492:. At least three synagogues or other religious facilities were still in use that served as a place for the Jews to go to and pray. There was also a café where artists played live music within the ghetto, which proved to be instrumental in keeping Jews' spirits up. Finally, there was a ghetto pharmacy, which was a place where people could go to discuss problems, read underground and official newspapers and learn the realities of what was happening and what atrocities they were living through. Numerous songs were created by those living in the ghetto, serving three major purposes: “documentation of ghetto life, a diversion from reality, and the upholding of tradition.” These songs portrayed their immense suffering coupled with their dedication and determination to survive. Some of the most popular lyrics are “Me hot zey in dr’erd, me vet zey iberlebn, me vet noch derlebn” (“To hell with them, we will survive them, we will yet survive”), conveying and sharing the feelings of the Jewish people through music. Laughter, which was a rarity in the Kraków ghetto, was another way numerous victims attempted to cope with their strong hatred for the enemy. Sometimes prisoners performed ghetto songs, while other times small groups performed them with various instruments. Street songs are a sub-genre of ghetto music with four dominant themes: hunger, corrupt administration, hope for freedom and a call for revolt. Music has always been a traditional and important aspect of both Jewish holidays and Jewish home life more generally. The prisoners in the Kraków Ghetto did their best to keep this tradition alive, especially during Passover and Yom Kippur. Although music brought some comfort to many, suicide rates were significantly higher among the musicians than other camp workers. Many of the musicians were forced to watch the murder of their families and friends due to the Nazi's insistence that the prisoner-musicians play music while the other prisoners were marched to the gas chambers.
212:(Generalgouvernement). By 15 August 1940, 23,000 Jews had left Kraków. After this date, mandatory expulsions were enforced. On 25 November 1940, the Order for the Deportation of Jews from the Municipal District of Kraków was announced. This order declared that no more Jews were allowed into the city of Kraków, Jews residing in Kraków required a special permit, and locations outside of Kraków that Jews were forced to move to were chosen by authorities. Jews forced to leave were also only allowed to bring along 25 kg (62½ lbs.) of their belongings when they left. By 4 December 1940, 43,000 Jews were removed from Kraków, both voluntarily and involuntarily. Jews that were still residing in Kraków at this time were deemed "...economically useful..." and they had to obtain a residence permit that "...had to be renewed each month."
317:
255:– OD), but the only police force inside the ghetto was the Jewish police. With the formation of the ghetto, the OD had an office established at Józefińska Street 37 in Podgórze. In April 1941, the ghetto was enclosed by a wall made of barbed wire and stone; the stones used were designed to look like tombstones, but also included "...Jewish monuments and tombstones from the cemetery." The ghetto wall was constructed using Jewish forced labor. The ghetto was accessible by three entrances: one near the Podgórze Market, Limanowskiego Street, and the Plac Zgody. The Kraków Ghetto was a closed ghetto meaning that it was physically closed off from the surrounding area and access was restricted. Within other German-occupied areas,
768:
42:
707:(without his awareness), for the Jews hiding on the 'Aryan side' of Kraków. Władysław Budyński, who provided help without remuneration even to complete strangers, ended up marrying a Jewish girl, Chana Landau in 1943, but they were caught by Gestapo in 1944 and deported to different concentration camps. Both survived, reunited in Kraków, and in 1969 emigrated to Sweden. Polish gynaecologist Dr Helena Szlapak turned her home at Garbarska Street into a safe house for trafficked Jews and distribution of falsified documents as well as secret messages and storage of photographs from Auschwitz. She collaborated with
301:
754:
597:– in an armed initiative. Specifically, German armed forces were the target of Iskra. Further, Resistance in the Kraków ghetto decided to attack the “Aryan” portion of the city rather than fight a futile war from within. To strengthen itself, Iskra merged with Hahalutz Halochem – thus mixing communist leanings with a Zionist group and subsequently forming the Jewish fighting Organization (Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa; ZOB) Despite the similarity in name this ZOB was independent from the ZOB involved in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
614:
Club attack killed several Nazi elites. Furthermore, three attacks were planned for Dec. 24, 1942: Cyganeria Café, Esplanada Café, Sztuka theater, and an officers’ club. Ultimately, the
Hahalutz Halochem and Iskra resistance groups bombed Cyganeria on December 22 and killed from 7 to 70 Germans and injured many others. The attack at the theater was relatively unsuccessful due to poor planning and a refusal to harm innocent Poles in attendance; however, Esplanada Café and the Officers’ club attacks were successful.
740:
678:, permitted by the German authorities to operate his "Under the Eagle Pharmacy" there upon his request. The scarce medications and tranquillizers supplied to the ghetto's residents often free of charge – apart from health-care considerations – contributed to their survival. Pankiewicz passed around hair dyes to Jews compelled to cross the ghetto walls illegally. In recognition of his heroic deeds in helping countless Jews in the ghetto during
726:, historians assert that Polish – Jewish relations were strong before the war, and Żegota became involved to strengthen the organically arising aid. Moreover, led by Stanislaw Dobrowolski, food, medicine, funds, and means for escape were provided. Several Żegota members – Jozefa Rysinska, Mieczyslaw Kurz, Tadeusz Bilewicz, Zygmunt Kuzma, and Ada Prochnicka – facilitated transport of supplies and overall aid in the camps.
58:
341:
329:
272:) was responsible for determining the new housing assignments. Within the Kraków ghetto, Yiddish was the official language, not Polish. On 1 December 1939, an order was announced mandating that all Jews within the General Government wear an armband identifying them as Jewish. The white armbands with the blue Star of David were still required once Jews were moved into the ghetto.
208:. Frank's reason for removing Jews from the Jewish quarter was that the area "...will be cleansed and it will be possible to establish pure German neighborhoods..." within Kraków. From May 1940 to 15 August 1940, a voluntary expulsion program was enacted. Jews that chose to leave Kraków were allowed to take all of their belongings and relocate throughout the
488:
freedom they felt they had left at this point. Even though the Jews were unable to participate in certain areas of cultural life in the Kraków ghetto, “various cultural and religious activities continued within the ghetto." Although the practice of religion was banned, that did not stop those in the Kraków ghetto from praying and staying true to
365:" side were ordered to be bricked up. Only four guarded entrances allowed traffic to pass in or out. Small sections of the wall still remain today, one part is fitted with a memorial plaque, which reads "Here they lived, suffered and perished at the hands of Hitler's executioners. From here they began their final journey to the death camps."
