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an original document of the Kresna-Razlog (Macedonian) Uprising of 1878-1879 kept in the personal archive of the
Bulgarian Patriarch Cyril, to which Sl. Dimevski has had access in the 1960s. In 1980 (nine years after the death of the Bulgarian Patriarch) in Skopje came out a collection of studies of Macedonian historians dedicated to the "document" and its importance for the history of the liberation struggles of Macedonia. Bulgarian historiography reacted vigorously to this documentary mystification. On the basis of research in the archive of Patriarch Cyril and the correspondence between him and Sl. Dimevski this article makes the conclusion that there is no such "document" and it has never existed. It was also found that the Macedonian churchman and historian has abused historical truth and scientific morality also on other similar occasions
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Constitution” of a “Committee of the
Macedonian Uprising” as well as in its “Military directives” that are deemed to be composed during the ill-fated uprising of Kresna-Razlog in the autumn of 1878. These documents trace a project of administrative structure of a future autonomous Macedonian state while the Slavs from the region are named “Macedonians” instead of Bulgarians or Serbs. The Bulgarian historians denounce the authenticity of both documents. But even if one assumes that they are authentic, they were literally “excavated” by modern historians: the marginal influence of theirs is confirmed by the fact that they left virtually no trace in the public sphere of the late 19th century.
859:"The desire for uniting the ethnic Bulgarian lands and the brutal policies of the Ottoman authorities in Macedonia and Thrace sparked immediate resistance and led to organized efforts for liberation from Ottoman rule and uniting with Bulgaria. The struggle against the dictates of the Treaty of Berlin started almost straight away and every revolt against the Ottomans in Macedonia and Thrace, crushed with extreme brutality, was followed by mass emigration of the survivors population. This was the case with the Kresna-Razlog uprising (5 October 1878 – spring 1879) when 30,000 people escaped to Bulgaria."
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818:Г. Кацаров и Ив. Кепов. Цит. съч., д. № 87, 88, с. 55. В писмо до Джумайския комитет Д. Попгеоргиев хвърля вината на доброволците. “Комитите ни само на пиенето били юнаци”, а в писмо на Г. М. Николчев от Кресна от 29 октомври още по-определено се казва: “Началникът на щаба на македонското востание г. Д. п. Георгиев задължава мя да Ви явя, че вчерашната победа е наша, сос храбростта на македонските харамии, а доброволците избегаха кой где виде, П. Буховски (поп Константин - б.м.) побегна и дойде да ся бие с нашето полицейско управление, да живеят храбрите харамии с войводите си.”
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1247:Дойно Дойнов. Кресненско-Разложкото въстание, 1878-1879 Принос за неговия обхват и резултати, за вътрешните и външнополитическите условия, при които избухва, протича и стихва. (Издателство на Българската Академия на науките. София, 1979) (Doyno Doynov. Kresna–Razlog uprising 1878-1879: On its scope and results, internal and external political circumstances in which it starts, continues, and ends. Sofia. 1979. Published by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences)
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Middle Ages which appear in some modern works. In the Middle Ages and into the nineteenth century, the term
Macedonian was used entirely in reference to a geographical region. Anyone who lived within its confines, regardless of nationality, could be called a Macedonian. Nevertheless, the absence of a national consciousness in the past is no grounds to reject the Macedonians as a nationality today.
