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240:, a private school for learning industrial and domestic skills; the Dixie Industrial Company, a business enterprise to provide work and experience for students and the community; and the short-lived Dixie Line, the first Black-owned railroad built in 1914. Not much is known about the detailed history but many photographs exist, and it has been a renewed focus of researchers starting in the early 2000s.
275:. He was owned by James Benson, a Virginian who owned the Benson Plantation near Kowaliga Creek in Alabama. It is theorized by some researchers that John Jackson Benson's mother was a slave and James Benson may have been his illegitimate father. When his enslaver James Benson died, and the Benson estate divided among his relatives. John Jackson Benson was sent to
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490:, Benson was succeeded by New York City lawyer C. Amos Brooks. Benson vowed to take the title company to court over the power issue. In 1916, mere months after William E. Benson's death in October 1915, the Dixie Industrial Company sold timber rights to J. M. Steverson and Benjamin Russell of the Pine Lumber Company. In 1920, the
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in 1865, John
Jackson Benson was freed, given a mule, and went to Florida to find his sister and bring her back to Alabama. Benson had been separated from his sister in childhood and they were eventually reunited in Florida. He had the goal of purchasing the Benson Plantation but he needed money, so
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John
Jackson Benson gave his son William E. Benson (1873–1915) 10 acres in order to build a private school for the Black community. The goal in the school creation was for rural students to eventually find industrial work with their new experiences, or alternatively create an educational foundation
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After 1909, Booker T. Washington stepped down from the board of trustees of the school, in what may have been a falling out with Benson. The school principal was W. Rutherford Banks from 1912 until 1915. In 1912, Rev. J.A. Myers served as "president" of the school. Other school buildings by 1912
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The
Kowaliga school educated hundreds of Black children in its many years of operations. The formation of the Dixie Industrial Company as an extension of the school had proved less successful by maintaining operations for less than 16 years but it provided many "firsts" for the Black community,
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for these students in order to continue their education at other institutions afterwards. The
Kowaliga Academy and Industrial Institute (or Kowaliga Industrial School) was established in roughly 1895, the first building cornerstone was laid on August 1896, and it was incorporated in 1899.
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John
Jackson Benson had earned US $ 100 from working in the coal mines and purchased a portion of the land from the former plantation, and worked that land. By 1890, he owned 160 acres of land, and by 1898 had acquired 3,000 acres of land. On this land he built a large farmhouse, a
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The name of the community was derived from a Native
American name. The community has roots that date back to the Muscogee tribe. There is a local legend about a lone Muscogee man named Kowaliga that lived on the shore of Kowaliga creek, after being rejected for love by a women.
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included an industrial training building for boys, a domestic training building for girls, and two dormitories (one for boys and one for girls). After
William E. Benson's death in 1915, the Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute continued to function for another 10 years.
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donated US $ 20,000 (roughly worth half a million dollars in 2021) for the rebuild, administered through regular payments by the Title
Guarantee and Trust Company of New York City. Emily Howland also supported the rebuilding and Howland Hall was named for her.
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As of 2021, the land that was once part of this community is owned by the
Russell Lands, a housing development company. Not much still exists of the structures, only some quartz rock and a former concrete foundation, located near the rebuilt bell tower.
334:. Around forty Black and White families lived together on Benson's land. They grew cotton, sugar cane, and different types of wood for lumber (pine, oak, and hickory). John Jackson Benson used his wealth offering loans to both Black and White people.
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The school operated for over 30 years and educated hundreds of children, but eventually closed around 1925. The school building later became the site of the Hotel Camp Dixie which operated until the 1950s, but burned down in a fire in the 1960s. A
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statue that fell in love, shares the name of the former community on Lake Martin. In August 1952, Williams vacationed at Lake Martin while he wrote songs including "Kaw-Linga", this song was originally spelled as "Kowaliga" but it was changed by
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The first school building was named Patron's Hall, and it was funded by 70 Black farm workers. The first board of trustees for the school during incorporation were John
Jackson Benson, William E. Benson, Solomon Robinson, Jackson Robinson,
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distillery, and a cotton ginnery. The Dixie Industrial Company farming was spread over 10,000 acres. Many of the same northern donors to the Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute also invested in funding the Dixie Industrial Company.
