similar to the qirad but whether the qirad transformed into the commenda, or the two
1008:
appeared in the 10th century that was generally used for financing maritime trade. In a commenda, the traveling trader of the ship had limited liability, and was not held responsible if money was lost as long as the trader had not violated the rules of the contract. In contrast, his investment
895:
with third parties that are in the ordinary course of the partnership's business. As with a general partnership, "an act of a general partner which is not apparently for carrying on in the ordinary course the limited partnership's activities or activities of the kind carried on by the limited
1546:
in states that adopt the change. Under this form, debts of a limited liability limited partnership are solely the responsibility of the partnership, thereby removing general-partner liability for partnership obligations. This change was made in response to the common practice of naming a
1286:
law but provide for limited liability for certain partners. Profits of an investment limited partnership pass through to all partners proportional to their investment share. For tax purposes, profits and losses will only pass through to the general partner(s) while the partnership has
1026:
and commenda arrangements, however, Mongol investors were not constrained using uncoined precious metals and tradable goods for partnership investments and executed money-lending. Moreover, Mongol elites formed trade partnerships with merchants from
Italian cities, including
875:
The general partners (GPs) are, in all major respects, in the same legal position as partners in a conventional firm: they have management control, share the right to use partnership property, share the profits of the firm in predefined proportions, and have
979:. Some had many investors, and interests were publicly tradable. However, they required at least one (and often several) partners with unlimited liability. A very similar form of partnership was present in Arabia at the time of the coming of Islam (
920:), the nature and extent of which is usually defined in the partnership agreement. General Partners thus bear more economic risk than do limited partners, and in cases of financial loss, the GPs will be the ones which are personally liable.
1547:
limited-liability entity as a 1% general partner that controlled the limited partnership and organizing the managers as limited partners. This practice granted a general partner de facto limited liability under the partnership structure.
1042:, limited partnerships became widely available in the early 19th century, although a number of legal restrictions at the time made them unpopular for business ventures. Britain enacted its first limited partnership statute in 1907.
1181:
are prominent examples. In case of Merck, besides the owning family Merck also the members of the executive board are fully and privately liable for the company (including a period after withdrawal). Also the German football club
1477:
The
Legislative Reform (Private Fund Limited Partnerships) Order 2017 made provision for partners to register their limited partnership as a "Private Fund Limited Partnership" (PFLP), which is available for
943:
the firm will carry a clear statement identifying the legal nature of the firm and listing the partners separately as general and limited. Hence, unlike the GPs, the limited partners do not have inherent
1139:. Under consideration of the aspects of European freedom of establishment it is also possible that corporations established under foreign law can become Komplementärs of a KGaA forming companies like
2419:
935:
mechanism. The charging order limits the creditor of a debtor-partner or a debtor-member to the debtor's share of distributions, without conferring on the creditor any voting or management rights.
1997:
2492:
1897:
1103:
auf Aktien has two types of participators. It has at least one partner with unlimited liability (Komplementär). It is in that sense a private company. Komplementärs are
1990:
1866:
938:
When the partnership is being constituted, or the composition of the firm is changing, limited partnerships are generally required to file documents with the relevant
709:
1535:
rule" with respect to personal liability for entity obligations and brings limited partners into parity with LLC members, LLP partners and corporate shareholders.
667:
2066:
1791:
1762:
1310:
a list of activities that the limited partners can be involved in while not participating in the management of the
Limited Partnership (safe harbour activities)
425:
1680:
2552:
1983:
2464:
1429:
1327:. Registration, maintenance and annual return filing for Limited Partnerships and Overseas Limited Partnerships are conducted through manual forms.
