Philippine comics - Knowledge (XXG)

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families, making comics the most widely consumed form of publishing, even surpassing newspapers. With a national distribution network under its ownership, Roces continued to hold a dominant position, owning 62 out of 71 titles in the market by 1992. The publishing model established by the Roces family, characterized by the short publication periods, a wide array of titles, and affordable prices, faced minimal challenges from smaller publishers. However, this oligopoly led to a conservative approach to content, often favoring recycled ideas over innovation. The relentless pursuit of production speed resulted in a decline in quality, exemplified by writer

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monopoly, numerous independent publishing houses have emerged. Their owners often derive their primary income from mass media or academia and frequently are creators themselves. These publishers maintain close connections with their fan base, nurturing a niche community. General bookstores in the Philippines primarily focus on foreign publications, placing domestic comic books at a disadvantage in terms of sales and distribution. Consequently, independent publishers view comic conventions as vital channels for sales.

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than newsstands. In 2007, the company embarked on an unsuccessful venture into mass-market weekly comic books, setting filmmaker and writer Carlo Caparas as a spokesperson. Caparas himself promoted Philippine comics through initiatives such as establishing awards for new creators and organizing the Artist Training Caravan to bolster the local comics scene. He also initiated the National Komiks Congress and the Komiks Caravan with support from the

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disappearance of works depicting poverty or social unrest from their pages. Although the Philippines had previously enjoyed an exceptional level of freedom for political satire among Southeast Asian countries, political cartoonists critical of the government began to be ostracized. Newspaper and magazines under Marcos' influence carried humorous cartoons devoid of political commentary, fostering a flourishing of the genre.

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family-oriented nature. Martinez notes that readers prefer light-hearted tales with optimistic endings. These stories frequently portrayed characters such as a compassionate prostitute, a daughter sacrificing herself for her family, or a woman deceived by her lover, with the protagonist ultimately prevailing and finding happiness. Queer genres, such as

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publishing houses PSG (1964) and RAR (1970) releasing several weekly titles. However, many new entrants into the comic book industry often faced instability, partly due to the sluggish Philippine economy. Larry Alcala reflected on this period, noting that overproduction led to a decline in quality, marking the end of the golden age.

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Furthermore, the departure of top artists for other industries or overseas opportunities, combined with outdated printing and binding techniques, contributed to the industry's struggles. To address the downturn in the market, comic book publishers employed various strategies, including the integration of Japanese

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acknowledged his practice of alternating between artistically oriented projects and those based on comics that appeal to existing audiences. Beside direct adaptations, some Filmmakers provided original story for comic magazines, later releasing film adaptations coinciding with the climax of the comic

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to visit the Philippines to scout for new talent at moderate rates. This initiative resulted in a significant outflux of Filipino artists, including Alex Niño, Nestor Redondo and Alfredo Alcala. Renowned for their drawing proficiency, speed, and diverse artistic range, Filipino artists became a major

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enjoyed by both children and adults. Marked by ornate, baroque illustrations drawn in thick lines, Philippine comics peaked in popularity as a national pastime during the 1980s. They also served as source material for movies, as well as for promoting government initiatives. However, by the end of the

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exists, which had a small fanbase before 2015, but has drastically grown since the 2020's and transformed into its own sub-genre of Pinoy BL. New generations of queer comic authors, most of which are queer themselves, have focused on creating books to introduce people to the LGBTQIA+ world, covering

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Filipino language, geography, and culture often merged with American and Japanese influences in various works. While U.S. superheroes typically operate in settings where superhuman abilities arise from innate qualities or are obtained through scientific means and training, the powers of traditional

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Comic books were sold through newsstands. It is estimated that each copy was read by six to ten individuals due to the accessibility of street lending shops and the practice of sharing within families and among neighbors. A significant proportion of the readership was adult, particularly low-income

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for fans of subcultures such as comics, anime, and video games have become regular events throughout the Philippines. These conventions serve as vital platforms for indie artists to distribute their works. Online fan activities have thrived, enabling greater exposure to international influences and

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The Japanese government actively promoted manga as a cultural export in the Philippines as in other Asian nations. The reception of Japanese manga has sparked controversial, mirroring debates in other nations. Alanguilan has criticized Filipino professional manga artists for adopting styles closely

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The popularity or Philippine comics reached its peak in the 1980s, marked by the publication of 47 weekly comic books and a total circulation of 2.5 to 3 million copies by the mid-1980s. The actual readership far exceeded these figures due to the conventionalized sharing of copies among friends and

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The 1970s presented multiple challenges for the Philippine comics industry. Alongside losing talent to the higher-paying American counterpart, the industry faced criticism from the administration and the Catholic Church regarding perceived 'harmful' content, not to mention economic recession. While

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When the Ace Publication went bankrupt in 1963 following a printers' strike, creators who had contributed the company ventured into their own business endeavors. Velasquez managed GASI (Graphic Arts Services Incorporated) with Roces' support. Pablo Gomez and Mars Ravelo established their respective

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Most Pinoy manga, Filipino comics influenced by Japanese manga, are printed in color and cover a wide range of themes, gaining particularly popularity among women aged 8 to 25. Manga publishers focus on middle and high-school students, as publications tailored to this age group were limited in the

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The passing of industry titan Ramon Roces in 1993 signaled a pivotal moment. Following his death, Roces family-owned businesses either folded or discontinued comics publication entirely. Many argue that Philippine comics died during this period. As one critic noted, "When the Roces comics monopoly

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Traditional comic books experienced a decline in the 1990s and have since evolved into modernized forms with updated content and binding, targeting university students and affluent urban residents. The readership now predominantly consists of males. Following the dissolution of the Roces family's

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Comics are increasingly acknowledged as an art form, with frequent retrospectives honoring early artists like Ravelo and Coching. In 2010, a bill was introduced for a graphic novel archiving project. Comic creation is now being integrated into university curricula, and student groups are actively

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As new developments unfolded, efforts to revive traditional Filipino comics were also underway. Mango Comics rebooted old superheroes like Darna, Lastikman, and Captain Barbell around 2003. Targeting a higher-income demographic, Mango opted to distribute through comic book specialty stores rather

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standing out as a prominent example that remained popular for over a decade. Additionally, these comics books featured crossword puzzles, short gags, letter sections, advertisements, and prose sections covering topics such as celebrity gossip, biographies, and life hacks. The title of comics was

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and video game aesthetics into children's titles and the incorporation of adult humor. These measures offered only temporary respite. Some of the longest-running titles in the world, notably the initial four founded by Tony Velasquez around 1950, which collectively amassed 11,500 issues, ceased

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vernacular as a term meaning "someone who is boisterously hilarious, funny or amusing", and the character persisted in comics and visual media well into the 21st century. Velasquez has come to be called "father of Filipino comics," partly due to his role as a publisher in later years, providing

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in the U.S. comics industry, the Association of Publishers and Editors of Philippine Comics-Magazines (APEPCOM) was formed, spearheaded by Ace. Collaborating with the Catholic Church, APEPCOM implemented a self-regulatory code aimed at excluding "filth harmful to morals," such as explicit sex,

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had gained popularity among expanding television audience of the middle class. However, the momentum of the anime boom was hindered when the Marcos administration banned these series, though the reasons for these restrictions remain debated. In the late 1980s, following a regime change, anime

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Romance comics had become a dominant genre by the 1990s, comprising more than half of the stories published in popular magazines as indicated by a 1992 survey. Comics editor Emmanuel Martinez suggests that Filipinos are particularly drawn to love stories due to their romantic, emotional, and

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In the 1990s, economic instability, political turmoil, and natural disasters strained family finances, resulted in sharp decline in comic book sales. Concurrently, new forms of entertainment including television, video games, the Internet, and foreign comics, further intensified competition.

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was an influential artist who left a lasting impact on his contemporaries starting from the 1950s, earning the nickname "Dean of Filipino Komiks Illustration." Alanguilan praised his "bold and frenetic" brushwork, noting that his figures "seemed to move even when they were standing still."

