711:
322:, memory, executive function and cognitive estimation. They found that subjects with WKS showed impairments in all aspects of this test battery but most noticeably, on the cognitive estimation tasks. This task required subjects to estimate a physical quality such as size, weight, quantity or time (e.g. What is the average length of a shower?) of a particular item. Patients with WKS performed worse than normal control participants on all of the tasks in this category. The patients found estimations involving time to be the most difficult, whereas quantity was the easiest estimation to make. Additionally, the study included a category for classifying "bizarre" answers, which included any answer that was far outside of the normal range of expected responses. WKS patients did give answers that could fall into such a category, such as 15 seconds or 1 hour for the estimated length of a shower, or 4 kg or 15 tonnes as the weight of a car.
371:, spontaneous confabulation being seen more frequently than provoked confabulation. Spontaneous confabulations refer to incorrect memories that the patient holds to be true, and may act on, arising spontaneously without any provocation. Provoked confabulations can occur when a patient is cued to give a response, this may occur in test settings. The spontaneous confabulations viewed in WKS are thought to be produced by an impairment in source memory, where they are unable to remember the spatial and contextual information for an event, and thus may use irrelevant or old memory traces to fill in for the information that they cannot access. It has also been suggested that this behaviour may be due to executive dysfunction where they are unable to inhibit incorrect memories or because they are unable to shift their attention away from an incorrect response.
699:
686:
675:) is an essential coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and is also a regulator of osmotic gradient. Its deficiency may cause swelling of the intracellular space and local disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Brain tissue is very sensitive to changes in electrolytes and pressure and edema can be cytotoxic. In Wernicke this occurs specifically in the mammillary bodies, medial thalami, tectal plate, and periaqueductal areas. People with the condition may also exhibit a dislike for sunlight and so may wish to stay indoors with the lights off. The mechanism of this degeneration is unknown, but it supports the current neurological theory that the mammillary bodies play a role in various "memory circuits" within the brain. An example of a memory circuit is the
532:
confirmed through studies in which rats were subjected to alcohol exposure and lower levels of thiamine through a low-thiamine diet. In particular, studies have demonstrated that clinical signs of the neurological problems that result from thiamine deficiency develop faster in rats that have received alcohol and were also deficient in thiamine than rats who did not receive alcohol. In another study, it was found that rats that were chronically fed alcohol had significantly lower liver thiamine stores than control rats. This provides an explanation for why alcoholics with
523:. These patients had developed WKS but were not alcoholics and had never suffered from dietary deprivation. WKS developed between 2 and 20 years after the surgery. There were small dietary changes that contributed to the development of WKS but overall the lack of absorption of thiamine from the gastrointestinal tract was the cause. Therefore, it must be ensured that patients who have undergone gastrectomy have a proper education on dietary habits, and carefully monitor their thiamine intake. Additionally, an early diagnosis of WKS, should it develop, is very important.
53:
560:(alpha-KGDH) are impaired. The impaired functioning of the Krebs cycle results in inadequate production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or energy for the cells functioning. Energy is required by the brain for proper functioning and use of its neurotransmitters. Injury to the brain occurs when neurons that require high amounts of energy from thiamine dependent enzymes are not supplied with enough energy and die.
343:. The retrograde amnesia that accompanies WKS can extend as far back as twenty to thirty years, and there is generally a temporal gradient seen, where earlier memories are recalled better than more recent memories. It has been widely accepted that the critical structures that lead to the memory impairment in WKS are the mammillary bodies, and the thalamic regions. Despite the aforementioned memory deficits,
359:
the non-rewarded stimuli. WKS patients displayed significant deficits in this task. The researchers were also successful in displaying a deficit in recognition memory by having patients make a yes/no decision as to whether a stimulus was familiar (previously seen) or novel (not previously seen). The patients in this study also showed a significant deficit in their ability to perform this task.
548:, is required by three different enzymes to allow for conversion of ingested nutrients into energy. Thiamine can not be produced in the body and must be obtained through diet and supplementation. The duodenum is responsible for absorbing thiamine. The liver can store thiamine for 18 days. Prolonged and frequent consumption of alcohol causes a decreased ability to absorb thiamine in the
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822:. Brain atrophy was only found upon post-mortem autopsy. Wernicke believed these hemorrhages were due to inflammation and thus the disease was named polioencephalitis haemorrhagica superior. Later, it was found that Wernicke encephalopathy and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome are products of the same cause.
1681:
Mann, Karl; Agartz, Ingrid; Harper, Clive; Shoaf, Susan; Rawlings, Robert R.; Momenan, Reza; Hommer, Daniel W.; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Sullivan, Edith V.; Anton, Raymond F.; Drobes, David J.; George, Mark S.; Bares, Roland; Machulla, Hans-Juergen; Mundle, Goetz; Reimold, Matthias; Heinz, Andreas (2001).
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The onset of
Wernicke encephalopathy is considered a medical emergency. Prompt administration of thiamine can prevent the disorder from developing into Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, or reduce its severity. Treatment can also reduce the progression of the deficits caused by WKS, but will not completely
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Strong evidence suggests that ethanol interferes directly with thiamine uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. Ethanol also disrupts thiamine storage in the liver and the transformation of thiamine into its active form. The role of alcohol consumption in the development of WKS has been experimentally
358:
and stimulus-reward associative functions in patients with WKS. The deficit in stimulus-reward functions was demonstrated by Oscar-Berman and
Pulaski who presented patients with reinforcements for certain stimuli but not others, and then required the patients to distinguish the rewarded stimuli from
261:
The DSM-5 classifies
Korsakoff syndrome under Substance/Medication-Induced Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorders, specifically alcohol-induced amnestic confabulatory. The diagnostic criteria defined as necessary for diagnosis includes prominent amnesia, forgetting quickly, and difficulty learning.