1113:
622:
1511:
companies almost exclusively use a combination of general and limited partners for their investment funds. Well-known limited partnerships include
831:
1373:
1254:(lit. "anonymous partnerships"), a form of partnership in which non-operating partners have limited liability so long as they remain anonymous
1543:
1051:
526:
335:
514:
458:
417:
60:
2286:
2281:
1499:
and real estate investment projects, or in types of businesses that focus on a single or limited-term project. They are also useful in "
396:
1154:(Kommanditisten) is the stock of the company (Grundkapital) and divided into shares. A KGaA is in that aspect comparable with a German
2189:
184:
1880:
2578:
1954:
1595:
1483:
funds in comparison to other jurisdictions". The relaxation of the law in relation to PFLPs was welcomed by the financial industry.
1447:
463:
126:
1941:
107:
1966:
For a discussion on this practice and background on the modification of GP liability, see Thomas E. Geau & Barry B. Nekritz,
1575:
1355:
540:
441:
928:(for instance in the UK), the limited liability of the limited partners is contingent on their not participating in management.
79:
2074:
2051:
1625:
1539:
1291:(i.e. liabilities exceeding assets); however, profits and losses while the partnership has positive equity are shared equally.
931:
Partnership interests (including the interests of limited partners) are afforded a significant level of protection through the
1165:
The investment of all partners is the corporate's total capital (Gesamtkapital). The KGaA is a traditional type of very large
2522:
2264:
64:
1795:
86:
2532:
2502:
869:
366:
300:
1638:
2512:
2269:
1611:
1479:
550:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
1886:. UK Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform. June 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-12-12.
924:
877:
824:
737:
214:
1757:
1465:
93:
1675:
2146:
1556:
1092:
1091:
designation standing for 'partnership limited by shares', a form of corporate organization roughly equivalent to a
971:
in the third century BC, may have arguably been the earliest form of limited partnership. During the heyday of the
433:
209:
194:
31:
53:
2356:
2306:
2244:
2204:
2151:
782:
717:
506:
376:
204:
1216:
LPFs were introduced in 2020 and are intended to provide a domestic Hong Kong vehicle for private equity funds.
75:
2542:
2459:
2454:
677:
544:
219:
179:
1542:(to the extent the amendments are adopted by state legislature) also permitted limited partnerships to become
1111:. If the Komplementär is a corporation with limited liability then the type of the company has to be named as
896:
partnership binds the limited partnership only if the act was actually authorized by all the other partners."
2583:
2439:
2434:
2389:
1323:
The registers of
Limited Partnerships and Overseas Limited Partnerships are administered by the New Zealand
386:
307:
2141:
1842:
2449:
2414:
2311:
817:
699:
473:
346:
260:
225:
189:
143:
2588:
2573:
2366:
2274:
1817:
1415:
1363:
1098:
1075:
642:
174:
1450:) consulted in 2008 on proposals to modify and merge the two Acts, but the proposals did not go ahead.
1282:. These are very similar to Anglo-American limited partnerships, in that they adopt most provisions of
2394:
2179:
2056:
1443:
767:
704:
2469:
2331:
2234:
2230:
2184:
1769:; p. 119; Harvard Library; Rev. F.; Lamoreaux, Naomi R. and Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent; p. 238 (2006).