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to align with a pro-regime stance. The administration recognized the significant influence of comics on public opinion and published comics to promote its policies, while establishing The Media Advisory Council to regulate the content of comics. The comics industry complied, leading to a

2154:, many traditional romance comics depicted protagonists undergoing an overnight transformation from "overaged babies, thumb sucking men and women, , and effeminate man" into proud and confident individuals "deeply conscious of their sexuality" through the power of love. Carlo Vergara's 1692:

During the 2000s, comic publishing styles diversified, with more artists taking on works from non-comic or international publishers, alongside the trend of self-publishing. The latter facilitated the creation of a broader range of works. In the late 2000s, Alanguilan self-published

1613:, a Filipino immigrant who had achieved success in America. Portacio made regular visits to his home country in the early 1990s, engaging with and mentoring local artists, including the Alamat group. The studio Portacio founded in Manila has nurtured talents such as Alanguilan and 2073:, in which a young girl is bullied by her stepmother. By the 1980s, melodramatic narratives infused with themes of sex, violence, and class inequality gained prominence. Despite the male dominance in the industry, this genre was contributed to by many female writers including 1993:, primarily comprising Western works and English-language Japanese ones, are widely accessible in general bookstores. This relatively new publishing format encompasses a diverse range of content, including anthologies, reprints of serialized works, and newly created comics. 1913:

The evolution of comics culture has facilitated a surge in female creators. In the past, comic artists operated within an apprenticeship-like dynamic, often excluding women. However, with the rise of a new generation influenced by Western comics and manga such as

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Besides these mainstream genres, Philippine comics explored a wide range of themes, including news, politics, agriculture, biography, history, and sports. Some stories depicted dramas revolving around ordinary people based on reader-submitted narratives.

2742:, which portrayed revolt against oppression, was deemed dangerous; others argue it was part of a clampdown on non-state broadcasting stations; while some attribute it to pressure from Catholic women's groups advocating against the depiction of violence. 2238:-wearing" Filipino public, comic books proved to be suitable source material for films, with approximately 30–40% of major studio releases in 1986 being comic book adaptations. These adaptations covered a variety of genres, including melodramas, 1566:

fell in the late 1990s, it took everything with it." Although comics publishing persisted, the dissolution of the Roces distribution network significantly diminished the industry and compelled a shift in publishing style. Many artists opted for

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The traditional format of Philippine comic book was firmly established by the 1990s. These books typically spanned 32 to 48 pages in color and were priced at 17 to 20 U.S. cents. Each weekly issue consisted of several short stories

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adopted manga-style illustrations. These creations by Filipino artists, dubbed "Pinoy manga," marked an era of "comics, komiks, and manga" (works in the American, Filipino, and Japanese styles). Notable Pinoy manga works include

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horror, and criminal activities, from their works. Consequently, Filipino comics would persist in avoiding offensive or vulgar humor until the 21st century, predominantly focusing on simple humor and political satire.

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creating new avenues for publication. Several platforms originating in the Philippines, such as Penlab, Webkom Alliance, and Kudlis, allow amateurs to publish webcomics. Some artists have found recognition on Korean

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20th century, public interest began to wane, with alternative forms of entertainment such as television and the Internet taking precedence, leading to the decline of nationally distributed comic books. Subsequently,

1304:, a World War II guerrilla fighter, established the indigenous style of Philippine comics with his dynamic and intricate drawings. Nicknamed "the Dean of Philippine comics," Coching was posthumously honored with a 2022:, a comic artist known for his efforts in reprinting and popularizing vintage comics, Filipino comic artists were significantly influenced by American illustrators renowned for their exquisite artwork, such as 8235: 1202:

by Tony Velasquez. These works, subject to censorship by the Japanese Propaganda Corps, promoted assimilation programs such as Japanese language education and suggested ways to address shortages in supplies.

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often straightforward, employing everyday objects, the main character's name (in accordance with the Filipino convention of "characteristic + first name"), or wordplay based on the name of a celebrity.

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several weaker publishers succumbed to these pressures, companies such as GASI and Atlas, owned by Ramon Roces, continued to thrive. GASI's circulation and revenues quadrupled between 1975 and 1978.

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genre focusing on the lived experiences of the Filipino queer community have become popular in the country in recent years, while queer comic festivals have become mainstream every Pride Month.

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from popular literatures. Initially serving as a means of escapism from reality, comics evolved over time, with stories growing more sophisticated and diverse genres emerging through the 1980s.

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extensively explored Filipino mythology, revitalizing the fantasy genre that had been heavily influenced by American superhero comics. By around 2020, commercial works increasingly incorporate

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in the 1940s and 1950s, drawing from the tradition of Philippine popular fiction, set the prevailing tone of Philippine comics. Mars Ravelo, one of the genre's most renowned writers, created

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genre, often selling them at campus festivals. Alamat Comics, founded in 1994 as a small convention for independent creators to connect, eventually expanded to formally publish works such as

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debuted, showcasing high-quality manga-inspired works. Although the magazine did not last long due to financial difficulties, its popularity spurred the emergence of followers such as

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The 21st century continues to witness film adaptations of both older classics and more recent comics. Among classics adapted into television series in the 2000s are Mars Ravelo's

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myths. The genre reached its peak in the 1970s with the works of Pablo Gomez and Carlo Caparas, and by 1980, fantasy narratives were present in around 70% of all comic magazines.

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fostering emerging comic book artists. While circulation numbers may not reach previous highs, the comics culture is experiencing a resurgence in the 21st century. Comics with

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John A. Lent posited that the Philippine comics tradition has "the strongest audience appeal, best-known cartooning geniuses, and most varied comics content" in Asia after

1630: 1094:, the short comic swiftly expanded to occupy a full-color page, then advanced into the magazine's various language editions. The moniker "Kenkoy" was ingrained into the 809: 8250: 2294:(2005). As of 2016, Darna has been featured 13 films, three TV dramas, an animated TV series, and even ballet performances. Film adaptations of recent comics include 1442:

presence in American comics. However, as reader preferences shifted in the 1980s, many Filipino artists transitioned to alternative career paths, such as animation.

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As the first Filipino to ever do illustrations for comic book juggernauts Marvel and DC comics, De Zuniga is dubbed the 'Father of Filipino Invasion in US Comics.'

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From their inception, comics faced criticism from conservative and religious groups due to perceived lowbrow content. In 1954, following the establishment of the

2369: 4548: 2786: 2372:, have included a category for graphic literature since 1999. Below is a list of awarded artists and works up to 2024, excluding awards given to anthologies. 8054: 1864: 8001: 6220:

Gutierrez, Anna Katrina (2014). "American superheroes, manga cuteness and the Filipino child: the emergence of glocal Philippine comics and picturebooks".

1316:, a single-panel comic strip series portraying daily life in the Philippines without dialogue. Alcala was also bestowed with the title of National Artist. 6626:

Santos, Kristine Michelle L.; Cheng Chua, Karl Ian (2022). "Flirting with gender purrspectives: Contemporary women's activist comics in the Philippines".

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who once produced 36 works (typically 4 pages each) on a weekly basis, while another artist completed 19 works per week with assistance for the pen work.

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elements, such as space adventures, organ transplants, cloning, and test-tube babies, were often featured. Additionally, works imitating hit movies like

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and were reported for their impact on population control. Comics were also utilized as a tool for government public relations. During the presidency of

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The 1990s also witnessed a surge in influence from Japanese manga and anime. This trend can be traced back to the 1970s when anime titles such as

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Traditional Filipino comics draw inspiration not only from U.S. comic book arts but also from pen-drawn magazine illustrations, such as those by

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Sagun, Karryl Kim Abella; Luyt, Brendan (2020). "The industry avengers: An analysis of contemporary comic book publishers in the Philippines".

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Tony DeZuniga recollected that Filipino artists at the time had received 50 cents per page in the Philippines, whereas DC Comics had paid $ 12.

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De Vera, Denise Angela; Arong, Marie Rose (2019). "Cracking the Filipino sequence: two factors that shaped contemporary Philippine komiks".

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Traditional Philippine comics had maintained a close association with the film industry. Tailored to the preference and aspirations of the "

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According to comics scholar Cheng Chua, there are multiple perspectives regarding Marcos' ban of Anime: some suggest that the storyline of

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in January 1942. Japanese military authorities enforced a ban on local newspapers, while utilizing Roces family-owned publications such as

742: 8103: 5403: 5470: 4335: 8192: 8128: 8006: 7605: 7509: 7212: 7153: 5972:. Global manga studies (in Japanese). Translated by 西原麻里. Kyoto Seika University International Manga Research Center. pp. 159–179. 844: 758: 467: 6886: 4764: 4213: 7244: 7219: 6828: 1305: 737: 6897: 3617: 8027: 6809: 6769: 6360: 5845: 2150:

tends to be viewed indecent as well. Positive portrayals of homosexuality are rare in mainstream media. According to comics scholar

472: 2846: 3075: 8303: 8217: 7234: 7224: 7207: 6929: 6348: 5686: 2674: 1521: 1140:. Amidst the pressures of westernization, such pseudo-historical adventures continued to captivate audiences in the Philippines. 591: 2038:. Alanguilan characterizes the Philippine art style as "classical and romantic, delineated by luscious and graceful brushwork." 1979:

from Japan to the Philippines, some works featuring Japanese protagonists were illustrated by Filipino artists and published in

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Cheng Chua, Karl Ian; Santos, Kristine Michelle L. (2015). "Pinoy Manga in Philippine Komiks". In Brienza, Casey (ed.).

