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as large trees. Their natural habitat is beside streams and on the edges of forest, in lowland or mountain open areas. Kōwhai trees grow throughout the country and are a common feature in New
Zealand gardens. Outside of New Zealand, kōwhai tend to be restricted to mild temperate maritime climates.
388:
Kōwhai can be grown from seed or tip cuttings in spring and autumn. The dark or bright yellow seeds germinate best after chitting and being soaked in water for several hours. They can also benefit from a several minute submersion in boiling water to soften the hard shell and then being kept in the
321:
and lose most of their leaves immediately after flowering in
October or November, but quickly produce new leaves. Flowering of kōwhai is staggered from July through to November, meaning each tree will get attention from birds such as
410:
All parts of the kōwhai, particularly the seeds, are poisonous to humans. However, there do not appear to have been any confirmed cases in humans of severe poisoning following ingestion of kōwhai in New
Zealand.
430:
Māori also used the kōwhai tree as medicine. Wedges made of kowhai stem were used to split wood, it was used for fences and in whare (Maori hut) construction, implements and weapons. The bark was heated in a
389:
same water, taken off boil, for several hours to soak up the water. Young kōwhai are quite frost tender, so cuttings or seedlings should be planted in their second year when they are 30 cm or higher.
435:
with hot stones, and made into a poultice to treat wounds or rubbed on a sore back or made into an infusion to treat bruising or muscular pains. If someone was bitten by a seal, an infusion (
317:
can be very numerous and the presence of many hundreds of these distinctively yellow seeds on the ground quickly identifies the presence of a nearby kōwhai tree. Many species of kōwhai are
1047:
753:
427:
birds. The kōwhai flowers were a source of yellow dye. Also, when the kōwhai flowers bloom, in late winter and early spring, it is time to plant kumara (sweet potato).
309:
The very distinctive seed pods that appear after flowering are almost segmented, and each contains six or more smooth, hard seeds. Most species have yellow seeds, but
1011:"Te whakahaumanutanga me te oranga hinengaro o mua – Ka mātaia ngā huanga o te rongoā – Traditional healing and mental health: measuring the effectiveness of rongoā"
656:
A study of home ranges, movements, diet and habitat use of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) in the southeastern sector of Banks
Peninsula, New Zealand
107:
945:
1052:
610:
680:"A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand"
380:
birds, for both nesting material and food. The forests and moa no longer existed when
European settlers came to the area in the 1850s.
915:
757:
853:
602:
1042:
544:
1057:
779:
727:
287:
916:"Poisonous plants in New Zealand: a review of those most commonly enquired about to the National Poisons Centre"
194:
392:
If grown from seed, kōwhai can take many years to flower, the number of years varies depending on the species.
100:
1010:
166:
111:
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231:
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439:) was prepared from kōwhai and applied to the wounds and the patient was said to recover within days.
331:
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81:
709:
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207:
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The wood of kōwhai is dense and strong and has been used in the past for tools and machinery.
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Most species of kōwhai grow to around 8 m high and have fairly smooth bark with small leaves.
276:
255:
144:
130:
118:
54:
48:
830:
The
Development and Genetic Variation of Sophora prostrata – A New Zealand Divaricating Shrub
1037:
691:
660:
485:
948:. Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network. Archived from
334:. Tūī are very attracted to kōwhai and will fly long distances to get a sip of its nectar.
302:
has smaller leaves (0.5–0.7 cm long by 0.3–0.4 cm wide) and flowers (2.5–3.5 cm long) than
923:
828:
584:
402:
tree. It grows up to two metres high, has divaricating stems, and sparse smallish leaves.
247:
223:
215:
420:
914:
Slaughter, Robin; Beasley, Michael; Lambie, Bruce; Wilkins, Gerard; Schep, Leo (2012).
527:
505:
318:
810:
103:. As such, it is often incorporated as a visual shorthand for the country, such as in
1031:
868:
713:
373:
104:
345:
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is one of the four genera of native legumes in New
Zealand; the other three are
76:
787:
99:
The blooms of the kōwhai are widely regarded as being New
Zealand's unofficial
424:
705:
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460:
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used the flexible branches as a construction material in their houses and to
893:
357:
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32:
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323:
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that refer to different species that look superficially similar, such as
72:
67:
17:
894:"Poisonous Plants at the Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture"
664:
399:
59:
27:
Eight species within the genus
Sophora that are native to New Zealand
306:, which has leaves of 1–2 cm long and flowers that are 3–5 cm long.
654:
696:
364:
Studies of accumulated dried vegetation in the pre-human mid-late
286:
275:
193:
63:
31:
377:
861:
Combined
Proceedings International Plant Propagators' Society
985:"Rongoā – medicinal use of plants – Other medicinal plants"
174:
is also the Māori word for the colour yellow. The spelling
110:
veil, which included distinctive flora representing all
545:"The Wedding Dress: Clare Waight Keller for Givenchy"
198:
Kōwhai tree in full bloom, before foliage has emerged
756:. Hawke's Bay Regional Council. 2004. Archived from
398:, sometimes called "little baby", is used as a
978:
976:
970:Kowhai • Tāne’s Tree Trust (tanestrees.org.nz)
376:that was used and perhaps maintained by giant
8:
454:
452:
1048:Plants used in traditional Māori medicine
1020:(28). Best Practice Advocacy Centre: 5–7.
695:
989:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
629:"Taxonomy of New Zealand Native Legumes"
611:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
547:. The Royal Household, UK. 19 May 2018.