1512:
1504:
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939:
742:
496:
468:
322:
290:
280:
1408:
2444:
2404:
2341:
2336:
2174:
1731:
1687:; 119; Harvard Library; Rev.; Henry Hansmann, Reinier Kraakman, and Richard Squire; p. 1333; 2006
1605:
1419:
1157:
1127:
662:
582:
555:
235:
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100:
17:
1914:
1587:
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865:
722:
592:
480:
355:
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312:
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2029:
1723:
1664:
Societas publicanorum: staatliche
Wirtschaftsaktivitäten in den Händen privater Unternehmer
1579:
1516:
1324:
1063:
800:
787:
732:
632:
2429:
2351:
2199:
2161:
2036:
2010:
1968:
Expectations for the Twenty-First
Century: An Overview of the New Limited Partnership Act
1766:
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1288:
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1166:
1035:
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727:
450:
275:
2254:
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2046:
2006:
1524:
1520:
1508:
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1435:
1250:
1104:
932:
1205:
offers two forms of limited partnerships, namely limited partnerships governed by the
2567:
2361:
2346:
2326:
2214:
1975:
1778:
1735:
1580:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1259:
1039:
1015:
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534:
501:
151:
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2371:
2316:
2209:
1391:
1232:
1224:
1108:
972:
944:
612:
602:
1929:
Section 2 of the
Legislative Reform (Private Fund Limited Partnerships) Order 2017
1727:
1262:
passed legislation enabling the formation of "limited partnerships for investment"
1227:
has historically provided for two business forms similar to limited partnerships:
1759:
Entity
Shielding and the Development of Business Forms: A Comparative Perspective
2259:
1881:"The Legislative Reform (Limited Partnerships) Order 2009: Explanatory Document"
1711:
1457:
1300:
1237:
1178:
1147:
1088:
976:
909:
905:
853:
748:
285:
270:
265:
42:
1792:"Company Overview of DORMA Holding GmbH + Co. Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien"
2424:
2194:
1191:
1174:
1028:
888:
805:
571:
521:
1712:"The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships"
1418:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
1210:
1038:(1807) reinforced the limited partnership concept under European law. In the
2321:
1453:
1446:. The UK Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (now the
1206:
1202:
1050:
For a list of types of corporation and other business types by country, see
1014:
institutions evolved independently cannot be stated with certainty. In the
1169:(that are partly publicly traded) in Germany; the consumer products giant
1378:
1190:) for its professional football team as part of its compliance with the "
1004:
952:
917:
892:
777:
1586:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp.
255:
2024:
1170:
1009:
partners on land had unlimited liability and were exposed to risk. A
955:); or acts of ratification by the firm create ostensible authority.
159:
1456:
on partnerships (including limited partnerships) is distinct from
1023:
999:
987:
1843:"Private Equity in Hong Kong - Fund Formation - Timothy Loh LLP"
1209:
and limited partnership funds, known as "LPFs", governed by the
1120:
968:
881:
1979:
887:
As in a general partnership, the GPs have actual authority, as
418:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
36:
1639:"Commingling Funds: How to Address the Problem and Avoid It"
1495:, the limited partnership organization is most common among
1927:
Limited Partnerships Act 1907, section 8D(3), inserted by
1442:
and, on matters on which that Act is silent, also by the
947:
authority to bind the firm unless they are subsequently
864:
who have no right to manage the business but have only
868:
for its debts. Limited partnerships are distinct from
1944:, published 21 April 2017, accessed 28 February 2023
1469:
expose them to different tax regimes than expected.
2380:
2299:
2223:
2160:
2117:
2108:
2065:
2017:
1818:"Types of Partnerships - Timothy Loh Corp Services"
1414:
1407:
1400:
1390:
1385:
1372:
1362:
1246:) with unlimited liability for certain shareholders
923:Limited partners are subject to the same alter-ego
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1896:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
986:), and this became codified into Islamic law as
872:, in which all partners have limited liability.
1271:
1700:, "Washington and Lee Law Review," Spring 1997
1265:
426:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
1991:
1970:, 16 Probate & Property 47, 48-49 (2002).
825:
8:
2493:Private equity and venture capital investors
1865:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1338:
1155:
1096:
860:who have a right to manage the business and
1779:The German Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien
1698:Limited Liability in Historical Perspective
1438:, limited partnerships are governed by the
2528:
2508:
2465:Taxation of private equity and hedge funds
2282:Private investment in public equity (PIPE)
2114:
1998:
1984:
1976:
1337:
1306:Features of Limited Partnerships include:
975:, they were roughly equivalent to today's
832:
818:
342:
138:
1430:Limited partnerships in England and Wales
1416:Text of the Limited Partnerships Act 1907
1368:An Act to establish Limited Partnerships.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
891:of the firm, to bind the partnership in
1909:
1907:
1781:. Amicus Curae. Accessed April 4, 2012.
1567:
1319:tax treatment for Limited Partnerships.