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Filipino comics experienced a golden age during the 1950s, as affordable comic books became widely available at street

7186: 7138: 6135:(1981). "Philippine Popular Culture: Dimensions and Directions. The State of Research in Philippine Popular Culture". 2164:

representation in comics. The work garnered attention from both the general public and academia and paved the way for

1796: 1030:, extensively criticized both the colonial powers and the local government through cartoons. Early political cartoons 725: 603: 6800:

Flores, Emil Francis M. (2013). "Up in the Sky, Feet on the Ground: Cultural Identity in Filipino Superhero Komiks".

5811: 5417: 2108:, have recently enjoyed a rise in popularity especially after the rise of queer motion-picture series in the 2020's. 913:. These early comics were deeply rooted in Western styles and formats, yet they possessed a distinctive character as 4556: 4135: 8400: 8187: 8159: 8143: 8081: 8032: 7537: 7299: 5288: 2794: 2713: 1752: 690: 569: 542: 6849:"Localising Japanese Popular Culture in the Philippines: Transformative Translations of Japan's Cultural Industry" 1875: 7787: 7643: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7191: 3823: 2679: 1783:. However, it wasn't until the late 1990s that anime truly permeated the general public. The popular comedy show 989: 957: 749: 715: 251: 5533: 4160: 2451:

series (2010, 2012, 2013), in which the protagonist solves paranormal cases bridging the otherworld and our own.

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https://www.pep.ph/news/local/173589/pinoy-bl-series-overview-a4113-20230601-lfrm2?s=5b44vqbi8cv8fdrlct415pfd9a

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https://www.pep.ph/news/local/173589/pinoy-bl-series-overview-a4113-20230601-lfrm2?s=5b44vqbi8cv8fdrlct415pfd9a

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Cheng Chua, Karl Ian Uy; Santos, Kristine Michelle (2014). "フィリピン・コミックスの"死"について". In Berndt, Jaqueline (ed.).

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These superheroes were inspired by American characters. Darna was conceived as a female Filipino version of

2165: 1949:), each running four pages in length. During the 1970s, each magazine featured signature long serials, with 1779: 1529: 1345: 784: 639: 503: 6008:

Cheng Chue, Karl Ian U. (2005). "The Stories They Tell: Komiks during the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1944".

5431: 8308: 8265: 8255: 8123: 8059: 7901: 7869: 7627: 7622: 7532: 7474: 7467: 7435: 7260: 2272: 2255: 2014:. The iconic character Darna, created by Mars Ravelo, was influenced by the works of Peruvian illustrator 1680: 1022: 579: 6099:

Fermin, Tricia Abigail Santos (2015). "女性の快楽のためのコミュニティーを作り出す—フィリピンでのやおい・BLコンベンションを事例として". In 大城房美 (ed.).

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In the 2010s, comics further diversified in content and publication formats. Since the establishment of

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Japanese subculture captivated a younger generation distinct from traditional comics readers. In 2000,

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Tony DeZuniga (pictured in 2011) has made a name for himself in the U.S. as a prolific comic artist.

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Action and fantasy also have long been popular in Philippine comics. In 1950s, Ravelo introduced

1533: 1189: 1084: 834: 613: 28: 3032: 2566:(2018), drawing parallels between the Philippine creation myth and the romantic drama of humans. 2160:(2003), a gay man who transforms into a female superhero, marked a significant breakthrough in 2077:, who produced over 350 short comics and 120 serials in 20 years, alongside Nerissa Cabral and 8164: 7886: 7832: 7562: 7494: 7484: 7405: 7281: 7067: 7008: 6976: 6824: 6805: 6765: 6433: 6356: 6322: 6104: 6040: 5973: 5841: 5731: 5478: 4343: 3006: 2558: 2516: 2239: 2027: 1980: 1972: 1897: 1671: 1614: 1438: 1301: 1095: 1064: 1047: 997: 947: 875: 804: 436: 406: 271: 232: 165: 107: 7804: 6651:"Filipino Creators the World Knows: The Will Eisner Comic Book Industry Winners and Nominees" 8323: 7854: 7777: 7734: 7696: 7679: 7674: 7542: 7479: 7447: 7395: 7333: 6860: 6788: 6703: 6532: 6470: 6264: 6229: 6132: 2408: 2394: 2290: 2156: 2019: 1968: 1888: 1748: 1731: 1637: 1603: 1550: 1504: 1051: 996:

As in many countries, commercial cartooning in the Philippines originated with single-panel

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emerged as a viable alternative to the traditional weekly comic books. Notable works like

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both differences and similarities to the heterosexual mainstream. Notable works include

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During this era, many artists emerged who would shape the history of Philippine comics.

829: 8359: 7908: 7896: 7891: 7864: 7842: 7799: 7770: 7758: 7729: 7504: 7462: 7430: 7348: 7294: 6981: 5359:"LAYAG! PINOY BL COMICS: Get to Know Some of our BL Comic Creators in the Philippines!" 5179:"LAYAG! PINOY BL COMICS: Get to Know Some of our BL Comic Creators in the Philippines!" 4876:"LAYAG! PINOY BL COMICS: Get to Know Some of our BL Comic Creators in the Philippines!" 2356: 2078: 2035: 2023: 2015: 1836: 1720: 1695: 1571: 1488: 1426: 1412: 1389: 1357: 1349: 1341: 1265: 1080: 1039: 887: 431: 421: 411: 359: 302: 277: 146: 138: 87: 79: 6903:"Philippine Comics" The most comprehensive library of Filipino comics on the internet. 1793:, evoking memories of the military regime and contributing to anime's broader appeal. 8394: 8347: 7881: 7849: 7741: 7689: 7489: 7452: 7425: 7410: 7098: 7062: 7035: 7018: 6425: 2647: 2320: 2284: 2151: 2147: 1990: 1951: 1773: 1744: 1706: 1618: 1525: 1517: 1430: 1400: 1381: 1377: 1259: 980: 952: 493: 401: 349: 339: 285: 281: 227: 212: 83: 4423: 4112: 2488:(2014), a tale of a man reborn as a cannibalistic demon in the pre-Christianity era. 2195:, while various queer comic anthologies have also been published in last few years. 1747:

have been released in book form by mainstream publishers. Vergara's queer superhero

1524:, and infused subtle political satire into his cartoons featuring his rat character 7876: 7859: 7822: 7557: 7415: 7370: 7093: 7088: 7040: 6966: 3618:"Tony DeZuniga, First of the Filipino Comics Wave, November 8th, 1941—May 11, 2012" 2263: 2215: 2074: 1716: 1700: 1656: 1473: 1361: 1309: 1293: 984: 910: 354: 329: 324: 186: 6792: 2354:

was awarded an Eisner Award in 2003 for his contribution to the U.S. comic series

1751:, created in 2002, gained widespread popularity, leading to its adaptation into a 1469: 1353: 95: 6233: 5512: 2847:"Comics Crash: A Survey of Filipino Comics and its Quest for Cultural Legitimacy" 2412:

series (2002, 2013), in which a gay man transforms into a beautiful superheroine.

8118: 7794: 7103: 7057: 7013: 6998: 6893:

Original comic fable "The Monkey and the Tortoise" illustrated by Dr. José Rizal

6865: 6848: 3354: 2717: 2626: 2243: 2143: 2118: 1976: 1916: 1785: 1736: 1576: 1508: 1408: 1317: 1171: 1144: 1068: 923: 902: 883: 426: 217: 207: 91: 6386:"Brief Highlights of Philippine Comics Post-Martial Law (1980s to Present Day)" 5373:"Beki lingo refresher? This Filipino comic book creator can help you with that" 5193:"Beki lingo refresher? This Filipino comic book creator can help you with that" 4890:"Beki lingo refresher? This Filipino comic book creator can help you with that" 4416:"Celebrating 120 Years of Komiks From the Philippines II: The Future of Komiks" 4105:"Celebrating 120 Years of Komiks From the Philippines I: The History of Komiks" 2510:(2015), a philosophical humor series featuring indigenous mythological beings; 1588:

In the 1990s, a new trend emerged as artists began to self-publish photocopied

1399:

In the 1970s, Filipino artists began penetrating the U.S. market, pioneered by

1089: 8342: 7499: 7121: 7083: 6961: 6525:

Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies

5783:"Comics master Alex Niño comes out of retirement to remind us how great he is" 2641: 2637: 2351: 2302: 2130: 1434: 1215: 993:, which featured a combination of words and pictures akin to modern cartoons. 906: 488: 457: 202: 6536: 3658: 2793:. University of the Philippines Institute of Creative Writing. Archived from 1368:

Regulation under the Dictatorship, Outflow of Talent to the U.S.: 1960s–1970s

7552: 6986: 6474: 6268: 2308: 2066: 1802: 1593: 1589: 1416: 1404: 1329: 1270: 1035: 914: 586: 133: 8354: 6496:

Reyes, Soledad S. (2009). "The Komiks and Retelling the Lore of the Folk".

