64:
44:
335:
consists of a round cell body, that is typically 7-9 μm in diameter. One large filopodium originates from the basal end of the cell body, and expands up to 300 μm. The filopodium branches extensively and forms a very large network, expanding the diameter of the organism to over 500 μm.
267:
is a recently discovered genus, having first been described in 2016 at the
University of Koln. Thomas Cavalier-Smith established the phylum Cercozoa in 1998, which consists of flagellates and filose amoebae that are widely morphologically diverse. Genetic analysis and morphological characteristics
359:
The cell body contains a contractile vacuole, a single large food vacuole, and several small granules. Also present is various numbers of mitochondria with flat shaped cristae. The periphery of the cell body is lined with extrusomes, and consists of an internal capsule that discharges and catches
377:
can also completely disassemble its cell body and transport cell material through the filopodia network, where it is then deposited and reassembled elsewhere. This serves to move the cell body to the distal ends of the filopodia, which can then reposition and branch to new areas.
306:
is found in dry surface soil sediment, most prevalently in bacteria rich environments. Members have also been collected in freshwater lakes and aquatic moss pillars in the
Antarctic region, suggesting a wider possible range of tolerance and habitability. The full extent of
372:
movement is relatively slow. There are 3 highly unusual methods of movement. The filopodium can grip the substrate and carry the cell body above the surface by a swaying locomotive action. The cell body can also move along a deeply branched filopodia. In a unique manner,
347:
The cell body does not have any covering, instead it is surrounded by scales. These scales are formed in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, and carried to the surface. The scales are made of silica, are evenly distributed around the cell body, and do not overlap.
255:
was named as such due to the method of feeding, in which the large network of branching filopodia grab bacteria and transports it to the cell body. The mythological monster Kraken was told to catch its prey with one of its many arms in a similar manner.
355:
has only one nucleus, though binucleate organisms have been observed. The organisms means of reproduction have not been studied, and whether it reproduces by sexual or asexual means is unknown. The nuclei contain one large round nucleolus each.
476:
Dumack, Kenneth; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Bonkowski, Michael (July 2017). "Evolutionary
Relationship of the Scale-Bearing Kraken (incertae sedis, Monadofilosa, Cercozoa, Rhizaria): Combining Ultrastructure Data and a Two-Gene Phylogeny".
404:
Dumack, Kenneth; Schuster, Julia; Bass, David; Bonkowski, Michael (June 2016). "A Novel
Lineage of 'Naked Filose Amoebae'; Kraken carinae gen. nov. sp. nov. (Cercozoa) with a Remarkable Locomotion by Disassembly of its Cell Body".
240:. These amoebae are characterized by a small round cell body and a network of thin and very long filopodia that can reach up to a mm in diameter. Kraken amoebae feed on bacteria and live in freshwater and soil systems.
343:
The filopodia are used to catch prey, mainly bacteria. The filopodia catch and attach prey through their vast network. These bacteria then glide through or along the filopodia to the cell body for digestion.
283:
could not accurately be placed in an existing family, thus the new family
Krakenidae was established. Currently, it is being considered to establish the new order Krakenida.
340:
are very fragile. When the cell body is slightly mechanically disturbed in a lab setting, the filopodia retract close to the cell body. This often leads to cell death.
1665:
1652:
1693:
530:
564:
559:
643:
633:
616:
1698:
63:
251:
was named after the German word
Krakonen, which is the name used to refer to the Norse mythological monster.
648:
1620:
523:
611:
1550:
1469:
1452:
1275:
1555:
1464:
1458:
1265:
1036:
911:
753:
1539:
1004:
805:
1498:
1408:
1361:
1270:
921:
916:
697:
628:
606:
594:
569:
58:
758:
1670:
800:
702:
1308:
1024:
1019:
979:
875:
638:
601:
589:
579:
516:
494:
422:
1586:
1403:
1182:
939:
553:
486:
449:
414:
314:
Some organisms have also been collected in agricultural crops, particularly growing around
1590:
1127:
1545:
1356:
1260:
989:
865:
725:
681:
584:
101:
88:
1687:
1446:
1418:
1234:
1031:
931:
745:
730:
318:. This may suggest some ecosystem interactions that have yet to be studied further.
1569:
1487:
1426:
1398:
1379:
1368:
1350:
1341:
1331:
1167:
1132:
1119:
1109:
1014:
999:
994:
984:
966:
852:
842:
777:
720:
712:
194:
1643:
490:
418:
1441:
1436:
1303:
1298:
1285:
1177:
1137:
735:
1578:
1504:
1388:
1293:
1252:
1242:
1224:
1172:
1147:
1142:
974:
944:
898:
880:
870:
453:
299:
121:
1431:
1393:
1096:
906:
823:
279:. Through genetic analysis, ultrastructure data, and phylogenetic analysis,
75:
43:
498:
426:
508:
440:
Cavalier-Smith, T. (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life".
1637:
1598:
1594:
1492:
1104:
1079:
815:
670:
623:
539:
231:
111:
17:
1657:
1582:
1208:
227:
1602:
295:
1614:
315:
223:
1618:
512:
442:
Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
302:, though it is suspected to be distributed worldwide.