1018:, the contractual features of a Mongol-
1002:, a business organization known as the
563:
488:
407:
345:
150:
1889:
1858:
1603:
1544:limited liability limited partnerships
1022:partnership closely resembled that of
951:as agents (and so create an agency by
527:Limited liability limited partnership
442:Industrial and provident society
1710:Enkhbold, Enerelt (October 2, 2019).
1409:Text of statute as originally enacted
1186:uses this corporate organization (as
1052:List of legal entity types by country
624:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
7:
1955:UK Private Fund Limited Partnerships
1942:Reform of UK Limited Partnership Law
1738:– via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
1666:; Böhlau Verlag; Cologne, FRG; 2002
1188:Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co KGaA
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1034:Colbert's Ordinance (1673) and the
994:Development in early modern Europe
25:
1473:Private Fund Limited Partnerships
1448:Department for Business and Trade
1313:an indefinite lifespan if desired
2548:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2487:
1356:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1349:
1274:tōshi jigyō yūgen sekinin kumiai
1211:Securities and Futures Ordinance
1081:Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien
669:Société à responsabilité limitée
158:
41:
18:Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien
1626:Uniform Limited Partnership Act
1582:Economics: Principles in Action
1540:Uniform Limited Partnership Act
900:Background of limited liability
52:needs additional citations for
2265:Publicly traded private equity
1794:. Businessweek. Archived from
1578:; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003).
870:limited liability partnerships
1:
2533:List of venture capital firms
1841:Cumming, Timothy Loh, Gavin.
1728:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799
1480:collective investment schemes
1440:Limited Partnerships Act 1907
1339:Limited Partnerships Act 1907
1207:Limited Partnership Ordinance
980:
2513:List of private equity firms
2270:Business Development Company
1677:Law and the Rise of the Firm
551:Massachusetts business trust
1931:, accessed 28 February 2023
1915:"Partnership Act 1980 s. 4"
1538:The 2001 amendments to the
1272:
878:joint and several liability
738:Piercing the corporate veil
434:Community interest company
409:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
397:Economic interest grouping
2605:
2357:High-net-worth individuals
2147:Leveraged recapitalization
1557:Master limited partnership
1464:report on partnership law
1427:
1335:United Kingdom legislation
1316:separate legal personality
1093:master limited partnership
1073:
1049:
507:Limited liability company
32:Limited Partnership (film)
29:
2483:
2245:Limited liability company
2205:Venture capital financing
2152:Dividend recapitalization
1497:film production companies
1348:
1343:
1266:
1173:, pharmaceutical company
718:Internal affairs doctrine
713:and estoppel corporations
2579:Types of business entity
1610:: CS1 maint: location (
912:, limited partners have
142:This article is part of
2312:Institutional investors
1957:, accessed 9 March 2023
1177:and media conglomerate
1114:UG (haftungsbeschränkt)
965:societates publicanorum
388:Societas unius personae
250:General corporate forms
30:For the 2014 film, see
2450:Liquidation preference
2415:Distribution waterfall
2367:Sovereign wealth funds
1156:
1146:The investment of the
1141:Limited & Co. KGaA
1097:
700:Business judgment rule
2523:Venture capital firms
2275:Venture capital trust
1748:Enkhbold op cit pp. 7
1099:Kommanditgesellschaft
1076:Kommanditgesellschaft
644:Naamloze vennootschap
634:Kabushiki gaisha
451:Limited company
76:"Limited partnership"
2503:Private equity firms
2231:Private equity firms
2180:Post-money valuation
2057:Equity co-investment
1822:www.timothylohcs.com
1716:Central Asian Survey
1696:Hillman, Robert H.;
1662:Malmendier, Ulrike;
1444:Partnership Act 1890
884:of the partnership.