6162:

Fernandez, Doreen G. (1983). "Philippine-American Culltural Interaction ".

2247:

serialization, featuring actors resembling the characters from the comics.

1609:

Many young artists were inspired to break into American comics industry by

1532:

in 1986, yet satirical cartoons did not regain their former prominence, as

6881: 6461:

Reyes, Soledad S. (1997). "The Philippine "Komiks": Text as Containment".

1396:

to surrender, camouflaged as romance stories, and distributed nationwide.

1102:

During the 1930s, Filipino comics heavily mirrored American comic strips.

8138: 7527: 7148: 7133: 7045: 2709: 2385: 2278: 2085: 1859:

associated with Japanese cultural identity, labeling them as "Filipino".

1808: 1760: 1675: 1337: 1333: 1211: 1197: 1059: 931: 237: 6068:

De Nobili, Lou Brad N.; Taguba, Phillip Daniele; Tayag, Olivier (2021).

4940:"Filipino Komiks and Japanese Sex Tourism: Joe Gatchalian's Clone Woman" 1536:

increasingly excluded content deemed detrimental to business interests.

1251:), gradually supplanting literary magazines. While American titles like 7050: 7028: 6707: 6326: 2347: 2296: 1907: 1893: 1884: 976: 242: 181: 6566:. Comics in Southeast Asia: Social and Political Interpretations (16). 5944:. Comics in Southeast Asia: Social and Political Interpretations (16). 2531:(2016), a colorful, wordless depiction of a treasure hunt in the dark. 2142:

In the Philippines, where the majority of the population is Catholic,

17: 7765: 7724: 7442: 6938: 6853:

Border Crossings: The Journal of Japanese-Language Literature Studies

6691: 3989: 3987: 2398:(2000), a lyrical science fiction set in the near future Philippines. 2389: 2169: 2061: 2055: 1148: 1129: 1124: 1107: 1076: 1001: 381: 369: 125: 4909: 4907: 4905: 2053:

Filipino comics originated in the 1930s with humorous works such as

6164:

Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

5628:"Trese, Sixty-Six, 14: 7 Philippine Graphic Novels You Should Read" 4735: 4733: 4688: 4686: 2588:(2023), a historical adventure set in the 18th century Philippines. 1392:

in the late 1980s, comics were used to disseminate messages urging

1312:

left a lasting legacy with his 56-year career, notably through his

7753: 7143: 6892: 5404:"Black Ink Brings You 6 Best-Selling BL Manga Novels - LionhearTV" 4280: 4278: 4276: 4028: 4026: 3558: 3556: 3057: 3055: 3053: 2983: 2981: 2520:(2020), a comic strip series that tackles the absurdities of life. 2447: 2259: 2249: 2235: 1902: 1711: 1558: 1321: 1133: 891: 814: 364: 64: 5924:(4). National Book Development Board: 40–53. 2019. Archived from 4765:"Penlab Philippines: An Online Platform for Comics and Creatives" 1083:, who was 18 years old at the time, by commission from publisher 5836:

Alanguilan, Gerry (2011). "The Indian". In Gravett, Paul (ed.).

4136:"55 Balete: The studio where Pinoy comic book legends were made" 3715:"Meet the winners of the 2022 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards" 2174: 2161: 2105: 2059:, followed by the popularity of historical heroic tales such as 1929: 8236:

Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée

6911: 5141: 5139: 5137: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 3076:"'Kenkoy' and proud of it: Feting the Father of Pinoy 'Komiks'" 6802:

Cultural Excavation and Formal Expression in the Graphic Novel

6702:. Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University: 8–16. 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4214:"Filipino comic book legend Whilce Portacio at MEFCC in Dubai" 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3781: 3779: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3125: 3123: 2204:

Filipino heroes often stem from faith. Characters like Darna,

6821:

The First One Hundred Years of Philippine Komiks and Cartoons

6321:(English, Kindle ed.). University Press of Mississippi. 5812:"OFFICIAL LIST: The Winners of the 41st National Book Awards" 5432:"Queer Filipino Komiks You Should Read ASAP - when in Manila" 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 1042:, a slipper-wearing common man introduced by Jorge Pineda in 4528: 4526: 4445: 4443: 4441: 2542:(2016), a metafictional adventure spanning multiple stories. 1520:, among those blacklisted, evaded censorship by joining the 1214:, Filipino publishers began to adopt the format of American 551: 6664:(4). National Book Development Board: 12–21. Archived from 6399:(4). National Book Development Board: 24–31. Archived from 6035:

David, Karina Constantino (1993). "主人公の変容". In 寺見元恵 (ed.).

5884:(4). National Book Development Board: 56–59. Archived from 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5687:"REVIEW: Kikomachine Komix Blg. 12: Mandirigima ng Tadhana" 5609: 5607: 5605: 5592: 5590: 5577: 5575: 2849:. Institute of Creative Writing, UP Diliman. Archived from 6840:

A History of Komiks of the Philippines and Other Countries

6600:(4). National Book Development Board: 1–10. Archived from 5418:"MIBF 2019: A guide to the local queer books you can find" 3657:. Continuum International Publishing Group. Archived from 3110: 3108: 1099:

numerous creators with a platform to publish their works.

6907: 6560:"Book Review— Kubori Kikiam: Strips for the Soul Omnibus" 5534:"39th National Book Awards Nomination/Selection Criteria" 3543: 3541: 2577:(2020), a portrayal of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. 1964:

women, which distinguished it from the U.S. counterpart.

1079:, a Filipino trying to imitate Americans. Illustrated by 1075:(Misadventures of Kenkoy), the strip was centered around 6587:"Mapping the Landscape of Philippine Graphic Literature" 6189:

Fondevilla, Herb (2007). "Contemplating the Identity of

4705: 4703: 4701: 4366:"Gerry Alanguilan, Writer, Artist and Inker, Dead at 51" 3528: 3526: 3312: 3310: 27:"Komiks" redirects here. For the television series, see 5064: 5062: 4819:"In 'komiks,' 'being a woman is an edge, a superpower'" 4720: 4718: 4084:(Interview). Interviewed by Spurgeon, Tom. Tom Spurgeon 1403:, a Filipino immigrant based in New York. Recruited by 5257: 5255: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3152: 3150: 2944: 2942: 2319:

commemorated Philippine comics by issuing a series of

1834:. Superhero comic publisher Mango Comics launched the 975:

Some believe that the origin of indigenous Philippine

6290:

Lent, John A. (1998). "Comic Art in the Philippine".

3457: 3455: 1034:

the nation as "Filipinas", a naive maiden courted by

4236:"Pinoy comic artist invested $ 12 to land dream job" 4005: 3993: 3403: 968:

Ang Pagong at ang Matsing or Si Pagong at si Matsing

8274: 8226: 8180: 8173: 8152: 8072: 8015: 7984: 7953: 7944: 7924: 7813: 7717: 7667: 7651: 7642: 7571: 7518: 7358: 7347: 7280: 7253: 7200: 7167: 7112: 7076: 6954: 6696:

CIAS discussion paper No.60: たたかうヒロイン:混成アジア映画研究2015

4543: 4541: 2900:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFCheng_ChueSantos2014 (