286:
Several cases have been documented where
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome has been seen on a large scale. In 1947, 52 cases of WKS were documented in a prisoner of war hospital in Singapore where the prisoners' diets included less than 1 mg of thiamine per day. Such cases provide an opportunity to
726:
As described, Korsakoff syndrome usually follows or accompanies
Wernicke encephalopathy. If treated quickly, it may be possible to prevent the development of WKS with thiamine treatments. This treatment is not guaranteed to be effective and the thiamine needs to be administered adequately in both
777:
Internationally, the prevalence rates of WKS are relatively standard, being anywhere between zero and two percent. Despite this, specific sub-populations seem to have higher prevalence rates including people who are homeless, older individuals (especially those living alone or in isolation), and
330:
The amnesic symptoms of WKS include both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. The retrograde deficit has been demonstrated through an inability of WKS patients to recall or recognize information for recent public events. The anterograde memory loss is demonstrated through deficits in tasks that
727:
dose and duration. A study on
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome showed that with consistent thiamine treatment there were noticeable improvements in mental status after only 2–3 weeks of therapy. Thus, there is hope that with treatment Wernicke encephalopathy will not necessarily progress to WKS.
698:
269:
Despite the assertion that alcoholic
Korsakoff syndrome must be caused by the use of alcohol, there have been several cases where it has developed from other instances of thiamine deficiency resulting from gross malnutrition due to conditions such as stomach cancer,
842:
Although WE and AKS were discovered separately, these two syndromes are usually referred to under one name, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, due to the fact that they are part of the same cause and because the onset of AKS usually follows WE if left untreated.
691:
Axial MRI FLAIR image showing hyperintense signal in the mesial dorsal thalami, a common finding in
Wernicke encephalopathy. This patient was nearly in coma when IV thiamine was started, he responded moderately well but was left with some Korsakoff type
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2448:
872:, is well known to be living with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome due to his past alcoholism. He has written multiple songs about addiction and his experiences with alcohol, with many of such songs being found on the band's 2009 album
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is imperative for proper nutrition which, in combination with thiamine supplements, may reduce the chance of developing WKS. This prevention method may specifically help heavy drinkers who refuse to or are unable to quit.
833:
was a
Russian physician after whom the disease "Korsakoff's syndrome" was named. In the late 1800s Korsakoff was studying long-term alcoholic patients and began to notice a decline in their memory function. At the 13th
838:
in Moscow in 1897, Korsakoff presented a report called: "On a special form of mental illness combined with degenerative polyneuritis". After the presentation of this report the term "Korsakoff's syndrome" was coined.
1276:"Review: Wernicke encephalopathy revisited: Translation of the case history section of the original manuscript by Carl Wernicke 'Lehrbuch der Gehirnkrankheiten fur Aerzte and Studirende' (1881) with a commentary"
1594:
Navarro, Darren; Zwingmann, Claudia; Chatauret, Nicolas; Butterworth, Roger F. (2008). "Glucose loading precipitates focal lactic acidosis in the vulnerable medial thalamus of thiamine-deficient rats".
206:, inability to concentrate, and a decrease in awareness of the immediate situation they are in. If left untreated, WE can lead to coma or death. In about 29% of patients, ocular disturbances consist of
617:, although it was noted that this may be due to the direct toxic effects of alcohol as opposed to thiamine deficiency that has been attributed as the underlying cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome.
1315:
Brand, Matthias; Fujiwara, Esther; Kalbe, Elke; Steingass, Hans-Peter; Kessler, Josef; Markowitsch, Hans J. (2003). "Cognitive
Estimation and Affective Judgments in Alcoholic Korsakoff Patients".
2344:
Harper, Clive; Fornes, Paul; Duyckaerts, Charles; Lecomte, Dominique; Hauw, Jean-Jacques (1995). "An international perspective on the prevalence of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome".
253:
About 19% of patients have none of the symptoms in the classic triad at first diagnosis of WE; however, usually one or more of the symptoms develops later as the disease progresses.
1762:
Nixon, Peter F.; Kaczmarek, M. Jan; Tate, Jill; Kerr, Ray A.; Price, John (1984). "An erythrocyte transketolase isoenzyme pattern associated with the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome".
1742:
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782:. For example, in France, a country that is well known for its consumption and production of wine, prevalence was only 0.4% in 1994, while Australia had a prevalence of 2.8%.
473:. In individuals with sub-clinical thiamine deficiency, a large dose of glucose (either as sweet food or glucose infusion) can precipitate the onset of overt encephalopathy.
99:(AKS ). Due to the close relationship between these two disorders, people with either are usually diagnosed with WKS as a single syndrome. It mainly causes vision changes,
311:
have been documented. In addition to this, it has been noted that some patients displayed an inability to focus, and the inability of others to catch patients' attention.
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552:. Thiamine deficiency is also related to malnutrition from poor diet, impaired use of thiamine by the cells and impaired storage in the liver. Without thiamine the
519:
The fact that gastrointestinal surgery can lead to the development of WKS was demonstrated in a study that was completed on three patients who recently undergone a
1500:
Osiezagha, Kenneth; Ali, Shahid; Freeman, C.; Barker, Narviar C.; Jabeen, Shagufta; Maitra, Sarbani; Olagbemiro, Yetunde; Richie, William; Bailey, Rahn K. (2013).
2245:
Victor, M; Adams, RD; Collins, GH (1971). "The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. A clinical and pathological study of 245 patients, 82 with post-mortem examinations".
1195:. American Psychiatric Association., American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
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Todd, Kathryn G.; Hazell, Alan S.; Butterworth, Roger F. (1999). "Alcohol-thiamine interactions: an update on the pathogenesis of Wernicke encephalopathy".
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2713:
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Watson, A. J. S.; Walker, J. F.; Tomkin, G. H.; Finn, M. M. R.; Keogh, J. A. B. (1981). "Acute Wernickes Encephalopathy precipitated by glucose loading".
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or other muscles in the eye. A smaller percentage of patients experience a decrease in reaction time of the pupils to light stimuli and swelling of the
730:
In order to reduce the risk of developing WKS it is important to limit the intake of alcohol in order to ensure that proper nutrition needs are met. A
4900:
667:
Frequently, secondary to thiamine deficiency and subsequent cytotoxic edema in Wernicke encephalopathy, patients will have marked degeneration of the
648:
Diagnosis of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is by clinical impression and can sometimes be confirmed by a formal neuropsychological assessment. Wernicke
3572:
742:
alcoholic beverages with thiamine to reduce the incidence of WKS among those heavily abusing alcohol. To date, no such proposals have been enacted.
1146:
Sechi, GianPietro; Serra, Alessandro (2007). "Wernicke's encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management".