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In 1900, William E. Benson serving as the founding President added to the Dixie Industrial Company, an industry centered company designed to put his former students to work locally. The company initially included a modern sawmill, a large
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which affected the financial health of the Dixie Industrial Company, and a drop in cotton prices which impacted the industrial farming community. In those days many people moved from the area of Lake Martin, fearing diseases like
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The Dixie Industrial Company lost financial control as a result of the port closure due to war. In June 1915, William E. Benson stepped down from the company after pressure from the largest stockholder Clarence H. Kelsey of the
381:, he was well connected to other middle class African Americans, and he often would photograph the Kowaliga community and traveled to the north with his photographs in order to fundraise for the school and tuition scholarships.
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that submerged the town of Kowaliga (and Kowaliga Creek) to form Lake Martin in 1926. John Jackson Benson had died a few months before the completion of the dam. Other factors that effected the closure included the end of
482:. After the creation of the railroad line, the company was able to send lumber to the Atlantic port and export to Europe with a focus on Germany. However due to the onset of World War I in 1914, the Atlantic port closed.
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The Dixie Industrial Company was also a builder of the first Black-owned railroad known as the Dixie Line (1914), only 16 miles long and connected Kowaliga to the Alabama railroad network. The railroad terminus was in
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391:, was hired around 1899 by William E. Benson to draft architectural designs for Kowaliga, with the goal of expanding their housing and campus. None of the Purcell designs for Kowaliga were built, after there was a
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While he stayed at Lake Martin in August 1952 to recuperate...he asked Rose to travel to Alabama to compose the music. Rose retitled William's Kowaliga as "Kaw-Linga" and focused the story on the dime store
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The purpose of the formation of the community was the creation of economic self-sufficiency for local African Americans, which was notable particularly in the late-19th-century and early 20th-century.
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tribal land of the same name and in the same location. In the late 19th-century and early 20th-century the African American community was founded by John Jackson Benson with support from his son
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498:, in a lawsuit with John Jackson Benson filing against the railroad title company, over a lien on the land. During the lawsuit deceased William E. Benson was represented by his father.
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The Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute campus consisted of wooden structures and one of the buildings burned down in 1909, but William E. Benson fundraised and rebuilt it.
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was created to replace the Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute, the building is abandon but still standing and located across from Russell Crossroads in Tallapoosa County.
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The historically African American community of Kowaliga was established by John Jackson Benson (September 1850–November 9, 1925), a formerly enslaved person, who was likely
236:. Benson had been enslaved and upon release he worked to purchase his former owners plantation land. The community had been the home of industrial farming and business; the
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While there are early publications about this place and photographs, much of the history was lost. A renewed interest in research developed since the 2000s. In 2005,
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in 1926. The name "Kowaliga" has been used to describe many modern-day places in the area of Lake Martin, particularly in or near the former community.
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published a story on the community. Amateur historians Erica Buddington and Thomas C. Coley, Jr. have focused their research on Kowaliga / Benson.
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Williams, an Alabama native who grew up in Georgiana and often vacationed in a cabin on Lake Martin, recorded the song in 1952
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1406:. Survey Associates, Charity Organization Society of the City of New York. Publication Committee. New York City, NY. 1905.
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served later on the board of trustees and advised Benson on developing the community. William E. Benson had attended
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The community closed due to many factors, but specifically the impacts from the creation of Martin Dam built by the
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The 17th Annual Report of the Kowaliga School (Incorporated, Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute)
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1301:"Kowaliga Restaurant, a Lake Martin landmark that dates back to the early 1950s, gets ready to reopen"
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655:. Vol. 30. American Educational Company. December 25, 1909. p. 248 – via Google Books.
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in order to focus on the song's storyline. In 1953, "Kowaliga Day" was proclaimed by
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Many of the Southern plantations were seized during the war after the passage of the
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Alabama Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff
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912:"Two amateur historians are putting the 'drowned town' of Benson back on the map"
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Part of the former community is now submerged under the Kowaliga Bridge spanning
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Carnegie Gifts and Grants to Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute, Alabama
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to work in the coal mines, which could be a fast way to make money at the time.
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including a new model for industrial and educational work in the rural south.
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Former village in Elmore County and Tallapoosa County, Alabama (c. 1890–1926)
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800:"The Black Town Under Lake Martin: A Father & Son's Dream Of Greatness"
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1395:(catalogue with images). Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute. 1912.