65:
552:, or the Fighting Organization of the Jewish youth. Despite ultimately focusing on more classical armed resistance actions, they originally focused on providing support for education and welfare organizations within the ghetto. Eventually establishing a magazine, the groups initially focused on working with the
812:. The scene, however, was constructed on the memories of Zelig Burkhut, survivor of Plaszow (and other work camps). When being interviewed by Spielberg before the making for the film, Burkhut told of a young girl wearing a pink coat, no older than four, who was shot by a Nazi officer right before his eyes.
279:
On 28 November 1941, the area that encompassed the ghetto was reduced. The population of the Kraków Ghetto increased because Nazis required the Jewish residents of 29 nearby villages to move to the ghetto. The size of the ghetto was reduced again in June 1942. The reductions in the size of the ghetto
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was an aspiring musician who did his best to “collect, compose, and perform songs” while living in the ghetto even though it was illegal to do so. Inmates in the Kraków ghetto worked 12-hour days that left them more exhausted than imaginable. In order to pass the time, songs were sung throughout the
479:
Cultural life in the Kraków Ghetto was bleak and dangerous for the Jewish population. Each day dragged on, consistently becoming harder and harder to tolerate and survive. There was not much for the Jews to live for. The mood was somber, spirits were low, and the majority of the ghetto's inhabitants
356:
district and not, as often believed, in the historic Jewish district of
Kazimierz. Displaced Polish families from Podgórze took up residences in the former Jewish dwellings outside the newly established ghetto. Meanwhile, 15,000 Jews were crammed into an area previously inhabited by 3,000 people who
613:
The
Cyganeria Bombing is one of the more discussed attacks conducted by the Kraków Resistance movements. It was one of a series of attacks in a retaliatory response to the implementation of mass deportations. Prior to Cyganeria, attacks occurred at the Optima factory and the Cosmo Club – the Cosmo
600:
Historians will argue that the youth movements involved had significant, but realistic aims. It is suggested that Nazi intentions were evident to the youth and they consequently decided to fight the Nazis vision, even though they knew success would be limited. Significantly, composed of members of
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on their arm, identifying them as being Jewish, which led to the revoking of most rights. A curfew was implemented that stripped Jews of many opportunities to participate in the cultural life. As time went on, Jews needed to obtain permits in order to enter and exit the ghetto, robbing them of any
275:
On 15 October 1941, the Third Decree of the
General Governor's was enacted. This decree stated that Jews found outside "...their designated residential area will be punished with death." The punishment also applied to anyone found aiding Jews. The decree applied to all residents within the General
604:
Furthermore, the underground movements published a paper called “Hechalutz
Halochem” which was edited by Simon Dranger. This paper served to combat the German work of “Zydowska Gazeta”; this was an underground work which attempted to conceal the Nazis' genocidal aims and thus stem any opposition.
267:
The ghetto was populated by approximately 16,000 Jews when it was first formed. Before the ghetto was cordoned off, it was home to around 3,500 residents. The ghetto consisted of 320 buildings. To accommodate the density, apartments within the ghetto were divided on a 2m² per person basis or by a
191:
announced that Kraków should become the “racially cleanest" city in the
General Government. Massive deportations of Jews from the city ensued. Of the more than 68,000 Jews in Kraków at the time of the German invasion, only 15,000 workers and their families were permitted to remain. All other Jews
617:
The relative success of the
Resistance groups was hindered by Julek Appel and Natek Waisman who betrayed the resistance. Hahalutz Halochem was quickly subdued by the Nazis – due to Appel and Waisman – but better security habits protected Iskra for a limited time. Additionally, two key resistance
582:
groups, the Iskra
Resistance group aimed solely at combating and destroying the Nazis. From the outset, Iskra's inaugural members were Heszek Bauminger, Shlomo Sh., and eventually Gola Mire. Heszek Bauminger fought for the Polish army at the beginning of the war, and despite participating in the
231:
claimed that formation of the ghetto was necessary for public health and order. The Kraków ghetto was officially established on 20 March 1941. When relocating to the ghetto, Jews were only allowed to bring 25 kg of their belongings. The rest of their possessions were taken by the
719:Żegota also had prominence in Kraków. The goal of Żegota was to aid the Jews on a day-to-day basis – rather than aiming for an overall solution. Zegota provided opportunity with false documents, doctors for healthcare, money, and several other pivotal resources and aid for the Jews.
172:. Jews were ordered to report for forced labour beginning in September 1939. In November, all Jews twelve years or older were required to wear identifying armbands. Throughout Kraków, synagogues were closed and all their relics and valuables confiscated by the Nazi authorities.
287:
In
December 1942. the Kraków ghetto was divided into two parts: Ghetto "A" and Ghetto "B." Ghetto "A" was intended for people that were working and Ghetto "B" was for everyone else. This division was planned with future liquidations of the ghetto in mind.
360:
The ghetto was surrounded by the newly built walls that kept it separated from the rest of the city. In a grim foreshadowing of the near future, these walls contained brick panels in the shape of tombstones. All windows and doors that opened onto the
263:
existed. Movement in and out of the ghetto was restricted and Jews working outside of the ghetto had to have the proper documentation. Jews had to "...obtain the appropriate stamps for the
Kennkarten ..." from the Labor Office (Arbeitsamt).
509:
emerged from the Kraków ghetto. His song “Our Town Is Burning” which was written in 1938 became “one of the most popular songs in the ghettos and concentration camps." Unfortunately, Gebirtig was shot and killed in the Kraków ghetto.
618:
members – Adolf Liebeskind and Tennenbaum – died in the attack. Finally, following the Cyganeria Café attack, weapons, various currencies, and enemy uniforms were found by the Gestapo. The Gestapo sent a message to Nazi elites via
2459:
913:, at the time 14 years old, and his immediate family, grandparents, cousins, and aunt were moved into one small apartment in the Kraków Ghetto. In 1942, his grandmother, aunts, and cousins were deported from it to
357:
used to live in a district consisting of 30 streets, 320 residential buildings, and 3,167 rooms. As a result, one apartment was allocated to every four Jewish families, and many less fortunate lived on the street.