4402:
1010:
Thomson, Allan D.; Marshall, E. Jane (2006). "The natural history and pathophysiology of Wernicke's Encephalopathy and Korsakoff's Psychosis".
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133:. Failure in diagnosis of WE and thus treatment of the disease leads to death in approximately 20% of cases, while 75% are left with permanent
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2306:
2281:
1368:
Kopelman, M. D.; Thomson, A. D.; Guerrini, I.; Marshall, E. J. (2009). "The Korsakoff Syndrome: Clinical Aspects, Psychology and Treatment".
1200:
1113:
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299:, difficulties in concentration, loss of memory for the immediate past, and gradual degeneration of mental state; consisting of confusion,
2419:
Lello, Michael "Breaking the Silence" Archived 2010-02-19 at the Wayback Machine The Weekender (September 15, 2009). Retrieved on 2-09-10.
1243:"Abstracts Presented at the Thirty-First Annual International Neuropsychological Society Conference, February 5–8, 2003 Honolulu, Hawaii"
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learning tasks. WKS patients have also demonstrated difficulties in perseveration as evidenced by a deficit in performance on the
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2052:
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WKS occurs more frequently in men than women and has the highest prevalence in the ages 55–65. Approximately 71% are unmarried.
4490:
4776:
4744:
3992:
3884:
1408:
Oscar-Berman, Marlene; Pulaski, Joan L. (1997). "Associative learning and recognition memory in alcoholic Korsakoff patients".
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Merle A. Carter; Edward Bernstein (2005). "Acute and Chronic Alcohol Intoxication". In Elizabeth Mitchell; Ron Medzon (eds.).
4459:
4386:
4041:
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202:. The aforementioned changes in mental state occur in approximately 82% of patients' symptoms of which range from confusion,
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4213:
640:, which explains how WKS can develop in patients with damage exclusively to either the thalamus or the mammillary bodies.
1748:
461:, or people with eating disorders. In some regions, physicians have observed thiamine deficiency brought about by severe
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150:
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associated with WKS. Of those affected, 25% require long-term institutionalization in order to receive effective care.
1549:
Zimitat, Craig; Nixon, Peter F. (1999). "Glucose loading precipitates acute encephalopathy in thiamin-deficient rats".
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4207:
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Axial MRI B=1000 DWI image showing hyperintense signal indicative of restricted diffusion in the mesial dorsal thalami
340:
2169:
1274:
Thomson, Allan D.; Cook, Christopher C. H.; Guerrini, Irene; Sheedy, Donna; Harper, Clive; Marshall, E. Jane (2008).
1238:
Ingram, V.; Kelly, M.; Grammer, G. "Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Following Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for Sleep Apnea".
716:
Axial MRI FLAIR image showing hyperintense signal in the periaqueductal gray matter and tectum of the dorsal midbrain
1448:"Confabulation behavior and false memories in Korsakoff's syndrome: Role of source memory and executive functioning"
410:
or coenzyme in glucose metabolism. The enzymes that are dependent on thiamine pyrophosphate are associated with the
222:. Finally, the symptoms involving stance and gait occur in about 23% of patients and result from dysfunction in the
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3251:
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427:
1898:"Interaction of Thiamine Deficiency and Voluntary Alcohol Consumption Disrupts Rat Corpus Callosum Ultrastructure"
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153:. It involves an acute Wernicke-encephalopathy phase, followed by the development of a Korsakoff syndrome phase.
2048:"The repeating history of objections to the fortification of bread and alcohol: from iron filings to folic acid"
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3039:
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2133:; Carruthers, Susan J.; Howat, Peter A. (September 1989). "Thiamin in beer: a health promotion perspective".
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Daily recommendations of thiamine requirements are 0.66 mg per 8,400 kilojoules (2,000 kilocalories) of
637:
503:
One as-yet-unreplicated study has associated susceptibility to this syndrome with a hereditary deficiency of
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380:
146:
126:. These disorders may manifest together or separately. WKS is usually secondary to prolonged alcohol abuse.
92:
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psychiatric inpatients. Additionally, studies show that prevalence is not connected to alcohol consumption
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Butterworth, RF (1993). "Pathophysiology of cerebellar dysfunction in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome".
211:
1809:
636:. It has been argued that the memory impairments can occur as a result of damage along any part of the
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functions appear to be intact in WKS patients. This has been demonstrated through measures that assess
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The amnesia that is associated with this syndrome is a result of the atrophy in the structures of the
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In a study conducted in 2003 by Brand et al. on the cognitive effects of WKS, the researchers used a
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reverse existing deficits. WKS will continue to be present, at least partially, in 80% of patients.
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As stated above, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in the United States is usually found in malnourished
107:
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3333:
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3271:
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1875:
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919:"[Cerebral beriberi with ophthalmoplegia as the leading symptom in an alcoholic patient]"
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348:
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219:
96:
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He, Xiaohua; Sullivan, Edith V; Stankovic, Roger K; Harper, Clive G; Pfefferbaum, Adolf (2007).
423:
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol use particularly is associated with
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1973:
1955:
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227:
67:
1808:
Shimomura, Tatsuo; Mori, Etsuro; Hirono, Nobutsugu; Imamura, Toru; Yamashita, Hikari (1998).
307:. In other cases of WKS, cognitive effects such as severely disrupted speech, giddiness, and
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2018:
1963:
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430:. Thus, anything that encourages glucose metabolism will exacerbate an existing clinical or
308:
271:
166:
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1050:"Health problems and care needs in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome: A systematic review"
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115:
17:
2327:
2272:
Jeffrey E Kelsey; D Jeffrey Newport; Charles B Nemeroff (2006). "Alcohol Use Disorders".
52:
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2146:
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1968:
1943:
1810:"Development of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome after long intervals following gastrectomy"
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1995:
Kyoko Konishi. (2009) The Cognitive Profile of Elderly Korsakoff's Syndrome Patients.
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Dam, Mirjam Johanna; Meijel, Berno; Postma, Albert; Oudman, Erik (January 15, 2020).
897:
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852:
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621:
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In addition to the damage seen in these areas there have been reports of damage to
606:
497:
462:
431:
134:
119:
1446:
Kessels, Roy P. C.; Kortrijk, Hans E.; Wester, Arie J.; Nys, Gudrun M. S. (2008).