2787:"From Sidewalks to Cyberspace: A History of Komiks" 1867:to elevate awareness of comics within the country. 1806:capitalized on the popularity of video game series 1437:titles. In 1971, DeZuniga recommended DC publisher 101: 75: 51: 43: 38: 3686:creator is a hero for Filipino comic book artists" 2553:(2017), a nostalgic story set in a fantastic city. 1879:Works by Filipino artists are sold at conventions. 1640:became a pioneer in the Philippine comics revival. 926:flourished, and comics communities formed through 8251:Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association 6736:"シンポジウム「マンガとアジア」第1部 MANGAが女性化する⁉ ― フィリピンを中心として". 4493:"【ジャパニーズ・サブカルチャー × フィリピン】なぜ「ボルテスＶ」は国民的アニメになったのか" 4414:Kean, Benjamin Ong Pang Kean (October 21, 2006). 4309:"ESSAY: The Plate Tectonics of Philippine Comics" 4103:Kean, Benjamin Ong Pang Kean (October 19, 2006). 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 1844:. Even longstanding children's magazines such as 6746:Japan Society for Studies in Cartoons and Comics 5011: 4739: 4692: 4284: 4188:"How Gerry Alanguilan changed Philippine comics" 4056: 4044: 4032: 4017: 3574: 3240: 3099: 3061: 2987: 2960: 2895: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2514:(2016), a comedy set in the media industry; and 1617:, both of whom have subsequently contributed to 1163:for propaganda. American comic strips including 979:can be traced back to the independence activist 8050:Comics and comic strips made into feature films 5757:"FULL LIST: Winners, 40th National Book Awards" 3355:"Filipino comics are more than laughing matter" 2384:(1999), in which ethnography students confront 1789:played a significant role in this by featuring 8241:Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association 8129:Michigan State University Comic Art Collection 6762:Global Manga: 'Japanese' Comics without Japan? 3688:. Filquest Media Concepts, Inc. Archived from 3511:. National Commission for Culture and the Arts 3477:. National Commission for Culture and the Arts 3475:"Order of National Artists: Francisco Coching" 6923: 6628:Activism and Authoritarian Governance in Asia 6317:Lent, John A. (2015). "10. The Philippines". 4486: 4484: 4482: 4315:. Mile High Comics/Comicon.com. April 7, 2022 2429:Profiles of contemporary Philippine history; 852: 511: 8: 5022: 5020: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 1910:in 2021, attracted international attention. 1865:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 1771:experienced a resurgence with the airing of 1544:The Decline of the Industry: The 1980s–1990s 934:provided a new avenue for publishing works. 5938:"Educational Komiks: Shifting Perspectives" 5456: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 2421:(2003), a reboot of the 60-year-old series. 1046:. Noteworthy painters of this era, such as 8289:British Amateur Press Association (comics) 8177: 8087:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum 7950: 7648: 7355: 7164: 6930: 6916: 6908: 5499: 5053: 4963: 4626: 4589: 4577: 4532: 4517: 4449: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3391: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 2871: 2456:Budjette Tan, Bow Guerrero, and J.B. Tapia 1592:, predominantly within the American-style 1320:introduced the iconic Filipino superhero, 905:trace back to the early 20th century, and 859: 845: 529: 518: 504: 121: 35: 8284:Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors 8198:Association of Comics Magazine Publishers 6864: 6838:Roxas, Cynthia; Arevalo, Joaquin (1985). 6463:Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 6257:Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 5718: 5651: 5613: 5596: 5581: 5566: 5554: 5444: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4491:Cheng Chua, Karl Ian Uy (June 20, 2022). 4161:"Remembering Gerry Alanguilan, 1968-2019" 4078:"A Short Interview With Gerry Alanguilan" 3415: 3328: 3316: 3114: 3031:Sembrano, Edgar Alan M. (April 8, 2019). 1472:(pictured in 2021) was inducted into the 1067:in the Philippines, introduced its first 8246:Canadian Society for the Study of Comics 5838:1001 Comics You Must Read Before You Die 5806: 5804: 5751: 5749: 4461: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3547: 3532: 2610:(2024), a tale of vengeance by the dead. 2346: 1874: 1795: 1283: 1054:, were also known for their cartooning. 946: 5734:. National Book Development Board. 2022 5732:"THE 39TH NATIONAL BOOK AWARDS WINNERS" 4812: 4810: 3005:De Vera, Ruel S. (September 17, 2011). 2754: 2701: 1626: 1447: 757: 672: 626: 561: 541: 444: 250: 194: 173: 145: 124: 6727:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6720: 6681:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6674: 6640:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6633: 6617:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6610: 6576:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6569: 6549:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6542: 6514:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6507: 6487:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6480: 6452:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6445: 6416:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6409: 6375:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6368: 6339:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6332: 6308:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6301: 6281:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6274: 6255:Lent, John A. (1997). "Introduction". 6246:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6239: 6211:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6204: 6180:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6173: 6153:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6146: 6123:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6116: 6103:(in Japanese). 青戸社. pp. 188–195. 6090:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6083: 6059:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6052: 6039:(in Japanese). めこん. pp. 100–128. 6026:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 6019: 5999:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 5992: 5954:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 5947: 5901:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 5894: 5860:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 5853: 5469:Alanguilan, Gerry (February 7, 2005). 5325: 5234: 4842: 4751: 4641:"The Filipino Comics Artist and Manga" 4216:. Galadari Printing and Publishing LLC 4186:De Vera, Ruel S. (December 29, 2019). 3461: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 2604:Mike Alcazaren, A. J. Bernardo, et al. 8104:Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel 6847:Santos, Kristine Michelle L. (2019). 6842:. Islas Filipinas Publishing Company. 6558:Santos, Kristine Michelle L. (2014). 5313: 5289:"Zhe's Back And Ready For Ztreaming!" 5222: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5027:MacDonald, Heidi (October 26, 2006). 4801: 4789: 4724: 4709: 4677: 4639:Alanguilan, Gerry (August 11, 2006). 4473: 4076:Alanguilan, Alan (October 14, 2006). 3770: 3758: 3379: 3301: 3289: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3141: 3074:De Vera, Ruel S. (October 25, 2020). 2972: 2815: 1574:, who reprinted his newspaper serial 7: 8055:Comics solicited but never published 6898:"Kenkoy kick-started komiks" article 6781:Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 6432:(in Japanese). めこん. pp. 74–99. 6222:Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 5840:. Cassell Illustrated. p. 166. 5246: 5145: 5128: 5116: 4925: 4913: 4665: 4614: 4401: 4267: 3978: 3951: 3939: 3914: 3893: 3872: 3847: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3746: 3616:Ringgenberg, Steven (May 18, 2012). 3598: 3586: 3562: 3446: 3427: 3277: 3252: 3129: 2948: 2933: 2921: 2883: 2761: 2597:Ang Mga Alitaptap ng Pulang Buhangin 2189:Nang Mainlove Ako sa Isang Sakristan 2168:by LGBTQIA+ artists. Furthermore, a 1324:. Ravelo's other creations, such as 8375: 8203:Australian Cartoonists' Association 8193:Association of Canadian Cartoonists 6428:(1993). "庶民の心を映す鏡". In 寺見元恵 (ed.). 5665:"38th National Book Awards Winners" 4817:De Vera, Ruel S. (March 29, 2022). 4555:. September 9, 2007. Archived from 4549:"The enlightenment of Elmer Damaso" 4212:Abante, Kristine (April 14, 2016). 3495: 2462:(2014), a demon-battling adventure. 1967:Most comic books were published in 1411:in 1970, DeZuniga would create the 1004:. Magazines and newspapers such as 909:gained widespread readership after 6195:International Journal of Comic Art 6074:TALA: An Online Journal of History 5626:Andas, Christine (June 28, 2022). 4006:De Nobili, Taguba & Tayag 2021 3994:De Nobili, Taguba & Tayag 2021 3404:De Nobili, Taguba & Tayag 2021 2716:, while Lastikman was inspired by 2615:Russell L. Molina, Ace C. Enriquez 2497:Rodski Patotski: Ang Dalagang Baby 1755:and a musical theater production. 983:. Rizal privately created several 25: 6692:"脱アメリカ的正義の模索:フィリピンのスーパーヒロイン「ダルナ」" 6384:Or, Elbert; Tan, Charles (2019). 5911:"The National Book Award Winners" 5871:"Roadmap to the Future of Komiks" 5814:. National Book Development Board 5667:. National Book Development Board 5536:. National Book Development Board 4938:Holmberg, Ryan (March 15, 2013). 4134:Holmes, Anton (January 7, 2020). 3649:Duncan, Randy; Smith, Matthew J. 2323:. The featured artworks included 2138:Sexual and Gender Representations 1826:by the same publisher, alongside 943:Origin: 19th Century–World War II 8374: 8365: 8364: 8353: 8341: 8304:Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund 8218:Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas 8119:Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection 6880: 5936:Cheng Chua, Karl Ian Uy (2014). 4334:Lim, Ronald S. (July 16, 2011). 2845:Flores, Emil M. (May 16, 2008). 2785:Flores, Emil (August 20, 2015). 