1339:...who told Hank about Kowaliga, a long gone Creek Indian town in the area
1746:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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You've beard about Kowaliga. Hank Williams made him famous in the song...
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1250:"Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Alabama"
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Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute, images from c. 1912 to 1913
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1183:. American Missionary Association. The Association. 1910. p. 52.
833:. E. H. Clarke & brother. pp. 462– – via Google Books.
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wrote about a visit to the school for the laying of the cornerstone.
1374:...the place where the hillbilly singer got inspiration for the tune
1252:. Alabama Supreme Court. December 25, 1920 – via Google Books.
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View east of buildings at Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute
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View west of buildings at Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute
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They Too Call Alabama Home: African American Profiles, 1800-1999
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Kowaliga school's first main building (image from prior to 1909)
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Barrows, Isabel C. (1902). "A Fair County and a County Fair".
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community active from roughly 1890 until 1926, and located in
1167:. Who's Who in Colored America Corporation. 1927. p. 11.
1801:
Populated places in Alabama established by African Americans
1586:
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Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University
1101:
Booker T. Washington and the Art of Self-representation
213:, was a former unincorporated village and historically
1052:
History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography
1055:. S. J. Clarke publishing Company. pp. 822, 828.
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Annual Report of the American Missionary Association
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Mayor Joe Robinson, because of the successful song.
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708:"Kowaliga, Ala. Negro Community, Does Unique Work"
52:Lake Martin aerial view, including Kowaliga Bridge
1445:Cox, Donna L. (Fall 2007). "Images of Kowaliga".
827:Hamilton, Green Polonius (December 25, 1911).
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247:, which occurred after the completion of the
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279:to continue to work as a slave for an heir.
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1440:. E. H. Clarke & brother. p. 462.
1416:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1266:Schafer, Elizabeth D. (November 1, 2002).
1152:Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute
591:List of flooded towns in the United States
23:
1796:Populated places established in the 1890s
1591:Map of Alabama highlighting Elmore County
1400:"Kowalinga: A Community with A Purpose".
760:. No. 76. The University of Alabama.
1786:Planned communities in the United States
1327:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 57.
1272:. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 104–105.
754:"William Benson and the Kowaliga School"
625:United States Department of the Interior
851:"Lake Martin legend behind Hank's song"
677:"Timeline: The rise and fall of Benson"
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1451:. Vol. 86. University of Alabama.
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1071:Walls, Peggy Jackson (July 19, 2021).
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993:Christian Register and Boston Observer
798:Morris, Bilal G. (February 14, 2022).
1831:Submerged places in the United States
1356:""Kowaliga Day" Program is 'Success'"
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1403:The Negro in the Cities of the North
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1816:African-American history of Alabama
616:Geographic Names Information System
1517:Municipalities and communities of
1354:Huntley, Harold (March 20, 1953).
1269:Lake Martin, Alabama's Crown Jewel
14:
1811:1926 disestablishments in Alabama
1013:. Pyramid Pub. pp. 37, 429.
849:Nolen, Russell (August 2, 1990).
488:Title Guarantee and Trust Company
1826:Cities in Elmore County, Alabama
1462:
1126:"Negro Education Called a Trust"
910:Hedreen, Siri (April 28, 2021).
675:Hedreen, Siri (April 28, 2021).
582:, said to have affected the area
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1714:Poarch Creek Indian Reservation
716:. February 25, 1912. p. 28
652:The American Educational Review
621:United States Geological Survey
496:Dixie Industrial Co. vs. Benson
1806:1890 establishments in Alabama
1104:. Peter Lang. pp. 62–63.
971:. December 22, 1903. p. 9
586:List of plantations in Alabama
1:
1321:Duncan, Andy (June 2, 2009).
1074:Lost Towns of Central Alabama
1049:Owen, Thomas McAdory (1921).
996:. Vol. 81. p. 1447.
387:, an architecture student at
291:John Jackson Benson moved to
207:Kowaliga Industrial Community
163: • Community leader
140:
127:
33:Kowaliga Industrial Community
1164:Who's Who in Colored America
965:"In "Black Belt" of Alabama"
685:(article and image carousel)
1220:. June 5, 1915. p. 5.
263:John Jackson Benson in 1911
225:in Alabama, United States.