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601:
the Akiva Zionist youth movement, Hahalutz Halochem worked with Iskra along with communist to stage the Cyganeria bombing. Aligning with Hahalutz Halochem motivated Akiva to transition to armed resistance.
5156:
641:. Regarding the Jews who carried out the attack, they were disguised as Poles. This reflected a concern, within Hahalutz Halochem, of Nazi retaliation against the ghetto if the Jews were implicated.
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3020:
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group, he moved his allegiances to communism. Gola Mire – another Hatzair former member – became involved in the Polish Communist Party. Accordingly, Iskra worked in conjunction with the communist
284:. When apartments that were no longer included in the ghetto were vacated, possessions were stolen and the units were reassigned. The Municipal Housing Office was responsible for these apartments.
699:
from Kraków, includes Maria and Bronisław Florek who lived at Czyżówka Street and saved Goldberger and Nichtberger families. Notably, Maria Florek smuggled forged identity papers procured at the
422:. Jews were assembled on Zgody Square first and then escorted to the railway station in Prokocim. The first transport consisted of 7,000 people, the second, of additional 4,000 Jews deported to
4757:
4792:
4747:
792:. "My own feeling – Polański wrote – was that if only one could explain to them that we had done nothing wrong, the Germans would realize that it all was a gigantic misunderstanding."
4787:
4782:
4767:
4772:
849:, Dr Jim Jacob Baral was also a Kraków Ghetto survivor; his mother pushed him and his brother Martin under the barbed wire to hide at the home of a Polish rescuer who took them to
467:
and later in the Krakow Ghetto, when the ghetto was formed on March 3, 1941. This Jewish Council was in charge of the inhabitants of the ghetto but received many orders from local
4777:
4752:
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834:). In an especially dramatic event, 300 of Schindler's workers were deported to the Auschwitz death camp despite his efforts, and he personally intervened to return them to him.
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Music proved to be an instrumental aspect of cultural life in the Kraków ghetto that aided in keeping the spirits of Jews up as much as possible during such low and awful times.
528:
In order to pass time while trapped in these horrendous conditions, a lot of Jewish children in the Kraków ghetto played the violin and any other instruments they had access to.
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571:-frequented institutions, including café Cyganeria, café Esplanada, and a theater. Additionally, the Polish Underground group also aided the Jews with a program called
471:
officials, even though it retained some degree of autonomy. Some of its functions included overseeing labor and welfare, conducting a census and taxing the population.
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962:
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799:, Polish artist and author, and a first cousin to Roman Polański who, as a small girl, was rescued and survived the ghetto, wrote a novel based on her experiences,
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1373:
Kugelmass, Jack; Orla-Bukowska, Annamaria (January 1998). "'If You Build it They Will Come': Recreating an Historic Jewish District in Post-Communist Krakow".
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392:. The group carried out a variety of resistance activities including the bombing of the Cyganeria cafe – a gathering place of Nazi officers. Unlike in
316:
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The Kraków Jewish underground resistance existed from 1942 to late 1943, and stemmed from youth groups such as Akiva. The two groups that formed were
168:. Persecution of the Jewish population of Kraków began immediately after the German troops entered the city on 6 September 1939 in the course of the
5003:
3397:
84:
1242:. American Federation for Polish Jews., Association of Jewish Refugees and Immigrants from Poland. Waterbury, Conn.: Brohan Press. pp. 79–84.
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517:, who became a famous film director upon his survival of the Holocaust. Polanski eventually directed a film that told the story of the musician
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of her and her daughter during the Holocaust; however, she was unsuccessful. The certified letter she sent to the Regional Military Court in
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110:
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227:, because Hans Frank believed Kazimierz was more significant to the history of Kraków. Podgórze was a suburb of Kraków at the time.
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One of two preserved parts of the ghetto wall (27 Lwowska Street), with a memorial plaque and typical ghetto home in the background
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1597:– A page on the Krakow Ghetto complete with contemporary picture gallery at the JewishKrakow.net. Accessed 12 March 2011
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Publicly the identity of the attacks perpetrators were not revealed and it was rumored to be the Polish Underground or the
5136:
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441:. Those deemed unfit for work – some 2,000 Jews – were killed in the streets of the ghetto on those days with the use of "
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in German-occupied Poland. In 1943, the Kraków Ghetto was liquidated, and the remaining Mosberg family was moved to the
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300:
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1445:(Third edition updated and rev ed.). Kraków: Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa. Apteka pod Orłem. pp. 3–5.
1320:
845:, an Israeli writer, survived the Kraków ghetto and concentration camps. Renowned dermatologist and co-discoverer of
1501:
Jarkowska-Natkaniec, Alicja (2013-08-28). "Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst in Occupied Kraków during the Years 1940–1945".
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841:, who was one of the most influential and popular writers of Yiddish songs and poems. He was shot there in 1942.
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on February 10, 1983. Pankiewicz is the author of a book describing, among other events, the ghetto liquidation.
649:
Additionally, Jews in the Kraków Ghetto participated in a form of religious resistance by continuing to practice
423:
130:
567:. They ultimately planned for action against the Nazis. The Resistance conducted demonstrations against several
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on 5 June 1942. On 13–14 March 1943, the final 'liquidation' of the ghetto was carried out under the command of
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to surrounding concentration camps. Thousands of Jews were transported in the succeeding months as part of the
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District of Kraków. Podgórze was chosen as the site of the ghetto instead of the traditional Jewish quarter,
121:. The ghetto was later used as a staging area for separating the "able workers" from those to be deported to
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Memorial to Jews from the Kraków Ghetto on their deportation site. Each steel chair represents 1,000 victims
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388:: Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa), and organize resistance in the ghetto, supported by the Polish underground
129:. The ghetto was liquidated between June 1942 and March 1943, with most of its inhabitants deported to the
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88:
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Kraków area, late 1939. Captive Jews, assembled for slave labor, sit on an open field surrounded by new
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240:. All non-Jewish residents of the area were required to relocate in other districts by 20 March 1941.
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were ordered out of the city, to be resettled into surrounding rural areas of the General Government.
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for the Kraków ghetto in September 1942. She was arrested and shot in a prison in January 1945.