2675:List of Filipino comics creators 2654: 2640: 2493:Gerry Alanguilan and Arnold Arre 1678:work for the popular U.S. title 1664: 1645: 1629: 1562:publication during this period. 1481: 1462: 1450: 828: 487: 132: 8134:Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art 6585:Santos, Maria Criselda (2019). 2712:, Captain Barbell was based on 2442:Budjette Tan and Kajo Baldisimo 2426:Francis Alfar, Vincent Simbulan 2370:National Book Development Board 1228:, and several others including 1175:, which had been serialized in 1153:under Japanese military control 886:from the 1920s to the present. 882:) have been popular throughout 8208:Comic Art Professional Society 6948:Glossary of comics terminology 6630:. Routledge. pp. 182–197. 6564:Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 5942:Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 5471:"Philippine Komiks On Stamps!" 5035:. Mile High Comics/Comicon.com 3680:Valmero, Anna (July 2, 2010). 2670:List of Filipino komik artists 2473:(2014), featuring a pilandok ( 1132:-esque hero in the jungles of 1: 8299:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund 6793:10.1080/21504857.2017.1419981 5029:"Filipino comics in the news" 3822:Ramirez, I.G. (May 1, 2008). 3359:The Christian Science Monitor 2317:Philippine Postal Corporation 1800:Amid the market contraction, 1336:, and the humorous character 1118:. The first adventure comic, 252:Comics by country and culture 8213:National Cartoonists Society 8002:Based on television programs 6649:Valenciano, Jonette (2019). 6234:10.1080/21504857.2014.905486 5966:日本マンガと「日本」: 海外の諸コミックス文化を下敷きに 5339:"Queering Philippine comics" 5263:"Queering Philippine comics" 5159:"Queering Philippine comics" 5012:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 4856:"Queering Philippine comics" 4740:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 4693:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 4285:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 4057:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 4045:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 4033:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 4018:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 3575:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 3241:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 3100:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 3062:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 2988:Cheng Chua & Santos 2014 2961:Santos & Cheng Chua 2022 2896:Cheng Chue & Santos 2014 2685:List of Filipino superheroes 2582:Philip Ignacio and Alex Niño 2282:(2006), Francisco Coching's 2242:, and adventures. Filmmaker 1038:, who later was replaced by 951:One of the illustrations by 8144:Words & Pictures Museum 6866:10.22628/bcjjl.2021.13.1.93 6690:Yamamoto, Hiroyuki (2016). 1288:A stamp sheet highlighting 8417: 8188:Academy of Comic Book Arts 8160:Center for Cartoon Studies 8082:Belgian Comic Strip Center 6101:女性マンガ研究欧米・日本・アジアをつなぐMANGA 5869:Ballesteros, Kyra (2019). 3033:"'Kenkoy' marks 90th year" 2629:, a supernatural creature. 2146:is prohibited by law, and 958:The Turtle and the Monkey 901:The origins of Philippine 544:Culture of the Philippines 26: 8336: 8294:Club des bandes dessinées 8028:Best-selling comic series 7606:Portrayal of black people 6945: 6887:Comics of the Philippines 6804:. Brill. pp. 73–86. 4823:Philippine Daily Inquirer 4336:"Something to crow about" 4192:Philippine Daily Inquirer 3037:Philippine Daily Inquirer 3011:Philippine Daily Inquirer 2065:. The subsequent rise of 1507:' administration imposed 990:The Turtle and the Monkey 6537:10.1177/1354856517751380 3231:, pp. 69–74, 77–85. 2477:) derived from folklore. 2335:by Francisco Reyes, and 1528:. Eventually Marcos was 1073:Mga Kabalbalan ni Kenkoy 955:depicting the folk tale 8099:British Cartoon Archive 8092:National Cartoon Museum 6475:10.1163/030382497X00059 6269:10.1163/030382497X00013 3007:"The Kenkoy experience" 2680:List of Filipino komiks 2621:(2024), set during the 2415:Zach Yonzon, Lan Medina 2276:(2005), Carlo Caparas' 2181:Ang Jowa Kong Crosswise 2166:autobiographical comics 1207:Golden Age: 1940s–1950s 1183:by Japanese cartoonist 1014:Spanish colonial period 879: 535:Part of a series on the 8309:Finnish Comics Society 8266:Svenska Serieakademien 8256:Comics Studies Society 8124:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo 7628:Women in Refrigerators 7623:The Hawkeye Initiative 7261:Female comics creators 6819:Lent, John A. (2009). 6355:(in Japanese). 大修館書店. 3509:"Lauro "Larry" Alcala" 2361: 2339:by Francisco Coching. 2288:(2006), Pablo Gomez's 2267: 1971:and served to promote 1880: 1813: 1741:One Night in Purgatory 1584:New Waves: 1990s–2000s 1522:state-run media agency 1513:forcing all publishers 1297: 1023:Philippines Free Press 972: 967: 924:independent publishers 556: 8045:Comic books on CD/DVD 7295:Comics historiography 6193:in the Philippines". 5513:"The Mythology Class" 5434:. September 25, 2023. 5420:. September 12, 2019. 5000:Sagun & Luyt 2020 4988:Sagun & Luyt 2020 4976:Sagun & Luyt 2020 3416:Sagun & Luyt 2020 2475:Philippine mouse-deer 2350: 2327:by Gilbert Monsanto, 2253: 2134:, were not uncommon. 1878: 1799: 1476:Hall of Fame in 2022. 1425:, as well as various 1287: 1110:-inspired creations, 1106:was renowned for his 1002:satirical periodicals 950: 815:Sport and martial art 555: 44:Earliest publications 8261:Sequart Organization 8007:Based on video games 7589:Gender and webcomics 7154:Publishing companies 6889:at Wikimedia Commons 6671:on January 16, 2020. 6607:on January 16, 2020. 6406:on January 16, 2020. 6133:Fernandez, Doreen G. 5931:on January 16, 2020. 5891:on January 16, 2020. 4771:. September 22, 2022 2797:on December 16, 2017 2366:National Book Awards 2185:Champion of the Rose 2125:The Towering Inferno 1819:Culture Crash Comics 1659:in the U.S. in 1992. 1394:communist guerrillas 1382:pornographic stories 1247:and general stores ( 655:Fashion and clothing 417:South African comics 8319:The Hero Initiative 7599:American mainstream 7401:Comics in education 7004:Comic strip formats 5693:. November 18, 2016 5447:, pp. 348–349. 5316:, pp. 134–135. 5237:, pp. 189–190. 5119:, pp. 244–245. 5014:, pp. 168–169. 5002:, pp. 109–111. 4990:, pp. 105–106. 4916:, No. 197, 203/342. 4804:, pp. 115–116. 4647:on January 19, 2012 4580:, pp. 446–447. 4520:, pp. 444–445. 4372:. December 20, 2019 4370:Multiversity Comics 4047:, pp. 164–165. 3954:, No. 198, 200/342. 3800:, pp. 245–246. 3655:The Power of Comics 3102:, pp. 161–162. 2898:, pp. 160–161. 2623:Japanese occupation 2571:Kevin Eric Raymundo 2419:Mars Ravelo's Darna 2381:The Mythology Class 2343:National Book Award 2331:by Nestor Redondo, 2254:An illustration of 2211:The Mythology Class 2012:Charles Dana Gibson 1726:The Mythology Class 1580:as graphic novels. 1534:media conglomerates 1493:San Diego Comic-Con 1422:Conan the Barbarian 1346:Clodualdo del Mundo 1179:, were replaced by 930:. The emergence of 686:Cultural Properties 627:Arts and literature 8360:Cartoon portal 8114:The Cartoon Museum 8109:Cartoon Art Museum 7833:France and Belgium 7618:Portrayal of women 7611:African characters 7579:Ethnic stereotypes 6498:Philippine Studies 6292:Philippine Studies 6137:Philippine Studies 6010:Philippine Studies 5249:, No. 195–196/342. 4944:The Comics Journal 4928:, No. 194–195/342. 4668:, No. 200–201/342. 4346:on August 20, 2011 4115:on January 2, 2011 3850:, No. 193–194/342. 3661:on January 3, 2014 3651:"Filipino Artists" 3622:The Comics Journal 3601:, No. 190–191/342. 3589:, No. 191–193/342. 3565:, No. 201–202/342. 3080:Lifestyle Inquirer 2662:Philippines portal 2362: 2268: 2256:the 2022 TV series 2224:folklore creatures 2172:of Japanese-style 2042:Franscisco Coching 1977:prostitution tours 1900:of Budjette Tan's 1881: 1855:by Ace Vitangcol. 1853:Love is in the Bag 1814: 1419:and contribute to 1298: 1212:After World War II 1181:The Boy 'Pilipino' 1104:José Zabala-Santos 998:political cartoons 973: 835:Philippines portal 696:Historical markers 597:indigenous peoples 557: 29:Komiks (TV series) 8401:Philippine comics 8388: 8387: 8348:Comics portal 8332: 8331: 8165:The Kubert School 8068: 8067: 7940: 7939: 7638: 7637: 7563:Widescreen comics 7406:Comics journalism 7276: 7275: 7068:Political cartoon 7009:Daily comic strip 6885:Media related to 6439:978-4-8396-0069-3 6426:Reyes, Soledad S. 6110:978-4-7872-3386-8 6046:978-4-8396-0069-3 5979:978-4-905187-10-3 5789:. August 31, 2021 5502:, pp. 20–21. 5481:on April 14, 2016 5459:, pp. 56–57. 5406:. August 5, 2023. 5095:, pp. 86–87. 4790:Or & Tan 2019 4725:Or & Tan 2019 4474:Or & Tan 2019 4167:. January 2, 2020 4008:, pp. 31–32. 3382:, pp. 83–85. 3361:. August 12, 1987 3331:, pp. 28–29. 3219:, pp. 67–68. 3207:, pp. 62–63. 3183:, pp. 82–85. 2818:, pp. 74–76. 2575:Tarantadong Kalbo 2559:Emiliana Kampilan 2517:Kikomachine Komix 2368:, managed by the 2240:romantic comedies 2028:J. C. Leyendecker 1812:, becoming a hit. 1715:by Alamat member 1672:Leinil Francis Yu 1615:Leinil Francis Yu 1570:avenues, such as 1439:Carmine Infantino 1302:Francisco Coching 1296:, issued in 2022. 1065:literary magazine 1048:Fernando Amorsolo 872:Philippine Comics 869: 868: 528: 527: 494:Comics portal 437:Vietnamese comics 407:Portuguese comics 397:Philippine comics 378: 311: 293:Australian comics 289: 233:Political cartoon 120: 119: 39:Philippine comics 16:(Redirected from 8408: 8378: 8377: 8368: 8367: 8358: 8357: 8346: 8345: 8324:Xeric Foundation 8178: 7992:Based on fiction 7951: 7725:China and Taiwan 7649: 7448:Graphic medicine 7391:Autobiographical 7356: 7334:Japanese (manga) 7240:Japanese (manga) 7165: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6909: 6884: 6870: 6868: 6843: 6834: 6823:. 