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551:, played an important part in that uprising. It was promptly joined by scores of local insurgents and, after a fierce skirmish, it succeeded in liberating the town of Bansko. The setbacks in the autumn of 1878 led to a new organization of the leading body of the Uprising and to the adoption of new tactics. Efforts were now directed toward the setting up of a
50:
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Many disinterested observers at the time concluded that the Slavic-speaking inhabitants of
Macedonia were "Bulgarians" (R.King 1973:187) and that the term "Macedonian" was not used to identify people as belonging to a distinct "Macedonian" ethnic or national group. Rather "Macedonian" was either used
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In the early 1980s
Bulgarian and Macedonian historiography engaged in a serious clash that undermined the prestige of history as a science. As a casus belli served the "Rules of the Macedonian Insurgent Committee", published by Archpriest Dr. Slavko Dimevski. According to his statements it was about
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Macedonian historians naturally challenge the unity of the
Bulgarian people. They stress the local character of an uprising which was later taken over by the Bulgarians...It is stressed that the uprising was called the Macedonian uprising by the insurgents. Here we encounter the problem that in many
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The
Macedonian Question emerged in 1878, as a result of the provisions of the Berlin Congress, by virtue of which Macedonia and the region of Adrianople were taken away from the newly formed Bulgarian state and given back to the Ottoman Empire. Up until that time, the national liberation struggle of
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and others. A large number of insurgents and leaders of different parts of
Macedonia also participated in the uprising. After the uprising some 30,000 refugees fled to Bulgaria. The failure of the uprising led to the attention of the Bulgarian political and strategic leaders to the liberation of the
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which was to take over the leadership of the
Uprising, as well as to organize an uprising in the interior of Macedonia in the spring of 1879. The detachment which crossed into Macedonia in May 1879 could not fulfill its task due to the lack of preliminary organization. These events marked the end of
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Until the late nineteenth century both outside observers and those
Bulgaro-Macedonians who had an ethnic consciousness believed that their group, which is now two separate nationalities, comprised a single people, the Bulgarians. Thus the reader should ignore references to ethnic Macedonians in the
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The total number and the ethnic composition of the Macedonian population at the turn of the 20th century are very difficult if not impossible to determine. Three different assessments of the historical ethnic demography in Macedonia exist: Serbian, Bulgarian, and Greek. Each of these assessments
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police: "...We took up the arms and will not leave them until we get united with the Bulgarian Principality..." This aim was also expressed in the appeal launched by the insurgents on November 10, 1878, which read: "...And so, brothers, the time has come to demonstrate what we are, that we are a
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Macedonian historians refer to some data from the anti-Ottoman movement for national “liberation” which presumably confirm a certain attempt for emancipation vis-à-vis the neighboring nations and a more “ethnic” usage of the term “Macedonians.” The latter is to be found in the so-called “Rules
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by Bulgarian historians. As reasons, they have cited, among other things, the absence of an original, the use of anachronistic language and the stark contradiction of its contents to the other surviving documents. They have also pointed at the existence of an identical document with completely
1119:Колектив, Македонският въпрос (1968) Историко-политическа справка. Институт за история при БАН. София, стр. 37.; И. Бурилкова, Ц. Билярски (2012) Македонският въпрос в българо-югославските отношения 1968-1989. Част 1-2, Архивите говорят. Том 65-66; Държавна агенция "Архиви", София, стр. 56.
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Inns and after a battle lasting 18 hours they succeeded in crushing its resistance. This attack and this first success marked the beginning of the Kresna–Razlog Uprising. In the battles that followed, the insurgents succeeded in liberating 43 towns and villages and in reaching
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suggested the appointment of "apostles" who would organize the uprising among the masses, but it was decided that only the areas closest to the Principality of Bulgaria would revolt, with a view to detaching them from the Ottoman Empire and joining them to Bulgaria.
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For more: Tchavdar Marinov, We, the Macedonians: The Paths of Macedonian. Supra-Nationalism (1878-1912). pp. 107-137; in: We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe (2009) Edited by Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press.
495:. There were also disturbances, and delegations were sent to the headquarters of the Uprising with requests for arms and for aid. The headquarters of the Uprising, which was organized in the course of the military operations, was headed by Dimiter Popgeorgiev.
261:
252:. The rebellion was supported by detachments which had infiltrated the area from the Principality of Bulgaria. As a result of disagreement within its leadership, the uprising lost its initial successful curse and was crushed by the Ottoman army.