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intake—approximately equivalent to 1.2 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women.
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4869:
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4304:
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239:
235:
2509:
1825:
1421:
878:
as it was the first album Burnley had written and recorded completely sober.
855:
describes case histories of some of his patients with the syndrome in the book
802:
in 1881. His first diagnosis noted symptoms including paralyzed eye movements,
46:
Korsakoff's psychosis, cerebral beriberi, alcoholic encephalopathy, "wet brain"
4571:
4529:
4440:
3997:
3951:
3393:
3256:
2823:
2550:
2461:
2457:
2214:
2197:
1730:
1608:
1564:
1259:
1242:
874:
779:
759:
481:
469:, which is thiamine-deficient. The resulting nervous system ailment is called
466:
223:
215:
72:
2007:"Functional MRI study of diencephalic amnesia in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome"
1959:
1517:
1210:
1123:
1075:
934:
4334:
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1942:
Martin, Peter R.; Singleton, Charles K.; Hiller-Sturmhöfel, Susanne (2003).
1381:
1292:
1275:
1023:
388:
288:
207:
173:
76:
27:
Combined presence of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoff's syndrome
2073:
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2023:
2006:
1977:
1923:
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4142:
4124:
3971:
3830:
3118:
892:
579:
549:
489:
470:
384:
336:
332:
292:
199:
192:
129:
Wernicke encephalopathy and WKS are most commonly seen in people with an
60:
2440:
398:
of Wernicke encephalopathy and is usually found in people who have used
4683:
4373:
4074:
2831:
2357:
1651:
1187:
1185:
661:
629:
564:
477:
296:
1066:
1049:
4672:
4186:
2452:
803:
766:
fluids containing vitamins and minerals, may be used as a treatment.
653:
508:
231:
203:
184:
100:
145:
The syndrome is a combined manifestation of two namesake disorders,
492:(accounting for amnesic symptoms), the medial dorsal thalamus, the
1193:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
981:
Neurological Syndromes: A Clinical Guide to Symptoms and Diagnosis
567:
associated with WKS occurs in the following regions of the brain:
2487:
2274:
Principles of Psychopharmacology for Mental Health Professionals
180:
4455:
4451:
3561:
2571:
2567:
2389:
The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales
1106:
Thiamine deficiency-induced neurodegeneration and neurogenesis
632:
that is presented as a result of other cases of damage to the
2170:"A pint of best and be generous with the B1, please landlord"
536:
have a higher incidence of both thiamine deficiency and WKS.
1944:"The role of thiamine deficiency in alcoholic brain disease"
660:, and Korsakoff's psychosis with anterograde and retrograde
441:, though it is also found in patients who undergo prolonged
318:
test battery which included tests of intelligence, speed of
161:
WE is characterized by the presence of a triad of symptoms:
287:
gain an understanding of what effects this syndrome has on
230:. Other symptoms that have been present in cases of WE are
402:
chronically. The metabolically active form of thiamine is
1682:"Neuroimaging in Alcoholism: Ethanol and Brain Damage".
335:
and then recalling lists of words and faces, as well as
1247:
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
394:) whilst Korsakoff's psychosis is a chronic neurologic
291:. In this particular case, cognitive symptoms included
664:
and confabulation upon relevant lines of questioning.
1991:
1989:
1987:
2430:
1317:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
191:
This triad of symptoms results from a deficiency in
4857:
4822:
4720:
4651:
4528:
4519:
4489:
4418:
4372:
4333:
4242:
4185:
4141:
4112:
4073:
4018:
3970:
3944:
3917:
3839:
3808:
3789:
3752:
3728:
3721:
3712:
3678:
3598:
3478:
3447:
3306:
3299:
3192:
3164:
3096:
3053:
3025:
2985:
2927:
2822:
2728:
2703:
2655:
2648:
2605:
2519:
2434:
1845:
1843:
544:
The vitamin thiamine, also referred to as vitamin B
488:. Other regions include the anterior region of the
66:
42:
37:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2301:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 272.
864:Frontman and lead vocalist of the hard rock band
556:enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) and
484:of specific regions of the brain, especially the
114:. This can occur due to Wernicke encephalopathy,
4125:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
2202:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1441:
1439:
1054:Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
1937:
1935:
1933:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1803:
1801:
1684:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
1043:
1041:
266:can occur in conjunction with these symptoms.
4467:
3573:
2583:
1719:The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences
738:A number of proposals have been put forth to
465:, particularly in diets consisting mainly of
8:
956:
954:
952:
4130:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
2714:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
4525:
4474:
4460:
4452:
3725:
3718:
3580:
3566:
3558:
3303:
2652:
2590:
2576:
2568:
2431:
2405:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1764:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
806:, and mental confusion. Also noticed were
628:and mammillary bodies), and is similar to
51:
34:
2213:
2102:Centerwall, Brandon (February 12, 1979).
2022:
1967:
1913:
1525:
1463:
1328:
1291:
1258:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1065:
1005:
1003:
1001:
984:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2276:. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 196–197.
1403:
1401:
1399:
383:results from severe acute deficiency of
4260:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
1891:
1889:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
978:Millichap, J. Gordon (August 4, 2013).
909:
681:
4916:Syndromes affecting the nervous system
4403:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
2394:
1216:
858:The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
511:that requires thiamine as a coenzyme.
3927:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
1452:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
1108:(PhD Thesis). Binghamton University.
354:Other studies have shown deficits in
7:
1506:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
2198:"Should Thiamine Be Added to Beer?"
2168:Meikle, James (November 18, 2002).
250:and a progressive loss of hearing.
4434:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
4063:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
2299:Introduction to Emergency Medicine
2147:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1989.tb00210.x
2066:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00422.x
1776:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1984.tb01181.x
1696:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02383.x
1502:"Thiamine Deficiency and Delirium"
25:
3983:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
2995:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
558:alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
4901:Central nervous system disorders
4036:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
3540:
3528:
2387:Sacks, Oliver 1933-2015 (1985).
2053:The Medical Journal of Australia
1640:Irish Journal of Medical Science
1465:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01758.x
917:Arányi, J. (November 24, 1991).