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Archived from 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4559:on June 24, 2008 4553:The Manila Times 4545: 4536: 4530: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4488: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4426:on April 8, 2011 4422:. Archived from 4411: 4405: 4399: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4342:. Archived from 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4288: 4282: 4271: 4265: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4111:. 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Titled 1052:Botong Francisco 861: 854: 847: 832: 761: 545: 536: 530: 520: 513: 506: 492: 491: 392:Pakistani comics 372: 345:Hungarian comics 305: 298:Brazilian comics 275: 266:Argentine comics 136: 122: 36: 21: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8352: 8340: 8328: 8314:Friends of Lulu 8276: 8270: 8228: 8222: 8169: 8148: 8074: 8073:Collections and 8064: 8038:manga magazines 8011: 7980: 7971:Manga magazines 7936: 7920: 7809: 7713: 7663: 7634: 7567: 7538:Talking animals 7514: 7475:Science fiction 7386:Anthropomorphic 7352:and narratology 7351: 7343: 7290:Years in comics 7272: 7249: 7213:Jewish American 7196: 7163: 7108: 7072: 6992:Trade paperback 6950: 6941: 6936: 6877: 6846: 6837: 6831: 6818: 6812: 6799: 6778: 6772: 6759: 6756: 6754:Further reading 6740:(in Japanese). 6735: 6719: 6712: 6710: 6698:(in Japanese). 6689: 6673: 6668: 6653: 6648: 6632: 6625: 6609: 6604: 6589: 6584: 6568: 6557: 6541: 6522: 6506: 6495: 6479: 6460: 6444: 6440: 6424: 6408: 6403: 6388: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6347: 6331: 6316: 6300: 6289: 6273: 6254: 6238: 6219: 6203: 6188: 6172: 6161: 6145: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6098: 6082: 6067: 6051: 6047: 6034: 6018: 6007: 5991: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5969: 5962: 5946: 5935: 5928: 5913: 5909: 5893: 5888: 5873: 5868: 5852: 5848: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5717: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5603: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5500:Valenciano 2019 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5386: 5378:Manila Bulletin 5371: 5370: 5366: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5344:Manila Bulletin 5337: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5295:. 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June 23, 2021 5267:Manila Bulletin 5261: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5206: 5198:Manila Bulletin 5191: 5190: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5164:Manila Bulletin 5157: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5054:Alanguilan 2011 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5026: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4964:Fondevilla 2007 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4903: 4895:Manila Bulletin 4888: 4887: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4861:Manila Bulletin 4854: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4699: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4627:Fondevilla 2007 4625: 4621: 4613: 4596: 4590:Fondevilla 2007 4588: 4584: 4578:Fondevilla 2007 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4533:Fondevilla 2007 4531: 4524: 4518:Fondevilla 2007 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4490: 4489: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4450:Fondevilla 2007 4448: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4291: 4283: 4274: 4266: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4240:GMA News Online 4234: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4140:CNN Philippines 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4082:Comivs Reporter 4075: 4074: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3921: 3913: 3900: 3892: 3879: 3871: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3721:. July 24, 2022 3713: 3712: 3708: 3695: 3693: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3392:Cheng Chua 2014 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3229:Cheng Chue 2005 3227: 3223: 3217:Cheng Chue 2005 3215: 3211: 3205:Cheng Chue 2005 3203: 3199: 3193:Cheng Chue 2005 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3004: 3003: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2909: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2872:Fondevilla 2007 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2844: 2843: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2784: 2783: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2608:Death Be Damned 2460:The Dark Colony 2345: 2262:, portrayed by 2232: 2201: 2193:Sari Sari Story 2140: 2114:Science fiction 2051: 2032:Norman Rockwell 2018:. According to 2008: 2003: 2001:Characteristics 1945:) and serials ( 1938: 1873: 1832:Nautilus Comics 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1669: 1660: 1653:Whilce Portacio 1650: 1641: 1634: 1611:Whilce Portacio 1586: 1568:self-publishing 1546: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1486: 1477: 1467: 1458: 1455: 1386:family planning 1370: 1326:Captain Barbell 1306:National Artist 1238:Espcsyal Komiks 1230:Tagalog Klasiks 1226:Pilipino Komiks 1221:Halakhak Komiks 1209: 1187: 1166:The Lone Ranger 1138:pre-Spanish era 1120:Francisco Reyes 1087: 1044:The Independent 1010:El Tio Verdades 985:picture stories 945: 940: 920:self-publishing 865: 833: 759: 738:Public holidays 543: 534: 524: 486: 335:European comics 320:Croatian comics 315:Canadian comics 272:Bande dessinées 261:American comics 223:Trade paperback 141: 94: 90: 86: 82: 68: 62: 58: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8414: 8412: 8404: 8403: 8393: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8372: 8362: 8350: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8280: 8278: 8275:Charitable and 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8184: 8182: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8084: 8078: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8060:Limited series 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7997:Based on films 7994: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7909:United Kingdom 7906: 7905: 7904: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7830: 7825: 7823:Czech Republic 7819: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7780: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7699: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7682: 7677: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7524: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7353: 7349:Comics studies 7345: 7344: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7171: 7169: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7118: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7036:Digital comics 7033: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6982:Ongoing series 6979: 6974: 6972:Limited series 6969: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6876: 6875:External links 6873: 6872: 6871: 6844: 6835: 6830:978-9719455806 6829: 6816: 6810: 6797: 6787:(1): 106–121. 6776: 6770: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6733: 6687: 6646: 6623: 6582: 6555: 6531:(1): 102–115. 6520: 6493: 6458: 6438: 6422: 6381: 6361: 6345: 6314: 6287: 6252: 6228:(3): 344–360. 6217: 6186: 6159: 6129: 6109: 6096: 6065: 6045: 6032: 6005: 5978: 5960: 5933: 5907: 5866: 5846: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5800: 5774: 5745: 5723: 5719:Bookwatch 2019 5704: 5678: 5656: 5652:Bookwatch 2019 5644: 5618: 5614:Bookwatch 2019 5601: 5597:Bookwatch 2019 5586: 5582:Bookwatch 2019 5571: 5567:Bookwatch 2019 5559: 5555:Bookwatch 2019 5547: 5525: 5504: 5492: 5475:alanguilan.com 5461: 5449: 5445:Gutierrez 2014 5437: 5423: 5409: 5395: 5384: 5364: 5361:. May 8, 2024. 5350: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5280: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5204: 5184: 5181:. May 8, 2024. 5170: 5150: 5148:, No. 195/342. 5133: 5131:, p. 245. 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5058: 5046: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4978:, p. 104. 4968: 4966:, p. 448. 4956: 4930: 4918: 4901: 4881: 4878:. May 8, 2024. 4867: 4847: 4835: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4756: 4744: 4742:, p. 166. 4729: 4714: 4712:, p. 117. 4697: 4695:, p. 171. 4682: 4680:, p. 392. 4670: 4658: 4631: 4629:, p. 441. 4619: 4617:, No. 202/342. 4594: 4592:, p. 446. 4582: 4570: 4537: 4535:, p. 445. 4522: 4510: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4452:, p. 447. 4437: 4406: 4404:, No. 200/342. 4383: 4357: 4340:Manil Bulletin 4326: 4289: 4287:, p. 167. 4272: 4270:, No. 201/342. 4253: 4227: 4204: 4178: 4152: 4126: 4095: 4061: 4059:, p. 165. 4049: 4037: 4035:, p. 168. 4022: 4020:, p. 164. 4010: 3998: 3983: 3981:, No. 199/342. 3956: 3944: 3942:, p. 244. 3919: 3917:, No. 197/342. 3898: 3896:, No. 198/342. 3877: 3875:, No. 196/342. 3852: 3840: 3814: 3812:, p. 238. 3802: 3790: 3788:, No. 194/342. 3775: 3773:, p. 100. 3763: 3751: 3749:, No. 193/342. 3732: 3706: 3672: 3634: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3577:, p. 163. 3567: 3552: 3537: 3522: 3500: 3498:, p. 139. 3488: 3466: 3451: 3449:, No. 191/342. 3432: 3430:, p. 241. 3420: 3418:, p. 103. 3408: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3333: 3329:Fernandez 1981 3321: 3317:Fernandez 1983 3306: 3294: 3282: 3280:, No. 190/342. 3257: 3255:, No. 189/342. 3245: 3243:, p. 160. 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3171:, p. 396. 3161: 3146: 3134: 3132:, No. 188/342. 3119: 3115:Fernandez 1981 3104: 3092: 3066: 3064:, p. 162. 3049: 3023: 2992: 2990:, p. 161. 2977: 2975:, p. 394. 2965: 2963:, p. 184. 2953: 2951:, p. 237. 2938: 2936:, p. 236. 2926: 2924:, No. 187/342. 2907: 2888: 2886:, p. 242. 2876: 2874:, p. 444. 2864: 2820: 2808: 2766: 2764:, No. 203/342. 