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1134:. May 23, 1915. p. 11
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1448:Alabama Heritage Magazine
1438:Beacon Lights of the Race
1087:– via Google Books.
830:Beacon Lights of the Race
580:Creek War of 1813 to 1814
562:Alabama Heritage Magazine
458:Partial group of teachers
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57:
45:
38:
1430:Hamilton, Green Polonius
1212:"Negro President Ousted"
1007:Bailey, Richard (1999).
492:Supreme Court of Alabama
464:Dixie Industrial Company
365:, Mrs. J. L. Kaine, and
284:Confiscation Act of 1861
1098:Bieze, Michael (2008).
371:Oswald Garrison Villard
1791:Ghost towns in Alabama
1592:
1520:Elmore County, Alabama
1361:Alexander City Outlook
1193:: CS1 maint: others (
1077:. Arcadia Publishing.
917:Alexander City Outlook
748:Sznajderman, Michael;
682:Alexander City Outlook
357:
311:
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228:The area started as a
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1432:(December 25, 1911).
1420:) CS1 maint: others (
944:Russell Lands History
508:Alabama Power Company
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108:32.74000°N 85.96917°W
1764:United States portal
1471:at Wikimedia Commons
385:William Gray Purcell
375:Booker T. Washington
286:. At the end of the
1434:"William E. Benson"
969:The Berkshire Eagle
920:. Alex City Outlook
367:Clinton J. Calloway
153:John Jackson Benson
113:32.74000; -85.96917
104: /
1706:Indian reservation
1593:
1307:. April 23, 2013.
1217:The New York Times
750:Atkins, Leah Rawls
389:Cornell University
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288:American Civil War
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1469:Kowaliga, Alabama
1467:Media related to
1334:978-1-4617-4728-4
1279:978-0-7385-2390-3
1111:978-1-4331-0010-9
1020:978-0-9671883-0-0
855:The Anniston Star
544:" (1953) about a
502:Community closure
379:Howard University
308:William E. Benson
234:William E. Benson
223:Tallapoosa County
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179:Tallapoosa County
166:William E. Benson
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175:Elmore County
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124:Establishment
117:
89:Coordinates:
65:
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40:Rural village
37:
25:
21:Rural village
19:
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1366:. Retrieved
1359:
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915:
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857:. p. 24
854:
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18:
1668:communities
1535:County seat
1364:. p. 1
574:Black mecca
513:World War I
255:Pre-history
245:Lake Martin
144: 1926
131: 1890
111: /
1780:Categories
1725:Ghost town
1676:Burlington
1641:Blue Ridge
1613:Deatsville
1566:Prattville
611:"Kowaliga"
597:References
471:turpentine
342:See also:
324:cotton gin
249:Martin Dam
221:and later
193:feature ID
158:Government
150:Founded by
99:85°58′09″W
96:32°44′24″N
1742:Footnotes
1651:Holtville
1572:Tallassee
1560:Millbrook
1412:cite book
1226:0362-4331
1189:cite book
551:Fred Rose
332:brickyard
328:gristmill
277:Talladega
1733:Kowaliga
1618:Eclectic
1578:Wetumpka
1542:Wetumpka
1368:March 6,
1231:March 6,
1138:March 7,
975:March 6,
949:March 4,
924:March 5,
861:March 6,
809:March 4,
720:March 6,
689:March 6,
568:See also
542:Kaw-Liga
393:lynching
330:, and a
273:biracial
230:Muscogee
203:Kowaliga
77:Kowaliga
28:Kowaliga
1681:Central
1656:Redland
1608:Coosada
804:NewsOne
540:song, "
518:malaria
320:sawmill
310:in 1911
299:History
183:Alabama
171:Address
137:Closure
1623:Elmore
1552:Cities
1331:
1285:Indian
1276:
1224:
1108:
1081:
1017:
528:Legacy
211:Benson
196:151968
185:, U.S.
177:, and
31:Benson
1696:Titus
1691:Seman
1600:Towns
1686:Kent
1633:CDPs
1422:link
1418:link
1370:2023
1329:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1233:2023
1222:ISSN
1195:link
1140:2023
1106:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1015:ISBN
977:2023
951:2023
926:2023
863:2023
811:2023
722:2023
691:2023
632:2024
536:The
373:and
326:, a
322:, a
209:and
191:GNIS
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
