31:
858:
you lose, your enemies will be happy..Oh lord of furious battle, put down your weapons and quickly rising, show your courage. The shadow of your feet that helps the suffering must not lose its fame. You must do what is right. You must become a guest welcomed happily by the gods in that world so hard for men to attain
918:
You gave shade to many, the world praised you. And yet you could not finish your reign but had to reduce yourself to this small space, where you have become an undecaying stone. And the other stones surely will be kind and give me space, for I come to them with an old love that holds me to them like
857:
In the thick of the battle you show your strength, your white umbrella shines, king of victories. In this vast world, encircled by its roaring waters, two men have risen against you. They are not your old enemies with their established power..If they lose to whom will you leave your wealth? And if
837:
Kopperuncholan and his two sons had a serious quarrel. His two sons vie the throne and raise an army against their father. As
Kopperuncholan prepares for war, Pullārrūr Eyiŗŗiyaņār, a poet and a friend reasons with him that if he slays his own sons and wins the war then the country would be left
732:
It is from these colophons and rarely from the texts of the poems themselves, that we gather the names of many kings and chieftains and the poets patronised by them. The task of reducing these names to an ordered scheme in which the different generations of contemporaries can be marked off one
736:
Any attempt at extracting a systematic chronology and data from these poems should be aware of the casual nature of these poems and the wide difference between the purposes of the anthologist who collected these poems and the historian’s attempts are arriving at a continuous history.
838:
without an heir, and on the other hand if he loses then they would become victors. So he advises the king to take his own life thereby leaving an heir to his kingdom and at the same time denying them all glory. The king would commit suicide by the rite of
889:, the song (218) of Kannakanār as he saw Picirāntaiyār taking his seat and facing north). Another poet, Karuvūrp Peruñcatukkattup Pūtanātanār is distressed that the king forgot to invite him and sings thus: (
771:
country. Pullārrūr Eyiŗŗiyaņār is renowned for his advice to the Chola king. Kopperuncholan’s friendship with these two poets became a classic example in later literature like that between
725:, which by common consent belong to the age later than the Sangam age, the poems have reached us in the forms of systematic anthologies. Each individual poem has generally attached to it a
867:
along with those closest to him. But before he sits facing north with the sword by his side he informs his men of his desire to see his friend Picirāntaiyār, a poet in the neighboring
763:(song 215). He was an intimate friend of many poets, the most notable among them being, Picirāntaiyār, Pullārrūr Eyiŗŗiyaņār and Pottiyār. Picirāntaiyār was a native of the
729:
on the authorship and subject matter of the poem, the name of the king or chieftain to whom the poem relates and the occasion which called forth the eulogy are also found.
733:
another has not been easy. To add to the confusions, some historians have even denounced these colophons as later additions and untrustworthy as historical documents.
880:..in the southern land of the Pandyan king, where they say Picirōn lives. I cannot die without him. He may have stayed away in good times but he will not fail me now.
713:
poetry. The period covered by the extant literature of the Sangam is unfortunately not easy to determine with any measure of certainty. Except the longer epics
905:
After the king's death, Pottiyār another poet, unable to bear the loss of his patron, sits facing north amidst the heroes' stones and commits suicide by
659:
1016:
778:
Andayar’s poems reflect the happy and joyful nature of the poet. Asked once why though old, his hair had not turned gray, he gave this answer:
695:. We have no definite details about this Chola or his reign. The only information we have is from the fragmentary poems of Sangam in the
556:
1021:
Poets of the Tamil
Anthologies: Ancient Poems of Love and War, George L. Hart III, Princeton: Princeton University Press
940:
871:
kingdom. His men send word but then tell him that Picirāntaiyār may not come. To this the king replies, (excerpt from
652:
631:
591:
576:
596:
848:
act of committing suicide, where the victim sits facing north and starves himself to death. (Excerpt from
645:
616:
726:
513:
356:
1034:
453:
443:
423:
473:
403:
376:
366:
286:
1007:
Mudaliar, A.S, Abithana
Chintamani (1931), Reprinted 1984 Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.