1627:
1529:
1478:
1417:
1378:
1340:
1329:
1284:
1251:
1233:
1222:
1205:
1160:
1118:
1095:
1088:
1077:
965:
930:
897:
851:
840:
814:
793:
786:
775:
744:
711:
690:
680:
667:
275:Currently, the genus consists of a single species,
336:The filopodia are thin, and taper at the ends.
524:
8:
311:preferred environment has not been studied.
1615:
1337:
1326:
1230:
1219:
1215:
1202:
1092:
1085:
1074:
962:
927:
894:
858:
848:
837:
790:
783:
772:
687:
677:
664:
531:
517:
509:
294:has only been observed and collected from
42:
31:
366:has the ability to encyst when dormant.
387:
7:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
25:
324:preys predominantly on bacteria.
62:
27:Genus of single-celled organisms
234:, containing the sole species
1:
491:10.1016/j.protis.2017.04.004
419:10.1016/j.protis.2016.04.002
154:2017 ex Cavalier-Smith 2018
1715:
1694:Monotypic eukaryote genera
1564:
1325:
1218:
1201:
1073:
961:
893:
861:
836:
771:
663:
547:
454:10.1017/S0006323198005167
200:
193:
59:Scientific classification
57:
50:
41:
34:
1577:organization type:
287:Habitat and Ecology
136:Cavalier-Smith 2018
1211:
1207:
188:Dumack et al. 2016
1681:
1680:
1621:Taxon identifiers
1612:
1611:
1595:heliozoan amoebae
1587:amoeboflagellates
1551:Labyrinthomyxidae
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1470:Globigerinitoidea
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1156:
1155:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
980:Phaeogymnocellida
957:
956:
953:
952:
889:
888:
876:Paracercomonadida
832:
831:
767:
766:
215:
214:
189:
173:
155:
137:
16:(Redirected from
1706:
1674:
1673:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1616:
1404:Silicoloculinida
1338:
1334:
1327:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1183:Plasmodiophorida
1093:
1086:
1082:
1075:
963:
940:Thaumatomonadida
928:
895:
859:
849:
845:
838:
791:
784:
780:
773:
688:
678:
674:
665:
576:
556:
533:
526:
519:
510:
503:
502:
473:
458:
457:
437:
431:
430:
401:
272:as a Cercozoan.
268:place the Genus
187:
167:
149:
135:
67:
66:
46:
32:
21:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1699:Rhizaria genera
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1591:testate amoebae
1560:
1509:
1474:
1453:Globotruncanida
1413:
1374:
1330:
1313:
1280:
1276:Symphyacanthida
1247:
1223:
1206:
1189:
1152:
1128:Claustrosporida
1114:
1078:
1041:
949:
926:
885:
841:
828:
810:
776:
763:
740:
707:
668:
659:
658:
574:
552:
543:
537:
507:
506:
475:
474:
461:
439:
438:
434:
403:
402:
389:
384:
330:
289:
262:
246:
211:
204:
186:
166:
148:
134:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1599:sporozoan-like
1575:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1556:Rhizoplasmidae
1553:
1548:
1546:Gymnosphaerida
1543:
1535:
1533:
1531:Incertae sedis
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1480:Incertae sedis
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1465:Guembelitriida
1461:
1459:Heterohelicida
1455:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1357:Xenophyophorea
1354:
1347:
1345:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:Chaunocanthida
1263:
1261:Arthracanthida
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1213:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1037:Ventricleftida
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
990:Phaeosphaerida
987:
982:
971:
969:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
936:
934:
925:
924:
919:
914:
912:Spongomonadida
909:
903:
901:
891:
890:
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
866:Glissomonadida
862:
856:
846:
834:
833:
830:
829:
827:
826:
820:
818:
812:
811:
809:
808:
803:
797:
795:
788:
781:
769:
768:
765:
764:
762:
761:
756:
754:Chlorarachnida
750:
748:
742:
741:
739:
738:
733:
728:
726:Desmothoracida
723:
717:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
700:
694:
692:
685:
682:Reticulofilosa
675:
661:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:
653:
652:
649:Mesomycetozoea
646:
641:
631:
621:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
598:
597:
585:Diaphoretickes
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
549:
548:
545:
544:
542:classification
538:
536:
535:
528:
521:
513:
505:
504:
485:(3): 362–373.
459:
448:(3): 203–266.
432:
413:(3): 268–278.