709:
697:
684:
406:, which plays a major role as a
3993:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
3885:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
599:the floor of the 4th ventricle,
262:Presence of thiamine deficient
4387:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
4042:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
3636:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
3205:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
3078:Memory and social interactions
836:International Medical Congress
445:(IV) therapy without vitamin B
91:) is the combined presence of
1:
4214:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
2401:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2247:Contemporary Neurology Series
2196:Finlay-Jones, Robert (1986).
2046:Kamien, Max (June 19, 2006).
1948:Alcohol Research & Health
1160:10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70104-7
527:Alcohol-thiamine interactions
106:The cause of the disorder is
4427:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
3954:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
3896:Positional alcohol nystagmus
3861:Alcohol-related brain damage
2914:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1690:(5 Suppl ISBRA): 104S–109S.
1104:Vetreno, Ryan Peter (2011).
814:around the third and fourth
379:It is generally agreed that
218:which may be accompanied by
4941:Substance-related disorders
4549:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
4291:Benzodiazepine use disorder
4220:Opioid-induced constipation
4208:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
3902:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
3866:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
3655:Substance-related disorders
3620:Substance-induced psychosis
3592:substance-related disorders
2556:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
2328:Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
1339:10.1076/jcen.25.3.324.13802
967:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
381:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
367:People with WKS often show
341:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
85:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
38:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
4957:
3988:Caffeine-induced psychosis
3919:Respiratory tract diseases
3904:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
3701:Combined drug intoxication
3252:Levels of Processing model
3177:World Memory Championships
3010:Lost in the mall technique
2857:dissociative (psychogenic)
1826:10.1001/archneur.55.9.1242
1422:10.1037/0894-4105.11.2.282
428:branched chain amino acids
18:Korsakoff's psychosis
4921:Health effects of alcohol
4554:Wernicke's encephalopathy
4297:Benzodiazepine dependence
4281:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
4091:Prenatal cocaine exposure
3754:Gastrointestinal diseases
3523:
2391:. New York: Summit Books.
2215:10.3109/00048678609158858
1731:10.1017/S0317167100048630
1609:10.1007/s11011-007-9076-z
1260:10.1017/S1355617703920017
172:Changes in mental state (
59:
50:
3856:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
3820:Alcohol-related dementia
3738:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
3691:Polysubstance dependence
3664:Psychological dependence
3290:The Seven Sins of Memory
3235:Intermediate-term memory
3040:Indirect tests of memory
3017:Recovered-memory therapy
2967:Misattribution of memory
2135:Community Health Studies
2104:"Put Thiamine in Liquor"
962:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
851:The British neurologist
652:typically presents with
496:, the median and dorsal
238:), elevated heart rate (
4276:Benzodiazepine overdose
3908:Wernicke encephalopathy
3762:Alcoholic liver disease
3730:Cardiovascular diseases
2977:Source-monitoring error
2346:Metabolic Brain Disease
1902:Neuropsychopharmacology
1597:Metabolic Brain Disease
1565:10.1023/A:1020653312697
1552:Metabolic Brain Disease
800:Wernicke encephalopathy
791:Wernicke encephalopathy
638:mammillo-thalamic tract
157:Wernicke encephalopathy
147:Wernicke encephalopathy
93:Wernicke encephalopathy
4362:Amphetamine dependence
4323:Barbiturate dependence
4154:Green Tobacco Sickness
4052:Amotivational syndrome
3932:Alcoholic lung disease
3872:Alcoholic hallucinosis
3851:Alcoholic hallucinosis
3799:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
3743:Alcohol flush reaction
3611:Substance intoxication
3384:George Armitage Miller
3344:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1915:10.1038/sj.npp.1301332
1864:10.1080/13556219971470
1370:Alcohol and Alcoholism
1280:Alcohol and Alcoholism
1223:: CS1 maint: others (
1012:Alcohol and Alcoholism
500:, and the cerebellum.
404:thiamine pyrophosphate
345:non-declarative memory
320:information processing
234:, low blood pressure (
212:lateral rectus muscles
198:which is an essential
4730:Electrolyte imbalance
4598:Pyridoxine deficiency
4572:Riboflavin deficiency
4057:Cannabis use disorder
3780:Auto-brewery syndrome
3547:Philosophy portal
3535:Psychology portal
3399:Henry L. Roediger III
3000:False memory syndrome
2972:Misinformation effect
2952:Imagination inflation
1814:Archives of Neurology
1382:10.1093/alcalc/agn118
1293:10.1093/alcalc/agm144
1024:10.1093/alcalc/agh249
671:. Thiamine (vitamin B
434:thiamine deficiency.
420:oxidation of pyruvate
210:and paralysis of the
165:Ocular disturbances (
103:and impaired memory.
4911:Addiction psychiatry
4708:Vitamin K deficiency
4702:Vitamin E deficiency
4679:Vitamin D deficiency
4660:Vitamin A deficiency
4559:Korsakoff's syndrome
4313:Barbiturate overdose
4086:Cocaine intoxication
3826:Alcohol intoxication
3668:Substance dependence
2904:Motivated forgetting
2024:10.1093/brain/awh496
1253:(2): 135–330. 2003.
1148:The Lancet Neurology
634:medial temporal lobe
418:), and catalyze the
179:Unsteady stance and
131:alcohol use disorder
4346:Stimulant psychosis
4231:Opioid use disorder
4175:Nicotine dependence
4165:Nicotine withdrawal
4008:Caffeine dependence
3768:Alcoholic hepatitis
3660:Physical dependence
3631:Neonatal withdrawal
3414:Arthur P. Shimamura
3314:Richard C. Atkinson
3131:Effects of exercise
3005:Memory implantation
2889:Interference theory
2805:Selective retention
2785:Meaningful learning
1725:(Suppl 3): S123–6.
847:Society and culture
602:the cerebellum, and
587:periaqueductal grey
455:intensive care unit
414:(also known as the
108:thiamine (vitamin B
95:(WE) and alcoholic
4722:Mineral deficiency
4521:Vitamin deficiency
4160:Nicotine poisoning
4102:Cocaine dependence
4031:Cannabis arteritis
3891:Korsakoff syndrome
3791:Endocrine diseases
3511:Andriy Slyusarchuk
3334:Hermann Ebbinghaus
3240:Involuntary memory
3141:Memory improvement
3126:Effects of alcohol
3088:Transactive memory
3066:Politics of memory
3035:Exceptional memory
2520:External resources
2358:10.1007/BF01991779
2109:The New York Times
2005:Caulo, M. (2005).