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is still flowing in our veins; the time has come to demonstrate to Europe that it is no easy task when a people want to cast away darkness." During the military operations in the Kresna region, an uprising broke out on November 8, 1878, in the
815:Дойно Дойнов, Кресненско-Разложкото въстание, 1878-1879. Принос за неговия обхват и резултати, за вътрешните и външнополитическите условия, при които избухва, протича и стихва. Издателство на Българската Академия на науките. София, 1979,
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Luis Wojtkiewicz. The aim of "Edinstvo Committees" was "...discussing how to help our brothers in Thrace and Macedonia, who will henceforth be separated from Danubian Bulgaria by virtue of the decisions of the Berlin Congress..."
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Macedonia had been an inseparable part of the Bulgarian struggle against Ottoman domination. In response to the unjust provisions of the Berlin Congress (1878), the Kresna-Razlog uprising broke out in September of the same year.
806:Кресненското востание во Македонија 1878 – 1879. Материјали од Научниот собир одржан по повод 100-годишнината од востанието во Берово, 2-4 октомври 1987 година. Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, Скопјe, 1982 година.
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in a general regional sense to designate all the inhabitants of Macedonia regardless of their ethnicity, or it was used more specifically to refer to the Slavic-speaking Christians living in the geographical area of Macedonia.
368:. The concrete aims of the leaders and organizers of the Kresna–Razlog Uprising were to revoke the decisions of the Berlin Congress, to liberate the regions inhabited by the Bulgarian population, and to unite with the free
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For more see: Елдаров, С. (2019). Through the Bulgarian-Macedonian Historiographical Disputes in the second half of the 20th century: The “Slavko Dimevski Case”. A Historical Investigation. Drinovsky Sbornik, 10, 451-467.
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The revolutionary circles in Bulgaria concurred at once with the idea of inciting an uprising in Macedonia. On 29 August 1878, a meeting of representatives from the Bulgarian revolutionaries was convened in the town of
1047:Дойно Дойнов, Кресненско-Разложкото въстание, 1878-1879. Принос за неговия обхват и резултати, за вътрешните и външнополитическите условия, при които избухва, протича и стихва. (1979), стр. 125-126.
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to the south. To the south-west they established their sway over almost the entire Karshijak region, while to the south-east the positions of the insurgents were along the Predela, over the town of
1038:Македония: Сборник от документи и материали. София, Българска академия на науките. Институт за история. Институт за български език, Издателство на Българската академия на науките, 1978. с. 353.
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in person. These were the decisive reasons for its failure, parallel with reasons of internal and organizational character. Typical for the uprising was the scale participation of volunteers -
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Stoyan Karastoilov and other high-ranking figures. The conference led to the formation of an organized insurrectional staff headed by Berovski. The Edinstvo ("Unity") Committee from
1060:. (Исторически Преглед, 1983, кн. 4, с. 100—106). Hristo Hristov. 1983. Tracking a historical documental falsification. Historical Review 4:100-106, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
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and Hristo Ivanov. The task of this new committee was to establish similar committees throughout Bulgaria, to maintain strict contact with them, and work toward the same end: "
754:. The rest of the preserved documentation left from the insurgents had a Bulgarian character, moreover distinct Macedonian national identity was not developed at that time.
340:. He was to be told the aim and the task of Edinstvo. Meanwhile, Nathanael was already in the middle of preparations for armed activities in Macedonia. He made his way to
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were also set up, as well as local police organs of the revolutionary government who were assigned certain administrative functions in the liberated territories.
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and who had worked for many years as teacher in the Macedonia region. The main goal of the armed struggle though, was expressed most clearly in the letter of the
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An act on the organizational arrangement of the Macedonian (Kresna) Uprising from 1878, which regulates the duties of the Headquarters, the chiefs and the rebels
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played an important part in organizing, supplying and assisting the Uprising. The committee was headed by Kostantin Bosilkov, who was born in the town of
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concerns a different area, and none treats 'Macedonians' as a separate nation. At this time, no 'Macedonian' national identity had yet taken shape.
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Raymond Detrez, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 1442241802, p. 279.