386:
385:
383:
380:
329:
326:
288:
285:
277:Kraken carinae
261:
258:
245:
242:
237:Kraken carinae
213:
212:
205:
202:Kraken carinae
198:
197:
191:
190:
179:
175:
174:
161:
157:
156:
143:
139:
138:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
89:Diaphoretickes
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
52:Kraken carinae
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:Globigerinida
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1419:Globothalamea
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1235:Sticholonchea
1232:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Tectofilosida
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:Phaeoconchida
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
933:
932:Silicofilosea
929:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
882:
881:Cercomonadida
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
860:
857:
854:
850:
847:
844:
839:
835:
825:
822:
821:
819:
817:
813:
807:
806:Metromonadida
804:
802:
799:
798:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
779:
774:
770:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
747:
746:Chlorarachnea
743:
737:
734:
732:
731:Leucodictyida
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
716:
714:
710:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
693:
689:
686:
683:
679:
676:
672:
666:
662:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
618:
615:
613:
612:Stramenopiles
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
581:
578:
575:(major groups
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
555:
551:
550:
546:
541:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
514:
511:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
388:
381:
379:
376:
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
354:
349:
345:
341:
339:
334:
327:
325:
323:
319:
317:
312:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
286:
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
266:
259:
257:
254:
250:
243:
241:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:
209:
203:
199:
196:
192:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
171:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
147:
144:
141:
140:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1628:
1570:paraphyletic
1540:Lapot gusevi
1538:
1530:
1499:Heterogromia
1497:
1488:Involutinida
1479:
1427:Textulariida
1409:Ammodiscidae
1399:Spirillinida
1380:Tubothalamea
1369:Reticulomyxa
1367:
1362:Astrorhizida
1351:Allogromiida
1342:Monothalamea
1332:Foraminifera
1286:Polycystinea
1271:Holocanthida
1168:Vampyrellida
1133:Haplosporida
1120:Ascetosporea
1110:Reticulosida
1015:Cryomonadida
1000:Phaeogromida
995:Phaeocalpida
985:Phaeocystida
967:Thecofilosea
922:Variglissida
917:Marimonadida
853:Sarcomonadea
843:Ventrifilosa
794:Metromonadea
778:Monadofilosa
721:Cryptofilida
713:Granofilosea
698:Aquavolonida
634:Opisthokonta
482:
478:
445:
441:
435:
410:
406:
374:
369:
368:
363:
362:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
332:
331:
321:
320:
313:
308:
303:
291:
290:
280:
276:
274:
269:
264:
263:
252:
248:
247:
236:
235:
218:
217:
216:
207:
201:
195:Type species
182:
181:
169:
163:
151:
145:
131:
95:
82:
51:
35:
29:
1603:fungus-like
1579:flagellates
1442:Carterinida
1437:Robertinida
1304:Spumellaria
1299:Nassellaria
1178:Phagomyxida
1161:Proteomyxia
1138:Mikrocytida
736:Limnofilida
691:Skiomonadea
328:Description
230:within the
1688:Categories
1505:Komokiacea
1389:Fusulinida
1294:Collodaria
1253:Acantharea
1243:Taxopodida
1225:Radiolaria
1173:Phytomyxea
1148:Paramyxida
1143:Paradinida
975:Phaeodarea
945:Euglyphida
899:Imbricatea
871:Katabiidae
759:Minorisida
382:References
351:Typically
300:Antarctica
164:Krakenidae
128:Subclass:
122:Imbricatea
1644:Q25344562
1432:Rotaliida
1394:Miliolida
1097:Gromiidea
1089:Marimyxia
1011:Eothecia
907:Krakenida
824:Helkesida
801:Metopiida
703:Tremulida
629:Amoebozoa
607:Alveolata
595:Cryptista
570:Eukaryota
244:Etymology
146:Krakenida
76:Eukaryota
18:Krakenida
1671:11913001
1658:10964184
1638:Wikidata
1574:†extinct
1493:Lagenida
1309:Orodaria
1105:Gromiida
1080:Endomyxa
1025:Matazida
1020:Ebriacea
816:Helkesea
787:Eoglissa
671:Cercozoa
624:Amorphea
602:Rhizaria
590:Hacrobia
580:Excavata
565:Bacteria
540:Rhizaria
499:28582680
427:27236418
232:Cercozoa
160:Family:
132:Krakenia
112:Cercozoa
108:Phylum:
72:Domain:
1583:amoebae
1209:Retaria
639:Animals
560:Archaea
479:Protist
407:Protist
309:Krakens
260:History
228:amoebae
206:Dumack
178:Genus:
168:Dumack
150:Dumack
142:Order:
118:Class:
1629:Kraken
673:
669:
617:Plants
554:Domain
497:
425:
375:Kraken
370:Kraken
364:Kraken
360:prey.
353:Kraken
338:Kraken
333:Kraken
322:Kraken
304:Kraken
296:Europe
292:Kraken
281:Kraken
270:Kraken
265:Kraken
253:Kraken
249:Kraken
219:Kraken
208:et al.
183:Kraken
170:et al.
152:et al.
36:Kraken
1666:IRMNG
644:Fungi
316:wheat
224:genus
222:is a
96:Clade
83:Clade
1653:GBIF
495:PMID
423:PMID
298:and
210:2016
172:2017
487:doi
483:168
450:doi
415:doi
411:167
226:of
102:SAR
1690::
1668::
1655::
1640::
1601:;
1597:;
1593:;
1589:;
1585:;
1581:;
493:.
481:.
462:^
446:73
444:.
421:.
409:.
390:^
98::
85::
1605:.
1568:*
1463:†
1457:†
1451:†
1387:†
1364:*
1353:*
1344:*
855:*
684:*
651:)
532:e
525:t
518:v
501:.
489::
456:.
452::
429:.
417::
20:)
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