1652:10.1007/BF02938260
888:Alcoholic dementia
826:Korsakoff syndrome
439:chronic alcoholics
356:recognition memory
349:perceptual priming
316:neuropsychological
257:Korsakoff syndrome
248:epileptic seizures
220:retinal hemorrhage
151:Korsakoff syndrome
141:Signs and symptoms
97:Korsakoff syndrome
4888:
4887:
4837:Failure to thrive
4832:Delayed milestone
4716:
4715:
4694:Harrison's groove
4624:Folate deficiency
4611:Biotin deficiency
4449:
4448:
4203:Opioid withdrawal
3966:
3965:
3940:
3939:
3555:
3554:
3519:
3518:
3506:Cosmos Rossellius
3354:Marcia K. Johnson
3225:Exosomatic memory
3210:Context-dependent
3200:Absent-mindedness
3083:Memory conformity
3061:Collective memory
2962:Memory conformity
2899:Memory inhibition
2818:
2817:
2810:Tip of the tongue
2565:
2564:
2308:978-0-7817-3200-0
2283:978-0-471-79462-2
1852:Addiction Biology
1202:978-0-89042-554-1
1115:978-1-124-75696-7
1067:10.1111/jpm.12587
991:978-1-4614-7786-0
929:(47): 2627–2628.
866:Breaking Benjamin
820:cerebral aqueduct
669:mammillary bodies
592:the walls of the
573:mammillary bodies
486:mammillary bodies
449:supplementation,
412:citric acid cycle
282:Cognitive effects
228:vestibular system
82:
81:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4948:
4906:Memory disorders
4526:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4453:
4393:Toluene toxicity
3877:Delirium tremens
3773:Zieve's syndrome
3726:
3719:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3559:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3486:Jonathan Hancock
3439:Robert Stickgold
3409:Richard Shiffrin
3364:Elizabeth Loftus
3304:
3220:Childhood memory
3027:Research methods
2909:Repressed memory
2884:Forgetting curve
2872:transient global
2743:Autobiographical
2653:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2432:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2341:
2335:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1497:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1332:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1143:
1128:
1127:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1069:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1007:
996:
995:
975:
969:
958:
947:
946:
914:
870:Benjamin Burnley
831:Sergei Korsakoff
713:
701:
688:
515:Post-gastrectomy
451:gastric stapling
309:heavy-headedness
272:anorexia nervosa
116:eating disorders
55:
35:
21:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4853:
4818:
4712:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4620:
4607:
4594:
4581:
4568:
4540:
4515:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4450:
4445:
4414:
4375:
4368:
4329:
4247:
4238:
4198:Opioid overdose
4181:
4137:
4108:
4069:
4014:
3962:
3936:
3913:
3842:
3835:
3812:system diseases
3811:
3804:
3785:
3748:
3708:
3680:
3674:
3651:Substance abuse
3594:
3586:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3515:
3496:Dominic O'Brien
3474:
3443:
3424:Susumu Tonegawa
3404:Daniel Schacter
3379:Eleanor Maguire
3369:Geoffrey Loftus
3324:Stephen J. Ceci
3319:Robert A. Bjork
3295:
3214:state-dependent
3188:
3160:
3092:
3073:Cultural memory
3049:
3045:Memory disorder
3021:
2981:
2923:
2814:
2724:
2699:
2644:
2601:
2596:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2515:
2514:
2443:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2325:
2316:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2131:Binns, Colin W.
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2060:(12): 638–640.
2045:
2044:
2040:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1985:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1908:(10): 2207–16.
1895:
1894:
1887:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1499:
1498:
1481:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1410:Neuropsychology
1407:
1406:
1397:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1330:10.1.1.327.3291
1314:
1313:
1309:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1145:
1144:
1131:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1009:
1008:
999:
992:
977:
976:
972:
959:
950:
916:
915:
911:
906:
884:
849:
828:
793:
788:
772:
755:
724:
717:
714:
705:
702:
693:
689:
674:
646:
624:(the thalamus,
547:
542:
540:Pathophysiology
534:liver cirrhosis
529:
517:
494:basal forebrain
448:
424:α-ketoglutarate
393:
377:
365:
328:
326:Memory deficits
284:
259:
196:
167:ophthalmoplegia
159:
143:
111:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4936:Rare syndromes
4933:
4928:
4926:Abducens nerve
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4807:Keshan disease
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4726:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:Protein-energy
4487:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4408:Inhalant abuse
4405:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4268:benzodiazepine
4264:
4263:
4262:
4253:
4251:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3958:Binge drinking
3955:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3657:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3622:
3617:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3537:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:Paul R. McHugh
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Ivan Izquierdo
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Hindsight bias
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Memory erasure
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:post-traumatic
2849:
2844:
2839:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Personal-event
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2720:Working memory
2717:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2690:Motor learning
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2606:Basic concepts
2603:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2490:
2479:
2464:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:Classification
2428:
2427:External links
2425:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2379:
2336:
2314:
2307:
2289:
2282:
2264:
2237:
2188:
2160:
2122:
2094:
2038:
2017:(7): 1584–94.
1997:
1983:
1954:(2): 134–142.
1929:
1885:
1839:
1797:
1754:
1709:
1673:
1630:
1586:
1541:
1479:
1435:
1395:
1360:
1307:
1266:
1230:
1201:
1181:
1129:
1114:
1089:
1060:(4): 460–481.
1037:
997:
990:
970:
948:
923:Orvosi Hetilap
908:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
895:
890:
883:
880:
848:
845:
827:
824:
792:
789:
787:
784:
771:
768:
754:
751:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
708:
706:
703:
696:
694:
690:
683:
672:
650:encephalopathy
645:
642:
611:
610:
603:
600:
597:
590:
583:
576:
545:
541:
538:
528:
525:
516:
513:
459:hunger strikes
446:
391:
376:
373:
364:
361:
327:
324:
305:hallucinations
283:
280:
264:encephalopathy
258:
255:
242:), as well as
194:
189:
188:
177:
170:
158:
155:
142:
139:
109:
80:
79:
70:
64:
63:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4953:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4842:Short stature
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4665:Bitot's spots
4663:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:substance use
3677:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Drug overdose
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3470:Clive Wearing
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Endel Tulving
3432:
3430:
3429:Anne Treisman
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Brenda Milner
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:James McGaugh
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Sigmund Freud
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:retrospective
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Muscle memory
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:Art of memory
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Memory biases
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Confabulation
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2929:Memory errors
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:post-hypnotic
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Rote learning
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Hyperthymesia
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Active recall
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Consolidation
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:(3): 261–72.