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2148:. Translated by Blaustein, Orah. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. p. 223.
1983:
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1286:. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Tallahassee: Florida State University Press. pp. 35–38.
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The following year, on 3 March 1941, the establishment of the Kraków Ghetto was ordered by
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charges of being an enemy spy. A Jewish Holocaust survivor from Kraków, Maria Błeszyńska
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1945:
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711:, attended to sick Jews in hiding and placed them in hospitals under false identities.
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237:
117:. It was established for the purpose of exploitation, terror, and persecution of local
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The only pharmacy enclosed within the Kraków Ghetto boundary belonged to the Polish
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857:, born in 1929 in Kraków survived the ghetto and several Nazi concentration camps.
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328:
260:
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2775:"Macramé bag with 2 wooden handles used by a Polish Jewish family while in hiding"
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2967:– reproduction of the original list of Jewish people employed by Oskar Schindler
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Apenszlak, Jacob; Kenner, Jacob; Lewin, Isaac; Polakiewicz, Moshe, eds. (1999).
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244:
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The ghetto was guarded by the German police (Schutzpolizei), the Polish police (
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161:
118:
80:
1699:"The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum encyclopedia of camps and ghettos"
1386:
4274:
4239:
3795:
3644:
2878:
689:
568:
468:
201:
188:
5227:
5214:
1522:
1460:
1394:
1193:
991:
933:, which had been constructed on the grounds of two former Jewish cemeteries.
17:
4531:
3968:
3541:
2993:
1301:
1257:
280:
were associated with the deportation of Jews, including deportations to the
224:
87:
marked with red-gold stars. Red dot shows the location of Kraków Ghetto in
4556:
2970:
1443:
The Kraków Ghetto 1941–1943 : a guide to the area of the former Ghetto
708:
572:
464:
205:
154:
2900:"Holocaust Survivor Edward Mosberg, 96, Tireless Advocate for Remembrance"
2654:
990:. UWE Faculty of Humanities, Languages, and Social Science. Archived from
4971:
2964:
2359:. Translated by Hunter, Marion. London: Gordon & Cremonesi. pp.
1567:"Death Penalty for Aiding Jews – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
654:
377:
269:
759:
The second preserved piece of the ghetto wall at 62 Limanowskiego Street
345:
Bundles abandoned by Jewish deportees from the Kraków Ghetto, March 1943
850:
788:
evoked his childhood experiences there before the mass deportations of
650:
579:
506:
489:
1982:. Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp.
1178:(Third ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 208–210.
5043:
1764:
Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation
1751:
Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation
1738:
Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation
1725:
Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation
1321:"Krakow Ghetto Established – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
893:
2686:"The Girl in the Red Coat by Roma Ligocka and Iris Von Finckenstein"
884:
505:, who is “known for his beautiful and prescient songs and poems” in
634:
argues that this communicated the attack's significance to Hitler.
372:, who had undertaken the publication of an underground newsletter,
64:
545:
362:
352:
The Kraków Ghetto was formally established on 3 March 1941 in the
2790:
When hope prevails: the personal triumph of a Holocaust survivor
2314:
2266:
2243:
437:. Two thousand Jews deemed able to work were transported to the
4992:
4492:
3573:
3133:
3002:
2777:. The European Holocaust Research Infrastructure Online Portal.
984:""Life Unworthy of Life" and other Medical Killing Programmes"
183:
not directly incorporated into Germany), and by May 1940 the
3600:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
2852:
Poezja polska w latach 1939–1965 (pt. 1: Strategie liryczne)
2562:. Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci. Archived from
2560:
Recognized as the Righteous Among the Nations: 28 March 1979
2539:. Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci. Archived from
2516:. Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci. Archived from
2485:. POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from
2079:. Washington D.C.: United States Holocaust Museum. pp.
896:
was thrown out, along with the plea for presidential mercy.
268:
standard of three people to one window. The Jewish Council (
2631:. Montreal, Quebec: Price – Patterson Ltd. pp. 84–85.
2537:
Recognized as the Righteous Among the Nations: 17 July 1982
2213:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 174–176.
2123:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 173–174.
930:
874:, NSZ) in German-occupied Kraków was sentenced to death by
427:
412:
2854:. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 30.
2514:
Recognized as the Righteous Among the Nations: 1 July 1992
578:
Initially, rather than aligning with either communist or
236:(Treuhandstelle). Some Jews were resettled to the nearby
5157:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
2755:
1842:. Tallahassee: Florida State University Press. pp.
1809:
1779:
1698:
1115:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–83.
806:. She is mistakenly thought to be portrayed in the film
2606:. Montreal, Quebec: Price – Patterson Ltd. p. 13.
2581:. Montreal, Quebec: Price – Patterson Ltd. p. 11.
2411:
Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust
2386:
Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust
2330:
Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust
2282:
Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust
2211:
Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust
2171:
Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust
2121:
Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust
2002:
Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust
1915:. Historical Museum of the City of Cracow. p. 15.
1075:
Holocaust – The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
653:
in secret. This succeeded through the safeguard of the
445:" police auxiliaries. The remaining 3,000 were sent to
2413:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 177.
2388:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 179.
2332:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 178.
2284:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 176.
2173:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 174.
2004:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 172.
1047:, with valuable historical photos and the Ghetto map.
2098:. Montreal, Quebec: Price-Patterson Ltd. p. 11.
204:
proposed the removal of 50,000 Jews from the city of
1113:
The Emergence of Jewish Ghettos During the Holocaust
878:
and executed in Soviet-controlled postwar Poland on
513:
Another individual who was in the Kraków ghetto was
403:
From 30 May 1942 onward, the Nazis began systematic
187:
occupation authority headed by the Governor-General
5170:
5127:
5097:
5076:
5067:
5024:
4939:
4919:
4880:
4814:
4805:
4740:
4709:
4702:
4616:
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4524:
4424:
4368:
4343:
4207:
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4101:
4045:
3987:
3929:
3758:
3612:
3605:
3534:
3396:
3354:
3293:
3226:
3174:
3165:
2924:. Tallahassee: The Florida State University Press.
2816:Wojciech Jerzy Muszynski, IPN Warsaw (March 2009).