768:Beneficial ownership
705:Corporate governance
541:Delaware corporation
368:Societas cooperativa
61:improve this article
2553:Portfolio companies
2470:Undercapitalization
2322:Insurance companies
2240:Limited partnership
2185:Pre-money valuation
1940:Travers Smith LLP,
1519:(both of which are
1513:Enterprise Products
1340:
1284:general partnership
846:limited partnership
783:Corporate registers
743:Rochdale Principles
497:Benefit corporation
323:Sole proprietorship
27:Form of partnership
2405:Capital commitment
2175:Business incubator
2142:Buy–sell agreement
1953:Atrium Legal Lab,
1847:www.timothyloh.com
1765:2007-02-24 at the
1683:2007-02-24 at the
1576:O'Sullivan, Arthur
1420:legislation.gov.uk
1236:, a form of close
1158:Aktiengesellschaft
584:Aktiengesellschaft
556:Nevada corporation
2561:
2560:
2410:Capital structure
2295:
2294:
2137:Divisional buyout
2132:Management buyout
2127:Financial sponsor
1426:
1425:
1344:Act of Parliament
1184:Borussia Dortmund
1167:family businesses
1152:limited liability
967:, which arose in
925:piercing theories
914:limited liability
866:limited liability
842:
841:
723:Limited liability
685:
684:
594:Ansvarlig selskap
481:Unlimited company
318:Shelf corporation
313:Shell corporation
301:Limited liability
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2596:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2352:Commercial banks
2342:Investment banks
2250:Carried interest
2115:
2018:Investment types
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1798:on July 10, 2012
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1707:
1701:
1694:
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1673:
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1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1643:www.indinero.com
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1585:
1572:
1521:public companies
1517:Blackstone Group
1353:
1352:
1341:
1325:Companies Office
1281:
1280:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1161:
1102:
1064:kommanditselskab
985:
982:
862:limited partners
858:general partners
834:
827:
820:
788:Registered agent
733:Drag-along right
673:
658:
648:
638:
628:
618:
608:
598:
588:
578:
547:
530:
510:
454:
445:
437:
429:
421:
410:
400:
392:
382:
378:Societas privata
372:
362:
343:
162:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2543:Angel investors
2479:
2430:High-yield debt
2383:financial terms
2382:
2376:
2291:
2219:
2200:Startup company
2156:
2110:
2104:
2061:
2013:
2011:venture capital
2004:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1826:
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1811:
1801:
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1529:private company
1489:
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1402:Status: Amended
1358:
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1336:
1333:
1297:
1289:negative equity
1278:
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1243:mochibun kaisha
1222:
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1105:natural persons
1078:
1072:
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1036:Napoleonic Code
996:
983:
961:
902:
852:) is a type of
838:
793:
792:
773:Civil procedure
763:
755:
754:
728:Tag-along right
695:
687:
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646:
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626:
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545:statutory trust
539:
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338:by jurisdiction
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308:Private limited
276:Holding company
251:
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169:By jurisdiction
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2584:Legal entities
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2347:Merchant banks
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2170:Angel investor
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2019:
2015:
2014:
2007:Private equity
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
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1973:
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1946:
1933:
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1903:
1872:
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1783:
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1741:
1722:(4): 531–547.
1702:
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1624:United States
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1549:
1525:Bloomberg L.P.
1509:Private equity
1488:
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1474:
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1462:Law Commission
1436:United Kingdom
1424:
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1398:
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1396:28 August 1907
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1251:Tokumei kumiai
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1199:
1196:
1137:& Co. KGaA
1130:& Co. KGaA
1123:& Co. KGaA
1116:& Co. KGaA
1087:– is a German
1083:– abbreviated
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933:charging order
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2201:
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2075:Early history
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1597:0-13-063085-3
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1487:United States
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1260:Diet of Japan
1258:In 1999, the
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1109:legal persons
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1040:United States
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1016:Mongol Empire
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762:Related areas
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535:S corporation
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502:C corporation
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152:Corporate law
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2589:Partnerships
2574:Business law
2475:Vintage year
2400:Capital call
2372:Crowdfunding
2307:Corporations
2239:
2210:Venture debt
1967:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1875:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1786:
1774:
1758:
1753:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1697:
1692:
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1663:
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1645:. 2023-06-12
1642:
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1620:
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1392:Royal assent
1322:
1305:
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1241:
1233:Goshi gaisha
1231:
1225:Japanese law
1223:
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1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1084:
1080:
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1019:
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998:In medieval
997:
984: 700CE
977:corporations
973:Roman Empire
964:
962:
948:
937:
930:
922:
906:shareholders
903:
886:
874:
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857:
849:
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710:
668:
653:
643:
633:
623:
614:Aksjeselskap
613:
604:Aktieselskab
603:
593:
583:
572:
459:by guarantee
387:
377:
367:
356:
295:
261:Conglomerate
205:South Africa
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2337:Foundations
2260:Pledge fund
2052:Secondaries
1458:English law
1301:New Zealand
1295:New Zealand
1238:corporation
1179:Bertelsmann
1031:'s family.