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:(9): 1242–5.
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:(4): 278–81.
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:(10): 301–3.
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:(1): 115–22.
1602:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:(2): 148–54.
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1323:(3): 324–34.
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:(5): 442–55.
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
987:
983:
982:
974:
971:
968:
964:
963:
957:
955:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
910:
903:
899:
898:Malabsorption
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
879:
877:
876:
871:
867:
862:
860:
859:
854:
846:
844:
840:
837:
832:
825:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Carl Wernicke
790:
785:
783:
781:
775:
769:
767:
765:
761:
752:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
733:
728:
721:
712:
707:
700:
695:
687:
682:
680:
678:
677:Papez circuit
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:3rd ventricle
591:
588:
584:
581:
577:
574:
570:
569:
568:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
539:
537:
535:
526:
524:
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
505:transketolase
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
467:polished rice
464:
460:
457:(ICU) stays,
456:
452:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
369:confabulation
363:Confabulation
362:
360:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
325:
323:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:confabulation
298:
294:
290:
281:
279:
277:
273:
267:
265:
256:
254:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
163:
162:
156:
154:
152:
148:
140:
138:
136:
132:
127:
125:
124:alcohol abuse
121:
117:
113:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
74:
71:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4689:Osteomalacia
4548:
4493:malnutrition
4483:Malnutrition
4425:
4352:
4303:
4266:
4114:Hallucinogen
3901:
3841:Neurological
3589:Psychoactive
3501:Ben Pridmore
3419:Larry Squire
3329:Susan Clancy
3288:
3172:Memory sport
3097:Other topics
2987:False memory
2942:Cryptomnesia
2919:Weapon focus
2879:Decay theory
2640:Neuroanatomy
2599:Human memory
2549:
2538:
2527:
2503:
2492:
2481:
2466:
2447:
2415:
2388:
2382:
2352:(1): 17–24.
2349:
2345:
2339:
2326:
2298:
2292:
2273:
2267:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2181:December 30,
2179:. Retrieved
2175:The Guardian
2173:
2163:
2141:(3): 301–5.
2138:
2134:
2125:
2115:December 30,
2113:. Retrieved
2107:
2097:
2087:December 30,
2085:. Retrieved
2057:
2051:
2041:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1951:
1947:
1905:
1901:
1855:
1851:
1817:
1813:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1512:(4): 26–32.
1509:
1505:
1458:(2): 220–5.
1455:
1451:
1416:(2): 282–9.
1413:
1409:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1286:(2): 174–9.
1283:
1279:
1269:
1250:
1246:
1233:
1192:
1151:
1147:
1105:
1057:
1053:
1018:(2): 151–8.
1015:
1011:
980:
973:
960:
926:
922:
912:
873:
863:
856:
853:Oliver Sacks
850:
841:
829:
794:
776:
773:
770:Epidemiology
756:
744:
737:
732:healthy diet
729:
725:
666:
647:
626:hypothalamus
622:diencephalon
619:
612:
607:frontal lobe
562:
543:
530:
518:
502:
498:raphe nuclei
475:
463:malnutrition
436:
432:sub-clinical
378:
366:
353:
329:
313:
285:
268:
260:
252:
190:
160:
144:
135:brain damage
128:
120:malnutrition
112:) deficiency
105:
88:
84:
83:
29:
4880:Underweight
4870:Weight loss
4511:Catabolysis
4501:Kwashiorkor
4354:amphetamine
4305:barbiturate
3359:Eric Kandel
3307:Researchers
3279:Prospective
3230:Free recall
3184:Shas Pollak
2837:anterograde
2753:Declarative
2529:MedlinePlus
1559:(1): 1–20.
812:gray matter
808:hemorrhages
798:discovered
764:intravenous
762:, a bag of
760:Banana bags
747:food energy
554:Krebs cycle
521:gastrectomy
443:intravenous
416:Krebs cycle
276:gastrectomy
244:hypothermia
240:tachycardia
236:hypotension
43:Other names
4895:Categories
4847:Idiopathic
4797:Molybdenum
4641:deficiency
4530:B vitamins
4335:Stimulants
3998:Caffeinism
3952:Alcoholism
3625:Withdrawal
3394:Lynn Nadel
3272:intertrial
3257:Metamemory
3245:flashbacks
3165:In society
2862:retrograde
2824:Forgetting
2795:Procedural
2705:Short-term
2675:Eyewitness
2551:Patient UK
2505:DiseasesDB
2208:(1): 3–6.
904:References
875:Dear Agony
816:ventricles
780:per capita
722:Prevention
482:infarction
224:cerebellum
216:optic disc
73:Psychiatry
4777:Manganese
4755:Potassium
4750:Phosphate
4745:Magnesium
4637:Vitamin B
4441:Chocolate
3843:disorders
3146:Nutrition
3054:In groups
2867:selective
2842:childhood
2770:Flashbulb
2730:Long-term
2630:Attention
2540:eMedicine
2397:cite book
2333:eMedicine
2253:: 1–206.
1960:1535-7414
1518:2158-8333
1325:CiteSeerX
1219:cite book
1211:830807378
1124:781626781
1076:1351-0126
935:0030-6002
861:(1985).
753:Treatment
692:deficits.