930:
772:
710:
692:
529:
346:
336:
581:
561:
326:
296:
226:
256:
217:
1013:
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
1010:
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
715:
676:
566:
521:
119:
30:
1028:
586:
505:
413:
173:
75:
64:
48:
38:
935:
845:
840:
688:
684:
611:
463:
394:
306:
266:
182:
155:
85:
909:. He reasons that the spirit of the dead king has given him permission to do so: (
721:
433:
246:
110:
910:
890:
886:
872:
849:
831:
760:
751:
697:
571:
316:
146:
137:
885:
Picirāntaiyār arrives and joins his friend in his desire to quit this world (
626:
621:
601:
898:
On an island in a river, in spotted shade, you sit and your body dries up.
536:
276:
236:
128:
993:
Poets of the Tamil
Anthologies: Ancient Poems of Love and War, page 187
982:
Poets of the Tamil
Anthologies: Ancient Poems of Love and War, page 186
971:
Poets of the Tamil
Anthologies: Ancient Poems of Love and War, page 184
960:
Poets of the Tamil
Anthologies: Ancient Poems of Love and War, page 182
900:
Are you angry with me, warrior, who has asked so many to join you here?
606:
94:
59:
863:
Kopperuncholan takes the advice of the poet and takes his own life by
868:
764:
709:
768:
749:. Himself a poet, he is credited with a few poems in the
745:
Kopperuncholan is the subject of a number of poems in
815:
And true, of chastened souls with knowledge filled.
58:
54:
44:
37:
23:
834:in sequence describing the sad end of this king.
915:
895:
877:
854:
767:country while the latter two were natives of
653:
8:
810:To crown the whole, around me dwell good men
660:
646:
71:
29:
20:
785:My years are many, yet my locks not grey:
790:You ask the reason why, 'tis simply this
952:
795:I have a worthy wife, and children too;
74:
805:My king does me no evil, aye protects;
800:My servants move obedient to my will;
7:
1017:Project Madurai – Purananuru eText
14:
830:There are a number of poems in
1:
199:
100:
941:Legendary early Chola kings
632:Legendary early Chola kings
1051:
592:Great Living Chola Temples
577:Chola art and architecture
680:
28:
826:Kopperuncholan’s Suicide
759:– 20, 53, 129, 147) and
922:
903:
883:
861:
617:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
287:Parantaka II (Sundara)
741:Friendship with Poets
537:Rajahnate of Sanmalan
297:Aditya II (Karikala)
78:Kings and Emperors
931:Sangam Literature
919:life to the body.
819:(Purananuru –191)
773:Damon and Pythias
693:Sangam Literature
670:
669:
597:Solesvara Temples
557:Ganges Expedition
542:
541:
530:Rajahnate of Cebu
498:Related dynasties
482:
481:
385:
384:
190:
189:
70:
69:
1042:
995:
990:
984:
979:
973:
968:
962:
957:
682:
662:
655:
648:
582:Chola literature
562:Chola government
502:
501:
400:
399:
223:
222:
208:
204:
201:
105:
102:
91:
90:
72:
33:
21:
1050:
1049:
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1044:
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1041:
1040:
1039:
1025:
1024:
1004:
999:
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991:
987:
980:
976:
969:
965:
958:
954:
949:
927:
899:
828:
743:
707:
681:கோப்பெருஞ்சோழன்
666:
637:
636:
552:
544:
543:
499:
484:
483:
397:
387:
386:
257:Rajaditya Chola
220:
218:Medieval Cholas
206:
202:
192:
191:
103:
88:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1027:
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944:
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926:
923:
827:
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
742:
739:
716:Silappatikaram
706:
703:
673:Kopperuncholan
668:
667:
665:
664:
657:
650:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
567:Chola military
564:
559:
553:
550:
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546:
545:
540:
539:
533:
532:
526:
525:
522:Nidugal Cholas
518:
517:
510:
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496:
493:
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485:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
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454:Kulothunga III
450:
449:
446:
444:Rajadhiraja II
440:
439:
436:
430:
429:
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353:
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343:
342:
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333:
332:
329:
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309:
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216:
215:
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194:
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165:Kopperuncholan
161:
160:
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143:
142:
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134:
133:
131:
125:
124:
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120:Ilamchetchenni