910:corporation
854:partnership
749:Ultra vires
469:proprietary
286:Partnership
281:Joint-stock
271:Corporation
266:Cooperative
2568:Categories
2425:Envy ratio
2332:Endowments
2195:Seed money
2109:Terms and
1852:2021-01-12
1827:2021-01-12
1649:2024-03-31
1563:References
1428:See also:
1364:Long title
1267:投資事業有限責任組合
1074:See also:
1029:Marco Polo
806:Law portal
654:Osakeyhtiö
573:Aktiebolag
522:Series LLC
87:newspapers
2395:Cap table
2300:Investors
2224:Structure
2042:Mezzanine
2030:Leveraged
1736:203044817
1606:cite book
1454:Scots law
1203:Hong Kong
1198:Hong Kong
1192:50+1 rule
1089:corporate
1046:Worldwide
893:contracts
694:Doctrines
464:by shares
180:Australia
2445:Leverage
2381:Related
2111:concepts
1892:cite web
1861:cite web
1763:Archived
1681:Archived
1628:§ 402(b)
1551:See also
1379:7 Edw. 7
1374:Citation
1148:partners
1011:commenda
1005:commenda
953:estoppel
949:held out
918:dividend
880:for the
778:Contract
711:De facto
543: /
357:Societas
175:Anguilla
144:a series
117:May 2021
2455:M&A
2162:Venture
2067:History
2037:Venture
1523:), and
1505:capital
1491:In the
1434:In the
1381:. c. 24
1070:Germany
1058:Denmark
959:History
678:more...
296:Limited
291:General
256:Company
236:Germany
220:Vietnam
101:scholar
2420:EBITDA
2119:Buyout
2047:Growth
2025:Buyout
1802:2 July
1734:
1594:
1171:Henkel
945:agency
889:agents
672:(SARL)
647:(N.V.)
637:(K.K.)
627:(GmbH)
575:
564:Others
529:(LLLP)
474:public
453:(Ltd.)
428:(SCIO)
399:(EEIG)
359:
231:France
190:Canada
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2235:funds
2100:2020s
2095:2010s
2090:2000s
2085:1990s
2080:1980s
1884:(PDF)
1732:S2CID
1501:labor
1466:LC283
1386:Dates
1220:Japan
1175:Merck
1150:with
1024:qirad
1020:ortoq
1000:Italy
988:Qirad
940:state
908:in a
904:Like
882:debts
856:with
607:(A/S)
597:(ANS)
509:(LLC)
444:(IPS)
436:(CIC)
420:(CIO)
391:(SUP)
381:(SPE)
371:(SCE)
200:India
108:JSTOR
94:books
2287:SPAC
2233:and
2190:SAFE
2009:and
1898:link
1867:link
1804:2013
1612:link
1592:ISBN
1515:and
1121:GmbH
1095:. A
1085:KGaA
969:Rome
963:The
663:S.A.
657:(Oy)
617:(AS)
587:(AG)
577:(AB)
361:(SE)
80:news
2460:PME
2440:IRR
2435:IPO
2390:AUM
1724:doi
1588:190
1531:).
1527:(a
1299:In
1194:".
1132:or
1107:or
185:BVI
63:by
2570::
1906:^
1894:}}
1890:{{
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