491:. In addition to the direct military operations of the insurgents, there were separate detachments operating in the south and to the west in
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and is the leader of the defenders of the people in these border areas, in order to discuss a very important matter to the benefit of all
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as well. People were also sent to Macedonia to personally acquaint themselves with the situation there. Some were also sent to meet with
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1257:БАЛКАНСКИТЕ ДЪРЖАВИ И МАКЕДОНСКИЯТ ВЪПРОС - Антони Гиза.(превод от полски - Димитър Димитров, Македонски Научен Институт, София, 2001)
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1225:. In most cases it is not clear if the words Macedonia/Macedonian have anything else than a regional (as opposed to national) sense.
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914:
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244:, which, instead of ceding the Bulgarian-populated parts of Macedonia to the newly reestablished Bulgarian suzerain state per the
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BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Institute of History Bulgarian Language Institute - MACEDONIA, DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS. Sofia 1978
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Appeal of the "Provisional Bulgarian Government in Macedonia" from November 10, 1878, published in the newspaper "Maritsa" in
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In North Macedonia, it is regarded that the rebellion was carried out by two different groups with two different goals. The
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992:
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as part of their nations’ struggle against the Ottoman rule. In Bulgaria, it is regarded as a rebellion prepared by the
1550:
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and the Unity Committee in Bulgaria itself, whose common goal was the unification of Bulgaria and Ottoman Macedonia.
906:
1730:
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980:НВИМ, вх. No. 30, 33/59 г., оригинал (National Museum of Military History, Bulgaria, number 30, 33/59 y., original)
870:
A concise history of Bulgaria, Cambridge concise histories, R. J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 85
587:. Russia was exhausted both financially and militarily, adopting a firm course of adhering to the decisions of the
233:, was an anti-Ottoman Bulgarian uprising that took place in Ottoman Macedonia, predominantly in the areas of today
215:
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For more: Ethnic rivalry and the quest for Macedonia, 1870-1913, Vemund Aarbakke, East European Monographs, 2003,
466:
1720:
1715:
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1087:Дойно Дойнов Кресненско-Разложкото въстание, 1878-1879, София 1979, с. 71, бел. 323, с. 154, с. 163-164, бел. 235
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and Eastern Rumelia, the latter being under the Sultan's power, but still having a large autonomy. Macedonia and
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305:
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different contents titled "Temporary rules about the organisation of the Macedonian Uprising" prepared by
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Ethnic rivalry and the quest for Macedonia, 1870-1913, Vemund Aarbakke, East European Monographs, 2003,
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245:
55:
416:, with a personal stamp that states "Macedonian Uprising, Chief of Staff, D. P. Georgiev" in Bulgarian
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535:
234:
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Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe: History, Data and Analysis
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In this manner the Kresna–Razlog Uprising was left without its expected and most reliable reserve –
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in relation to Macedonia. Her strategic aim lay in the preservation of the Bulgarian character of
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579:'s military, diplomatic and political support, in addition to its being against the interests of
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492:
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Early at dawn on October 5, 1878, 400 insurgents attacked the Turkish army unit stationed at the
373:
337:
241:
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The uprising broke out following the protests and spontaneous opposition to the decisions of the
186:
173:
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The Macedonian Question - Origin and Development, 1878-1941 Dimiter Minchev, Ph.D. Sofia, 2002.
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and his rebels. At this meeting it was decided that Natanail should take over leadership of the
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Laszlo Valki, Changing Threat Perceptions and Military Doctrines, Palgrave Macmillan (1992)
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522:
454:
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278:
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in order to implement the plan. This meeting resulted in the creation of a committee called
86:
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Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009,
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Anna Mazurkiewicz, East Central European Migrations During the Cold War (2019) De Gruyter,
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721:
710:
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659:
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595:. It encountered yet another strong adversary - the military and political machine of the
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The Early Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
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17:
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of all parts of the country. Some figures as an illustration: 100 volunteers from
260:
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Who Are the Macedonians? by Hugh Poulton, page 49, Indiana University Press, 2000
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other parts of the Bulgarian territories and another main strategic objective -
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was formed in Tarnovo, steps were taken to spread it to all towns in Bulgaria,
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1058:Писма и оправки - По следите на една историко-документална фалшификация
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attempted to subdue the Uprising, fighting in favour of unification of
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hosted a critical meeting attended by Metropolitan Nathanael of Ohrid,
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The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World
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The representatives of the Provisional Russian Administration in
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rebels of December 11, 1878, which they sent to the chief of the
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Stefan Stambolov and the emergence of modern Bulgaria, 1870-1895
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aided the insurrectionists with two detachments, one led by the
1266:
547:, led by Banyo Marinov, a revolutionary and volunteer from the
618:, who sympathised with the struggle, were reprimanded by the
289:" and the improvement of their present political situation.