448:
854:"Sophora – The Kowhais of New Zealand"
622:
620:
500:
498:
53:
47:
7:
659:(MSc thesis). Lincoln University.
532:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
125:is related to words in some other
25:
754:"Raising Native Plants From Seed"
202:The eight species of kōwhai are:
563:Te Māra Reo: The Language Garden
79:. There are eight species, with
1053:National symbols of New Zealand
920:The New Zealand Medical Journal
678:Pole, Mike (31 December 2021).
465:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
1009:Durie, Sir Mason (June 2010).
946:"Sophora microphylla (Kowhai)"
294:flowers, foliage and seed pods
1:
653:Campbell, Kirsten L. (2006).
313:has black ones. The seeds of
983:Jones, Rhys (2 March 2009).
508:. Department of Conservation
459:Poole, Alec Lindsay (1966).
565:. Benton Family Trust. 2022
1074:
780:"Native plant information"
684:Palaeontologia Electronica
728:"Native Plants at Piha"
528:Nationhood and identity
272:Description and ecology
167:Caesalpinia pulcherrima
134:
852:Hughes, Denis (2002).
368:period suggests a low
295:
284:
199:
148:
37:
1018:Best Practice Journal
811:"How to Plant Kowhai"
415:Traditional Māori use
290:
279:
267:, large-leaved kōwhai
243:, small-leaved kōwhai
232:Sophora longicarinata
197:
75:, that are native to
35:
1043:Trees of New Zealand
809:Lee, Melody (2017).
372:forest ecosystem in
251:, Cook Strait kōwhai
154:Sesbania grandiflora
127:Polynesian languages
112:Commonwealth nations
45:Māori pronunciation:
370:Sophora microphylla
315:Sophora microphylla
240:Sophora microphylla
184:New Zealand English
93:the most recognised
82:Sophora microphylla
1058:Plant common names
833:(MSc thesis). 2014
790:on 8 February 2009
784:Trees for Survival
760:on 14 October 2008
734:on 14 October 2008
490:New Zealand A to Z
419:Traditionally the
296:
292:Sophora tetraptera
285:
281:Sophora tetraptera
264:Sophora tetraptera
259:, prostrate kōwhai
235:, limestone kōwhai
219:, Waitakere kōwhai
208:Sophora chathamica
200:
140:Sesbania tomentosa
58:) are small woody
38:
952:on 25 August 2012
926:on 9 January 2013
311:Sophora prostrata
256:Sophora prostrata
227:, Godley's kōwhai
62:trees within the
16:(Redirected from
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874:on 29 March 2013
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211:, coastal kōwhai
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71:, in the family
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55:[kɔːfai]
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49:[kɔːɸai]
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248:Sophora molloyi
224:Sophora godleyi
216:Sophora fulvida
192:
182:) is common in
105:Meghan Markle's
101:national flower
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319:semi-deciduous
300:S. microphylla
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36:Kōwhai flowers
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815:Garden Guides
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992:. Retrieved
988:
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954:. Retrieved
950:the original
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928:. Retrieved
924:the original
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897:. Retrieved
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876:. Retrieved
869:the original
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835:. Retrieved
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788:the original
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758:the original
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736:. Retrieved
732:the original
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673:
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636:. Retrieved
632:
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569:30 September
567:. Retrieved
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510:. Retrieved
489:
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468:. Retrieved
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429:
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396:S. prostrata
395:
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369:
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346:Carmichaelia
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837:30 December
690:(1): 1–41.
633:NZ Rhizobia
470:8 September
384:Cultivation
178:(without a
77:New Zealand
1032:Categories
994:8 November
878:5 November
794:17 January
738:17 January
638:17 October
512:17 October
443:References
437:wai kōwhai
956:31 August
714:245807815
706:1094-8074
665:10182/347
358:Montigena
352:Clianthus
159:Marquesan
930:27 March
585:"kōwhai"
506:"Kōwhai"
461:"Kowhai"
433:calabash
406:Toxicity
366:Holocene
332:bellbird
145:Tahitian
131:Hawaiian
73:Fabaceae
1038:Sophora
605:Sophora
559:"Kōfai"
341:Sophora
283:foliage
190:Species
108:wedding
68:Sophora
899:20 May
764:21 May
712:
704:
589:Te Aka
530:", in
486:Kowhai
400:bonsai
355:, and
328:kererū
180:macron
176:kowhai
172:Kōwhai
157:) and
123:kōwhai
91:being
60:legume
41:Kōwhai
18:Kowhai
1014:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
857:(PDF)
710:S2CID
488:" in
425:snare
421:Māori
162:kohai
135:'ōhai
121:word
119:Māori
64:genus
996:2010
958:2012
932:2013
901:2008
880:2008
839:2022
796:2009
766:2009
740:2009
702:ISSN
640:2023
571:2022
514:2023
472:2012
330:and
149:ofai
117:The
85:and
692:doi
661:hdl
378:moa
324:tūī
170:).
143:),
52:or
1034::
1016:.
987:.
975:^
918:.
865:52
863:.
859:.
813:.
782:.
708:.
700:.
688:25
686:.
682:.
631:.
619:^
609:.
587:.
561:.
497:^
463:.
451:^
361:.
349:,
326:,
186:.
147::
133::
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998:.
960:.
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903:.
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817:.
798:.
768:.
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667:.
663::
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613:.
607:"
603:"
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534:.
526:"
516:.
492:.
484:"
474:.
164:(
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43:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