2753: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2731: 2722: 2714:Captain Marvel 2700: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2651: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2593:R. H. Kirantan 2590: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2512:News Hardcore! 2505: 2501: 2500: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2482:Melvin Malonso 2479: 2478: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2435:Siglo: Passion 2431:Siglo: Freedom 2427: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2377: 2344: 2341: 2231: 2228: 2200: 2197: 2139: 2136: 2079:Gilda Olvidado 2050: 2047: 2036:Frank Frazetta 2024:Franklin Booth 2016:Alberto Vargas 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1991:Graphic novels 1937: 1934: 1906:, released on 1872: 1869: 1721:Kajo Baldisimo 1707:Graphic novels 1687: 1686: 1674:undertook the 1670: 1663: 1661: 1651: 1644: 1642: 1636:Born in 1968, 1635: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1585: 1582: 1572:Pol Medina Jr. 1545: 1542: 1498: 1497: 1489:Nestor Redondo 1487: 1480: 1478: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1390:Corazon Aquino 1369: 1366: 1358:Pablo S. Gomez 1350:Nestor Redondo 1342:Alfredo Alcala 1332:, the mermaid 1208: 1205: 1081:Tony Velasquez 1040:Juan dela Cruz 1018:Lipang Kalabaw 1016:, followed by 944: 941: 939: 936: 888:Comics scholar 867: 866: 864: 863: 856: 849: 841: 838: 837: 825: 824: 823: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 764: 763: 755: 754: 753: 752: 747: 746: 745: 735: 730: 729: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 698: 693: 688: 683: 675: 674: 670: 669: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 629: 628: 624: 623: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 600: 599: 594: 584: 583: 582: 572: 564: 563: 559: 558: 548: 547: 539: 538: 526: 525: 523: 522: 515: 508: 500: 497: 496: 483: 482: 481: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 447: 446: 442: 441: 440: 439: 434: 432:Turkish comics 429: 424: 422:Spanish comics 419: 414: 412:Serbian comics 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 387:Mexican comics 384: 379: 367: 362: 360:Italian comics 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 308:Welsh-language 303:British comics 300: 295: 290: 268: 263: 255: 254: 248: 247: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 197: 196: 192: 191: 190: 189: 184: 176: 175: 171: 170: 169: 168: 163: 158: 150: 149: 147:Comics studies 143: 142: 139:Speech balloon 137: 129: 128: 118: 117: 116: 115: 110: 103: 99: 98: 88:Nestor Redondo 80:Tony Velasquez 77: 73: 72: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 40: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8413: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8381: 8373: 8371: 8363: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174:Organizations 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8071: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7702:United States 7700: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7533:Decompression 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7490:Tijuana bible 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7411:Comics poetry 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7099:Silent comics 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7063:Graphic novel 7061: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019:Sunday comics 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6921: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6862: 6859:(1): 93–102. 6858: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6811:9781848881990 6807: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6771:9781472435439 6767: 6764:. Routledge. 6763: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6504:(3): 389–417. 6503: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6441: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6364: 6362:4-469-23091-X 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6298:(2): 236–248. 6297: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6201:(2): 441–453. 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5981: 5975: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5849: 5847:9781844036981 5843: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5813: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5721:, p. 53. 5720: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5654:, p. 50. 5653: 5648: 5645: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5619: 5616:, p. 49. 5615: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5599:, p. 46. 5598: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5584:, p. 45. 5583: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5569:, p. 42. 5568: 5563: 5560: 5557:, p. 41. 5556: 5551: 5548: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5307: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5225:, p. 80. 5224: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5107:, p. 87. 5106: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5083:, p. 79. 5082: 5077: 5074: 5071:, p. 86. 5070: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5047: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4957: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4792:, p. 28. 4791: 4786: 4783: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4727:, p. 27. 4726: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4499:(in Japanese) 4498: 4494: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4476:, p. 25. 4475: 4470: 4467: 4464:, p. 14. 4463: 4462:Yamamoto 2016 4458: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4327: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4242:. May 7, 2013 4241: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4179: 4166: 4165:Marvel Comics 4162: 4156: 4153: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4127: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3996:, p. 30. 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3761:, p. 97. 3760: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3673: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3550:, p. 10. 3549: 3548:Yamamoto 2016 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533:Yamamoto 2016 3529: 3527: 3523: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3406:, p. 24. 3405: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3304:, p. 41. 3303: 3298: 3295: 3292:, p. 85. 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3195:, p. 62. 3194: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3159:, p. 83. 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3144:, p. 81. 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3117:, p. 28. 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2652: 2649: 2648:Comics portal 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2564:Dead Balagtas 2562: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2536:Andrew Drilon 2535: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2504:Mannix Abrera 2503: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471:Pilandokomiks 2469: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2403:Carlo Vergara 2402: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2315:In 2004, the 2313: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2285:Pedro Penduko 2281: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2222:infused with 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2152:Soledad Reyes 2149: 2148:homosexuality 2145: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1957:Aliwan Komiks 1954: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1877: 1871:2010s–present 1870: 1868: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1774:Dragon Ball Z 1769: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:Carlo Vergara 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1619:Marvel Comics 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1551:Carlo Caparas 1543: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518:Nonoy Marcelo 1514: 1510: 1506: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1460: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401:Tony DeZuniga 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:Slice of Life 1311: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1290:Slice of Life 1286: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1234:Hiwaga Komiks 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1191: 1186: 1185:Keizo Shimada 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128:, featured a 1127: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:Lukas Marakas 1109: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028:American rule 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 991: 986: 982: 978: 970: 969: 965: 960: 959: 954: 949: 942: 937: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 862: 857: 855: 850: 848: 843: 842: 840: 839: 836: 831: 827: 826: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 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279: 274: 273: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 257: 256: 253: 249: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 228:Graphic novel 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 213:Digital comic 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 199: 198: 195:Media formats 193: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 178: 177: 172: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 152: 151: 148: 144: 140: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 104: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 84:Tony DeZuniga 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 54: 50: 46: 42: 37: 34: 30: 19: 8227:Critical and 8181:Professional 7966:Comic strips 7782: 7659:South Africa 7558:Supervillain 7094:Photo comics 7089:Motion comic 7041:Mobile comic 6967:Ashcan comic 6856: 6852: 6839: 6820: 6801: 6784: 6780: 6761: 6741: 6737: 6723:cite journal 6711:. 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