658:nystagmus
644:Diagnosis
389:vitamin B
289:cognition
208:nystagmus
193:vitamin B
174:confusion
77:neurology
68:Specialty
4931:Thiamine
4875:Cachexia
4865:Anorexia
4814:Fluorine
4802:Selenium
4792:Chromium
4740:Chloride
4585:Pellagra
4544:Beriberi
4506:Marasmus
4374:Volatile
4249:hypnotic
4244:Sedative
4143:Nicotine
4020:Cannabis
3972:Caffeine
3831:Hangover
3679:Combined
3448:Patients
3119:mnemonic
3114:chunking
2780:Implicit
2763:Semantic
2758:Episodic
2748:Explicit
2613:Encoding
2545:med/2405
2232:39649221
2074:16803445
2033:15817513
1978:15303623
1924:17299515
1880:38390083
1872:20575793
1704:11391058
1668:23063090
1617:18034292
1581:19954743
1573:10348310
1536:23696956
1474:18412846
1390:19151162
1355:17769551
1347:12916646
1302:18056751
1176:15523083
1168:17434099
1084:31876326
1032:16384871
893:Dementia
882:See also
818:and the
580:thalamus
550:duodenum
490:thalamus
471:beriberi
408:cofactor
385:thiamine
337:semantic
333:encoding
331:involve
293:insomnia
200:coenzyme
61:Thiamine
4858:General
4735:Calcium
4684:Rickets
4419:Related
4376:solvent
4187:Opioids
4075:Cocaine
3868:(AWS):
3810:Nervous
3764:(ALD):
3714:Alcohol
3599:General
3267:Priming
3193:Related
3136:Emotion
2832:Amnesia
2670:Eidetic
2657:Sensory
2618:Storage
2499:D020915
2374:9751459
2366:7596325
2259:5162155
2224:3460583
2155:2605903
2082:6725983
1969:6668887
1834:9740119
1792:6006951
1784:6434322
1749:4778798
1739:8334588
1660:7319764
1625:9020059
1527:3659035
1430:9110334
943:1956687
810:in the
786:History
740:fortify
662:amnesia
630:amnesia
565:atrophy
478:atrophy
400:alcohol
396:sequela
297:anxiety
4824:Growth
4787:Iodine
4782:Copper
4760:Sodium
4673:Scurvy
4430:: SUD
4389:(SSDS)
4132:(HPPD)
3887:(FASD)
3638:(PAWS)
3300:People
3285:memory
3216:memory
3156:Trauma
2695:Visual
2685:Iconic
2680:Haptic
2665:Echoic
2623:Recall
2534:000771
2488:277730
2372:
2364:
2305:
2280:
2257:
2230:
2222:
2153:
2080:
2072:
2031:
1976:
1966:
1958:
1922:
1878:
1870:
1832:
1790:
1782:
1746:
1737:
1702:
1666:
1658:
1623:
1615:
1579:
1571:
1534:
1524:
1516:
1472:
1428:
1388:
1353:
1345:
1327:
1300:
1209:
1199:
1174:
1166:
1122:
1112:
1082:
1074:
1030:
988:
941:
933:
804:ataxia
654:ataxia
615:cortex
563:Brain
509:enzyme
375:Causes
303:, and
274:, and
232:stupor
204:apathy
185:ataxia
122:, and
101:ataxia
4652:Other
4293:(BUD)
4233:(OUD)
4222:(OIC)
4216:(OIE)
4210:(OIH)
4156:(GTS)
4093:(PCE)
4059:(CUD)
4038:(CHS)
3898:(PAN)
3879:(DTs)
3822:(ARD)
3801:(AKA)
3782:(ABS)
3745:(AFR)
3703:(CDI)
3479:Other
3151:Sleep
3104:Aging
2649:Types
2510:14107
2477:294.0
2462:F10.6
2458:E51.2
2370:S2CID
2228:S2CID
2078:S2CID
2011:Brain
1876:S2CID
1788:S2CID
1743:INIST
1664:S2CID
1621:S2CID
1577:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1172:S2CID
507:, an
4772:Zinc
4767:Iron
4399:SUD
4383:SID
4358:SUD
4342:SID
4319:SUD
4309:SID
4287:SUD
4272:SID
4256:SID
4227:SUD
4194:SID
4171:SUD
4150:SID
4121:SID
4098:SUD
4082:SID
4048:SUD
4027:SID
4004:SUD
3979:SID
3910:(WE)
3697:SID
3687:SUD
3281:and
3212:and
2494:MeSH
2483:OMIM
2472:9-CM
2407:link
2403:link
2362:PMID
2303:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2255:PMID
2220:PMID
2183:2018
2151:PMID
2139:XIII
2117:2018
2089:2018
2070:PMID
2029:PMID
1974:PMID
1956:ISSN
1920:PMID
1868:PMID
1830:PMID
1780:PMID
1735:PMID
1700:PMID
1656:PMID
1613:PMID
1569:PMID
1532:PMID
1514:ISSN
1470:PMID
1426:PMID
1386:PMID
1343:PMID
1298:PMID
1225:link
1207:OCLC
1197:ISBN
1164:PMID
1120:OCLC
1110:ISBN
1080:PMID
1072:ISSN
1028:PMID
986:ISBN
939:PMID
931:ISSN
656:and
605:the
585:the
578:the
571:the
426:and
226:and
181:gait
149:and
4706:K:
4700:E:
4677:D:
4671:C:
4658:A:
3945:SUD
3722:SID
3646:SUD
3606:SID
2468:ICD
2449:ICD
2354:doi
2331:at
2210:doi
2143:doi
2062:doi
2058:184
2019:doi
2015:128
1964:PMC
1910:doi
1860:doi
1822:doi
1772:doi
1727:doi
1692:doi
1648:doi
1644:150
1605:doi
1561:doi
1522:PMC
1460:doi
1418:doi
1378:doi
1335:doi
1288:doi
1255:doi
1240:in
1156:doi
1062:doi
1020:doi
927:132
89:WKS
4897::
4639:12
4632:12
3666:/
3662:/
3653:/
3627::
3613:/
3465:NA
3460:KC
3455:HM
2554::
2543::
2532::
2508::
2497::
2486::
2475::
2460:,
2456::
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2200:.
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2137:.
2106:.
2076:.
2068:.
2056:.
2050:.
2027:.
2013:.
2009:.
1986:^
1972:.
1962:.
1952:27
1950:.
1946:.
1932:^
1918:.
1906:32
1904:.
1900:.
1888:^
1874:.
1866:.
1854:.
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1828:.
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1816:.
1812:.
1800:^
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937:.
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246:,
118:,
75:,
4630:B
4619:9
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4606:7
4604:B
4593:6
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4580:3
4578:B
4567:2
4565:B
4539:1
4537:B
4475:e
4468:t
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