2075:
Jewish Resistance Facts, Omissions, and Distortions
1590:
1588:
1586:
463:A 24-person Jewish board was formed in the city of
376:("The Fighting Pioneer"), joined forces with other
34:
2744:(in Polish). DziennikPolski24.pl. 19 January 2015.
2653:
2072:
1978:Jewish Resistance Facts, Omissions and Distortions
1975:
1835:
1072:
988:The 'Euthanasia' and `Aktion Reinhard' Trial Cases
483:Jews in the Kraków ghetto were required to wear a
2922:The Kraków Ghetto and the Plaszów Camp Remembered
2198:. Jerusalem: Keter Press Enterprises. p. 18.
2060:. Jerusalem: Keter Press Enterprises. p. 71.
1838:The Krakow Ghetto and the Plaszow Camp Remembered
1284:The Kraków ghetto and the Płaszów camp remembered
853:where their mother and sister joined them later.
4519:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
2758:[Platforma Dialogu Polsko-Żydowskiego].
2436:From the Flames Miracles and Wonders of Survival
2309:. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. p. 96.
2261:. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. p. 95.
2238:. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. p. 58.
963:List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
2438:. Lincoln: Writers Club Press. pp. 21–22.
1134:
1132:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
994:on March 10, 2013 – via Internet Archive.
784:, a survivor of the ghetto, in his 1984 memoir
333:Deportation of Jews from the ghetto, March 1943
453:Jewish Council (Judenrat) of the Kraków Ghetto
5004:
4504:
3585:
3145:
3014:
2627:Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994).
2602:Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994).
2577:Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994).
2461:The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath.
2094:Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994).
888:Bernstein, attempted to save Zakulski's life
8:
5190:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
141:, 60 kilometres (37 mi) rail distance.
3160:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
2850:see for example: Balcerzan, Edward (1982).
2713:The Last Lullaby: Poetry from the Holocaust
2566:on 2015-09-24 – via Internet Archive.
2543:on 2015-09-24 – via Internet Archive.
2520:on 2015-09-24 – via Internet Archive.
1703:The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5073:
5011:
4997:
4989:
4811:
4706:
4511:
4497:
4489:
4204:
3609:
3592:
3578:
3570:
3171:
3152:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3021:
3007:
2999:
1885:"Holocaust Music of the Ghettos and Camps"
1610:Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1942–1943
321:Construction of the ghetto walls, May 1941
46:Jews forced to shovel snow from the street
40:
2811:
2809:
1810:"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
1780:"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
1672:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1646:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1634:
1632:
1630:
1613:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 206.
1040:
1038:
630:Himmler. Lucien Steinberg, the author of
2940:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
2894:
2892:
2873:
2871:
2792:. Livonia, MI: First Page Publications.
5115:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2356:The Jews Against Hitler (Not as a Lamb)
1436:
1434:
1432:
1045:"Getto krakowskie." About Kraków Ghetto
974:
5262:Jewish resistance during the Holocaust
5257:Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Poland
5098:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
4458:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1969:
1967:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1534:
1532:
1496:
1494:
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1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
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1344:
1342:
1340:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
295:
31:
2756:"Platform for Polish-Jewish Dialogue"
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1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
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1904:
1879:
1877:
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1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1774:
1772:
1689:
1687:
1475:"Encyclopedia of Camps & Ghettos"
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
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1159:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
219:. The ghetto was to be set up in the
7:
2464:Published by Westview Press. p. 180.
1176:The destruction of the European Jews
5019:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
3030:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
2821:(PDF file, direct download 2.82 MB)
1079:. Oxford University Press. p.
682:, he was bestowed the title of the
175:Kraków was made the capital of the
101:was one of five major metropolitan
5180:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
400:before the ghetto was liquidated.
396:, their efforts did not lead to a
157:was an influential centre for the
25:
4862:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
2829:Institute of National Remembrance
2196:The Fighters of the Cracow Ghetto
2058:The Fighters of the Cracow Ghetto
1911:Jodlowiec-Dziedzic, Anna (2004).
919:Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp
866:, an attorney, and member of the
5039:Population transfers (1944–1946)
4088:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
2818:"Jerzy Zakulski, Czarny Mecenas"
982:Dr S D Stein (29 January 2007).
766:
752:
738:
339:
327:
315:
299:
170:German aggression against Poland
63:
56:
5142:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
5054:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
2954:. New York: Twayne Publishers.
1023:from the original on 2014-02-01
4470:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
4446:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1515:10.4467/20843925sj.13.013.1309
1240:The Black Book of Polish Jewry
1013:"History of the Krakow Ghetto"
380:to form a local branch of the
196:Formation of the Kraków Ghetto
105:created by Germany in the new
1:
5137:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
4967:Human medical experimentation
943:History of the Jews in Poland
837:Other notable people include
2510:"Maria and Bronisław Florek"
2194:Bauminger, Arieh L. (1987).
2056:Bauminger, Arieh L. (1987).
1913:The Holocaust of Cracow Jews
1503:Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia
958:Kraków Ghetto Jewish Council
790:Operation Reinhard in Kraków
459:Kraków Ghetto Jewish Council
405:deportations from the Ghetto
382:Jewish Fighting Organization
139:Auschwitz concentration camp
5172:Righteous Among the Nations
5059:Ministry of Public Security
4438:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
3048:Related articles by country
2985:Virtual Jewish History Tour
2742:"Miriam Akavia (1927–2015)"
2483:History of Jewish Community
953:Kraków Ghetto Jewish Police
890:in gratitude for his rescue
685:Righteous among the Nations
558:Communist Partia Robotnicza
111:German occupation of Poland
5288:
5084:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4466:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2710:; Lishinsky, Saul (1999).
2479:"Polish Righteous: Kraków"
2353:Steinberg, Lucien (1974).
2144:Krakowski, Shmuel (1984).
1387:10.1525/city.1998.10.1.315
695:The list of several dozen
456:
368:Young people of the Akiva
4988:
4857:Sobibor perpetrator album
4488:
4442:Estonian Auxiliary Police
3569:
3552:Human medical experiments
3129:
3125:
3036:
2936:Polanski, Roman. (1984).
2718:Syracuse University Press
2554:Polish Righteous (2015).
2531:Polish Righteous (2015).
2508:Polish Righteous (2015).
1071:Longerich, Peter (2010).