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bands. At the same time, Nathanael was able to establish an
1426:
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
248:, returned them to Ottoman control. It was prepared by the
990:
The Macedonian Question - Origin and Development 1878-1941
1008:
The Kresna-Razlog Uprising of 1878. Sofia, 1970, p. 135.
220:
732:, strived for an independent Macedonia, as seen in the
200:
606:
Memorial plaque of Kresna-Razlog Uprising in village
1029:Дойнов, Д. Кресненско-Разложкото въстание..., с. 84.
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543:-Razlog valley. The detachment of volunteers from
1020:DOYNO DOYNOV. Bulgarian Academy of Science 1978.
909:, Duncan M. Perry, Duke University Press, 1993,
741:However, the Proclamation is considered to be а
728:with Bulgaria, while one group, centered around
530:people worthy of liberty, and that the blood of
382:
34:
1621:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
1018:THE KRESNA-RAZLOG UPRISING 1878-1879 (Summary)
999:. Colonel Dimiter Minchev, Ph.D. (Sofia, 2002)
109:Ottoman reprisals against Christian civilians.
1278:
400:has again left under Turkish tyrannical rule.
277:(Unity). The initiative for this belonged to
72:(6 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
8:
344:to meet with the well-known haiduk leader,
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1166:. Princeton University Press. p. 60.
237:in Bulgaria in late 1878 and early 1879.
31:
1606:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
1162:Danforth, Loring M. (November 10, 2020).
705:The uprising is celebrated today in both
1191:Eberhardt, Piotr; Owsinski, Jan (2002).
799:
27:1878-79 anti-Ottoman Bulgarian uprising
513:The Edinstvo Committee in the town of
384:As it is very necessary that you meet
264:The first "Unity" Committee in Tarnovo
1711:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire
1431:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
1076:https://doi.org/10.7546/DS.2017.10.45
7:
1666:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
1320:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
444:Adam Kalmykov and the other by the
1741:Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
25:
1221:sources the population is called
229:) named by the insurgents as the
58:, showing the borders of Bulgaria
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1500:
1492:
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1341:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
1336:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
1315:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
715:Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire
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132:
48:
1656:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
735:Proclamation of Kresna Uprising
507:Metropolitan Nathanael of Ohrid
426:Dimitar Pop Georgiev - Berovski
410:Dimitar Pop Georgiev - Berovski
386:Dimitar Pop Georgiev - Berovski
374:Metropolitan Nathanael of Ohrid
784:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
764:National awakening of Bulgaria
568:Southeastern Europe after the
1:
1416:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
560:Significance and consequences
549:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
296:Separated Bulgaria after the
202:Kresnensko-Razlozhko vastanie
70:8 November 1878 – 25 May 1879
1636:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
1421:Romanian War of Independence
1135:University of Michigan Press
556:the Kresna–Razlog Uprising.
191:Кресненско-Разложко въстание
112:25,000 refugees flee to the
105:Suppression of the uprising
1671:British Occupation of Egypt
1551:Budapest Convention of 1877
509:- organizer of the uprising
338:Nathanael, the Ohrid bishop
287:unity of all the Bulgarians
221:
201:
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1746:1878 in the Ottoman Empire
1661:French conquest of Tunisia
1195:. Routledge. p. 350.