116:
115:
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107:
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104: 161 BCE
97:
89:
84:
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80:
79:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Kopperuncholan
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1047:
1036:
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914:
913:- song 223);
912:
908:
907:vadakirruttal
902:
901:
894:
892:
888:
882:
881:
876:
875:, song 215):
874:
870:
866:
865:vadakirruttal
860:
859:
853:
852:, song 213):
851:
847:
843:
842:
835:
833:
825:
818:
816:
813:
811:
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738:
734:
730:
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724:
723:
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712:
704:
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694:
691:mentioned in
690:
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633:
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628:
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623:
620:
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613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:Flag of Chola
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
551:Chola society
548:
547:
538:
535:
534:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
511:
507:
506:Telugu Chodas
504:
503:
495:
494:
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488:
487:
477:
475:
472:
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467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
452:
451:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
425:
424:Kulothunga II
422:
421:
417:
415:
412:
411:
407:
405:
402:
401:
396:
391:
390:
380:
378:
375:
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370:
368:
365:
364:
360:
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355:
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335:
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328:
325:
324:
320:
318:
315:
314:
310:
308:
305:
304:
300:
298:
295:
294:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
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254:
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248:
245:
244:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
224:
219:
214:
213:
210:
207: 848 CE
198:Interregnum (
196:
195:
186:
184:
181:
180:
177:
175:
174:Kochchenganan
172:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
141:
139:
136:
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130:
127:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
98:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
81:
77:
73:
66:
63:
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:Kochchenganan
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
16:
992:
988:
981:
977:
970:
966:
959:
955:
936:Early Cholas
917:
916:
906:
904:
897:
896:
884:
879:
878:
864:
862:
856:
855:
841:vadakiruttal
839:
836:
829:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
777:
756:
755:collection (
750:
746:
744:
735:
731:
720:
714:
708:
696:
689:Early Cholas
687:king of the
672:
671:
612:Melakadambur
524:of Karnataka
489:
474:Rajendra III
464:Rajaraja III
404:Kulothunga I
395:Later Cholas
377:Athirajendra
367:Virarajendra
357:Rajamahendra
267:Gandaraditya
197:
183:Perunarkilli
164:
156:Killivalavan
86:Early Cholas
15:
1035:Chola kings
722:Manimekalai
514:Chodagangas
434:Rajaraja II
347:Rajendra II
337:Rajadhiraja
247:Parantaka I
111:Kulakkottan
39:Chola Ruler
18:Chola Ruler
1002:References
911:Purananuru
891:Purananuru
887:Purananuru
873:Purananuru
850:Purananuru
832:Purananuru
761:Purananuru
757:Kuruntokai
752:Kuruntokai
747:Purananuru
698:Purananuru
572:Chola Navy
516:of Kalinga
327:Rajendra I
317:Rajaraja I
227:Vijayalaya
205: – c.
203: 200
147:Nalankilli
138:Nedunkilli
627:Tiruvarur
622:Thanjavur
602:Poompuhar
508:of Andhra
478:1246–1279
468:1216–1256
458:1178–1218
448:1166–1178
438:1146–1173
428:1133–1150
418:1118–1135
408:1070–1120
381:1067–1070
371:1063–1070
361:1060–1063
351:1051–1063
341:1018–1054
331:1012–1044
99:205 BCE–
45:Successor
1029:Category
925:See also
727:colophon
683:) was a
321:985–1014
277:Arinjaya
237:Aditya I
231:848–871?
129:Karikala
705:Sources
607:Uraiyur
490:Related
414:Vikrama
311:971–987
301:966–971
291:950–980
281:955–956
271:949–962
261:935–949
251:907–955
241:871–907
95:Ellalan
60:Dynasty
893:219):
869:Pandya
765:Pandya
711:Sangam
307:Uttama
947:Notes
846:Tamil
769:Chola
685:Tamil
677:Tamil
76:Chola
65:Chola
844:, a
719:and
1031::
775:.
701:.
679::
200:c.
101:c.
675:(
661:e
654:t
647:v
209:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