915:Belzec concentration camp
902:and her husband left the
338:
326:
314:
298:
282:Bełżec extermination camp
131:Belzec extermination camp
51:
39:
5105:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
4450:Latvian Auxiliary Police
4183:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
3685:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
2973:– modern-day photographs
2434:Hauben, William (2001).
925:just south of Kraków, a
802:The Girl in the Red Coat
135:Płaszów slave-labor camp
83:marked with skulls, and
5195:Garden of the Righteous
4947:Identification in camps
4940:Technical and logistics
4386:Order Police battalions
2952:Poland's Ghettos at War
2652:Roman Polański (1984).
2409:Finkel, Evgeny (2017).
2384:Finkel, Evgeny (2017).
2328:Finkel, Evgeny (2017).
2307:Poland's Ghettos at War
2280:Finkel, Evgeny (2017).
2259:Poland's Ghettos at War
2236:Poland's Ghettos at War
2209:Finkel, Evgeny (2017).
2169:Finkel, Evgeny (2017).
2119:Finkel, Evgeny (2017).
948:The Holocaust in Poland
927:Nazi concentration camp
253:üdischer Ordnungsdienst
77:the Holocaust in Poland
4608:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4073:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
2950:Katz, Alfred. (1970).
2920:Graf, Malvina (1989).
2037:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1834:Graf, Malvina (1989).
1762:Trunk, Isaiah (1972).
1749:Trunk, Isaiah (1972).
1736:Trunk, Isaiah (1972).
1723:Trunk, Isaiah (1972).
1670:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1644:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1607:Kerenji, Emil (2014).
1282:Graf, Malvina (1989).
1174:Hilberg, Raul (2003).
666:The Righteous Gentiles
661:Rescue and outside aid
496:Aleksander Kulisiewicz
166:since the 13th century
151:German-Soviet invasion
5228:50.04528°N 19.95472°E
5147:Majdanek State Museum
4280:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
3184:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2906:. September 22, 2022.
2885:. September 16, 2020.
2305:Katz, Alfred (1970).
2257:Katz, Alfred (1970).
2234:Katz, Alfred (1970).
2146:The War of the Doomed
2071:Tec, Nechama (1997).
1974:Tec, Nechama (1997).
1111:Michman, Dan (2011).
872:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne
868:National Armed Forces
816:was portrayed in the
589:Polish Workers' Party
109:territory during the
27:Nazi ghetto in Poland
4624:Mordechai Anielewicz
4335:Elisabeth Volkenrath
4220:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
3856:Arthur Liebehenschel
3781:Hermine Braunsteiner
3725:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2904:USC Shoah Foundation
2883:USC Shoah Foundation
2533:"Władysław Budyński"
1766:. Macmillan. p. 181.
1753:. Macmillan. p. 174.
1441:Pióro, Anna (2012).
645:Religious resistance
632:Jews Against Hitler,
540:Organized resistance
164:who had lived there
5224: /
5162:March of the Living
5034:Holocaust survivors
4898:Vrba–Wetzler report
4674:Alexander Pechersky
4634:Mordechai Tenenbaum
4083:Alexander Palfinger
3906:Johann Schwarzhuber
3466:Międzyrzec Podlaski
3445:Lviv pogroms (1941)
3346:Sonderaktion Krakau
2788:Offen, Sam (2005).
2688:. Random House, Inc
2556:"Dr Helena Szlapak"
1740:. Macmillan. p. 52.
1727:. Macmillan. p. 43.
876:Stalinist officials
621:SS-Obergruppenfüher
480:remained hopeless.
261:destruction ghettos
234:German Trust Office
123:extermination camps
89:the interwar period
5233:50.04528; 19.95472
5077:West German trials
4872:Wannsee Conference
4659:Itzhak Katzenelson
4411:General Government
3896:Franz Reichleitner
3826:Fritz Hartjenstein
3816:Maximilian Grabner
3735:Bruno Streckenbach
3547:Grossaktion Warsaw
3200:Operation Reinhard
2971:Schindler's Krakow
2660:. Morrow. p.
1695:Geoffrey, Megargee
1540:"Types of Ghettos"
1375:City & Society
1350:"Krakow: Timeline"
839:Mordechai Gebirtig
795:Many years later,
676:Tadeusz Pankiewicz
554:Polish Underground
519:Władysław Szpilman
503:Mordechai Gebirtig
439:Płaszów labor camp
210:General-Government
177:General Government
127:Operation Reinhard
107:General Government
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5123:
5122:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4935:
4934:
4927:Sonderaktion 1005
4801:
4800:
4484:
4483:
4462:Ypatingasis būrys
4364:
4363:
4305:Johanna Langefeld
4300:Hildegard Lächert
4196:
4195:
4032:Alfred Trzebinski
3997:Franz von Bodmann
3949:Lorenz Hackenholt
3791:Theodor van Eupen
3730:Jakob Sporrenberg
3565:
3564:
3289:
3288:
2983:Weiner, Rebecca.