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1546:Constantinople Conference
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1411:
1393:1878 Macedonian rebellion
701:Macedonian historiography
210:
190:
162:
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125:
62:
47:
39:
1601:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
669:Principality of Bulgaria
616:Principality of Bulgaria
370:Principality of Bulgaria
306:Principality of Bulgaria
114:Principality of Bulgaria
1736:19th-century rebellions
1570:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
420:In September 1878, the
256:Prelude to the Uprising
1377:Kresna–Razlog uprising
1372:Razlovtsi insurrection
1367:April Uprising of 1876
995:July 26, 2021, at the
774:Liberation of Bulgaria
769:Razlovtsi insurrection
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432:, Mihail Sarafov, the
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183:Kresna–Razlog Uprising
158:Commanders and leaders
35:Kresna–Razlog uprising
18:Kresna-Razlog Uprising
1556:Treaty of San Stefano
1398:Epirus Revolt of 1878
1362:Stara Zagora Uprising
1223:Macedonian Bulgarians
779:Bulgarian unification
686:
675:should have to wait.
605:
567:
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407:
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246:Treaty of San Stefano
56:Treaty of San Stefano
1751:Great Eastern Crisis
1706:Bulgarian rebellions
1646:Dual Alliance (1879)
1541:Reichstadt Agreement
1403:Cretan revolt (1878)
1294:Great Eastern Crisis
372:. For these reasons
356:headquarters in the
235:Blagoevgrad Province
1756:Macedonian Question
1586:Bulgarian Exarchate
316:(right at the back)
231:Macedonian Uprising
222:Kresnensko vostanie
211:Кресненско востание
164:Dimitar Popgeorgiev
42:Macedonian Question
1566:Congress of Berlin
1301:Wars and conflicts
1137:. pp. 36–37.
752:Nathanael of Ohrid
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1561:Cyprus Convention
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430:Ilyo Voyvoda
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408:Letter from
388:, who is in
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346:Ilyo Voyvoda
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169:Ilyo Voyvoda
126:Belligerents
104:
40:Part of the
29:
1611:Opalchentsi
1308:Montenegrin
679:Controversy
665:unification
396:, whom the
320:Soon after
1700:Categories
1529:agreements
1233:0880335270
1202:0765606658
949:0810855658
932:0880335270
833:1349120626
699:See also:
658:, 30 from
646:, 74 from
642:, 31 from
638:, 19 from
636:Pazardzhik
634:, 65 from
630:, 27 from
624:Bulgarians
610:, Bulgaria
394:Bulgarians
358:Kyustendil
342:Kyustendil
207:Macedonian
1355:Bulgarian
951:, p. 122.
857:, p. 63:
795:Footnotes
726:Macedonia
493:Macedonia
376:wrote to
360:, one in
314:Macedonia
216:romanized
196:romanized
187:Bulgarian
1579:See also
993:Archived
934:, p. 56.
730:Berovski
707:Bulgaria
656:Provadia
599:state.
462:Uprising
362:Dupnitsa
354:Edinstvo
322:Edinstvo
275:Edinstvo
77:Location
1242:Sources
743:forgery
689:Plovdiv
667:of the
652:Plovdiv
648:Orhanye
632:Tirnovo
597:Ottoman
585:Britain
527:Petrich
481:Belitsa
442:Russian
434:voivode
334:Romania
328:and to
218::
198::
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831:
673:Thrace
644:Pleven
640:Troyan
577:Russia
545:Moesia
541:Bansko
536:Simeon
523:Melnik
489:Razlog
476:Kresna
350:hajduk
330:Russia
149:
101:Result
1386:Greek
628:Sofia
532:Kroum
438:Sofia
1568:and
1329:Serb
1229:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1104:ISBN
945:ISBN
928:ISBN
911:ISBN
892:ISBN
873:ISBN
851:ISBN
829:ISBN
750:and
709:and
583:and
534:and
483:and
453:and
446:Pole
332:and
181:The
67:Date
738:.
412:to
1702::
1205:.
1176:.
1147:.
1133:.
691:,
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380::
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281:,
225:,
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189::
1286:e
1279:t
1272:v
1110:.
879:.
840:"
695:.
185:(
171:,
166:,
93:)
89:(
20:)
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