2033:"Krakow (Cracow)"
1640:"Krakow (Cracow)"
1140:"Krakow (Cracow)"
900:Zuzanna Ginczanka
861:Second lieutenant
609:Cyganeria Bombing
550:Hahalutz Halochem
521:who survived the
424:Bełżec death camp
350:
349:
238:ghetto of Brzesko
95:
94:
16:(Redirected from
5279:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5089:Treblinka trials
5074:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4990:
4888:Graebe affidavit
4881:Witness accounts
4827:Frank memorandum
4812:
4707:
4694:Szmul Zygielbojm
4684:Frumka Płotnicka
4644:Leon Feldhendler
4629:Icchak Cukierman
4583:Ghetto uprisings
4513:
4506:
4499:
4490:
4434:Schutzmannschaft
4255:Feodor Fedorenko
4205:
4113:Wolfgang Birkner
3901:Heinrich Schwarz
3891:Josef Oberhauser
3866:Heinrich Matthes
3750:Dieter Wisliceny
3740:Richard Thomalla
3715:Heinz Reinefarth
3665:Heinrich Himmler
3610:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3535:Other atrocities
3172:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3131:
3127:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2965:Schindler's List
2933:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2879:"Edward Mosberg"
2875:
2866:
2865:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2831:. pp. 53–56
2825:Biuletyn Nr 3/98
2822:
2813:
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2785:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2752:
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2745:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2704:
2698:
2697:
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2675:
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2551:
2545:
2544:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:on 2 August 2015
2471:
2465:
2458:David M. Crowe,
2456:
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2061:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2029:
2016:
2015:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1942:
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1595:JewishKrakow.net
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828:Steven Spielberg
809:Schindler's List
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432:Untersturmführer
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2475:Virtual Shtetl
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2011:978-0691172576
2010:
1998:Finkel, Evgeny
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864:Jerzy Zakulski
847:Reyes Syndrome
782:Roman Polanski
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5252:Kraków Ghetto
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4867:Stroop Report
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4807:Documentation
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4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:Organizations
4523:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4426:Collaboration
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:Organizations
4367:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Eduard Lorenz
4313:
4311:
4310:Anton Lechner
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:Josef Kollmer
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:Kurt Gerstein
4263:
4261:
4260:Hans Hoffmann
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Juana Bormann
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Erich Naumann
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Lothar Beutel
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4093:Jürgen Stroop
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Josef Blösche
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4037:Eduard Wirths
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Josef Mengele
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:Horst Fischer
4010:
4008:
4007:Karl Gebhardt
4005:
4003:
4002:Carl Clauberg
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Ludwig Plagge
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Herbert Lange
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Kurt Bolender
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Gustav Wagner
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Franz Hössler
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Karl Fritzsch
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Wilhelm Boger
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Erwin Lambert
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Wilhelm Koppe
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Hermann Höfle
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Theodor Eicke
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Aktion Krakau
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Bloody Sunday
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3228:Concentration
3225:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3176:Extermination
3173:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:The Holocaust
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2762:. Dialog.org.
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2708:Kramer, Aaron
2703:
2700:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1827:
1816:. p. 529
1815:
1814:www.ushmm.org
1811:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1786:. p. 528
1785:
1784:www.ushmm.org
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1705:. p. 527
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1571:www.ushmm.org
1568:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:(in Polish).
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1480:
1479:www.ushmm.org
1476:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1355:
1354:www.ushmm.org
1351:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1326:
1325:www.ushmm.org
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1144:www.ushmm.org
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
985:
978:
975:
968:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
936:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
886:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
858:
856:
855:Bernard Offen
852:
848:
844:
843:Miriam Akavia
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
803:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
769:
755:
741:
729:
727:
725:
720:
714:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
686:
681:
680:the Holocaust
677:
673:
665:
660:
658:
656:
655:Jewish police
652:
644:
642:
640:
635:
633:
629:
628:
623:
622:
615:
608:
606:
602:
598:
596:
595:
590:
586:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
534:
532:
529:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
491:
486:
485:Star of David
481:
475:Cultural life
474:
472:
470:
466:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
410:
409:Aktion Krakau
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:Armia Krajowa
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
358:
355:
342:
337:
330:
325:
318:
313:
308:
302:
297:
291:
289:
285:
283:
277:
273:
271:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Jewish police
246:
241:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
195:
193:
190:
186:
182:
179:(the part of
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:60,000–80,000
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:Kraków Ghetto
90:
86:
82:
78:
66:
59:
50:
43:
38:
35:Kraków Ghetto
33:
30:
19:
18:Krakow Ghetto
5209:
4908:
4832:Höcker Album
4815:Nazi sources
4703:Victim lists
4669:Miles Lerman
4476:Trawniki men
4416:Hotel Polski
4325:Detlef Nebbe
4290:Oswald Kaduk
4285:Karl Jeschke
4163:Bruno Müller
4153:Felix Landau
4138:Ernst Damzog
4133:Karl Brunner
4102:
4078:Franz Konrad
3979:Adolf Theuer
3932:executioners
3911:Franz Stangl
3881:Robert Mulka
3851:Josef Kramer
3801:Karl Frenzel
3771:Richard Baer
3766:Hans Aumeier
3759:Camp command
3745:Otto Wächter
3625:Josef Bühler
3620:Viktor Brack
3606:Perpetrators
3435:
3198:
3040:Main article
2951:
2937:
2921:
2915:Bibliography
2903:
2882:
2851:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2824:
2789:
2783:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2736:
2712:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2680:
2655:
2647:
2628:
2622:
2603:
2597:
2578:
2572:
2564:the original
2559:
2549:
2541:the original
2536:
2526:
2518:the original
2513:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2482:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2435:
2429:
2410:
2404:
2385:
2379:
2355:
2348:
2329:
2323:
2306:
2300:
2281:
2275:
2258:
2252:
2235:
2229:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2170:
2164:
2145:
2139:
2120:
2114:
2095:
2089:
2074:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2001:
1992:
1977:
1954:. Retrieved
1949:
1912:
1892:. Retrieved
1889:fcit.usf.edu
1888:
1837:
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1788:. Retrieved
1783:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1702:
1674:. Retrieved
1669:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1643:
1609:
1602:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1543:. Retrieved
1506:
1502:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1442:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1283:
1239:
1175:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:
1112:
1074:
1066:
1048:
1025:. Retrieved
1016:
992:the original
987:
977:
908:
898:
883:
871:
859:
836:
831:
821:
807:
800:
797:Roma Ligocka
794:
785:
779:
723:
721:
718:
700:
694:
683:
669:
648:
636:
631:
625:
619:
616:
612:
603:
599:
592:
577:
564:
560:
557:
543:
530:
527:
512:
501:
494:
482:
478:
462:
443:Trawniki men
402:
373:
367:
359:
351:
286:
278:
276:Government.
274:
266:
257:open ghettos
252:
242:
217:Otto Wächter
214:
199:
174:
148:
115:World War II
103:Nazi ghettos
98:
96:
29:
5231: /
4952:Gas chamber
4920:Concealment
4911:photographs
4758:Gross-Rosen
4727:Lviv (Lwów)
4689:Roza Robota
4593:Częstochowa
4225:Herta Bothe
4215:Hans Anhalt
4208:Camp guards
4148:Ludwig Hahn
4128:Paul Blobel
4068:Franz Bürkl
4058:Hans Biebow
4017:Fritz Klein
3954:Josef Klehr
3939:Erich Bauer
3930:Gas chamber
3876:Karl Möckel
3861:Maria Mandl
3836:Rudolf Höss
3821:Otto Hantke
3710:Oswald Pohl
3700:Ernst Lerch
3511:Stanisławów
3421:Częstochowa
3311:Bronna Góra
3241:Gross-Rosen
3236:Auschwitz I
1060:(in Polish)
904:Lvov ghetto
703:Factory of
674:pharmacist
627:Reichsfüher
591:division –
307:barbed wire
247:), and the
245:Blue Police
162:Polish Jews
149:Before the
119:Polish Jews
81:death camps
5246:Categories
5219:19°57′17″E
4275:Irma Grese
4270:Paul Götze
4240:Luise Danz
3989:Physicians
3796:Kurt Franz
3645:Hans Frank
3613:Organizers
3557:Heidelager
2960:0829001956
2946:0688026214
2931:0813009057
2861:830201172X
2042:2019-11-25
1894:2018-04-26
1820:2018-04-26
1790:2018-04-26
1666:"Trawniki"
1576:2018-05-01
1545:2018-05-02
1484:2020-03-31
1381:(1): 319.
1359:2018-04-29
1330:2018-04-29
1149:2018-04-29
969:References
880:trumped-up
804:: A Memoir
690:Yad Vashem
624:Wolff and
535:Resistance
499:work day.
417:Oberführer
411:headed by
202:Hans Frank
189:Hans Frank
145:Background
79:including
5267:Amon Göth
5216:50°2′43″N
5129:Memorials
5026:Aftermath
4793:Treblinka
4748:Auschwitz
4603:Treblinka
4588:Białystok
4576:Uprisings
4356:Treblinka
4201:Personnel
3969:Otto Moll
3959:Hans Koch
3811:Amon Göth
3542:Action T4
3506:Sosnowiec
3476:Nowy Sącz
3411:Białystok
3378:Szczuczyn
3326:Erntefest
3316:Bydgoszcz
3301:Białystok
3216:Treblinka
3092:Lithuania
2994:JewishGen
1956:March 19,
1709:March 25,
1676:March 10,
1650:March 10,
1523:2084-3925
1461:809174601
1403:144838939
1395:0893-0465
1194:887807298
1057:2082-7431
523:Holocaust
447:Auschwitz
435:Amon Göth
225:Kazimierz
153:of 1939,
4972:Zyklon B
4788:Trawniki
4783:Stutthof
4768:Majdanek
3516:Tarnopol
3456:Lubartów
3368:Jedwabne
3271:Trawniki
3261:Stutthof
3251:Potulice
3194:Majdanek
3112:Slovakia
2760:Homepage
2493:9 August
2477:(2015).
2315:78120535
2267:78120535
2244:78120535
2000:(2017).
1946:"Kraków"
1302:18715997
1258:45496507
1027:12 March
1021:Archived
937:See also
909:In 1940
830:'s film
556:and the
378:Zionists
354:Podgórze
270:Judenrat
221:Podgórze
4957:Gas van
4773:Sobibór
4710:Ghettos
4617:Leaders
4598:Sobibor
4351:Sobibor
4344:By camp
3491:Siedlce
3398:Ghettos
3383:Tykocin
3355:Pogroms
3341:Palmiry
3266:Szebnie
3211:Sobibor
3189:Chełmno
3117:Ukraine
3102:Romania
3082:Germany
3072:Estonia
3067:Denmark
3062:Croatia
3057:Belgium
3052:Belarus
2835:9 April
2692:May 25,
2361:223–224
923:Płaszów
851:Bochnia
651:Judaism
639:Soviets
580:Zionist
507:Yiddish
490:Judaism
229:Wächter
75:Map of
5069:Trials
5044:Bricha
4778:Soldau
4763:Izbica
4753:Bełżec
4732:Warsaw
4717:Kraków
4557:Żegota
3526:Warsaw
3501:Słonim
3496:Sambor
3471:Mizocz
3461:Lublin
3436:Kraków
3431:Kielce
3426:Grodno
3406:Będzin
3388:Wąsosz
3364:(1946)
3362:Kielce
3276:Warsaw
3256:Soldau
3206:Belzec
3107:Russia
3097:Norway
3087:Latvia
3077:France
2958:
2944:
2929:
2858:
2796:
2773:EHRI.
2724:
2668:
2635:
2629:Zegota
2610:
2604:Zegota
2585:
2579:Zegota
2442:
2417:
2392:
2367:
2336:
2313:
2288:
2265:
2242:
2217:
2177:
2152:
2127:
2102:
2096:Zegota
2008:
1952:. 2000
1919:
1850:
1617:
1521:
1459:
1449:
1401:
1393:
1300:
1290:
1256:
1246:
1192:
1182:
1119:
1087:
1055:
894:Warsaw
820:novel
724:Zegota
715:Żegota
709:Żegota
701:Emalia
573:Żegota
465:Kraków
394:Warsaw
386:Polish
384:(ŻOB,
206:Kraków
185:German
155:Kraków
137:, and
4741:Camps
4401:RKFDV
3521:Wilno
3486:Radom
3481:Pińsk
3416:Brest
3321:Dynów
3167:Camps
2938:Roman
2656:Roman
1399:S2CID
786:Roman
546:Iskra
363:Aryan
309:fence
5184:List
4722:Łódź
4542:Bund
4406:VoMi
4396:WVHA
3451:Łódź
3441:Lwów
3373:Lviv
2956:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2837:2014
2794:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2694:2011
2666:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2608:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2495:2015
2440:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2311:LCCN
2286:ISBN
2263:LCCN
2240:LCCN
2215:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1958:2018
1917:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1711:2018
1678:2020
1652:2020
1615:ISBN
1519:ISSN
1457:OCLC
1447:ISBN
1391:ISSN
1298:OCLC
1288:ISBN
1254:OCLC
1244:ISBN
1190:OCLC
1180:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1053:ISSN
1029:2011
569:Nazi
548:and
469:Nazi
259:and
97:The
4567:ŻZW
4562:ŻOB
4552:PKB
4537:AOB
2992:at
1511:doi
1383:doi
1081:161
1049:DWS
921:in
885:née
722:In
688:by
563:PPR
125:in
113:in
5248::
4547:GL
4532:AK
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4464:,
4460:,
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4380:SS
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